INTRODUCTION TO PLANTS

OBJECTS 22.1

Explain what a plant is.

Describe what plants need to survive.

Describe how the first plants evolved.

Plants are a member of the kingdom ________.

Plants are multicellular _________ that have cell walls made of ______.

They developed from multicellular embryos and carried out photosynthesis using the green pigments _______ a and b.

Plants included trees, shrubs, grasses, ______, and ferns.

Most plants are ________, although some are parasitic or ________.

Plants life cycles have two alternating phases, a _____ (2N) phase and a _______ (N) phase, know as AOG.

During the two phases of the life cycle, _____ and ____ alternate to produce the two types of reproductive cells – ______ and ______.

The diploid phase is known as the ______, or spore-producing plant.

The haploid phase is know as the _________, or gamete-producing plant.

The earliest plants mosses and ferns, require ____ to reproduce.

moss ferns

The lives of plants center on the need for sunlight, water and minerals, _________, and the transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant body.

Plants use the energy from sunlight to carry on __________.

Photosynthetic organs such as leaves are typically ______ and ___ and are arranged on the stem so as to maximize light absorption.

All cells require a constant supply of _____.

As plants ______ water and nutrients (needed for plant growth).

Plants use both Oxygen and ________________.

Plants take up water and minerals through their _____ but make food in their _______.

For most of Earth’s history, plants did not exist.

Life was concentrated in the _______.

The first plants evolved from an organism much like the multicellular green _____ living today.

Green algae have a _______ cycle similar to plants

They also have cell ____ with photosynthetic ______ that are identical to those plants.

___ sequences confirm that plants are closely related to certain groups of green algae.

The ancestors of the first plants were algae.

The ______ known plant fossil is about 450 myo.

_______ divide the plant kingdom into ____ groups based on three important features: water-conducting tissues, seeds and flowers.

1. Mosses

2. Ferns

3. Cone-bearing

4. Flowering.

BRYOPHYTES

OBJECTIVES 22.2

Describe the adaptations of bryophytes.

Identify the three groups of bryophytes.

Explain how bryophytes reproduce.

Mosses and their relatives are generally called _________.

Bryophytes have life cycles that depend on ___ for reproduction.

Lacking ______ tissue (transports water and nutrients internally), these plants can draw up water by _______ only a few centimeters above the ground.

During at least one stage of their life cycle, bryophytes produces ____ that must swim through water to reach the ____ of another individual.

The most recognizable feature of bryophytes is that they are low-growing plants that can be found in ____, shaded areas.

Where water is in regular supply – in habitats from the ____ regions to the ______ – these plants thrive.

________ are the most common bryophyte (phylum bryophyta).

The leaves of mosses are only ___ cell thick.

They have no vascular tissue.

Instead of roots they have ________ (long, thin cells that hold them to the ground and absorb water an minerals from the soil).

Rhizoids

_____ belong to the phylum Hepaticophyta.

They resemble the shape of a liver.

The structures that look like umbrellas, carry the structures that produce eggs and sperm.

Some liverworts reproduce ______ by means of gemmae.

Gemmae are small _________ reproductive structures.

When the gemmae is produced and loosed, it divides by mitosis.

_______ are members of the phylum Anthocerophyta.

The ________- looks like the liverworts.

The ______ looks like tiny green horns.

For _________ to occur, the sperm must swim to an egg.

When a spore lands in a moist place, it germinates and grows into amass of tangled green filaments called _______.

The _________ forms rhizoids.

Gametes are formed in reproductive structures at the ____ of the gametophyes.

Sperm with whip like tails are produced in the _______, and egg cells are produced in _______.

SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS

OBJECTIVES 22.3

Explain how vascular tissue is important to ferns and their relatives.

Describe the three phyla of spore-bearing plants.

Identify the stages in the life cycle of ferns.

Fossil evidence shows that mosslike plants were the first to have a transport system with ____________ tissue.

The first vascular plants had a new cell that was specialized to conduct water.

_______ were one of the great evolutionary innovation of plants.

Tracheids are the key cells in the ____, a transport subsystem that carries water upward from the roots to the plant

Tracheids are _____ cells with thick cell walls.

They are connected end to end like a series of drinking straws.

Vascular plants have a second transport subsystem composed of vascular tissue called _____.

Both forms of vascular tissue-xylem and phloem-can move fluids through the plant body, even against the force of ____.

____ is a substance that makes cells walls rigid.

Ligin enables vascular plants to grow upright.

Ferns are members of the phylum __________.

More than 11,000 species of ferns are living today.

Ferns have true vascular tissue, strong roots, and underground stems called rhizomes, and large leaves called ____.

Ferns thrive in wet habitats.

Some species grow as large as ____ in the rainforest.

Ferns and other vascular plants have a life cycle in which the diploid sporophyte is the _____ stage.

These sporophytes develop haploid spores on the underside of their fronds in containers called ______.

Sporangia are group into clusters called ____.

SEED PLANTS

OBJECTIVES 22.4

Describe the reproductive adaptations of seed plants.

Describe the evolution of seed plants.

Identify the four groups of gymnosperms.

_________ bear their seeds directly on the surfaces of cones

Gymnosperms included the _____, pines and spruces, as well a palmlike plants called cycads and ginkgoes.

_______, flowering plants, bear there seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed.

Angiosperms include grasses, flowering trees and shrubs, and all wildflowers and cultivated species of flowers.

The gametophyte of seed plants grow and mature within sporophyte structures called ____.

Cones are the seed-bearing structures of gymnosperms.

In seed plants, the entire _____ gametophyte is contained in a tiny structure called a _____.

The transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structures is called ___________.

A ____ is an embryo of a plant that is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply.

An ______ is an organism in its early stage of development.

The seed ____ surrounds and protects the embryo and keeps the contents from _______ out.

Gynosperms include gnetophytes, cycads, ginkgoes, and conifers.

gnetophyte

conifer

cycad

ginkgoes

Angiosperms develop unique reproductive organs known as ______.

Angiosperm means _____ seed.

After pollination the ____ develops into a fruit, which protects the seed and aids in its dispersal.

When animals eat the fruit they carry them away and are distributed through their _____.

There are two classes of angiosperms: the ___________ (monocots), and the _______ (dicots).

They are named for their number of seed leaves, or ______, in the plant embryo.

Monocots have ___ seed leaf, and a ___ has two.

------- is the first leaf or the first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant.

_________ complete their life cycle within one growing season.

_________ complete their life cycle with two growing seasons.

__________ live for more than two year.