introduction to psychology. predict what will happen systematically observe events do events support...
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Introduction to Psychology
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Predict what will happenSystematically observe eventsDo events support predictions
Life Before Psychology
René Descartes(1596-1650)
Philosophy asks questions about the mind: Does perception accurately reflect reality? How is sensation turned into perception?
Problem - No “scientific” wayof studying problems
Physiology asks similar questions about the mind
SCIENTIFICMETHOD
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Psychology Is Born
Wilhelm Wundt(1832-1920)
First Experimental Psych Lab (1879)First Experimental Psych Lab (1879)
Focuses on the scientific study of the mind.WW insists that Psych methods be as rigorous
as the methods of chemistry & physics.
University of LeipzigHarvard UniversityYale UniversityColumbia UniversityCatholic UniversityUniv of PennsylvaniaCornell UniversityStanford University
Wundt’s students start labsacross USA (1880-1900)
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Women of PsychologyMary CalkinsMary Calkins - student of William James at
Harvard but was not awarded a Ph.D.Founded psych lab at Wellesley College (1891)
Maragaret WashburnMaragaret Washburn - first woman to receivePh.D. in Psychology. Wrote The Animal Mind,
which helped begin the Behaviorist movement.
Leta HollingworthLeta Hollingworth - Debunked popular theoriesthat suggested women were inferior to men.
Did pioneering work on adolescent development,mental retardation & “gifted” children.
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Psychology (pre-1920)Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
Physiologist & Perceptual PsychologistFounder of Psychology as a Science
Experiments
Edward Titchner (1867-1927)Student of Wundt
Formed at CornellIntrospection
William James (1842-1910)Philosopher & Psychologist
Formed at Harvard
PsychologyUnderstanding
Mental Processes
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BehaviorismScientific Psychology should focus on
observable behavior.
John Watson(1878-1958)
Ivan Pavlov
Psych the Science of Behavior
StimulusStimulusResponseResponse
PsychologyPsychology
Mental Processes cannotbe studied directly
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Psychology (1920s-1960s)
John B. Watson (1878-1958)Behavior without Reference to Thought
The RAT & S-R Psychology
B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)Behaviorism with a Twist
The PIDGEON & The Skinner Box
PsychologyScience of Observable
BehaviorBehaviorism
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Structuralism vs Functionalism
William James(1842-1910)
Analyze consciousness into basic elementsand study how they are related
Introspection - self-observationof one’s own conscious experiences
Investigate the function, or purposeof consciousness rather than its structure
Leaned toward applied work(natural surroundings)
StructuralismStructuralism
FunctionalismFunctionalism
Wilhelm Wundt
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Gestalt Psychology
Max Wertheimer(1880-1943)
““The whole is different thanThe whole is different thanthe sum of its parts.”the sum of its parts.”
Phi PhenomenonIllusion of movement created bypresenting visual stimuli in rapid
succession.
A reaction against Structuralism An attempt to focus attention back
onto conscious experience(i.e., the mind)
WHY?WHY?
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Unconscious expressed indreams & “slips of the tongue”
Freud & Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)
Proposes the idea of the UNCONSCIOUSProposes the idea of the UNCONSCIOUS
Thoughts, memories & desiresexist below conscious awareness
and exert an influence on ourbehavior
Psychoanalytic Theory attempts to explainpersonality, mental disorders & motivation in
terms of unconscious determinants of behavior
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Cognitive Psychology
Noam Chomsky“Language”
Advent of computers (late 1950s) providesAdvent of computers (late 1950s) providesa new model for thinking about the minda new model for thinking about the mind
Cognitive Psychologists returnto the study of learning,
memory, perception, language,development & problem solving
Cognition the mental processesinvolved in acquiring, processing,
storing & using information
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Psychology (1960s-1990s)
PsychologyScience of Behavior& Mental Processes
Cognitive
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)The Dynamic Unconscious Mind
Psychoanalysis
Computers as Metaphor for MindStudy Mind through Inferences Drawn
From Observable Behavior
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Different Perspectives in Psychology
Biological Psychology
Behavioral/Clinical Psychology
Cognitive Psychology
Social-Cultural Psychology
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Biological Perspective
FocusHow the body and brain create emotions, memories,and sensory experiences.
FocusHow the body and brain create emotions, memories,and sensory experiences.
Sample Issues• How do evolution and heredity influence behavior?• How are messages transmitted within the body?• How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives?
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Behavioral/Clinical Perspective
FocusHow we learn from observable responses.How to best study, assess and treat troubled people.
FocusHow we learn from observable responses.How to best study, assess and treat troubled people.
Sample Issues• How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations?• What is the most effective way to alter certain behaviors?• What are the underlying causes of:
Anxiety Disorders Phobic Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
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Cognitive Perspective
FocusHow we process, store and retrieve information.
FocusHow we process, store and retrieve information.
Sample Issues• How do we use info in remembering and reasoning?• How do our senses govern the nature of perception?
(Is what you see really what you get?)• How much do infants “know” when they are born?
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Social-Cultural Perspective
FocusHow behavior and thinking vary across situationsand cultures.
FocusHow behavior and thinking vary across situationsand cultures.
Sample Issues• How are we, as members of different races andnationalities, alike as members of one human family?• How do we differ, as products of different social contexts?• Why do people sometimes act differently in groups thanwhen alone?
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Psychologists must be skepticaland think critically
What is the evidence?How was it collected?
Psychology is Empirical
Psych conclusions based on researchPsych conclusions based on researchNOT tradition or common senseNOT tradition or common sense
Knowledge acquired through observation
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Psych Is Theoretically Psych Is Theoretically DiverseDiverse
TheoryTheory
DreamsDreams
BiologicalBiologicalPsychologyPsychologyPerspectivePerspective
ClinicalClinicalPsychoanalyticPsychoanalytic
PerspectivePerspective
A system of interrelated ideas usedto explain a set of observations
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Psych & Sociohistorical Context
Trends & Issues In Society
Advances InPsychology
Psychology develops in both aPsychology develops in both asocial & historical contextsocial & historical context
Early PsychologyAffected by
physics & physiology
Society TodayAffected by
psychological testing(IQ, SAT, GRE)
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What Causes Behavior?
Behavior
Behavior
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Behavior is Shaped by Culture
Personal SpacePersonal Space
Value ofValue ofEducationEducation
PunctualityPunctuality
Social NormsSocial Norms
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Influence of Heredity & Environment
Nature versus NurtureNature versus Nurture
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Perception Is SubjectiveInternal Information
Prior ExpectationsCurrent Mental State
Experience
External InformationActual Words/Actions
Image Reflected from Objects“Sound” Waves
Both DetermineBoth DetermineOur ExperienceOur Experience
of the Worldof the World
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Work In Psychology (?)
Universities &Colleges27.2%
Elementary/Secondary
Schools4.2%
Hospitals,Counseling,Clinics, etc.
22.3%
Business,Government or
Consulting12.1%
IndependentPractice33.1%
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Specialties In Psychology
Clinical,Community
& Counseling51.1%
General/Quantitative3.6%
Cognitive/Physio5.2%
I/O5.7%
Social/Developmental
6.4%Other8.6%Ed & School
19.4%