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5/29/2019 1 FUNCTIONAL KNEE REHABILITATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR RETURN TO SPORT Steve Kennelly, M.Ed., ATC, CSCS Assistant Head Athletic Trainer New York Football Giants DISCLOSURE – STEVE KENNELLY Relevant Financial Disclosures Co‐Author of Plyometric Anatomy book for which I receive publisher royalties from Human Kinetics LETS TALK ABOUT FUNCTION Is the Squat a Good Exercise? Is it Functional? How About the Deadlift? You get the idea here! What About These Exercises? Hold that thought for a moment

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Page 1: Is the Squat a Good Exercise? › wp-content › uploads › 2013 › 04 › Functiona… · Is the Squat a Good Exercise? Is it Functional? How About the Deadlift? You get the idea

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FUNCTIONAL KNEE REHABILITATION 

CONSIDERATIONS FOR RETURN TO SPORT

Steve Kennelly, M.Ed., ATC, CSCS

Assistant Head Athletic Trainer

New York Football Giants

DISCLOSURE – STEVE KENNELLY

Relevant Financial Disclosures

Co‐Author of Plyometric Anatomy book for which I receive publisher royalties from Human Kinetics

LETS TALK ABOUT FUNCTION

Is the Squat a Good Exercise?

Is it Functional?

How About the Deadlift?

You get the idea here!

What About These Exercises?

Hold that thought for a moment

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What is Functional Training/Rehabilitation?

Good Question!

Many Opinions

After 30+ years, I haven’t quite figured this one out yet. But for me . . . 

IT’S ALL FUNCTIONAL!!  

Everything I do with an athlete, or have an athlete perform, is relevant to how well they FUNCTION on the field

Let’s Get Back To This

FUNCTIONAL? FUNCTIONAL?

ACL REHABILITATION REMAINS A CHALLENGE IN TERMS OF RE‐INJURY AND RETURN TO SPORT

When Are Athletes ‘Ready to Return?’

Back to Normal Symmetry? Biomechanical Variables Remain More Asymmetrical Than Normal During Jump and Change‐of‐Direction Testing 9 Months After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. King E, et al. Am J Sports 

Med. 2019

Low rates of patients meeting return to sport criteria 9 months after ACL reconstruction. Welling et. al., Knee Surg Sports Traum, Arthoscopy 2018. 

Are Young Athletes At Risk?

Young athletes after ACL reconstruction with quadriceps strength asymmetry at the time of return‐to‐sport demonstrate decreased knee function 1 year later., Ithurburn, Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018

Young athletes after ACL reconstruction with single‐leg landing asymmetries at the time of return to sport demonstrate decreased knee function 2 years later., Ithurburn 2017. Am J Sports Med

Young Athletes With Quadriceps Femoris Strength Asymmetry at Return to Sport After ACL Reconstruction Demonstrate Asymmetric Single‐Leg Drop‐Landing Mechanics., Ithurburn MP, et al. Am J Sports Med. 2015

Young Athletes Cleared for Sports Participation After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: How Many Actually Meet Recommended Return‐to‐Sport Criterion Cutoffs?, Toole AR et. al., J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2017

Re‐Injury Risks Are Very Real

ACLR in athletes: function, return to sport rates, and re‐injury rates. Failla M, et. al., Delaware‐Oslo ACL cohort study. 

Orthop J Sports Med. 2015

Risk of secondary injury in younger athletes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Wiggins AJ, et. al. Am J 

Sports Med., 2016

Incidence of second ACL injuries 2 years after primary ACL reconstruction and return to sport. Paterno MV, et. al. Am J Sports Med. 2014

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How Many Actually Return?

Fifty‐five per cent return to competitive sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery: an updated systematic review and metaanalysis including aspects of physical functioning 

and contextual factors. Ardern CL et al., Br J Sports Med. 2014

Return to high school‐ and college‐level football after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a Multicenter Orthopaedic

Outcomes Network (MOON) cohort study. McCullough KA, et. al., Am J 

Sports Med, 2012

Return to play and future ACL injury risk after ACL reconstruction in soccer athletes from the Multicenter Orthopaedic Outcomes 

Network (MOON) group. Brophy RH, et al. Am J Sports Med. 2012

Return to Play After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in National Football League Athletes, Shah VM, et. al. Am J Sports Med 2010

Psychological Readiness

Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport Is Associated With Second Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries. McPherson AL, et al. Am J Sports Med. 2019

How Is Psychological Outcome Related to Knee Function and Return to Sport Among Adolescent Athletes After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction? Beischer S, et al. Am J Sports Med. 2019

Progression of the Psychological ACL‐RSI Score and Return to Sport After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Prospective 2‐Year Follow‐up Study From the French Prospective Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Cohort Study (FAST). Sadeqi M, et al. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018

Self‐Reported Fear Predicts Functional Performance and Second ACL Injury After ACL Reconstruction and Return to Sport: A Pilot Study. Paterno MV, et al. Sports Health. 2018

WHERE TO WE BEGIN?

WITH THE END IN MIND!

Criteria for Return to Sport (RTS)

Battery of tests may provide a more robust assessment of the rehabilitation status than single‐test assessment

Movement Mobility

Hip Flexion, Hip IR, Ankle Dorsiflexion

Strength Isokinetics

Isometrics: Mid‐Thigh Rack Pull

Power: Rate of Force Development Vertical: Force Decks or Counter 

Movement Jumps

Horizontal: Single Hop for Distance

Criteria for Return to Sport (RTS)

Biomechanical Analysis

3D Motion: Gold Standard in measuring multi‐joint, multi‐planar, high level movement and forces

2D Motion: limited, cannot measure joint forces

Cutting Kinematics

Decision and Indecision Cuts

Psychological Profile

IKDC Score

ACL‐RSI Scale

What’s Missing?

Sport

Position

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Does Fatigue Play A Role?

Optimising the Late‐Stage Rehabilitation and Return‐to‐Sport Training and Testing Process After ACL Reconstruction. Buckthorpe M. Sports Med. 2019.

Return to play following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: incorporating fatigue into a return to play functional battery. Part A: treadmill running. Connell R, et al. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2019

Could This Be The Key?

Energy Demands

Goal it to return the athlete to his/her sport to SUSTAINthe demands of the sport

Two Critical Factors

The rate of energy production

Power: how fast the athlete can produce energy

The duration of energy production

Endurance: how long the athlete can produce energy 

WE MUST TAKE A WHOLISTIC APPROACH

Functional Reconditioning Model

*Adapted from Al Vermeil’s Hierarchy of Athletic Development 

FOUNDATIONAL PATTERNS / MOVEMENT SKILL

MetLife Stadium

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MetLife Stadium Construction Foundational Movement Patterns

SQUAT (LOWER BODY PUSH)  

PRIMITIVE

HINGE (LOWER BODY PULL)  

COREGAIT

UPPER BODY PULL  

UPPER BODY PUSH  LUNGE (SINGLE LEG)

WHAT IS THE FOUNDATION OF ATHLETIC MOVEMENT?

What Is the Common Theme Here?

How About Now? Universal Athletic Position (UAP)

SQUAT and HINGE Patterns

Work to improve the pattern, then challenge it with volume, intensity, speed, etc.

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WORK CAPACITY / STRENGTH

Work Capacity (STAMINA)

Ability to maintain or increase effort over a long period of time

Stamina = Endurance + Economy Endurance = ability to complete a task over time Economy = ability to make the same task feel easier over time

Build endurance with volume Low aerobic level: 70‐75% MHR or 180‐Age (MaffetoneMethod)

Build economy with intensity Heavy resistance training, sprints, plyometrics, sport‐specific practice

Endurance vs Economy

Stephen Seiler ‘Polarized Training’ Model Analyzed the training methods of world class rowers and cross country skiers Quantifying training intensity distribution in elite endurance athletes: is there evidence for an "optimal" distribution? Seiler KS, Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2006  

Training methods and intensity distribution of young world‐class rowers. Guellich A, Seiler S, Emrich E. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2009

80% of training occurs at low intensity

20% of training occurs at high intensity

Further research found that elite cyclists, swimmers, triathletes and runners trained the same way

‘GO TO’ Work Capacity Exercises

Walking Medicine Ball Throws

Example of Low Intensity Training ‘GO TO’ Work Capacity Exercises

High Intensity Continuous Bike

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‘GO TO’ Work Capacity Exercises

Aerobic Strength

‘GO TO’ Work Capacity Exercises

Escalated Density Training

‘GO TO’ Strength Exercises

Squat

‘GO TO’ Strength Exercises

Deadlift

‘GO TO’ Strength Exercises

Reverse Lunge

‘GO TO’ Strength Exercises

Add Tippy Twist

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EXPLOSIVE‐ELASTIC

‘GO TO’ Explosive‐Rate of Force Development Exercises

Hang Power Clean

‘GO TO’ Explosive‐Rate of Force Development Exercises

Explosive Medicine Ball Throws

‘GO TO’ Elastic‐Plyometric Exercises

Single Leg Hops

‘GO TO’ Elastic‐Plyometric Exercises

Aerobic Plyometrics

‘GO TO’ Explosive‐Elastic‐Plyometric Exercises

Explosive Repeats

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‘GO TO’ Speed Exercises

Tempo Runs

‘GO TO’ Speed Exercises

Acceleration to Lunge Stop

‘GO TO’ Agility‐Quickness Exercises

Shuffle to Cut Stop

‘GO TO’ Agility‐Quickness Exercises

Lateral Bound to Acceleration

‘GO TO’ SARC Drills

Decision or Closed Loop Skills

Athlete chooses when and direction of cut. Predetermined start and finish

Reestablishes proper mechanics

Agility drills, position specific drills

Goal is to “memorize” or “groove” the pattern

Indecision or Open Loop Skills

Time and direction are determined by an external stimulus. Athlete reacts to an external stimulus

Well documented as increased risk for ACL tears

Process the stimulus and produce movement patterns to effectively deal with the stimulus

Mirror drills, O‐Line vs. D‐Line drills, WR vs. CB drills

‘GO TO’ Sport Specific Exercises

Position Specific Drills ‐ Linebacker

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‘GO TO’ Sport Specific Exercises

Position Specific Drills – Linebacker External Stimulus Cleared for play by MD based on return to sport criteria and functional rehabilitation

Participate in Warm‐Up and Individuals portion of practice

Progress to Individuals Plus practice

Progress to Full practice

Monitor number of plays

Monitor GPS workload data

Practice every other day

Practice on consecutive days

Complete full practice for 3+ weeks before return to game 

NYG Return to Sport Guidelines

Summary

Functional rehabilitation is any exercise/program that is relevant to how an athlete functions on field

Re‐injury risks are real. Return to Sport based on return criteria and sport specific demands, not time

Rehabilitation follow as pyramid scheme by establishing proper movement skill and work capacity base, and building function through strength, power, elasticity, speed, agility, quickness, reaction, and sport specific skill/stamina

Final return to sport follows a logical and safe progression to minimize risk and re‐injury

THANK‐YOU

Steve Kennelly, M.Ed., ATC, CSCS

New York Football Giants