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Thomas G. Cummings

Christopher G. Worley

ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT AND

CHANGE

Introduction to

Organization Development

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OD is an effort

1) planned,

2) organization-wide,3) managed from the top, to

4) increase organization effectiveness andhealth through

5) planned interventions in the organizationsprocesses,

6) using behavioral science knowledge.

BECKHARDS DEFINITION OF OD

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Behavioral science is concerned with the study of

human and animal behavior. A scientific discipline, in which the actions and

reactions of humans and animals are studied through

observational and experimental methods .

BEHAVIOR SCIENCE

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a systemwide application and transfer of behavioral

science knowledge to the planned development,

improvement, and reinforcement of the strategies,

structures, and processes that lead to organization

effectiveness.

ORGANIZATION

DEVELOPMENT IS...

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OD applies to change in strategy, structure and/or process of an entiresystem.

OD is based on the application and transfer of behavioral scienceknowledge and practice, including micro concepts (leadership ,group

dynamics, work design ,etc.) and macro concepts (strategy, org design,international relation, etc.).

OD is concerned with managing planned change and is more an adaptiveprocess for planning and implementing change than designing a blueprint.

OD involves reinforcing of the change.

OD is oriented to improving organizational effectiveness. is adaptive.

has high financial & technical performance

has satisfied customer , stakeholder and workforce

FEATURES OF OD

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FIVE STEMS OF OD PRACTICE

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1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Today

CurrentPractic

e

Laboratory Training

Action Research/Survey Feedback

Normative Approaches

Quality of Work Life

Strategic Change

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Also known as Sensitivity Training and T-group

A small, unstructured group in which participantslearn from their own interaction and evolving group

process about issues such as interpersonal relation,

personal growth, leadership and group dynamics.

LABORATORY TRAINING

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Also known as Survey Feedback

A collaborative effort between org members andsocial scientists to collect research data, analyze it,

devise and implement it and assess the result.

ACTION RESEARCH

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Participative group system:

Group method of decision making & supervision

High degree of participation Goal setting & appraisal method

Communication and decision occurs laterally and

vertically High level of productivity, quality & member

satisfaction

NORMATIVE BACKGROUND

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QWL programs includes:

Work design with focusing high levels of discretion,task variety & feedback about results.

Job enrichment, self-managed group, labor-

management committees

Quality circles and employees empowerment

QUALITY-OF-WORK-LIFE

BACKGROUND

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Recent influence on ODs evolution.

It involves improving the alignment among an orgs

environment, strategy and org design.

Need for strategic change:

Technological breakthrough

Regulatory requirement

New executives

Environment demand

Mergers & acquisition, alliance

STRATEGIC CHANGE

BACKGROUND

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