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Introduction to Epilepsy Surgery ผศ.นพ.บรรพต สิทธินามสุวรรณ สาขาวิชาประสาทศัลยศาสตร ภาควิชาศัลยศาสตร คณะแพทยศาสตรศิริราชพยาบาล มหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล

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Page 1: Introduction to epilepsy surgery (handout).pptthaiepilepsysociety.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/... · 2016-08-20 · Introduction to Epilepsy Surgery ผศ.นพ.บรรพต

Introduction to Epilepsy Surgeryผศ.นพ.บรรพต สิทธินามสุวรรณ

สาขาวิชาประสาทศัลยศาสตร ภาควิชาศัลยศาสตร

คณะแพทยศาสตรศิริราชพยาบาล มหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล

Page 2: Introduction to epilepsy surgery (handout).pptthaiepilepsysociety.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/... · 2016-08-20 · Introduction to Epilepsy Surgery ผศ.นพ.บรรพต

OverviewDrug resistant epilepsyCortical zonesPresurgical evaluationOperative procedures

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Drug resistant (intractable) epilepsy

Failure of adequate trials of two tolerated, appropriately chosen and used antiepileptic drug schedules (whether as monotherapy or in combination) to achieve sustained seizure freedom40% of patients with epilepsy

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Page 5: Introduction to epilepsy surgery (handout).pptthaiepilepsysociety.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/... · 2016-08-20 · Introduction to Epilepsy Surgery ผศ.นพ.บรรพต

Cortical zones

Zone Period Investigation

Symptomatogenic zone Ictal Semiology, video‐EEG

Irritative zone Interictal Interictal EEG (scalp, invasive), ECoG, MEG, fMRI‐EEG

Ictal onset zone Ictal Ictal EEG (scalp, invasive), ictal SPECT

Functional deficit zone Interictal PE, neuropsychological test, Wada test, PET, interictal SPECT

Epileptogenic lesion ‐ Neuroimaging

Epileptogenic zone ‐ None

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Operative proceduresResective surgery

Temporal lobe surgery: anterior temporal lobectomy,selective amygdalohippocampectomy, lesionectomy,         tailored resection 

Extratemporal lobe surgery: topectomy, lobectomy,multilobar resection, lesionectomy, tailored resection

Hemispheric surgery: hemispherectomy, hemispherotomy

Palliative surgeryDisconnection: corpus callosotomy, multiple subpial transections, hippocampal transections

Neurostimulation: vagus nerve stimulation, deep brain stimulation, responsive cortical stimulation

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Standard anterior temporal lobectomy

Anterior 2/3 temporal lobectomyNeocortical resection + amydalohippocampectomyThe median length of resection from temporal tip

Non‐dominant: 5.5 cmDominant: 4.5 cmHippocampus: 3 cm

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Hippocampal sclerosis

Anterior temporal lobectomy

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Selective amygdalohippocampectomy

Resection of mesial temporal structures without neocortical resection Indication: clear evidence of MTLE without lateral temporal involvement

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Dual pathology

Hippocampal sclerosis + extra‐hippocampal lesionExtra‐hippocampal lesion: temporal or extratemporalWhich one is (are) epileptogenic lesion?Removal of both lesions: the greatest chance of seizure freedomSeizure free is less than single pathology

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Tailored resection

Intraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) recording on the cerebral cortexIdentification of epileptogenic areaUseful in cortical lesion e.g. cortical dysplasiaLimitations

Inter‐ictal EEG (irritative zone): cannot demarcate the epileptogenic zone definitelyNeed a period of time during the operation

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Surgery for hemispheric epilepsy

Hemispheric epilepsyHemimegalencephalyRasmussen’s encephalitisStruge‐Weber syndromeIschemic/anoxic brain injury

Goal: early control of catastrophic epilepsy

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Hemispherectomy techniques

Resection

Functional hemispherectomy

Disconnection

Modified anatomical hemispherectomy 

(Oxford modification)

Peri‐insular (lateral) hemispherotomy

Hemipheric deafferentiation

Keyhole hemispherectomy

Transopercular hemispherotomy

Vertical hemispherotomy

Anatomicalhemispherectomy

Hemicorticectomy(hemidecortication)

Hemispherotomy

Modified hemispheric disconnection

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Anatomical hemispherectomyMcKenzie 1938Indications: hemimegalencephaly, reoperation after failed functional hemispherectomyEn bloc resection vs. piecemeal resection

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Anatomical hemispherectomyEarly postoperative complications

Aseptic meningitisBrain shift and herniationHydrocephalus

Late postoperative complicationsSuperficial cerebral hemosiderosis (SCH)Spontaneous or post‐traumatic hemorrhage

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Modified anatomical hemispherectomy(Oxford modification)

Adams 1968Procedures1. Anatomical hemispherectomy2. Muscle plug at foramen of 

Monroe3. Dural plication for reducing 

subdural space4. Expansion extradural cavity

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Hemicorticectomy (hemidecortication)

Ignelzi and Bucy 1968Degloving of the cortex from the white matterMinimize ventricular exposureDisadvantages

Blood lossObliteration of arachnoid granulation: hydrocephalusIncomplete disconnection

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Functional hemispherectomyRasmussen 1974Modern technique for hemispheric epilepsyAvoidance of SCHProcedures1. Temporal lobectomy (neocortex + hippocampus + amygdala) 2. Central (frontoparietal operculum) resection3. Transventricular total corpus callosotomy4. Disconnection of mesial frontal and parieto‐occipital lobes5. Insular cortex aspiration

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Functional hemispherectomy

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Peri‐insular hemispherotomy

Villemure 1995Minimal brain removal to achieve complete hemispheric disconnectionProcedures1. Suprasylvian window: removal of frontoparietal 

operculum, transventricular total corpus callosotomy, disconnection of frontal lobe

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Peri‐insular hemispherotomy

Procedures2. Infrasylvian window: removal of temporal 

operculum, total resection of temporal stem from trigone to anterior temporal horn, amygdalectomy, hippocampectomy (or posterior hippocampotomy)

3. Insular resection: two techniques                              3.1 Insular cortex aspiration                                             3.2 Insular disconnection

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Corpus callosotomy  (interhemispheric disconnection)

Rostrum and genu

Body

Splenium

Cut the pathway of seizure propagation from one to the other hemisphere

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Corpus callosotomy

Intractable generalized seizuresAtonic seizure (drop attack)Lennox‐Gastaut syndromeWest syndrome

Anterior vs. total corpus callosotomy

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Anterior vs. total corpus callosotomy

Anterior corpus callosotomySpare of spleniumDiminish risk of complications, esp. callosal disconnection syndrome

Total corpus callosotomySecond stage procedure following failed anterior corpus callosotomyInitial procedure for patients with severe cognitive impairment or significant unilateral hemispheric disease (low risk of callosal disconnection syndrome)

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ComplicationsRetraction brain edemaCallosal disconnection syndromeLanguage impairment and transient aphasiaTransient akinetic stateMemory deficitsNew types of seizure: esp. simple partial seizureAseptic meningitis and ventriculitis after exposure of 3rd ventricle (prevent by extraependymal disconnection and short‐term steroid) 

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Callosal disconnection syndrome (split‐brain syndrome)

Alien hand syndrome and intermanual conflictLeft hand apraxiaLeft hand agraphiaLeft tactile anomiaRight constructional apraxiaVisual anomiaHemineglect

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Multiple subpial transectionsDisconnection of epileptogenic focus in the eloquent cortex to avoid permanent neurological deficit

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Multiple subpial transectionsIndications

Focal seizure arising in eloquent cortex (motor, sensory, language, memory)Landau‐Kleffner syndrome (LKS)Malignant rodandic‐sylvian epilepsy syndrome (MRSE)Others: cortical dysplasia, epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) caused by Rasmussen’s encephalitis

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Multiple hippocampal transectionsSeizure control with preservation of verbal memorySurgical candidate: intractable MTLE without hippocampal atrophy or sclerosis on MRI

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Multiple hippocampal transectionsIntraoperative ECoG before and after transectionsIf no spike on amygdala: partial resection of amygdala to expose the hippocampal headIf there is active spikes on amygdala: amygdalectomy

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Multiple hippocampal transections

5 mm distance to the next transection

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Vagus nerve stimulationVNS therapy

Neurotransmitter Cerebral blood flow EEG changes

NorepinephrineGABA

SerotoninAspartate

ThalamusCerebral cortex

Anti‐convulsive effect

Desynchronization of EEG rhythms

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Unknown mechanism of actionVagal afferents project to diffuse areas of CNS, many of them are potential sites of epileptogenesisKey structures of VNS action

Locus ceruleus (LC)Dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN)

Vagus nerve stimulation

Release norepinephrine  and serotonin

Anti‐convulsive effectAnti‐depressive effect

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Vagus nerve stimulation

IndicationsPatients who are not candidates for resective surgical procedure

Not possible to predict response to VNS therapyVNS can decrease seizure duration, frequency or severe, may reduce amount of AEDs

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Vagus nerve stimulation

The right vagus nerve preferentially supplies the sino‐atrial (SA) nodeVNS electrode is usually applied to the left side to avoid stimulation‐related asystole or bradycardiaImplantation of VNS electrode at the midcervical level because the vagus nerve is relatively free of branches

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VNS complications

Vocal cord abnormalitiesTransient vocal cord paralysis 0.7 %Spontaneous remission

InfectionBradycardia/asystole (very rare)Sleep‐related breathing disorders

Decreased respiratory airflow, OSAResolve with decrease VNS setting Patients with known OSA should be monitored carefully after VNS implantation

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Anterior thalamic deep brain stimulation

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Ce – cerebellum, CMN – central‐medial nucleus of the thalamus, St – striatum, SNr – pars reticularis of substantia nigra, STN – subthalamic nucleus, Ca – corpus amygdaloideum, DMAZ – dorsal midbrain anticonvulsant zone, EF – epileptic focus, Hip – hippocampus, ANT – anterior nucleus of thalamus

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Responsive cortical stimulation

Treatment of intractable partial‐onset epilepsySubdural cortical strip or depth electrode is placed in the brain according to the seizure focusResponsive stimulation directly to the seizure focus when epileptic activity is detectedAim to disrupt epileptiform activity before seizure developed

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Intracranial EEG

IndicationsDisconcordant results of non‐invasive methodsAbsent structural lesion on MRIScalp EEG cannot detect seizure originLocalization of eloquent cortex by functional brain mapping

Types (subdural, depth, stereo EEG)

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Postoperative seizure outcomeEngel vs. ILAE classification

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Timing of AED withdrawal after  successful epilepsy surgery

ControversialMost studies: tapering off AED after one year of postoperative seizure freedom is safeEarly AED withdrawal may increase risk of seizure recurrenceAn important predictor of seizure outcome and cure is incomplete resection of epileptogenic lesionEarly AED withdrawal seems safe in patients with presumed complete resection of epileptogenic lesion

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