introduction - sheffield peer teaching society...foetal circulation and effect of first breath...
TRANSCRIPT
This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review of the study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.
Phase 1 syllabus (PTS-approved)
Introduction
Dear Phase 1s,
Welcome to Sheffield Medical School!
Below is a checklist of key topics covered in Phase 1 which was written by Jon Emberey, a previous medical student, on behalf of the Sheffield Medical School Peer Teaching Society. This was written as a rough guide for your learning and covers most topics which are broken down into systems. DO NOT PANIC and feel like you must know everything perfectly- Jon has highlighted the ones he thinks are key but feel free to include any other topics you think are important. Your lecturers will also often stress key points they think are likely to come up in your exams and these should therefore be focused on.
Please also use the Peer Teaching Website (https://www.peerteaching.co.uk) for useful resources, revision aids and information or for contact information.
Good luck and enjoy every minute of your time here!
Melanie Coulson
Co-President (2018-19)Peer Teaching Society
This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review of the study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.
Organelles - mitochondria, rough/smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, vesicles,cytoskeleton, storage (lipofuscin, lipid, glycogen)Cell membranes - structure, molecules and functionMembrane proteins (transporters - facilitated diffusion etc. , anchors - desmosomes etc. ,receptors - types, enzymes)EndocytosisMovement across membranes - simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport
Water distributionWater homeostasis and dehydration (regulatory hormones, sources of water, fluid loss) +definitions osmosis, osmolality, osmotic pressure, oncotic pressure
DNA replication (semi-conservative)Production of proteins (transcription and translation)
Cell cycleIdentifiable via light microscopyStages (+ a key fact about each)
Gametogenesis and Mendel’s second lawGonadal mosaicism
Phenotype vs genotypeSpectrum - mendelian or multifactorial disease
Autosomal (dominant/recessive), sex linked (x-linked) and interpretation of genetic pedigrees(with examples of conditions)Lyonisation
Knudson’s 2 hit hypothesisMultifactorial diseasesConcepts - penetrance, variable expression, sex limitation (BRCA)
IMMS 1CELLS ·
· ·
· ·
HOMEOSTASIS· Homeostasis definition· Cell communication methods (autocrine, paracrine, endocrine) - positive and negative feedback ··
· Water excess and oedema - normal, inflammatory, venous, lymphatic · (Hyper/hypo)natraemia, (hyper/hypo)kalaemia, (hyper/hypo)calcaemia
MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS (This section should be familiar from A-level) · Carbohydrates and glycosidic bond· Lipids· Nucleotides· Amino acids and peptide bond· Protein structures - primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary · Functions of enzymes and co-enzymes· Forces - e.g. Van der Waals, hydrogen bonding
DNA/RNA (This section should be familiar from A-level) · Structure of DNA and RNA· ·· Mis-sense, non-sense
MITOSIS/MEIOSIS ···· Abnormalities (e.g. by non-disjunction) - numerical and structural ··
GENETIC DISEASES ··· Karyotypes ·
·· Dominant negative effect ·· ·
This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review of the study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.
ATP-ADP cycleMethods of regenerating ATP (energy source, glycolysis, Kreb’s, oxidative phosphorylation,substrate level phosphorylation, via electron transport chain)
Glycolysis (highlight steps 1 and 3) - mnemonics, substrates and enzymes, why inhibited byacidosisKreb’s cycle - location, mnemonics etc.Oxidative Phosphorylation - location, electron transport chainTotal ATP made from one molecule of glucose (34 ATP - debatable)
Main energy supply - beta oxidation with the carnitine shuttle (give an example e.g. palmitic acid)Ketogenesis at hepatocytes
DefinitionspHHenderson-Hasselbach equationH+ control - blood/tissue buffer, CO2 removal @ lungs, renal excretionBuffers (bicarbonate, protein, haemoglobin)Acidosis/Alkalosis and compensation (metabolic - slow, respiratory - quick)
Reactive oxygen species (exogenous/endogenous)Formation of reactive oxygen species - e.g. at oxidative phosphorylationBenefits of ROS - respiratory burstHaber-Weiss and Fenton’s reaction
Recognising stainsRecognising different types of epithelia
IMMS 2METABOLISM· Metabolism (definition)· Energy values from different fuel types (carbohydrate, protein, lipid, alcohol) · Energy storage (glycogen@muscle/liver, fats, proteins)· Total energy spend per day (BMR, activity, diet) and influencing factors (age etc.)
ATP ··
· Electron accepting coenzymes ·
· · ·
FATTY ACID OXIDATION/ KETONES · Examples of fatty acids· ·· Use of ketones for energy @ low fat state
ACID/BASE/BUFFER ·· · · ··· Anion gap
OXYGEN TOXICITY ·· ··· Defense against oxygen toxicity - enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione
peroxidase), antioxidant vitamins, cell compartmentalisation, repair
HISTOLOGY ··
This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review of the study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.
Anatomy of the heart (chambers and vessels) and surrounding tissueHeart margins Heart surfacesAuscultation of valvesMediastinum (middle, superior, inferior)Coronary arteriesReferred heart painAortic arch (divisions and landmarks)Pericardium (sinuses and vessels)Path of the vagus and phrenic nerves
The pressure changes that occur in the ventricles as related to the action of the valves, flow ofblood and ECG (Wigger’s diagram)Systole - isovolumetric ventricular contraction, ventricular emptying - including pressure changesDiastole - isovolumetric ventricular relaxation, ventricular filling - including pressure changesStarling’s law of the heartDuration of systole and diastoleEffect of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system (force, cardiac output, heart rate)
Molecular myocardial contractionExcitation contraction coupling
Actin, myosin and tropomyosin
Stroke volumeLV filling pressureMean arterial pressureCardiac output - and how to measure thisOhm’s law and vessel resistancePoiseuille and blood flowPulse pressure
Intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that regulate cardiac outputIntrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that regulate peripheral resistanceBlood pressure control by regulation of cardiac output and peripheral resistance
Vasoconstrictors and vasodilatorsBaroreceptors and chemoreceptors
CARDIOVASCULARANATOMY ·· · · · · · · · ·
CARDIAC CYCLE ·
· · · · ·
CARDIAC CONTRACTION ·· ·
CIRCULATION· General structure and function of circulatory system (arteries, veins, capillaries etc) · Differentiation between pulmonary and systemic circulation
EQUATIONS ·· · · · · ·
DEFINITIONS· Preload, afterload, contractility, elasticity, compliance, resistance
CONTROL OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM · How blood pressure is generated· · ·
CENTRAL CIRCULATION CONTROL · Effectors· ·· Nervous system involvement
This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review of the study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.
Vasoconstrictors and vasodilators (local, neural, hormonal)Flow control (hyperaemia - active and reactive, instrinsic autoregulation, myogenicautoregulation)
ECG (PQRST) trace with timings and definitionsConduction pathwayAction potential and propagation (ionic basis of both cardiac and pacemaker action potentials)
Red blood cells and their physiological functionWhite blood cells and their physiological function Platelets and their physiological function (simply)
*Haemostasis mechanisms - platelet plug and coagulation cascade (again simply)Blood typing and transfusionsRhesus D - particularly sensitisation in pregnancy of rhesus negative mothers
Types of muscle and defining features (branching etc)Structure and histology of arteries, capillaries and veins and how this relates to functionIntercalated discsPurkinje fibresRecognising cells in the blood - especially different types of white blood cell
Heart fields and what they develop intoStages of formation of the heart - heart tube, cardiac looping, cardiac septationSinus venosus, primary atrium, primary ventricle, bulbus cordis, truncus arteriosusVasculogenesisAortic arches and what they develop intoFetal circulation changes that occur at birth
PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION CONTROL ··
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION ···· Myocyte membrane pumps · 12 lead ECG
BLOOD· Composition (and effect of anaemia) ·· ·· Soluble plasma proteins ·· ·
HISTOLOGY ·· · · ·
EMBRYOLOGY ·· · · · ·
This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review of the study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.
Sinuses, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynxLarynx - single and double cartilages and positionPharyngeal constrictors, the carotid sheath and the pharynxThyroid - structure, blood supply and positionAnterior triangle of neckVagus branches - superior and recurrent laryngeal and the cough reflexAirways - trachea to alveoli - structure, function and innervationHilum of the lungDiaphragm - caval opening, oesophageal hiatus, aortic hiatusAzygous and hemiazygous veinsSurface markings on chest and lines (midsternal etc)Ribcage and intercostal musclesPhysical process of breathing - vertical, anteroposterior, transverse movement to expand chestcavityLobes of the lungs, fissures, surface markings of lungs and pleural cavity
Pontine and medullary respiratory sensorsMechano and chemo receptors - SASR, RASR, C-Fibres J etc.Respiratory drive - central and peripheralAlveolar recruitment
Concept of ventilation/perfusion matching/mismatchLayers for gas exchange (7)
Dalton’s lawBoyle’s law Henry’s lawAlveolar gas equationLaplace’s law and the action of surfactant (T2 pneumocytes)
Acid/base dissociation equation (bicarb)Henderson-Hasselbalch equationRespiratory acidosis/alkalosis and compensation
RESPIRATORYANATOMY ·· · · · · · · · · · · ·
·
THE RESPIRATORY PUMP· Muscles involved, nerves involved, pleura· Lung statics and the effect of transpleural pressure · Inspiration· Expiration
CONTROL OF RESPIRATION· Controller - Effector - Sensor loop ·· · ·
GAS EXCHANGE· Surface area of lungs ··
OXYGEN DISSOCIATION CURVE· Concept of haemoglobin saturation and effect of pH and temperature
EQUATIONS ·· · · ·
ACID/BASE BALANCE ·· ·
This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review of the study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.
HYPOXIA AND HYPERCAPNIA· Defining pressure of arterial oxygen and carbon
dioxide · · Cause of hypoxia
· T1/2 respiratory failure
· · Cause of hypercapnia
This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review of the study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.
Flow/volume curve Volume/time curveThe really important one which shows tidal volume and all other bits - give volumes anddefinitionsAirways obstructionAirways restriction
Pulmonary versus systemic circulation - characteristics of vesselsDifferent conditions for vasodilation and vasoconstriction in pulmonary/systemic blood vessels
BronchoconstrictionBronchodilationNicotinic and muscarinic receptorsSympathetic stimulationParasympathetic stimulation
Mechanisms - innate immunity, epithelial barrier, muco-ciliary escalator etcRespiratory/alveolar epithelium - with type 1/2 pneumocytesCoughing process
Respiratory epithelium and goblet cellsNose and olfactory epitheliumDifferentiating between airways - e.g. presence of collagenType 2 pneumocyte
Foetal circulation and effect of first breath (e.g. shuts foramen ovale, ductus arteriosusconstriction)Type 2 pneumocyte production and premature babies
SPIROMETRY ·· ·
· ·
VASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY ··
THE AGING LUNG· Effect of aging on the lung, gas exchange, immunity and response
HYPERSENSITIVITY· Gell and coombs classification and typical diseases · The effect of histamine in T1 reactions· Mechanism of anaphylaxis and accute inflammation - inhale antigen -> … histamine release ->
bronchoconstriction and mucus hypersecretion
AIRWAY TONE ·· · · ·
HOST DEFENSE ···· Mucus composition· Alveolar macrophage in pulmonary host defense - development and function · Brief adaptive immunity - T and B lymphocytes
EXTREME CONDITIONS· Effect of diving on physiology · Effect of altitude on physiology
HISTOLOGY ·· · ·
EMBRYOLOGY· Respiratory diverticulum and lung buds· Stages of development - embryonic, pseudo-glandular, canalicular, saccular, alveolar ·
This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review of the study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.
Structure of GI tract - layers, glands, plexiSurface markings of abdomenRectus sheath and muscles of anterior abdomenPeritoneal cavity and greater/lesser omentumAnatomy of stomach, blood supply Anatomy of duodenum (4 sections)Coeliac trunkEpiploic foramenRetroperitoneal organsAnatomy of small and large gut including blood supply
Muscles involvedPhases - voluntary, involuntary
Salivary glands - plus structures and innervationAcinar cells and ducts - ion transport
BMR definition Stores of fuelsMacromoleculesEnergy requirement at different tissues (and fuels used)Vitamins (sources and deficiency)
Anatomy of stomach and defenseCell types of gastric pits and glandsGastric acid secretion and regulation (cephalic, gastric, intestinal)
Gastric motility, peristalsis and emptying (plus mechanisms)Defense against acid secretion
Proteins - zwitterions, hormones, endopeptidases and exopeptidases, absorption at smallintestineLipids - cholesterol, bile salts, micelles, chylomicrons
GIANATOMY ·· · · · · · · · ·
SWALLOWING ··· Gag reflex
SALIVA· Composition, pH, function ··
DIET AND FUELS ·· · · ·
PHYSIOLOGY OF STOMACH ···· Protease secretion ··
INTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY · Water distribution· Ion transport at intestines (Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-) · Which part of gut are different vitamins absorbed
DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION· Carbohydrate and starch - D isomers, pancreatic amylase, alpha-dextrin ·
·
EATING· Malnutrition · MUST· BMI
This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review of the study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.
General epithelia (mouth to anus)Taste buds and tongueTypes of gland (serous/mucus)Stomach - parietal and chief cellsDuodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon - specific cells/plexi and villi/cryptsAppendix
Boundaries of foregut/midgut/hindgutPharyngeal arches
Development of stomach - growth and rotationMidgut elongation, herniation, rotation, retraction
HISTOLOGY ·· · · · ·
EMBRYOLOGY· Oropharyngeal and cloacal membranes ··· Development of oesophagus ··· Hindgut and formation of anorectal canal
This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review of the study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.
Anatomy of the liver - lobes and ligaments (anterior, superior, posterior views)Impressions on the liverCalot’s trianglePortal systemLiver lobules, acini, sinusoidsAnatomy of pancreas and relations to vessels, organsAnatomy of gall bladder and the biliary tree
Fat soluble vitaminsIron metabolism (ferritin) and vitamins (B12, A, D)Metabolism, plasma proteins, defense
XenobioticsOxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, glucoronidationPhase 1 and phase 2 reactionsCytochrome P450
Glucose/Alanine cycleUrea cycle
Cholesterol, lipoproteins and beta-oxidationEnzymes - lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase etcHepatic metabolism of lipids
Production and concentration of bileBilirubin and enterohepatic secretion of bile salts
Phases of secretion - buffer, enzymeSecretion of bicarbonateControl of secretion - stimulation and inhibition
LIVER AND FRIENDSANATOMY ·· · · · · ·
LIVER STORAGE ·· ·
LIVER DETOXIFICATION ·· · ·
PRODUCTION OF PROTEINS · Albumin - and its function· Clotting factors· Complement factors· Protein turnover and degradation
NITROGEN BALANCE ··
FAT METABOLISM· Energy reserves of body ·· ·
GALL BLADDER ··
EXOCRINE PANCREAS ·· ·
EMBRYOLOGY· Liver bud formation· Formation of liver and gallbladder (pars hepatica/pars cystica) · Involvement of duodenal rotation in positioning· Formation of the pancreas
This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review of the study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.
HISTOLOGY · Lobules
Sinusoids and sinusoidal macrophagesHepatocyte ultrastructurePortal triadsExocrine pancreas and pacinian corpusclePancreatic ductsGallbladder
This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review of the study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.
Lobes, gyri, sulci laterally, medially, superiorly, inferiorlyLocation of primary areas e.g. Broca’s, Wernicke’s, motor cortex etc. and functionConcept of dominanceSensory/motor homunculi Ventricles and flow of CSFAnatomy of the corpus callosumAnatomy of the midbrain, pons, medulla
Anatomy of the skullCranial foramen and structures
MeningesBlood brain barrierArterial supply to the brainCircle of willisWhich lobes are supplied by, anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteriesBerry aneurysms and strokeVenous drainage/sinusesCSF brain barrierCavernous sinus structures
Anatomy of spine - spinous process, transverse process, foramen at Cervical, Thoracic , LumbarIntervertebral discs and ligaments of the spine
Dorsal column, medial lemniscusSpinothalamic pathwayCorticospinal pathwayBrown-Sequard
Prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), rhombencephalon (hindbrain) and theirdivisions and formation
NEURO 1ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN ·· · · · · ·
SKULL ··
CEREBRAL VASCULATURE ·· · · · · · · ·
CRANIAL NERVES· Location and function
SPINAL ANATOMY ··· Muscles of the spine· Conus medullaris, cauda equina and filum terminale
SPINAL COLUMN AND ASCENDING/DESCENDING PATHWAYS · White/grey matter and tracts· Anatomy of spinal column ·· · ·
FLOOR OF FOURTH VENTRICLE AND BRAINSTEM· Anatomy, nuclei as seen in a posterior view of the brainstem
EMBRYOLOGY · Neurulation· Formation of ventricles ·
MEMORY· Types of memory· Locations - prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, parietal lobe, anterior cingulate gyrus
This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review of the study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.
Structure of an axonNeurotransmitter releaseAxonal and synaptic impulseTypes of synapse - excitatory, inhibitory, modulatoryAction potentials of a neuron
Definitions of nociceptive and neuropathic painAnaesthetics and analgesicsC nerve fibres and A delta fibres
Substance PMelzack-wall pain gateAreas of pain recognition - prefrontal, amygdala, anterior cingulate gyrus, sensorimotor cortex
Motor end plates / motor unitTendon golgi - structure, innervation, mechanismMuscle spindle - structure, innervation, mechanismMotor control - voluntary and involuntaryStretch, withdrawal, inverse stretch, clasp knife reflexesMuscular weakness (upper motor neuron, low motor neuron, neuro muscular junction)
Auditory conductionVestibulo-cochlear systemFunction of the vestibular systemOrgan of CortiI’M AUDITORY - auditory pathways
Interaction with striatum and substantia nigraCortical and subcortical loops
NEURO 2AXONS AND AXONAL TRANSMISSION ·· · · ·
PAIN ···· Periaqueductal gray ·· ·· Descending pain pathways · Action of opioids
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION, MUSCLE SPINDLES AND TENDON GOLGI BODIES · Mechanism of neuromuscular transmission· · · · · ·
VISION· Visual fields and pupillary pathways - hemianopias etc · The eye - anatomy· Layers of the retina· Occular muscles and their innervation
AUDITORY SYSTEMS ·· · · ·
BASAL GANGLIA AND LIMBIC SYSTEM· Anatomy, location and structure - lobes and fissures, coronal and horizontal view · Rostral (inhibitory) and caudal (excitatory) groups· Function · Limbic system - structure, function and Papez circuit
This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review of the study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.
Inputs and outputs of the cerebellumCommunication - mossy fibres, climbing fibres, purkinje fibres, and the cerebellar peduncles
CEREBELLUM· Structure, anatomy and function · Modification of motor neurons· ·· Symptoms of cerebellar damage
This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review of the study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.
Anatomy of the inguinal canal - borders and structures (esp. spermatic cord), inguinal herniationAnatomy of the testiclesAnatomy of the kidney and adrenal glandsBlood flow in the kidneysUreteric narrowingsBranches of the abdominal aortaAnatomy of the posterior abdominal wall and the lumbar plexusAnatomy of the bladderAnatomy of female genitalia - uterus, vagina, externalAnatomy of male genitalia - testicles, penis, prostate, ejaculatory ductPelvic floor musclesUG triangle
GFRFiltration and pressures at the glomerulus - including calculationsFiltration barrierConcepts of osmolality and osmolarityStructure of a nephronIon and water transport at the nephronEffect of angiotensin 2, parathyroid hormone, aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide, vasopressin Urinary buffers and the law of mass action - ammonium and phosphate buffers and site of action
RAASStructure of the adrenal glands and hormone production - androgens, mineralocorticoids,glucocorticoidsFunction of cortisolFunction of adrenaline and alpha/beta receptors at body
Development of the kidney - pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros (and the ureteric bud)Mullerian and Wolffian ducts
SUGER 1ANATOMY ·· · · · · · · · · · ·
RENAL PHYSIOLOGY (note this section is quite a lot of physiology) ·· · · · · · ·
ACIDOSIS/ALKALOSIS· Respiratory/metabolic acidosis/alkalosis and renal/respiratory compensation
RENAL ENDOCRINOLOGY ··
· ·· Hormone receptor locations, secondary messenger theory and action of hormones at cell
membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus· EPO
SKIN· Layers of the skin· Junctions and adhesion molecules· The skin as a barrier - brick wall model · Effect of increased/decreased adhesion · Effect of raised/lowered pH on skin· Red/itchy/dry skin - physiological causes of · Hair follicle and acne
EMBRYOLOGY ··
This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review of the study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.
Negative and positive feedback loopsDifferences between the anterior and posterior pituitary glandAxis of the anterior and posterior pituitary gland - oxytocin, vasopressin, ACTH, TSH, LH, GH,prolactin
Action of insulin at cells - mobilisation of GLUT-4Physiological response to raised/lowered glucose
Hormonal changes - the different hormones produced during pregnancy and their actionsMaternal adaptations - cardiovascular, veins, skinInitiation of labour - hormonal involvement Layers of the uterus and cervical ripeningThe placenta - hormones, function, structure and developmentFollicular developmentThe menstrual cycle - follicular phase, ovulation and luteal phaseHormonal levels during the menstrual cycle (and identification from graph)Fertilisation and implantation
SRY gene, MIF, dihydrotestosteroneMeiosisOogenesis, spermatogenesis, spermiogenesisHypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
Control of micturitionMechanisms of voiding and storage
Histology of the nephronHistology of the spermatic cord - seminiferous tubule, epididymis, vas etc.Histology of the urethra and prostateHistology of vaginal epithelial squamesProliferative and secretory endometriumCorpus luteumAnterior and posterior pituitary gland, pineal gland, parathyroid, thyroid (follicular cells and ccells), pancreatic islets and suprarenal cortex and medullaParathyroid
SUGER 2PITUITARY ENDOCRINOLOGY· Purpose of the endocrine system· Types of hormones (x2) - make at response, release at response ·· ·
PANCREATIC ENDOCRINOLOGY· Cell types of the Islets of Langerhans and hormones - insulin, glucose, somatostatin · Mechanism of insulin secretion· ·
THYROID ENDOCRINOLOGY · Anatomy of the thyroid· Production of T3 and T4· Function of the thyroid and thyroxine
PREGNANCY AND MENSTRUAL CYCLE ·· · · · · · · ·
REPRODUCTION ·· ··· Changes at puberty · Blood testes barrier· Physiological changes at menopause
CONTINENCE AND MICTURITION ··
HISTOLOGY ·· · · · · ·
This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review of the study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.
Genital development - the indifferent stagePrimordial germ cell migrationDevelopment of the testesDevelopment of external genitaliaUterine development from the Mullerian duct and formation of the vaginaDevelopment of the bladder and urethra
· · · · ·
Pancreatic isletsSuprarenal cortex and medullaLeydig cellsHairy skin, epithelial layersBreast tissue (lactating and none-lactating), lactiferous duct
EMBRYOLOGY ·· · · · ·
This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review of the study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.
Muscles and innervations of the anterior/medial thigh - femoral triangle, quadricepsGluteal region and posterior thigh - including pelvis and greater/lesser sciatic foramenAnterior and lateral leg - including blood supply, the patellar, tibia, fibularThe foot - dorsal and plantar aspects, particular attention to the bonesLower limb joints - hip, knee, ankle, Hilton’s lawBlood supply of the lower limbShoulder and back - rotator cuff and motionsPosterior aspect of the arm and the scapulaThe axilla and the brachial plexusAnterior aspect of the armForearm and the cubital fossa - paths of the radial and ulnar arteriesThe hand - carpal bones, innervation, superficial palmar arch, carpal tunnel, musclesMyotomes of the arms and legsJoints of the upper limb - elbow, wrist, finger
Types of bone - primary, secondary, long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoidEndochondral ossificationIntramembranous ossificationThe axial and appendicular skeleton
Calcium homeostasis at the kidney, gut and bone - including sources of calcium and absorptionat the gutThe absorption of vitamin D
Differences between ligament and tendonFibrous and fibrocartilaginous insertion into enthesesTypes of joint (and functional classification) plus examples of eachComposition of hyaline cartilage
Osteoclasts, osteoblast, osteocyte - function and maturationRemodelling of bone - breakdown by collagenases and MMPsRank signalling system
Types of muscle - smooth, skeletal, cardiac and their structureSkeletal muscle terminology - sarcomere -> epimysiumSarcomere structure and recognition of bands
MSKANATOMY - muscles, innervations and actions ·· · · · · · · · · · · · ·
BONES· Function of bone ·· · ·· The physiological response of bone to activity levels, strain and bone loss/formation ·
·
HORMONES· The actions and axis of parathyroid homone, and calcitonin
FRACTURE AND HEALING· Site, pattern, angulation, joint, skin· The process of healing - haematoma, inflammation, repair, remodelling
LIGAMENTS AND TENDONS· Composition and hierarchy (tropocollagen -> … tendon) · Collagen synthesis· · · ·· Classes of synovial joint
THE CELLS OF BONE ···· The concept of coupling and balance in osteoblast/osteoclast communication
HISTOLOGY ·· ·
This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review of the study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.
Muscle spindleRecognising cartilage - hyaline, elastic, fibrousStructure and organisation of primary and secondary bone - Haversian canal etc.Recognising structures in mineralised and decalcified boneRecognising osteoblasts and osteoclastsEndochondral ossification and zone of hyperplasia etc.
· Skeletal muscle types - 1, 2a, 2b · Sharpey’s fibers· · · · · ·· Developing membrane bone
This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review of the study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.
PUBLIC HEALTH2 public health documents exist for phase 1a and 1b from previous years. Content for this talk should follow these. If you are keen to teach this session please e-mail me and I will send you the documents.