Introduction to Human Body

Chapter 35

Background Vocabulary

• Anatomy- Study of Structure

• Physiology- Study of the body’s functions

• Cytology- Study of the formation, structure, and function of cells

• Histology- Study of tissues

• Tissue: Groups of cells with a common structure and function

• Organ: Collection of tissues that work together to perform a particular function

• Organ system: Groups of organs that function together to

carry out a major activity of the body

Levels of organization

Atom- Molecule- Macromolecule- organelleoxygen- water- protein- mitochondria

Cell- tissue- organ- organ system- organismAnimal- muscular- heart- circulatory- human

Characteristics of life (Chapter 1)

• Are highly organized and contain complex substances

• Are made of cells• Use energy• Have a definite form and limited size

Characteristics (continued…)

• Have a limited life span• Grow• Respond to change in the environment• Reproduce• Evolve (as a group not as an individual)

Characteristics of Life

Growth and repair

Reproduction

Limited Life Span

Made of cells

EvolveUse energy

Respond to changes

Organized

Definite size and form

Life processes

• Nutrition – digest and use nutrients• Transport – w/in cells and between cells• Respire – cellular and external, release energy• Synthesis – proteins, DNA, and metabolism• Growth – increase in size• Excretion – getting rid of waste• Regulation – homeostasis, a body in balance

Tissue 1. Epithelial

• Covering, lining, glandular tissues

2. Connective

• Protect, support, bind

3. Muscular• Movement, support, heat

4. Nervous

• Control

11 Organ Systems

• Integumentary• Skeletal• Muscular• Digestive• Urinary• Reproductive

• Endocrine• Cardiovascular• Lymphatic• Respiratory• Nervous

Integumentary

Structures: skin and structures derived from ithair, nails, sebaceous (oil) glands, and sudoriferous (sweat) glands.

Functions: Regulate body temperature, protect underlying tissue, eliminate waste, sense

Senses: Temperature, pressure, pain, touch

Skeletal

Structure: All the bones of the body including associated cartilage’s and joints.

Functions: Support and protect the body, produce blood cells, and store minerals.

Muscular

Structures: All muscles of the body including skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

Functions: Movement, posture, heat.

Digestive

Structures: The organs of the alimentary canal and organs associated with it.

Functions: Physical and chemical breakdown of food, and elimination of solid food waste.

Urinary

Structure: Organs which produce, collect , and eliminate urine.

Functions: Regulate the chemistry of the blood, eliminate liquid waste, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, regulate the pH of the body.

Reproductive

Structures: Organs which produce, transport, and store sex cells.

Functions: Continuation of the individuals genes and the species.

Endocrine

Structures: All glands which produce hormones.

Functions: Regulate body activities

Cardiovascular

Structures: blood, heart, and blood vessels.

Functions: Distribute oxygen and nutrients, carry away carbon dioxide and waste, maintain pH, protect against disease, and regulate temperature.

Lymphatic

Structures: Lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymph glands (spleen, thymus, tonsils)

Functions: Return proteins to the blood, filter blood, process blood cells, protect against disease.

Respiratory

Structures: Lungs and passageways into and out of them.

Functions: Supply oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide from the tissues.

Nervous

Structures: Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous organs.

Functions: Regulate body activities and respond to the environment.

Our First System: Integumentary

Structures

Skin

Nails

Glands

Sense Receptors

• largest organ of the body• About 6 lbs, 2 m2

• .5 mm/week• 2 cm/year• Protection

• Moisture• Sweat and Oil

• Touch• Pain• Pressure• Temperature

Functions

Control of body temperature Receive stimuli from the environment

Excrete water and salts (sweat)

Synthesis of Vitamin D

Protection from invasion, drying,

light

Epidermis

4 layers everywhere except palms and soles

Palms and soles have 5 layers• It takes 27 days on average for a cell to

form in the basale layer, move to the corneum and be sloughed off

• You lose 9g of skin each day

Stratum basale

New cell growth

Stratum spinosum

Cells form columns to move up

Stratum granulosumKeratin (waterproofing)

Stratum lucidum

Palms and soles only

Stratum corneum

Dead cells, 25-30 rows

Skin Color

• Caucasians– Basale, spinosum, and granulosum contain

melanin (produced by melanocytes)– pink color due to blood in the Dermis layer

• Darker Skin– Have melanin produce in all cell layers, evenly

• Asians– Melanin and carotene in the corneum layer

More to the Epidermis!

• Touch Receptors – Merkel’s disk– Light touch and pressure

• Free nerve endings– Touch, pressure, temperature, pain

Dermis

• Connective tissue- contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles.

• Papillary region:– Meissners corpuscles = light touch– Pacinian corpuscles = vibration and pressure– Ruffini’s corpuscles = continuous touch and pressure

• All three of these receptors can send pain signals!!!

Reticular Region

• Adipose tissue = fat• Sudoriferous glands = sweat• Sebaceous glands = sebum (oil)

1

2

34. Pore (sweat)

5. Stratum corneum

7. Sebaceous gland

9. Sudoriferous gland

8.

6. Nerve (not shown on this picture)

Hair

• Protection from sun, dust, wind• An individual hair will grow 2-6 years then fall

out• Hair is dead and filled with keratin– Turning gray is a loss of this pigment

• Growth varies: Typically .3 mm/day– Does not grow continuously

Sebaceous glands

• Release sebum to lubricate and moisten hair and keep the skin moist, soft, and pliable

• Muscle- arrector pili produces goose bumps (vestigial structure)– Cold– Fear

Sudoriferous Glands- Sweat glands

• Eccrine – originally found only in foot cells, but now cool the entire body– Sweat – water, salt, and urea (urine)

• Apocrine – cover the fetus, but lost after 5 mos., stay in the armpit, pubic area, navel, nipples, and ears–Active at puberty–Oil and protein

Nails

• Keratin – Same material in hooves and scales• 2 cm/year (1mm/week)• Does not grow after you are dead

Burn, Baby, Burn

• Causes heat, chemicals, electricity, radiation

• Local effects :– Large loss of water– Infection– Reduced circulation– Decrease urine output

Degrees? What do they mean?

1. effects epidermis only (red) – regenerates rapidly

2. Effects epidermis and dermis– Blisters

3. Epidermis and dermis destroyed– Blackened tissue, regen. Slow, scarring

Percent burns

• http://www.emedicinehealth.com/burn_percentage_in_adults_rule_of_nines/article_em.htm