islamic architecture bijapur

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE PRESENTED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AISHWARYA G.K.

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INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

3 MAIN DIVISIONS OF INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE ARE THE

IMPERIAL

PROVINCIAL

MUGHAL

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BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

IS OF THE

PROVINCIAL STLYE (16TH CENTURY AND 17TH CENTURY)

BUILDERS – ADIL SHAHIS THE RULE LASTED FOR LESS THAN 200 YEARS; NOT MUCH DEVELOPMENT OF STYLE IN THIS PERIOD

BUILDINGS ARE OF 3 KINDS MOSQUES

TOMBS PALACES

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INTRODUCTION TO THE CITY OF BIJAPUR

IN BIJAPUR – MOSQUES PREDOMINATE AMOUNTING UPTO 50 EXAMPLES. TOMBS – 20 IN NUMBER.

PALACES AND MAHALS ALSO APPROXIMATELY 20 IN NUMBER.

MATERIAL USED WAS DULL BROWN MONOCHROME OF LOCAL BASALT.

BIJAPUR STANDS ON GENTLY RISING GROUND SITUATED TOWARDS THE CENTER OF TERRITORY IT

ADMINISTERED.

BUILDING OPERATIONS ON THIS SITE BEGAN DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE 16TH CENTURY. FIRST A CITADEL(A FORTRESS) WAS CONSTRUCTED.

NEXT A FORTRESS IRREGULARLY CIRCULAR IN PLAN WAS BUILT AND IT CONTAINED A PALACE, IMPERIAL BUILDINGS AND 2 SMALL MOSQUES.

CITY GREW WITH POWER OF RULERS AND WAS STRONGLY FORTIFIED BY 1565.

FROM THE CITADEL IN THE CENTRE ROADS RADIATE TO 6 CITY GATES , WITH NO DIRECT

ALIGNMENT AND NO SYSTEMATIC TOWN PLANNING.

AS POWER OF ADEL SHAHS INCREASED SUBURBS CROPPED UP,( WITH NO NOTABLE BUILDINGS.) .4



THE STYLE

CHIEF CHARACTERISTICS

THE DOME. It is spherical in shape and rises out of a band of conventional petals at it`s base.

These forms are repeated to a small scale as an ornamental finish to the turrets, also these became prominent at angles of buildings around minarets.

BUILDINGS ARE OF AVERAGE PROPORTIONS.

THE TYPICAL SHAPE OF THE ARCH IS A FOUR CENTERED VARIETY LIKE TUDOR GOTHIC

BUT FULLER IN IT`S CURVE.

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THE STYLE

CHIEF CHARACTERISTICS

PILLARS ARE RARE . SUBSTANTIAL MASONRY PIERS.

Usually rectangular in section take place of pillar.

A CORNICE OR CHAJJA REMARKABLE FOR IT`S SIZE AND PROJECTION . CLOSELY RANKED DECORATED BRACKETS SUPPORT CHAJJA.

ARCH SPANDRELS ,CONSISTING OF VAULTED BRACKET HOLDING A MEDALLION( An ornamental plaque on which is represented as an object in relief, such as a figure,

head, flower)AND ABOVE THE ARCH A FOLIATED FINIAL.

ROSETTES , CONVENTIONAL HANGING LAMPS, RUNNING BORDERS INTERLACED SYMBOLS EITHER CARVED IN STONE OR MOULDED IN STUCCO.

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4 TYPICAL EXAMPLES

JAMI MASJID - EARLIEST MONUMENT

IBRAHIM RAUZA – MOST ELABORATE

THE GOL GUMBAZ- GRANDIOSE FORM

MIHTAR MAHAL – REFINED AND DELICATE IN IT`S MINIATURE FORM

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JAMI MASJID

FIRST BUILDING BUILT BY ADIL SHAH.

NOT COMPLETED; LACKS 2 MINARETS ; EASTERN EXTERIOR UNFINISHED. ENTRANCE GATEWAY WAS PROVIDED LATER BY THE MUGHAL EMPEROR ARUNGZEBE IN THE 17TH

CENTURY IN SAME STYLE AS REST OF BUILDING.

ORNAMENTAL MERLONS ON PARAPETS AROUND COURTYARD ARE MISSING. IT IS A LARGE STRUCTURE; THE PLAN FORMS A RECTANGLE OF 450’X225’.

2 ROWS OF ARCADES WITHIN WALLING , ONE ABOVE THE OTHER TO BREAK MONOTONY .

LOWER ROW BEING MERELY ORNAMENTAL. UPPER ROW IS OPEN AND DISCLOSES AN ARCHED CORRIDOR.

THE COURTYARD WITHIN THIS MOSQUE IS A SQUARE OF 155’ SIDE.

THREE OF IT`S SIDES HAVE ARCHES, 7 ARCHES ON EACH SIDE , THOSE AT THE WESTERN END WITH THE CENTRAL OPENING

EMPHASIZED BY FOLIATIONS , FORMING THE FAÇADE OF THE SANCTUARY.

OVER THESE FACADES ARCHES PROJECT A WIDE AND DEEP CORNICE ON BRACKETS.

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JAMI MASJID

ABOVE THE MIDDLE OF THE SANCTUARY RISES A SQUARE ARCADED CLEARSTORY SUPPORTING THE GREAT DOME.

THE DOME IS STATELY .

APPEALING TO AESTHETIC SENSES. REFINED SHAPING OF DOME .

DOME ENRICHED BY BOLD FOLIATIONS AT IT`S JUNCTURE WITH THE DRUM . DOME IS NO LONGER STILTED , AND IS HEMISPHERICAL IN CONTOUR.

IT`S APEX RISING UPTON A MASSIVE METAL FINIAL CROWNED BY SYMBOL OF CRESCENT.

CLEARSTORY – HAS ARCADED FENESTRATIONS AROUND IT`S SIDES. MORE PRONOUNCED SYSTEM OF MERLONS OVER THE PARAPETS.

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JAMI MASJID

THE INTERIORS OF THE SANCTUARY IS UNPRETENTIOUS , SIMPLE AND SPACIOUS. IT CONSISTS A LARGE HALL OF SIZE 208’X107’

DIVIDED INTO 5 AISLES BY MEANS OF ARCHES ON SUBSTANTIAL MASONRY PIERS.

THE NAVE IN THE CENTER IS A SQUARE COMPARTMENT OF 76’ DIAMETER AND CONTAINED WITHIN 12 ARCHES, 3 ON EACH SIDE.

THESE ARCHES INTERSECT ABOVE THUS PRODUCING AN OCTAGONAL CORNICE FOR SUPPORT OF

THE BASE OF THE DOME

AROUND THE CENTRAL SPACE ARE BAYS OF AISLES, EACH OCCUPYING A SQUARE WITH THE CEILING OF EACH CONSTRUCTED ON THE SAME PRINCIPAL AS THE NAVE BUT IN A MODIFIED

FORM TO SUIT SMALLER SIZE.

THE SURFACE TREATMENT OF THIS INTERIOR IS BROAD AND RESTRAINED AND SIMILAR IN CHARACTER TO THAT OF THE EXTERIOR, THE PURPOSE BEING TO ACCENTUATE A LINE OR SPACE

RATHER THAN FOR ACTUAL DECORATION.

AN ELABORATE MURAL DESIGN IN RELIEF AND BRILLIANT COLOUR WAS ADDED AT LATER DATE TO THE “MIHRAB”.

MOSQUE IS SIMPLE, DIGNIFIED AND INDEPENDENT OF APPLIED ART.

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IBRAHIM RAUZA

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IBRAHIM RAGUSA

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INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITETCURE

BIJOU INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

IBRAHIM RAGUSA

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http://www.oldindianphotos.in/2012/07/inside-mosque-at-ibrahim-rauza-bijapur.html

INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITETCURE


IBRAHIM RAUZA

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http://www.flickr.com/photos/mukulb/7523561072/in/photostream/



IBRAHIM RAUZA

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http://www.hoparoundindia.com/karnataka/attractions-gallery/16217/ibrahim-rauza.aspx#6



IBRAHIM RAUZA

IS A MAUSOLEUM IT IS LOCATED JUST OUTSIDE THE CITY WALLS ON THE WEST ORDERED TO BE BUILT BY IBRHIM ADIL SHAH I(1580-1627)

IT CONSISTS OF TWO MAIN BUILDINGS

A TOMB A MOSQUE

THE ENCLOSURE IS A SQUARE WITH THE MAIN BUILDINGS AND ACCESSORIES

IT IS AN ATTRACTIVE GARDEN RETREAT ORNATE

NOT LARGE JUST 450’ SQUARE THE TOMB IS 115’ SQUARE

THE MAUSOLEUM IS COMPLETE IN ALL RESPECTS – STRUCTURALLY , TECHNICALLY,

ORNAMENTALLY AND EVEN FROM UTILITARIAN ASPECT.

ACCURACY HAS BEEN ACHIEVED BE IT IN STONE SIZES , POSITION OF STONE HOOKS ,OR INSCRIPTIONS CARVED ON IT`S WALLS .

EXHIBITS QUALITIES OF PERFECTION .

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IBRAHIM RAUZA

THE TWO BUILDINGS THE TOMB AND THE MOSQUE STAND ON OBLONG TERRACE 360’ X150’. AT THE EASTERN END IS THE TOMB. WESTERN END FACING IT IS MOSQUE.

THE OPEN COURT BETWEEN BEING OCCUPIED BY ORNAMENTAL TANK AND FOUNTAIN.

TO PRODUCE A SYMMETRICAL COMPOSITION 2 BUILDINGS HAVE BEEN MADE TO BALANCE IN STYLE AND VOLUME.

THE TWO BUILDINGS ARE HOWEVER DIFFERENT IN SHAPE.

THE TOMB IS MORE SPLENDID. IT HAS A CENTRAL CHAMBER.

CONTAINED WITH ARCHED VERANDAH AND WHOLE SURMOUNTED BY A DOME . ELEGANT AND HARMONIOUS.

ARCHES PROVIDE VARIETY IN VOIDS AS SOME ARE NARROWER THAN OTHERS. TALL MINAR SHAPED TURRETS RISE FROM EACH ANGLE OF THE BUILDING.

BULBOUS DOME. ELABORATELY BRACKETED BATTLEMENT UPPER STORY CARRIES THE DOME.

ARCHED VERANDAH AROUND THE BUILDING , AND INSIDE ROW OF PILLARS ACT AS DOUBLE ARCADE AROUND THE CENTRAL CHAMBER.

PROFUSELY EMBELLISHED, OUTER WALL SURFACE ORNAMENTED WITH CARVING. 17



IBRAHIM RAUZA

EACH WALL IS SPACED INTO AN ARCADE OF 3 SHALLOW ARCHES AND THESE ARE ENCLOSED BY A SYSTEM OF BORDERS AND PANELS WITH A PIER AT EACH ANGLE OF BUILDING.

SURFACE IS FILLED WITH MOST PREDOMINANT TRACERIED INSCRIPTIONS.

ANOTHER OUTSTANDING FEATURE – CONSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUE OF THE DOME. SMALL SQUARE ROOM OF 18’SIDE

CEILING IS A GRACEFULLY CURVED COFFERED ONE. HANGING CEILING ADOPTED IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE HEIGHT OF DOME EXTERNALLY AND AVOID

INTERNAL DARKNESS . THIS CEILING VIRTUALLY FLOATS OVER 2 M DEEP PROJECTING BRACKETS.

THE MASONRY IS JOGGLE JOINTED AND THUS APPEARS TO HAVE NO VISIBLE SUPPORT. THE RESULT IS WELL PROPORTIONED ROOM BELOW.

THOUGH THE UPPER PART GOES UNUSED.

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GOL GUMBAZ

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GOL GUMBAZ

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GOL GUMBAZ

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GOL GUMBAZ

http://www.oberlin.edu/images/art234/PreM-040.JPG



GOL GUMBAZ

BUILT MID 17TH CENTURY. MAUSOLEUM OF MOHAMMED ADIL SHAH.

GOL GUMBAZ MEANS ROUND DOME.

THE STRUCTURE HAS ACHIEVED EXCELLENCE IN SIZE BEING THE LARGEST DOME IN THE WORLD. LARGEST SINGLE BUILDING IN INDIA.

COMPRISES OF TOMB, MOSQUE , “ NAQQAR KHANA”(DRUM HOUSE AND GATEWAY), DHARMASHALA( A REST HOUSE) AND OTHER STRUCTURAL AMENITIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE

IMPERIAL MAUSOLEUM. ALL THE ABOVE CONTAINED WITHIN WALLED ENCLOSURE.

IT TOOK MANY YEARS IN PREPARATION . HOWEVER NEVER WHOLLY COMPLETED.

BOTH INSIDE AND OUTSIDE WALL SURFACES ARE SEVERELY PLAIN.

SIMPLE FORMS USED FOR IT`S CONSTRUCTION . A CUBE BODY WITH TURRET OR TOWER ATTACHED AT EACH ANGLE.

AND A LARGE HEMISPHERICAL DOME. 23



GOL GUMBAZ

EXCELLENT PROPORTIONS ACHIEVED BETWEEN MAIN ELEMENTS THE CUBE AND THE DOME. DOME HAS NO COMPLEX CURVES. JUST AN INVERTED BOWL.

SUPPLEMENTARY ELEMENTS ARE THE FINE PROJECTING CORNICE, WITH IT`S DEEP SHADOW.

ENRICHED BY CLOSELY SET BRACKETS. CORBELLED ELONGATED FORMS OF BRACKETS AT SALIENT POINTS.

ABOVE THE CORNICE IS AN ARCADE OF SMALL ARCHES. AGAIN ABOVE ARE MASSIVE MERLONS- WITH FINISHES.

BOLD FOLIATIONS AT BASE OF DOME CONCEALING JUNCTURE WITH THE DRUM IN MOST APPROPRIATE MANNER.

BELOW THE MAIN WALL SPACES 3 SHALLOW ARCHES HAVE BEEN SUNK IN EACH FACE.

THE LARGER ARCHWAY IN THE CENTER BEING PANELED OUT SO AS TO REDUCE IT TO THE DIMENSIONS OF A NORMAL DOORWAY.

POGODA –LIKE SUPPORTING TURRETS DISTURB THE HIGH AESTHETIC STANDARDS, WHICH IS

ACHIEVED IN THE REST OF THE BUILDING.

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BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE GOL GUMBAZ

INTERIORS

ONE CHAMBER ONLY, MAJESTIC PROPORTIONS, VAULTED HALL.

TALL POINTED ARCHES FORM SIDES, WHICH GIVE SUPPORT TO A CIRCULAR PLATFORM ABOVE, THIS IN TURN RECEIVES THE BASE OF THE DOME .

NOT A DOUBLE DOME

SQUARE AT PLAN CHANGES AT IT`S SUMMIT TO OCTAGON AND ULTIMATELY A CIRCLE. THE CONVERSION OF SQUARE INTO CIRCLE WAS ACHIEVED BY ARRANGING EACH ARCH WITHIN

THE SIDES OF SQUARE BUT IT`S PLANE AT AN ANGLE TO THE PLANE OF THE SQUARE.

THE INTERIOR SURFACE OF THE DOME IS SET BACK SOME 12’ FROM THE INNER EDGE OF THE CIRCLE SO THAT A PROPORTION OF IT`S WEIGHT IS TRANSMITTED DIRECTLY DOWNWARDS ON TO THE FOUR WALLS THE REMAINDER BEING CARRIED ON THE INTERSECTING ARCHES WHICH ALSO

RECEIVE AND COUNTERACT ANY OUTWARD THRUST.

THE DOME IS PLAIN PLASTERED VAULT WITH 6 SMALL OPENINGS THROUGH AND A FLAT SECTION. AT IT`S CROWN WITH NO CENTRAL PENDENT.

IT IS CONSTRUCTED WITH HORIZONTAL COURSES OF BRICK, WITH SUBSTANTIAL LAYER OF MORTAR BETWEEN EACH COURSE.

IT IS A HOMOGENOUS SHELL OF CONCRETE REINFORCED WITH BRICKS, WITH AVERAGE THICKNESS OF 10’.

NO CENTERING USED ONLY AT THE CROWN IT MAY HAVE BEEN USED. 25


BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE GOL GUMBAZ

INTERIORS

THE TOTAL WIDTH OF ONE OF IT`S SQUARE SIDES IS EQUAL TO THE ENTIRE HEIGHT OF THE

BUILDING, WHICH IS A LITTLE OVER 200’

OUTSIDE DIAMETER OF DOME IS 144’ INTERIOR HALL MEASURES 135’ AND 178’ HIGH.

GALLERY FROM WHICH THE DOME RISES IS 110’ ABOVE THE PAVEMENT. TOTAL HALL MEASURES 18,000 SQFT

IT IS LARGER THAN PANTHEON AT ROME WHICH MEASURES AROUND 16,000 SQFT.

GOL GUMBAZ IS THE LARGEST DOME IN EXISTENCE. THE INTENTION OF BUILDER WAS TO CREATE AWE AND AMAZEMENT WHICH THE STRUCTURE

HAS FULFILLED.

GOL GUMBAZ IS A HARMONIOUS COMBINATION OF ARCHES , CORNICE, ARCADES, FOLIATED PARAPET, AND FLUTED DRUM.

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BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE MIHTAR MAHAL.

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BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE MIHTAR MAHAL

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BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE MIHTAR MAHAL

ERECTED ABOUT 1620, DURING REIGN OF IBRAHIM ADIL SHAHII

RICH EMBELLISHMENT IT IS NOT A PALACE, BUT JUST AN ENTRANCE HALL TO COURTYARD OF A MOSQUE

IT HAS AN UPPER STORY CONSISTING OF AN ASSEMBLY ROOM

ABOVE THIS IS AN OPEN TERRACE SURROUNDED BY WALL WITH ORIEL WINDOW SAND PERFORATED PARAPET.

THE ASSEMBLY ROOM WOULD BE AN EXCELLENT EXAMPLE FOR A MODERN HALL.

THE EXTERIOR IS ADMIRABLE THE FAÇADE CONTAINED BETWEEN 2 SLENDER BUTTRESSES RISING UP INTO GRACEFUL TURRETS.

OUTSTANDING FEATURE IS A WINDOW .

IT`S BALCONY PROJECTED ON BRACKETS, AND EXPANSIVE EAVES.

A DOORWAY OF POINTED ARCHES RECESSED WITHIN AN ARRANGEMENT OF FLAT PANELING BUTTRESSES ARE ALSO MADE ELABORATE, STRUTS SUPPORTING EAVE ARE EXCESSIVELY DECORATIVE

RESEMBLING CARVED BRACKETS OF THIN WOODEN BRACES.

STONE HERE IS TREATED AS PLASTIC.

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BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE TRIP ASSIGNMENT

MAKE 3 GROUPS GROUP I WILL BE USN 1 TO 10

GROUP II – USN 11 TO 20 GROUP III – USN 21 TO 30

GROUP – I – WILL PRESENT GOL GUMBAZ WITH SKETCHES AND PHOTOS . GROUP – II – WILL PRESENT IBRAHIM RAUZA WITH SKETCHES AND PHOTOS.

GROUP III – WILL PRESENT TYPICAL ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES OF BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC STYLE WITH PHOTOS AND SKETCHES.

PLEASE NOTE ALL ELEMENTS AND EXPLANATIONS MUST BE MARKED IN PHOTOS AND SKETCHES.

DEADLINE – BEFORE MARCH 3RD 2014.

VIDEO/AUDIO PRESENTATIONS ALSO WELCOME.

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THANK YOU

islamic architecture bijapur

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