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St. Regis Mohawk Tribe and Hogansburg Akwesasne Vol. Fire Department Fire Management Plan

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I. Introduction The St. Regis Mohawk Tribe (SRMT) Fire Management Plan (FMP) is a strategic plan that provides programmatic direction for the safe, effective management of wildland and prescribed fire on the Mohawk Territory at Akwesasne. This plan is in accordance with recommendations outlined by the Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy and Program Review (USDI/USDA 1995).

A. Purpose

The plan provides strategies, programmatic in nature that promotes emergency personnel and public safety, while considering ecological concerns and enhancement of the cultural and natural values existing on these lands. It promotes standardization among land management agencies and represents continued interagency cooperation, consistent with the direction in the Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy and Program Review, and serves as the means for funding various fire management activities emphasized in the Tribe al Fire Plan 10 Year Comprehensive Strategy, enacted by the U.S. Congress in August, 2001.

The Fire Management Plan recognizes the existing threat to human lives and property which justifies suppression of wildfires. Another primary purpose for wildland fire protection in Akwesasne is to protect the wide range of assets found on the Territory of Akwesasne. These assets include life and safety; timber; range; recreation; water and watershed; plants; air quality; cultural and historic resources; unique scenic areas; plants and wildlife, and ecosystem health. Recently the Tribal Council passed a resolution Tribal Council Resolution 2002-02, (Exhibit A), related to wildland fuel burning on the reservation. It serves as a safeguard toward protection of air resource while recognizing fire as a useful management tool. These provisions are explained in the Fire Prevention Strategy Section of this FMP. It is the intent of this Fire Management Plan to expand on policies and procedures outlined in the St. Regis Mohawk Land Use documents, BIA Fire Management Policy and current Wildland and Prescribed Fire Management Policy, to ensure fire management activities help meet resource management objectives and concerns for Akwesasne Mohawk Territory. It integrates data and operational procedures from existing fire management related documents and agreements such as:

1) Agreement Between St. Regis Mohawk Tribe and Hogansburg/Akwesasne Volunteer Fire Department (HAVFD) providing fire protection services, (current)

2) Franklin County Mutual Aid Plan 3) Northeast States Interagency Coordination Center Operating Plan 4) Eastern States Coordination Center (EACC) Mobilization Plan 5) National Interagency Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG)

General direction, policies and authorities for fire management activities on tribal lands are found in various BIA Manuals. Specific references will be noted when they are referenced or help provide guidance for fire management activities listed in this FMP.


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B. NEPA Compliance This document is compliant with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). A multi-disciplinary team consisting of fire management, planning, natural and cultural resource specialists within the Mohawk Tribe worked with the contractor (MOHR Managed Fire) in development of this FMP. A public meeting was conducted prior to final approval. This is a stand-alone plan. Development and maintenance of this FMP involved a dynamic and interdisciplinary process that considered future land use, cultural and natural resource values, tribal concern and existing land ownership patterns within the Mohawk Tribe. The FMP should be updated when changing conditions on these lands significantly influence the implementation of fire management strategies presented in this plan or when a Legislative Area Land Use Plan is modified differ than this FMP. Some strategies listed in this FMP can be and should be implemented as routine fire management program activities. With some activities, however, such as prescribed fire use, a site-specific evaluation should be performed before implementing the activity. During this evaluation, an appropriate environmental document (Addendum, Categorical Exclusion, EA, or Environmental Impact Statement) will be necessary for that specific project. This plan should be used to guide the development of site-specific project plans for some fire management activities, such as prescribed burns and mechanical fuel reduction.

C. Foreword The St. Regis Mohawk Tribe Fire Management Plan is a comprehensive plan that has been formulated to assign responsibilities and to provide guidance to the HAVFD and other departments during a wildfire emergency and implementation of other fire management activities. Every official and department must be prepared to carry out their assigned functions and responsibilities in disastrous situations. The intentions of this plan are not to restrict its jurisdictional issues related to the border and/or political affiliations, but rather to set aside differences and deal with emergency situations promptly and effectively as they occur.

II. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES During development of this FMP, the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe Resource Specialists and Officials identified the following specific fire management related goals and objectives. They could change with time, experience, and additional fire effects knowledge. Goals are the broad end-result conditions expected from land management decisions. Broad fire management goals for an effective fire management program for Akwesasne Mohawk Nation Territory are: A. St. Regis Mohawk Tribal Goals • Cost-efficient land stewardship management methods will be employed. • Protect and restore Tribe’s land, and promote native plant and animal species diversity.


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• Preserve all lands in a perpetually productive state for the benefit of all community members. • Preserve and develop natural resource “multiple-use” values including; timber resources,

water quality, air quality, wildlife habitat, economics and recreation.

• Identify and analyze key policy issues and develop recommendations for changes in public policy. Analysis will include alternatives to reduce total costs and losses by increasing fire protection system effectiveness.

• Translate the analyses into public policies. • Preserve and enhance the natural beauty of Mohawk Nation Territory at Akwesasne. • Ensure protection of Tribal cultural resources.

• Enhance wildlife habitat, range/forage conditions, and timber protection. • Protect and maintain or enhance water quality on Mohawk Nation Territory at Akwesasne. B. Fire Management Goals • Firefighter and public safety are first priority with all fire management activities. • Manage a wildland fire program that provides for firefighter and public safety that is cost

efficient, and is responsive to land stewardship needs.

• Aggressively control wildland fire, particularly in areas of wildland urban interface. • Strong fiscal policy focus and monitor the wildland fire protection system in fiscal terms. • Protect life and property and suppress wildfire in the area served by the Hogansburg

Akwesasne Volunteer Fire Department. • Develop and enhance a program of aggressive initial attack and follow up on all fires within

the boundaries of Akwesasne on areas of mutual aid agreement. • Provide for a safe working environment for firefighters, by strictly adhering to national

standards for training, qualifications, physical fitness, and personal protective equipment. • Inform residents of how they can reduce wildfire risk to themselves and their property

through vegetation management. • Create wildfire protection zones that reduce the risks to citizens and firefighters. • Continued enhancement of a program of fuels management that will reduce the fire hazards

of accumulated fuels, achieve multiple resource goals, and provide for the natural and historic role of fire in the ecosystem.


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• Assess all wildland areas identifying high risk, high value areas, and develop information on

and determine who is responsible, who is responding, and cost recovery for wildland fires. Assessment would involve and/or be coordinated with Hogansburg Akwesasne Volunteer Fire Department.

• Recognize that ecosystems can thrive with natural forces such as fire, and be viable, healthy

and meet specific management goals. • Use suppression methods least damaging to the resource and the environment. • Promote awareness of hazardous fuel reduction near homes using educational programs. • Develop and maintain a fuels management and prescribed fire program that effectively

reduces the hazard of accumulated fuels, achieves multiple resource management objectives, and provides for a natural role of fire in the ecosystem.

• Implement a fire prevention program stressing fire awareness to help reduce human starts. • Encourage interagency participation with fire management activities (information sharing,

formal agreements). • Develop and maintain a source of qualified individuals to suppress wildland fire and manage

prescribed fire, pursuing NWCG qualification standards. C. Fire Management Program Objectives Objectives are measurable statements describing the end-result conditions expected or intended to be achieved by management decisions. Objectives identified as indicators of an effective wildland fire management program on Mohawk Nation Territory at Akwesasne are:

• Limit severely affected burned acreage by a wildland fire to less than 2800 acres per decade

in all fuel types.

• Reduce the incidence of human-caused wildland fires by 10 – 20 % during the next four to five years.

Establish an activity which provides information and training to Tribal residents and/or

homeowners to help protect their property from the threat of wildland fire.

Treat areas of hazardous fuel situations (approximately 1,000 acres during the next five years).

• Enhance and maintain quality habitat, and overall biological diversity with the use of prescribed fire (approximately 3,000 acres during the next five years).

• Identify areas (1 – 10 acres in size) that have potential for increased berry, wild rice or other desired plant production. Use prescribed fire to help establish and maintain these areas.


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• Facilitate and coordinate training opportunities to maintain a source of 5 qualified prescribed fire personnel within the next 2 years; qualify at least 1 as a prescribed fire burn boss, and at least 2 as ignition specialists.

• Have Environment Division representative qualified to facilitate management of open burning as outlined in Tribal Burn Regulations, within the next two (2) years.

D. Concepts for Future Reviews/Revisions Future review/revisions of goals, objectives and strategies outlined in this fire management plan should include the following concepts: • Ecosystems are dynamic -- they are always changing based on natural and human induced

processes which affect them over time. Wildland fire behavior potential will change as the vegetative ecosystems change.

• Both fire suppression and fire use have a role in the management of ecosystems. Areas with

higher commodity or economic value need to be protected from unwanted wildland fire. Fire use can be a cost effective method for management of biomass amount and achievement of desired effects.

• The absence of vegetation management has environmental and economic consequences.

Some examples are:

1.) A buildup of excess biomass on some forested and grass/shrub lands, if ignited, may burn with greater heat intensity than the natural system be able to tolerate.

2.) Development of ladder fuels in the tree/shrub environment can allow low

intensity fires to spread into some crowns, increasing chances for higher heat intensities, spotting and higher spread rates. This limits control capabilities and generally results in larger areas being affected by the fire.

3.) The buildup of excess biomass, especially with the creation of fuel ladder

situation, causes extreme challenges for prescribed fire use, or in some cases lessens or eliminates such opportunities.

4.) Natural succession towards climax conditions can cause possible reduction or

loss of more desired forage plants and/or fire tolerant serial species.

5.) Fire suppression costs are frequently higher in areas with increased fuel loading.

6.) Higher rehabilitation costs are usually associated with wildfires of higher heat

intensities.

7.) Excessive biomass buildup generally results in higher mortality rates of the existing vegetation, which may be desired or undesired.


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• Use of prescribed fire to meet natural resource objectives can cause socio/political tradeoffs that require extra management emphasis, especially during the initial years. Some are:

1.) The risk of fire escape, causing unwanted or unacceptable results.

2.) Smoke effects with aesthetics, visibility, or human health.

3.) Resistance to fire use by individuals who are unaware of the objectives, short

term and long term benefits, or perceive the risks are too great.

4.) Need to educate neighbors and surrounding communities of fire as a useful tool.

2) Description of Area Akwesasne, a Mohawk community of 9,000, straddles the U.S./Canadian border and is further divided by the State of New York and two Canadian Provinces of Ontario and Quebec, making Akwesasne a truly international community. Akwesasne has 14,640 acres of treaty land in the northwest corner of Franklin County on the St. Lawrence River. Exhibit B displays the general location.

The Mohawk Community is situated approximately eighty miles northeast of Lake Ontario and sixty miles southwest of Montreal, and is bounded on the east by the Town of Fort Covington, on the south by the Town of Bombay, and on the west by the Town of Massena in St. Lawrence County. The entire reservation lies within the Saint Lawrence Valley, and is characterized by gently rolling to hilly topography with some large areas of swamp on the eastern extremities of the mainland portion. Soils throughout the reservation are composed predominantly of glacial till and clay deposits. Much of the reservation's soil has been shown to have moderate to severe limitation for subsurface sewage disposal because of such adverse factors as low permeability, seasonally high groundwater, or shallow bedrock. The low-lying areas of the reservation consist mainly of willow brush, native swamp, foliage grasses, and a mixture of woods. The upland areas support northeastern mixed hardwood forests of maple, beech, oak, and elm along with white pine and white spruce. Grass, hay crops, pasture, and family vegetable gardens occupy the remaining cultivated lands. The Tribe’s headquarters are located near Hogansburg, New York. The Tribe coordinates with the Bureau of Indian Affairs Regional Office in Memphis, Tennessee.

A. LAND OWNERSHIP PATTERNS Akwesasne Mohawk lands are owned by both the Tribe and by individual members. There are established residential areas and numerous isolated or detached housing sites. This FMP serves as programmatic direction for tribal lands within the United States. However the plan can also serve as suggested guidance for the Mohawk Nation Territory located in Canada. The majority of the land adjoining the Akwesasne Mohawk Territory is privately owned and under cultivation or some form of development. In order to maximize beneficial effects from fire management activities, such as wildland hazard fuel reduction, a proposed project should attempt to include all land ownership, when the fuel conditions are similar and project is beneficial to all Mohawk Territory at Akwesasne.


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B. VEGETATION & WILDLAND FIRE POTENTIAL Vegetative cover types on Akwesasne Mohawk Territory are delineated into three broad groups: grass, grass/shrubs, and hardwoods/shrubs (Exhibit C). Only a small amount of area existed that is at least 50% conifers. Most ignitions are human-caused. Most fires originate in grass fuels and then with wind spread into adjacent shrub or forested areas. Although most fires remain less than 10 acres there is potential for larger size fires. Grass: This type can be found interspersed with both smaller diameter and larger diameter hardwoods stands. Wetland habitats and swamp ecosystems are included in this group. Areas developed for agriculture and still are using either as hayfield or pasture land is also in this type. Housing and other development has replaced agricultural uses on a large portion of these lands. Open areas between housing or developed areas that are primarily grass vegetation are the greatest risk for wildfire occurrence in the spring of the year, prior to green-up. Most starts are from juveniles playing with matches or debris burning. Some starts have been from power equipment. The intensity of these fires can be high at times and they can spread very quickly, especially with wind. Though heat intensity can be high and acreage large in the grass type (50 – 100 acres), the duration, soil heat penetration or need for burned area rehabilitation is minimal. Following green-up, fire activity in this type is very low or non-existent. Grass/shrubs: There are often areas recently abandoned as agricultural lands, or previous wetland formed through the action of beavers. As the water receded grass, forbs, low form shrubs and hardwood seedlings and saplings became the dominant vegetation. Hardwoods/Shrubs: Hardwood forest vegetation was grouped according to two major site types. The two site types were classified in regard to the amount of moisture present in the soil. Upland sites consist of well-drained, moist soils containing no areas of standing water. The lowland sites contain wet soils with areas of standing water. The following are two lists of species found within the upland areas and the lowland areas respectively of the reservation. The species are listed in order from the most abundant species found on a site type to the least abundant species found on that same site type.

Species Frequency Upland Sites Lowland Sites Most Abundant Quaking Aspen Quaking Aspen

Green Ash Black Ash White Ash Green Ash Sugar Maple American Elm Red Maple Red Maple White Pine Basswood Bitternut Hickory White Ash Shagbark Hickory Gray Birch Red Pine Bur Oak

Hemlock Black Cherry


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Least Abundant Blue Beech Due to the stage of early succession in which the forest now resides, it is unclear at this point which species will prove dominant in many of the areas. The preceding lists encompass those species found in stands of timer that are comprised of trees having a diameter of at least 4 inches at 4.5 feet above the ground. In areas where sapling-sized trees are most prevalent, the major species found on upland sites was dogwood with a smaller amount of Hawthorne, and the lowland sites are comprised primarily of willow. These sapling sites have a range of 22,500 to 38,000 stems per acre. In deciduous forest cover types the potential for wildfire is generally low. The behavior usually involves a creeping, slow spreading fire of low intensity (flame lengths of less than 2-3 feet). These fires commonly originate in the grass types and spread into hardwood stands with the assistance of wind. The possibility of a large size fire is low. Hardwood stands are grouped on lowland and upland, which determines species composition. Conifers: Potential for large size fires in conifer stands is possible during wind driven fires and periods of live needle moisture deficit. The potential for property damage is high especially with crown fire behavior. Unsuppressed, conifer forests have a fire recurrence rate of less than 50 years. Conifers (white pine, red pine, and hemlock) are scattered throughout hardwood stands on upland sites. Only in a couple of small areas they comprise at least 50% of the composition and have been delineated as a conifer stand. C. General Climate / Weather

The Reservation is situated on the 45th parallel of latitude and has a fairly moderate climate. The mean minimum temperature for a year encountered in the region over the 30-year period from 1931-1960 was 33.1 degrees Fahrenheit. Prevailing winds are from the southwest to west, and the mean average wind speed is 10.7 miles per hour. The Average frost-free period is 140 days per year, with the precipitation averages of 38.84 inches and 89.9 inches of rain and snow, respectively. In general, there are two wildland fire seasons: mid spring and late fall. Typical springs have warm periods prior to “green up” in which the previous season’s grass/forbs are sufficiently dry to carry fire spread. In summer the green vegetational growth and normal rains are usually sufficient to inhibit wildland fire except under drought conditions. Following a killing frost in the fall and short dry periods with warm temperatures, wildland fire danger can raise and provide a second fire season. Moderate burning indices may occur in spring and fall especially during extended periods without rain. A primary local weather factor that contributes to high wildfire danger and larger wildfires is wind from the passage of a front at the time of ignition, or a warm weather system passing through from the southwest. The warmer air helps thaw snow in the openings, lowers moisture content from the previous season’s vegetation, and results in high wildland fire danger. Wildland fires that occur during windy conditions are difficult to contain.


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D. FIRE MANAGEMENT RELATED DESCRIPTIONS This section further describes the Mohawk Tribe tribal lands, focusing on pertinent wildland fire data, and role of fire as a management agent, fire effects and potential fire behavior.

1. NFFL Fuel Models - Fire Behavior

In order to provide a more site specific assessment of existing and predicted fire behavior, the National Forest Fire Laboratory (NFFL) fuel models are utilized. The NFDRS Fuel Models are also referenced, but it needs to be noted that they are intended for planning purposes on a broad scale, which is the product of the Fire Management Analysis Process, Section V:A-1. NFFL Fuel Models that best represent ground surface fuels associated with the three vegetative cover types common to Akwesasne Mohawk Territory are: 1, 2, 8, and 9. These represent grass, grass-woody litter, compacted hardwood litter, and loosely compacted pine or hardwood litter, respectively. A selected fuel model, when analyzed with environmental factors such as moisture content of the fuels, fire weather variables (temperature, relative humidity, wind speed), provides fire behavior outputs (heat intensity, flame length and rate of spread). These fire behavioral outputs quickly provide the firefighter with an idea regarding safety, precautions to exercise, or type of suppression response to employ. In suppression, the management response may involve immediate containment, or because of firefighter safety and the potential for fast-spreading or erratic fire behavior, a more practical and less resource damaging suppression option may be containment utilizing natural or existing firelines such as roadways. This suppression option may be the most compatible with the identified cultural and natural resource values, as well. Since NFFL Fuel Models are more sites specific, they are used to determine the burning prescription when implementing prescribed fire. The following are descriptions of existing surface fuel situations and the expected fire behavior: NFFL 1 – NFDRS A: These fuel models represent situations where grass is the primary carrier of fire spread. They represent the more open areas and where grass is the major surface fuel in scattered conifer stands. Fires are generally low to moderate heat intensity with moderate spread rates when the main fuel is grass. Generally, it can be contained using direct attack methods. In steeper areas, rates of fire spread could likely exceed capabilities of being contained by direct attack. It may exhibit higher intensity and even spotting ahead of the fire front. Similar behavior may result on more gentle slopes when the fire is influenced by wind, or when the fire front encounters brush patches or heavier woody fuel loadings in combination with grass. Flame lengths can exceed 4-8 feet which limits direct attack by hand crews. In these situations, the fire spreads into shrub or tree covered areas. Depending on the amount of fine fuels and conifer vegetation, there is potential for increased fire behavior and probable larger size fire. A decreased wind speed or slight increase in fuel moisture content (either from a light shower or increased relative humidity) usually lessens fire spread in the grass type fuels.


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NFFL 2 – NFDRS A/E: This fuel situation represents grass fuels with some woody fuel litter from dead-down stemwood and scattered shrubs or over story conifers. The NFFL Fuel Model best correlates with a combination of NFDRS “A” and “E.” The surface fuel situation is a loosely compacted fuel bed of woody fuels intermingled with grass, which creates a high surface to volume fuel ratio characteristic. Fire behavior is likely to be a moderate intensity surface spreading fire with flame lengths of 4 – 6 feet, depending on the wind. Direct attack with an engine or a fire crew can be effective on the more gentle slopes. In areas of larger size fuels or during high wind events, fire intensity may limit or even exceed the ability of a fire or engine crew to effectively contain the fire. In these situations intensities may produce occasional firebrands and short range spotting. NFFL 9 – NFDRS E: This fuel situation represents both conifer and a hardwood stand where the ground surface fuel is primarily tree litters (conifer needles, leaves, twig, and branch particles) without grass, and is a loosely compacted fuel bed. This situation corresponds with the late summer to fall season. The loosely compacted fuel bed is an easy receptor of an ignition. Fires usually spread with flame lengths not exceeding 2 – 3 feet. These are usually lower intensity spreading fires than observed with fuel models having grass, i.e. NFFL model 2. Direct attack with a fire crew or engine can be effective. Fire intensity will increase as fire spread encounters occasional concentrations of larger size fuels or during high wind events. The increased fire intensity may limit or even exceed the ability of a fire or engine crew to effectively contain the fire. This situation will contribute to possible firebrands, individual tree torching and spotting.

NFFL 8 – NFDRS R/H: This fuel situation primarily represents hardwood stands in the spring and throughout most of the summer, when the surface fuels are more compact. This is a similar situation for conifer stands from spring throughout most of the summer unless the stand is more open in which case cured grass may become a primary fire carrier. Later in the summer as drying prevails; the surface fuel bed tends to more closely resemble NFFL Fuel Model 9.

Fire behavior in a NFFL Fuel Model 8 situation is a slow burning fire with low flame lengths. An occasional heavy fuel concentration may cause a flare up, but the chance of any erratic fire behavior is nil. Only under severe weather conditions with high temperatures, extremely low relative humidity and high wind speeds does this fuel bed pose as a high fire hazard.

In summary, wildland fires causing most concern will be those occurring in fuel situations resembling fuel models 1 and 2. Although the hardwood cover type extends over much of the area, the surface fuels are arranged as a compacted layer. They are most representative of Fuel Model 8. In addition the over story canopy shelters the fuels from solar insulation effects, resulting in a moist fuel bed throughout the spring to fall months. During very dry years, narrow portions of hardwood stand near the more open areas could exhibit fire behavior represented by Fuel Model 9, but it would be short lived.

2. Representative Fuel Loadings/Per Fuel Model


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These ground surface fuel loads are averages developed through research projects conducted by the Northern Forest Fire Laboratory, in conjunction with several regional research projects. They may not represent the exact fuel loading on each land parcel found but they do provide a representative fuel situation associated with the NFFL fuel model selected for the different vegetative cover types. Site specific fuel load assessments should be considered when planning/implementing site specific projects. Ground surface fuel loadings represented by each fuel model are: • NFFL Fuel Model 1 (NFDRS A) is .75 tons per acre with that all being in the 0-1/4

inch diameter size class

• NFFL Fuel Model 2 (NFDRS C) is 4.0 tons per acre with 50, 25 and 12.5 percent being in 0-1/4, 1/4-1, and 1-3 inch diameter size class, respectively; and 12.5 percent as live fuels.

• NFFL Fuel Model 8 (NFDRS H) is approximately 5.0 tons per acre with approximately 30, 20, and 50 percent being in 0-1/4, 1/4-1, and 1-3 inch diameter size class, respectively.

• NFFL Fuel Model 9 (NFDRS E) is approximately 3.5 tons per acre with approximately 84, 12 and 4 percent being in 0-1/4, 1/4-1, and 1-3 inch diameter size class, respectively.

3. Natural Fire Regimes Natural fire regimes for a region/area are an indication of general wildland fire effects expected with the vegetation common to the area. The fire regime most descriptive of this area and fuel types is described as “long term interval.” A wildland fire that might affect a large area would occur under extreme dry conditions, probably preceded by a period of 1-2 years drought and low snowfall. Often some natural event such as wind, ice, or insects has significantly helped to create heavier and more flammable ground surface fuel situations. Such a fire would probably occur in spring prior to green-up when there is still an abundance of dead grass, or a similar situation in late fall when vegetation has cured. In both situations, a major wind event would most likely contribute to erratic fire behavior and final size of the fire. Over a period of time, a fire event of this regime would be on an average of approximately one every 50-75 years. Within a fire regime, fire effects may be classed as lethal, non-lethal, or a mix of both. Lethal effects occur when fire intensities exceed the vegetation’s adaptation to survive with fire. Non-lethal effects are those which the vegetation of the burned area is capable of surviving. When plant species within the same area represent both lethal and non-lethal effects, a mosaic of vegetation and structure is the result. This provides ecosystem diversity.

Fires that influenced vegetation on the Mohawk Nation Territory at Akwesasne originate as low to moderate heat intensity burns in the grass or grass-shrub communities. Usually as a result of wind, the heat intensity increases as does the area affected. Most fires are human caused. Most natural ignitions occur with moisture.


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Without an extensive spreading high intensity fire, a majority of the native vegetation will re-establish in the area. Possibly some “invader” species of grasses or shrubs will also occur during the first few years. Eventually the native vegetation will predominate. Expected lethal effects with the vegetation common to the Akwesasne Mohawk Territory are:

Fire Effects - Vegetation Relationships

Vegetative type Fuel Model Expected Fire Effects

Grass 1 Non-lethal Grass/shrubs forest 2 Non-lethal Hardwood 8 Lethal, Mixed Hardwood, Conifer 9 Lethal, Mixed Non-lethal usually means the species will respond positively after the fire and often increase in numbers. Mixed means the species usually survives a low intensity fire but may suffer mortality during higher intensity burns. Lethal usually means the species will not survive the fire or re-establishes soon after the fire. Fuel Models 1, 2 and 9 could burn at sufficient heat intensity to cause lethal effects on some species, depending on their age.

4. Wildland Fire Statistics During the period of December, 1989 through June, 2003, 483 fire incidents in grass/brush wildland fuels were recorded on St. Regis Mohawk Tribe lands. (See Table 1) During this 13.5 year period, the average frequency was 37 fires per year. The statistics clearly verify the flammable fuels in the early spring and late fall.

Fires in wildland fuels were human caused. Approximately 75% were from children with matches, 20% from debris burning, and 5% as unknown, but suspected as accidental or careless human behavior. Most acreage involved in these wildland fires are grass fuels. These fine size fuels are easily receptive of an ignition and development of a wildfire. This needs to be emphasized during fire prevention awareness and educational activities.

III. Values to Be Protected The Mohawk Tribe values all natural and human resources. Traditional resources, resources that the Tribe has invested in and scarce resources are also considered. Fire protection will be extended to all resources with special emphasis on life and property. Information from existing documents and from specialists of the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe was used to address natural and cultural resources valued by the Tribe. Broad guidelines for mitigating risks to these valued natural and cultural resources are incorporated throughout this fire management plan, and should be evaluated and included in


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future NEPA or project plans with implementation of the various fire management strategies listed in this plan.

A. Life and Safety Surface water resources are limited. The majority of the soils on Akwesasne Mohawk Territory are erosive but currently stabile. The properties with water frontage, especially those in farming areas with high peak run off events are especially susceptible to erosion events. Ground water quality has been shown to be an issue within the state in areas associated with commercial farming, Concerns regarding farm chemicals and run-off have been shown to have detrimental effects on surface and ground water. There is no specific evidence that there are effects on Akwesasne Mohawk lands.

B. Cultural / Historical / Religious Cultural resources will be identified and properly protected through the combined utilization of cultural resource studies and tribal input. Known locations of ceremonial, traditional gathering and burial sites are maintained by the St. Regis Mohawk Tribal Historic Preservation Office. These are not disclosed in this document. A map is currently in the process to identify medicinal plants and scared sites. Considering seasonal movement and camp locations of earlier Native Americans that utilized this region, it is highly probable that cultural sites are extensive throughout the tribal lands administered by the Tribe. Aside from fire, the more likely potential for damaging effects with cultural resources are human actions associated with fire suppression or preparing for prescribed fire use. Therefore managers need to be sensitive of activities that may include or cause: (a) soil disturbance or compaction; (b) soil erosion; (c) ground surface rutting; (d) changes in public access; (e) changes in vegetation that is part of a cultural resource and (f) damages to above-ground features.

C. Timber Presently primary use of the forested (tree) covered area is as firewood. Very little, if any, is removed as pulpwood saw timber. Should a more intensive timber management policy be adopted and implemented, some existing hardwood stands would increase as a timber resource value.

D. Medicinal Plants There are at least 85 different plants growing in the wetland that are used for medicines. Some of these plants include wild sarsaparilla, gold thread, jewelweed, cardinal flower, and pitcher plant. A database has been established at the Environment Division office cataloguing these plants.

E. Agriculture


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Some lands are currently maintained and managed for agricultural uses—primarily as hayfields and pastures. Often family residences and agricultural structures are located on these lands.

F. Property Currently, most Tribal Administration structures and investments are in a “fire safe” wildland fire situation. Several private residences and adjoining structures are immediately adjacent to wildlland fuel situations that during time periods of the year are very flammable.

G. Wetlands Wetland habitats throughout lands administered by the Mohawk Tribe provide wildlife with protective cover, forage areas and reproductive habitat. In addition to providing wildlife habitat, wetlands are important in maintaining and enhancing both surface water and groundwater quality through various biogeochemical processes. This Fire Management Plan promotes the use of prescribed fire as a means to promote native vegetation, and enhance waterfowl and aqua habitat in existing wetland areas. It reinforces guidelines suggested in the Clean Water Act of 1972.

H. Water Quality Surface water resources are limited. The majority of the soils on Akwesasne Mohawk Territory are erosive but currently stabile. The properties with water frontage, especially those in farming areas with high peak run off events are especially susceptible to erosion events. Ground water quality has been shown to be an issue within the state in areas associated with commercial farming. Concerns regarding farm chemicals and run-off have been shown to have detrimental effects on surface and ground water. There is no specific evidence that there are effects on Akwesasne Mohawk lands.

I. Fish and Wildlife

Wildlife resources are valued by the Mohawk Tribe. Wildland fire suppression, management strategies, and prescribed fire actions can have significant impacts on wildlife populations. The Fire Management Program should consider effects with all wildlife species found on Akwesasne Mohawk Territory prior to implementing fire management activities. The small size of the Akwesasne Mohawk Territory limits the population of permanent wildlife (deer, bear, small mammals and birds). Partial residents are birds of prey. There is the potential for periodic wolf visitation but there are no know dens or rendezvous sites on Akwesasne Mohawk Territory. The St. Regis River, Racquette River and St. Lawrence River are fishery resources. The needs of these waterways need to be addressed at the time of proposals for fire management activities near the affected areas. Strategies/activities suggested in this FMP are not anticipated to affect water quality or fisheries resource.


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Wildland Fire Management Program Components Fire Management Program components addressed in this section are: Preparedness, Mobilization, Prevention, Appropriate Management Response, Wildland Fire Use, Fuel Management (Wildland Fuel Hazard Reduction), Wildland Urban Interface, Prescribed Fire Use and Emergency Rehabilitation. There are general programmatic strategies suggested with each element (Section V: A through V: J), and more specific strategies included in the Summary for the Akwesasne Fire Management Unit (Section VI: B). A. Fire Preparedness Strategies outlined in this plan will expand the Fire Management Program on Mohawk Nation Territory at Akwesasne.

1. Fire Planning Analysis In the fall of 2003, the five federal wildland fire suppression organizations were directed by Congress to establish a common budget tool for presentation of fiscal year 2007 budget proposals. Prior to the direction from Congress, the BIA and the other federal wildland fire suppressions had been working on consolidating the software used for budget calculations, but this direction moved it to the fast track. Fire Planning Analysis (FPA) is moving rapidly forward and the final program should be completed by October of 2004. The New England and New York States were combined into a Fire Planning Unit. The St. Regis Mohawk Tribe has not been included in any preparedness planning efforts in the past. The St. Regis Mohawk Tribe, the Eastern Region BIA, and State of New York have provided wildland fire protection through agreements. Recently, an agreement has been completed for the BIA to reimbursement the Tribe for any expenditure for the fire suppression. The Eastern Region will continue to review the need for a fire preparedness program at the recommend level.

a. Organization/Facilities The St. Regis Mohawk Tribe is responsible for all administrative matters relating to the Fire Management Program. The responsibilities and duties for the various activities of the fire management program are contracted or assigned to various administrative division or authorities of the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe. Some activities are still pending initiation and implementation (see Section V: I) Specially, wildland fire suppression including the necessary preparation tasks is contracted to Hogansburg Akwesasne Volunteer Fire Department (HAVFD). HAVFD has also assumed the lead role for fire prevention activities. Personnel and equipment used by the HAVFD for fire suppression on Akwesasne Mohawk Territory are provided by the HAVFD. The HAVFD maintains initial attack forces and wildland fire-related equipment at three


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selected HAVFD locations. The HAVFD has access to interagency resources for extended attack through the normal dispatch channels.

Station 1, HAVFD headquarters, serves Zone 1, defined as the southern portion of the territory. HAVFD Station 3 serves Zone 2, defined as the northern portion of the territory. Station 2 serves Zone 3, defined as the rivers and the territorial islands and the St. Lawrence River. HAVFD Station 1: It serves as the overall HAVFD Headquarters. It is equipped with a first run engine, second run engine tanker, tanker, aerial platform, two amphibious brush trucks- a six wheel drive articulating drive amphibious truck designated name is a GOAT, an all terrain brush truck, Hurst Tools (jaws of life), PPE and a Poseidon cylinder refilling station with a bank of seven cascade cylinders.

HAVFD Station 2: This station has a first run engine, engine taker, miscellaneous four-wheel drive vehicle, Hurst tools (jaws of life), a Marine unit and portable wildland firefighting apparatus.

HAVFD Station 3: This station has a first run engine, tanker, mobile command post, an amphibious brush truck, miscellaneous four-wheel drive vehicle, Hurst tools (jaws of life), a Marine firefighting unit and portable wildland firefighting apparatus. There is a community water system that serves approximately 70% of zone 1 and another community water system that serves approximately 10% of zone 2. These systems were designed with fire flow capacity and are available for emergency purposes. Geographic analysis support is available to the HAVFD through the Tribe’s Geographic Information System program. Annual evaluation of fire cache supplies and needs, maintenance of operable equipment (pumps, engines, and dozer) is responsibility of the HAVFD.

b. Agreements

The SRMT has an agreement with HAVFD to “provide fire protection services” and to “be subject to call for attendance upon any fire occurring in the community, and when notified by alarm or telephone.” This has been interpreted to also mean taking initial attack on wildland fires originating on Akwesasne Mohawk Territory or threatening these lands from adjacent lands. The Hogansburg Akwesasne Volunteer Fire Department has mutual aid agreements with Franklin County and St. Lawrence County. The HAVFD also has contract fire service agreements with the Town of Bombay, the Seaway International Bridge Corporation and the Mohawk Council of Akwesasne.


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c. Cooperators The Akwesasne Petroleum Co-op has donated monetary funds toward incurred expenses. The local Tribal governments have awarded the fire department with equipment, monetary, and training assistance.

d. Shared Resources HAVFD intend to follow their mutual aid agreements to share resources for fire suppression. Within this mutual aid agreement, there is a well defined set of procedures in the even of a large-scale “fire disaster.” There is a procedure for reimbursement for shared services, addressed in the respective agreements. The HAVFD will provide the necessary data to the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) to appropriately enter fire data into the Department of the Interior’s fire reporting system, to supplement the agreement.

2. Wildland Fire Training (HAVFD)

Members of HAVFD have access to 300 hours of annual training provided by the New York State’s Office of Fire Prevention and Control. Internally the fire department offers another 36 to 50 hours of training and 12 to 24 hours of additional onsite or offsite. Contracted training is offered on an annual basis. Fitness programs are offered on a voluntary basis. There is equipment available for physical fitness programs. Standardized physicals are required for members age 35 and over. (Reference Exhibit D). Members younger then 35 years are required to submit letters of medical fitness from their primary health care provider. 3. Wildland Fire Training (BIA-Pending)

Wildland fire training would also be available for St. Regis Mohawk Tribe Members through the BIA Eastern Region pending approval of Cooperative Agreement (CTS51T00768). “Tribal personnel can be used in wildland fire protection activities on state and federal lands, which the federal government is committed to protect… During wildland fire related incidents, the Tribe and the BIA benefit by moving trained personnel nationwide. This agreement provides a method for using the experience and skills of those people, leading to savings to the United States with respect to protection costs and loss of natural resources. Employees receive a training experience, which can be of benefit in their own areas and in providing assistance under the terms of other wildland fire protection agreements... (The BIA would) reimburse the Tribe for expenses incurred in furnishing personnel, equipment and support services for wildland fire protection activities on Federal responsibility lands.” The BIA Eastern Region would assist the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe in determining training needs and prioritize the scheduling of courses/sessions with Eastern Area Coordination Center (EACC). The SRMT representative in coordination with the EACC would maintain a list of St. Regis Mohawk Tribe members currently qualified for wildland fire suppression and/or prescribed fire positions on the USDI Shared Application Computer System (SACS). This system identifies establishes a sequence of


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training courses, sessions, and dates to help qualify an individual for a targeted position. It should be reviewed yearly prior to the commencement of the training schedule. The SRMT representative would ensure personnel meet NWCG Interagency Standards and Performance Standards that current wildland and prescribed fire qualification cards were issued annually. Since wildland fire occurrences on Mohawk Nation Territory at Akwesasne lands are few, the BIA Eastern Region will pursue training possibilities or on-the-job experience for the Tribal members on other Reservations or Federal lands. Efforts should be made to assign individuals seeking the next higher incident or prescribed fire position, with others already qualified for that position. The appropriate documentation of this training experience and performance is essential to ensure NWCQ certification in coordination with EACC.

a. Training Standards and Qualifications With the approval of the Cooperative Agreement with BIA (No. CTS51T00768), the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe will adopt the National Wildfire Coordination Group (NWCG) 310-1 Wildland and Prescribed Fire Standards in determining qualifications for personnel involved with various wildland and prescribed fire positions. A list of individuals and their qualified position(s) will be maintained by the SRMT representative, and coordinated annually with the Eastern Area Coordination Center (EACC).

b. Basic Training and Physical Fitness Individuals will need to meet the standard physical fitness requirement and successfully pass Basic Fire Behavior (S-190), Fire Suppression (S-130), and Standards of Survival and have a basic knowledge of the Incident Command System (ICS-100). To remain qualified, these individuals will need to meet the physical fitness requirement and attend the Firefighter Refresher Course, to stay qualified annually. Information about the physical fitness requirement can be obtained from the SRMT representative. Physical fitness is the responsibility of the individual. All qualified staff will pass the standard physical test designated by NWCG for the position they are or intending to fulfill. (Currently a pack test of 3 miles with a 45 lb pack within a 45-minute time limit is required for positions working directly on the fireline. A different fitness standard has been established for other fire positions not working directly on the fireline. These standards can be verified through the SRMT representative’s office.


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c. Fire Support and Overhead Annually the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe representative in coordination with the EACC will review and update a list of individuals who qualify to serve in various support or overhead positions for a wildland fire incident. This list will be included in the BIA Eastern Region SACCS program and EACC Mobilization Plan. d. Training Reimbursement The BIA has a procedure for reimbursement of individuals attending basic and refresher fire training courses.

4. Resource Advisor Training Resource Advisors are an important wild land fire position, especially with fire incidents that involve extended attack, or are using mechanized equipment. This person serves as the representative of the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe with the Incident Management Team. He or she must meet regularly with the incident commander and/or the section unit leaders of a team, to assure that all natural/cultural resources are adequately considered and protected during an incident. The SRMT representative in coordination with the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe will maintain a list of persons qualified to serve as Resource Advisors. The list should be reviewed and updated annually. It needs to be included in the Tribe’s agreement with HAVFD, and included in the EACC Mobilization Plan. Resource Advisors will be identified prior to the fire season, considering the following criteria:

• Training • Broad resource background and experience • Knowledge of the Reservation’s natural and cultural resources and

management objectives • Awareness of, and ability to communicate the concept of appropriate

management response and tactics • Familiarity and preferably experience with wildland fire or use of

prescribed fire • Awareness of role and responsibility of a Resource Advisor • Assertiveness

Designated Resource Advisors should also attend the basic fire training courses to ensure their safety when doing on-site fire incident visits, and help provide increased awareness among other attendees at the session in regards to land and cultural concerns during suppression activities.

B. PREVENTION STRATEGY In order to accomplish the Tribe’s objective of reducing human caused fires by 10–20 % during the next ten years, the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe through HAVFD will attempt to use a cost


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effective mix of strategies (activities) within the broad categories of education, engineering, enforcement and administration. A brief description of each category is: • Education: Activities aimed at changing people’s behavior by awareness and knowledge. • Engineering: Activities designed to shield an ignition source (e.g. spark arrester) or remove

the fuels that easily ignite from a spark or fire brand (e.g. clearance around a home). • Enforcement: Activities used to gain compliance with fire regulations and ordinances. • Administration: Activities such as planning, budgeting and training. The primary goal of the Tribe and BIA Eastern Region is to emphasize activities of education, engineering and administration as initial priorities. When enforcement activities are necessary, they will be coordinated with the St. Regis Mohawk Conservation Officer and Mohawk Tribal Police Department. The following generalized strategies may be attempted to enhance and strengthen current activities.

1. Public Information and Education The HAVFD has been presenting “home safe” and fire prevention school programs throughout SRMT lands. Programs have also been presented for local Boy Scout group and the North Star Rehabilitation Center. Future intentions are also to include fire prevention and safety in wildland fuel situations. Some suggested public information and/or educational fire prevention for wildland fuel situations are: • Provide homeowners with information regarding actions to fire-proof their home and

property. • Publish fire prevention and homeowner’s fire-proofing information in the Tribal

newspaper. • Coordinate with the SRMT Environment Division regarding the issuance and

administration of permits for open burning on tribal lands. • Utilize a photo display of fire-proof conditions in/around home sites and property. • Display/distribute fire use information and wildfire prevention items jointly with the

local and/or Interagency Fire Prevention Group at appropriate events/places. (Appropriate events should be identified by the interagency group prior to fire season and serve as the annual schedule.)

• Include fire use information and current data of recent prescribed burns with the annual wildland fire prevention program presented at schools and other locations/events.

2. Burning Permit System A regulation issued by the Environment Division requires “all persons to have authorization from the Conservation Officer before kindling or maintaining the open burning of vegetative matter.” (See Exhibit A) This regulation involves an on-site evaluation and consultation between the landowner and the Conservation Officer. A St. Regis Mohawk Tribe Restricted Burning Permit will be completed and approved prior to ignition. (See Exhibit E). A discussion of material that can be burned is


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included in the permit documentation. Fire Use for debris disposal or field burning on Tribal lands by individuals is included in this regulation, and will follow the same procedure and provisions described in the permit.

3. Closures and Restrictions When fire danger conditions warrant, restrictions and/or closures on tribal lands may be necessary. Through its agreement with Franklin County (Exhibit F), HAVFD is automatically coordinated and would be informed of closures and/or restrictions when issued by the State of New York. When received, HAVFD will forward the information to the Conservation Officer and Tribal Police for enforcement.

4. Trespass, Arson Investigations and Enforcement Trespass/Arson investigation and prosecution on tribal lands are the responsibility of the Tribal Police. If the case warrants, it can be referred to the State of New York Criminal Investigation Bureau. Trespass/arson investigation and prosecution on tribal lands in Canada are the responsibility of the Fire Marshall of Quebec/Ontario.

5. Prevention Workload Analysis (PWA) The SRMT representative and BIA Eastern Regional Office are responsible for an annual review of wildland fire causes and verifying the effectiveness of current programmatic prevention strategies. The BIA, through a shared position between the Eastern and Midwest Region, funds a person to work on fire prevention and investigation. This person works with Tribes to establish prevention programs and if warranted, establish budget requests for personnel and projects. These findings are then used in selecting the most appropriate, cost effective wildland fire prevention activities to implement. Natural fuel accumulations that have created hazardous fuel situations near WUI’s or throughout the Mohawk Nation Territory at Akwesasne are expected to be funded through the National Fire Plan process. Activity created fuels should be funded by the management activity creating the fuel/slash situation, and treated concurrently or within a year after the activity.

C. Wildland Fire Mobilization Mobilization of personnel and resources for wildland fire suppression will follow pre-determined procedures to ensure quick, safe and efficient response. Procedures for sending qualified Mohawk personnel to wildland fires on other tribal lands or out-of-state will follow the EACC Mobilization Plan.

1. Mobilization of Resource Advisors and/or Specialists

Mobilization of Resource Advisors and/or the Tribe’s Cultural Specialist is important to ensure natural and cultural values are not knowingly damaged. One or the other should be informed immediately by HAVFD initial attack dispatch for wildland fuels.


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Mobilization of a resource advisor or cultural specialist will depend on a case by case basis. Whenever motorized ground-breaking equipment is dispatched for a wildland fuel incident on tribal land, prompt mobilization of the identified Resource Advisor or Cultural Resource Specialist is suggested help ensure protection of unmapped tribal and cultural sites.

When an extended attack situation is anticipated or when an incident is expanding, additional resource advisors or specialists representing other management or resource concerns may also be mobilized.

2. Initial Attack

Initial attack on Akwesasne Mohawk Territory has been delegated to HAVFD through a cooperative agreement approved by SRMT (Exhibit G). HAVFD is a participant in the Franklin County Mutual Aid Agreement (Exhibit F) which also includes other local and volunteer fire departments. In some cases these suppression forces may respond first on St. Regis Mohawk lands. In this situation, an individual with the most experience arriving with the first unit should serve as Incident Commander (IC), and be responsible for directing the action or requesting additional resources if necessary. This IC will retain that position until the HAVFD arrives.

3. Initial Attack – Special Concern Areas Some Tribal heritage or cultural sites maybe unmarked, yet confidentially known by a few, or the Cultural Resource Specialist. In order to prevent damage during suppression, these could be designated “initial attack special concern areas” on the dispatch map. In addition, the Blue Heron Rookery has been noted as a “special concern area.” Mobilization of either some designated individual or Cultural Resource Specialist should occur when wildland fire dispatches are made near one of these “special concern areas.” 4. Extended Attack Strategy HAVFD, which is responsible for initial attack, will most likely initiate the need for extended attack. If it appears the fire size will continue to increase in size and complexity, the SRMT representative should be contacted so a WFSA can be initiated. Additional resources as requested by HAVFD will be supplied through the normal County Mutual Aid dispatch procedures.

5. Wildland Fire Situation Analysis (WFSA) A WFSA should be prepared for incidents involving extended attack. This document provides a logic sequence to evaluate suppression alternatives to implement and serves as an on-going record of actions taken and rationale for the actions. Minimum criteria to evaluate are: safety, environmental, social, economic, political, and resource management objectives.


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The SMRT Representative is responsible for initiating this process. Other specialists of the Mohawk Environmental and Emergency Offices should participate in development of the WFSA. The Planning Section of the Incident Planning Team will provide assistance with the process and completion of the document for approval by the Incident Commander (see Exhibit H) for copy of the Interagency WFSA). The SRMT Environment Division Representative is responsible for daily verification of this analysis, or any changes with implementation. A copy of the approved WFSA will be transmitted through usual dispatch channels as part of the daily status report. 6. Fire Incident Information

Through its agreement with St. Lawrence and Franklin Counties (Exhibit F), HAVFD will be informed of initial attack dispatch on Akwesasne Mohawk Territory. Request for additional local resources may be made through the same County office.

Request for suppression resources not covered by an existing agreement will be made by the county through its cooperative agreement with State of New York Forestry Division. Fire reports are responsibility of HAVFD. The HAVFD monthly report should be shared and explained to the Emergency Planning Office. These reports should contain information as to the number and size of fires in wildland fuels. This information will be used by the Emergency Planning Office to assess manpower and funding needs. Information and status of incidents should be kept current on a daily basis until the fire is controlled. A completed report will be sent to the county for its monthly report, and one held on file at the HAVFD office. The Fire incidents reports will include data required by the BIA to submit

8. Mobilization Plan Evaluation HAVFD and the county(s) should annually evaluate all mobilization actions that occurred during the past year to verify or adjust their operating procedures. This will be done prior to the next fire season. Any revised actions will be coordinated with EACC.

D. APPROPRIATE MANAGEMENT RESPONSE Current Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy presents significant departures from previous fire management policies and procedures. A flowchart developed by the National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) summarizes concepts and explanation of the Federal Wildland and Prescribed Fire Management Policy (See Exhibit I). A Fire Management Program can follow one of the three pathways outlined by Exhibit I. Administrative units without an approved FMP have limited management options --- primarily, suppression. This is represented by the first line of the flowchart. However, administrative units with an approved FMP can implement all pathways represented in the flowchart including the


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management of wildland fires to accomplish resource objectives and the use of prescribed fire. Thus an approved FMP provides more management opportunities. Prescribed fire, (the third level on the Wildland Fire Policy flow chart, Exhibit I) is not expected to be managed differently from the previous fire management policy. Prescribed fire will be implemented using an approved site-specific burn plan with specific objectives, burning prescription and burning instructions. This fire management option is further described in Section VI of this FMP. Prescribed fire could be used on some Mohawk tribal lands for fuel reduction and, possibly, vegetation management in the future. Appropriate Management Response (AMR) is a new concept that evolved with the current Wildland Fire Management Policy. AMR is defined as “specific action taken in response to a wildland fire to implement protection and fire use objectives.” This term is a new term that does not replace any previously used term. AMR involves an analysis of the local situation, values-to-be- protected, management objectives, external concerns, and then a decision is made as to the most cost efficient appropriate management option of the fire. Figure 1 illustrates the concept of appropriate suppression response. Approval of this FMP provides the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe with the opportunity to implement the full range of Appropriate Management Response options. The AMR could vary from immediate suppression at the smallest acreage possible to surveillance, which could involve more acres affected. The option to have a larger size fire indicates that the burned area affected would not be detrimental for the identified values, management objectives nor external concerns, and would be the most cost efficient least impacting suppression tactic upon the land. Approval of this FMP also provides the opportunity to manage wildland fires for resource benefits. This is termed Wildland Fire Use (WFU) and a brief description provided in Section V-E. Due to the size of the Mohawk Nation Territory at Akwesasne with intermingled residences and existing fuel situation, this option is not planned to be implemented at this time. The primary management response for wildland fires will be suppression. However, all suppression actions should follow direction provided by the current Wildland Fire Management Policy, i.e. “fires are suppressed at minimum cost, considering firefighter and public safety, benefits, and values to be protected consistent with resource objectives.” This direction calls for prudent selection of tactics with minimal cultural and natural resource damage caused by the suppression actions. Section V-D and Exhibit I help illustrate the “suppression intensity” and range of suppression tactics per situation.

Figure 1


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1. Minimum Impact Suppression Tactics (MIST) Requirements Principles of Minimum Impact Suppression Tactics (MIST) should be emphasized annually prior to the fire season. Meetings among St. Regis Mohawk Tribe, Environment Office, and HAVFD as well as specialized training sessions for resource advisors, basic and returning firefighters should emphasize MIST principles to promote general awareness and support for protection of St. Regis Mohawk Tribal natural and cultural values. Some basic MIST considerations applicable with all wildland fires on Akwesasne Mohawk Territory are emphasized below. (See Exhibit J for more specifics). • Use natural barriers as much as possible to avoid ground-landscape disturbing

tactics. Where fire spread has stopped, use “cold trailing” tactic (i.e. hand feeling) to be sure it is out.

• Utilize water, where possible, to halt fire spread. If constructed fireline is

necessary, utilize as narrow and shallow line as possible. Avoid excessive cutting of woody plants and/or branches.

• When felling of a tree or snag is necessary, leave the bole intact without bucking,

as future small mammal habitat. • Use water saturation where practical during mop-up to avoid excessive

stirring/mixing ashes or further disturbing the burn area. • Let fuels consume naturally if possible, during mop-up activity. If bucking is

needed to suppress fire on the interior of the bole.


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• Use natural openings for helispots if needed; minimize clearing new sites. • Exercise caution with chemical retardants near (50-100 yards) sensitive areas

(cultural, plant, or animal habitat), lakes, waterways, and wetlands. • Archeological sites will be protected from disturbance or not used during wildland

fire suppression activities. • Pack out all material transported into the fire.

Figure 2

E. WILDLAND FIRE USE (FOR INFORMATIONAL USE ONLY) Wildland Fire Use (WFU) is an appropriate management response, in which wildland fires are managed to accomplish specific resource management objectives. These objectives are outlined for predefined geographic areas, with predetermined parameters. An existing or potential “wildland fire use” fire that does not meet these predetermined parameters or exceeds these variables during the time it is burning, would be suppressed using an appropriate management response action as displayed in Figure 2. Due to the size of the Mohawk Nation Territory at Akwesasne, the existing fuel situation and the high risk of fire damage to homes or spreading to adjacent private lands, this management option it is not deemed feasible at this time. Therefore, geographic areas or parameters for implementation of wildland fire use are not addressed in this FMP.


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Over time, as (1) fuel treatments lessen the likelihood of high severity fires or risk of fire escapes, (2) resource benefits from wildland fires are identified, (3) fire ecology and the natural role of fire in the local ecosystem is better understood and accepted, and (4) the St. Regis Mohawk Fire Management Program has more fire management resources, the full range of appropriate management responses and options should be considered.

1. Wildland Fire Use Implementation (FOR INFORMATIONAL USE ONLY)

When management of wildland fires for resource benefits or to resemble the natural role of fire in the ecosystem are implemented, they will be documented using the form and procedure shown in Exhibit H. In most situations, it is not anticipated that the fire would extend beyond the “Stage I Assessment.” Therefore only Stage I of the Wildland Fire Implementation Plan/Procedure is shown in the exhibit. If a wildland fire managed for resource benefit extends beyond the first burning period, the Environment Division representative will need to consult the Wildland and Prescribed Fire Management Policy Implementation Procedures/Reference Guide, regarding additional decision stages to assess, implement and document.

F. FUELS MANAGEMENT Fuels management involves the major activities of (1) hazardous fuel reduction, (2) lessening fire threat in urban interface areas and isolated residences, (3) vegetation management for purposes of diversity restoration and wildlife habitat, and (4) the treatment methods of prescribed fire and mechanical.

1. Goals Primary goal of the Fuel Management Strategy is to achieve and maintain a fuel level that ensures protection of life, property, natural and cultural resources, and enhances vegetative diversity on the Mohawk Nation Territory at Akwesasne. Secondary goals include: • Develop site-specific plans for hazardous fuel situations and urban interface

protection • Identify desired plant communities and species diversity to achieve and be

maintained • Reintroduce the force of fire to help maintain fuel loadings and ecosystem stability A variety of treatment methods could be used, with the management of wildland fuels at Akwesasne, including thinning, harvesting, pile and burn, biomass removal, mowing, prescribed fire, and natural abatement or combination thereof. At the time of project planning, specific treatment method(s) selected should reflect the least cost, most effective method(s).

2. Objectives


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The primary objective noted in Section II is to lessen hazardous wildland fuel situations on approximately 2,000 acres within the next five years. Reduction of hazardous fuel situations threat of a damaging wildfire, but also provides beneficial effects for other resources such as (1) seedbed for natural regeneration of trees, (2) rejuvenation of decadent shrubs, (3) stimulation of more desired native grasses and (4) increased forage and habitat for both wildlife and domestic animal use.

3. Natural and Activity-Created Wildland Fuels Management Managing and maintaining a desired fuel level for an area often involves assessment of both natural and activity-created fuels. Natural fuels are accumulations from yearly plant growth, natural plant succession or as a result of natural events such as wind, snow or insects. Activity-created are fuels caused by human induced activities such as timber harvesting, thinning or land clearing.

a. Natural Wildland Fuel Management Situation: GOAL: Utilize a combination of treatment methods, to gradually restore an identified plant community similar to its historic conditions commensurate with wildland fire and with fuel levels that provide protection for nearby residents as well as long-term sustainability of the ecosystem. The natural process of plant succession and absence of fire has created un-natural wildland fuel buildups either extensively over the landscape or as scattered accumulations on tribal lands. These situations have potential for more intense fires with rapid rates of spread. The safety threat to Tribal residents, firefighters, and damage of property, natural and cultural resources is increased. Historically, fire was an agent that periodically reduced fuel loading at the ground surface layer and lessen vertical fuel continuity, resulting in lower heat intensity fires and maintained more diverse plant communities. Besides hazardous fuels, there are concerns regarding ecosystem maintenance, species diversity and wildlife habitat. Natural succession in the absence of agricultural use or fire has decreased the quality of wildlife habitat for some species. In other cases, a more dense plant community or understory is beneficial for some mammal and bird species. Desired management objectives need to be identified in the Tribe’s Land and Natural Resource Management Plan or other resource management document to help determine desired habitat situations to maintain. In grass and shrub communities, prescribed fire has been recognized as an effective treatment method. In coniferous forested communities, a combination of a silvicultural entry with mechanical piling and burning or prescribed fire with surface spread, should accomplish a dual purpose of fuel reduction along with forage and habitat enhancement. As noted in the fire behavior discussion in Section III: D-1, the hardwood forested communities at Akwesasne are rated as a very low hazard. No treatment is anticipated in these uninhabited, natural developed stands.


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Areas of uninhabited grass, grass/shrub cover type poses a fire hazard concern. Due to the more open-nature of these areas, the fire is able to quickly develop momentum, with increased heat intensity and size. Often initial attack forces are limited in their control efforts by the amount of water carried in their engine. A readily available water source for quick refilling would be an asset. Therefore, the recommended hazard mitigating method is to install static water hydrants at strategic locations. Other fuel treatment methods such as mowing are not feasible and often limited due to terrain and moisture conditions.

b. Activity-Created Wildland Fuel Management Situation GOAL: Manage activity created fuels at levels consistent with resource management objectives identified in the respective Land and Resource Management Plan or other approved management documents. Activity fuels are those caused by a management activity. The most common activity-created fuel is from timber sales that can result in excess amounts of slash. Usually the fuel loading following such an activity is more than the desired fuel level that is commensurate with resource or management objectives for the area. Site specific fuel treatment plans should be included with the project plans or contracts for these management activities. These treatment plans should describe the desired end-result fuel conditions and treatment method(s) to use. Treatment methods for most activity created fuels are: (1) pile slash and burn, (2) scatter slash and rely on natural abatement or (3) scatter slash and use prescribed fire.

4. Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) Situation

GOAL: Manage wildland fuels in the vicinity of community developments and residences on Mohawk Nation Territory at Akwesasne to ensure public safety and protection of private property from wildland fire damage. Communities and isolated residences located throughout the Mohawk Nation Territory at Akwesasne are identified in Exhibit L. Surrounding many of the homes is a green lawn which helps serve as a “defensible safe zone” from an approaching fire. A distance of at least 50 feet is assessed as an adequate radius the home. Not all of the homes/residences have this much of a “safe zone.” The adjacent area to the existing lawn or home is tall grass, grass and brush, or tree cover. The mowing of the road rights is done by the New York State Department of Transportation and Mohawk Council Roads Department. Most of the hazardous fuel situations within and adjacent to residential areas are from annual accumulations of fine fuels (grass and forbs). In spring prior to new growth (“green-up”), these cured dry fuels are very flammable, easily ignited, and result in rapid rates of fire spread which places them at risk from wildland fire. A similar threat exists during the late summer-early fall as vegetation cures. In situations where grass or grass and shrubs are the fuel, mowing is the preferred treatment. This method significantly reduces the height which in fire behavior terms is a lessening of the fuel bed depth. This


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results in the fuel being more in contact with ground and more likely increase fuel moisture content. Fire behavior (spread) in grass fuel 3”-5” tall is significantly less heat intensity, slower spreading, and more easily controlled than a grass fuel bed that is 2-3 feet tall. In WUI’s or isolated residences here the fuel situation is more dense tree cover, recommended fuel treatment is to less the tree density (thin) 50%, within 100 feet radius of the home. This provides adequate space for an approaching fire to lessen in heat intensity and rate of spread. Lessening the tree cover would also facilitate accessibility for an engine to maneuver, pending terrain and moisture conditions. The primary treatment methods anticipated in both grass and forested situations would be mechanical or a combination of mechanical and pile and burn. Residents are responsible for creating maintaining this suggested “defensible safe space” with their property boundary. It is recognized that areas with an identified, “defensible safe zone” may be tribal or uninhabited land in other ownership. This portion within the “zone” is the area suggested as for a hazardous fuel reduction project. Periodically, similar treatments will be necessary to maintain the “fire safe” area. More detailed specifications for fire protection within/near WUI and residences are outlined in Section VI. Another reference is the Firewise Homepage at http://www.firewise.org.

6. Fire Containment Zones GOAL: Fire containment zones are intended as a strategic defensible location from which to initiate action to contain an advancing wildland fire, and serve as a safe escape route for firefighters.

Fire containment zones are created by (1) reducing the amount of ground fuels that serve as the fire spread carrier and source of heat intensity and (2), reducing fuel ladder effect by plant removal or thinning to prevent torching and crown fire spread. In some situations, fire containment zones can serve as a “fireline” stopping low intensity or slow spreading fires. Anticipated fuel treatment methods are mechanical, pile and burn, prescribed fire or a combination thereof. Establishment of fire containment zones must consider follow-up treatments and financing for maintenance every few years, to ensure their effectiveness in the future.

7. Project Priority Assessment & Scheduling Strategy Fuel management projects need to be identified with measurable objectives, desired results, and treatment method(s). The proposed projects should be evaluated, prioritized, with planned implementation within a one to three year schedule. This proposed strategic fuel management plan still needs to be reviewed annually and adapted when conditions and priorities change.


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Considerations should include other resource goals, i.e. vegetation and biodiversity, wildlife habitat, detriment of insect epidemics, and plant ecosystem health. Fuel treatment projects involving prescribe fire need to be implemented within established prescription criteria, along with known or observed events.

Proposed projects that require BIA funding will proposed at least 6 months prior to the fiscal year the project is expected to be done. Funding for planning purposes can be requested following the same request schedule.

Some considerations in prioritizing hazardous fuel reduction projects are: • Hazard fuel reduction for protection of life, especially residential or wildland

urban interface • High hazardous fuel situations that coincide with areas having high probability of

fire starts • Existing stand conditions (overstory / understory) provide an opportunity to be

maintained within desired “fire proof” conditions. • Projects provide spatial distribution across the landscape that lessen extensive

fuel continuity and help creates mosaic effect. • Project helps provide a strategic “fire containment area” in or adjacent to high

hazardous fuel situations by forming a network with existing water sources, roads or previous fuel treated areas.

• Projects help promote restoration of wildland fire role on Mohawk Nation

Territory at Akwesasne. • Projects are scheduled when treatment methods are readily available and most

cost efficient to use. • Scheduling of the project avoiding conflict with Mohawk Tribe traditional uses. • scheduling of the project avoiding conflict with bird nesting or mating times. • Wildlife habitat is less likely to be effected negatively, i.e. loss of food source,

hiding cover. • Time of year and sequence of burns effectively reduces certain plant species,

when desired. • Time of year when sprouting or stimulation of desired plants is most successful. • Time of year when prescribed fire will stimulate grasses, yet retard undesired

brush species.


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• Timing of burn utilizing vegetation changes that can be natural barriers in order to avoid extensive ground disturbance for control lines.

• Schedule prescribed burns in extensive grass areas at different times to create

age class diversity. • Schedule prescribed burns when weather conditions are most likely to lessen

negative effects on the airshed. 8. Mechanical Fuel Management Projects Most mechanical hazardous fuel reduction projects will be implemented by qualified personnel from the Mohawk Forestry Program. Some treatment projects could be contracted, but supervised by qualified Mohawk personnel. Mechanical treatments on sensitive sites will be timed to minimize negative impacts. Mechanical fuel treatment methods are usually conducted in the summer and fall when the soils are dry to prevent excessive damage and compaction, but also need to follow fire danger restrictions and forest insect conditions. Most mechanical treatments will be followed with a prescribed fire. 1. Hazardous Fuel Reduction Workload

Prior to site-specific project planning and implementation, a more intensive ground survey will be needed. Acreages are from GIS and site visits made by HAVFD personnel. However, at this time the estimated fuel management workload during the next five years is:

General Purpose/Area Area Method Estimated Cost per Acre

Reduce Hazard Fuels (WUI) (Grass)

230 ac Mow $45/ac

Reduce Hazard Fuels (WUI) (Tree cover)

50 ac Th, PR, P-B $250/acre

Reduce Hazard Fuels (Grass, shrub/grass)

10 items St. H $2300-$2900/ea

Ecosystem Restoration ?? RxF $100-$200/ac Mechanical Treatment Thin, Cuts and chips

Chop Gryotrack

0 BIA has available

for tribes to utilize

* Mow refers to mowing grass/small shrubs; Thin refers to thinning understory or overstory or both to reduce stand density; PR refers to removal as a product (sawlog, pulp wood, post – pole; P – B refers to pile and burn; RxF refers to prescribed fire. St. H refers to static water hydrant installation. Methods listed together indicate a combination of methods is needed as a practical treatment. The National Fire Plan emphasizes disposal of woody biomass as a product is first priority.

G. PRESCRIBED FIRE USE


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Prescribed fire can be a cost effective method to meet vegetative management goals as well as hazardous wildland fuel reduction. The Tribe supports the use of prescribe fire to restore or reestablish ecosystems, viable populations or habitats and for reduction of hazardous fuel situations. Prior to burning, there will be an approved burned plan that identifies reasons, purposes, measurable objectives, burning instructions, or prescription and appropriate measures or parameters to ensure safe implementation and achievement of desired results. Sometimes the burning prescription includes a visual fire behavior parameter. A common parameter often used is flame length. Flame length is related to the heat intensity being produced and an indicator of the resulting effect on crown scorch and ability of fire crews to manage the fire spread. Crown scorch is an indicator of possible tree mortality. Tree species vary as to amount of scorch they can tolerate without suffering mortality. Flame lengths greater than four feet are regarded as the maximum heat intensity that can be safely tolerated by a fire crew in effectively managing or containing fire spread at the flaming front. Fire behavior in a prescribed burn is different than a wildfire situation. It can be regulated to meet project objectives. The prescribed fire manager or burning boss can alter the ignition technique or pattern (timing or amount) as a means to regulate heat intensity and producing the “beneficial flame length.” Timing or scheduling prescribed fire projects during the following seasons usually produces the following results:

Spring Burning - This is done prior to the normal fire season, usually after a drying period but before green-up and the spring rains. The soils are normally damp at this time but the fine fuels are dry enough to sustain fire.

Summer Burning - This is done during the normal fire season. Large size fuels and thick duff layers are dry to a depth that results in 50-75% consumption. Annual growth is cured and the surrounding areas/fuels are dry. Cost per acre is usually high, due to the increased risk of possible high - erratic fire behavior and escape.

Fall Burning - Burning is initiated after a definite break in the weather, which usually produces cooling temperatures and significant moisture that marks the end of the fire season. Consumption is expected to occur on larger size diameter material, but humidity recovery is likely to lessen consumption of smaller size woody biomass.

1. Initiating a Prescribed Fire Use Project A prescribed burn activity can be proposed by any Natural Resources specialist or resident living on the SRMT reservation. The proposal should contain, as a minimum, the objective(s) and desired future conditions from the burn. This information is essential to assist the Conservation Officer in development of the Prescribed Burn Plan. A proposal for a prescribed fire project should be submitted to the Conservation Office of the Environment Division, who will coordinate with the HAVFD in development of the burn plan.


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2. St. Regis Mohawk Tribe Prescribed Burn Permit The application for Restricted Burning Permit from the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe Environment Division will serve as the prescribed burn plan. All elements identified in the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe Prescribed Burn permit (See Exhibit E) should be assessed. The extent each element is addressed depends on the objectives to be accomplished and complexity of the burn. A Prescribed Fire Handbook available from the BIA Eastern Region can be consulted to assist with prescribed burn plan development. Other Tribal Resource Specialists could be involved in planning a prescribed burn project, development of the prescribed burn plan, and its implementation. The Conservation Officer is responsible for approval of the burn plan.

3. Implementation of Prescribed Fire Use Prescribed fire use projects will be conducted within the instructions, and prescription criteria identified in the approved burn plan utilizing qualified prescribed fire personnel. For prescribed burns of larger size or more complexity, considerations should be given toward use of NWCG prescribed fire personnel. If qualified individuals are not available at the local level at the time of project implementation, a request for qualified individuals from other Reservations should be initiated with a resource order through EACC. Additional resources and qualified personnel will be used from other Agencies if necessary for more complex prescribed burns. The BIA Fire Use Handbook can be consulted for further guidelines and information. Basic organization for a prescribed burn project is the Prescribed Fire Manager, Burning Boss and Holding Boss. The complexity of the burn (size, objectives, days anticipated, constraints, and values to protect), will determine whether each position should be a separate individual, or the responsibilities could be shared with other individuals. Likewise, the need for additional crew members and resources will depend on the complexity. A Prescribed Fire Manager is required for every prescribed burn project. Depending on the complexity of the burn project, this person does not necessarily need to be on site. The Prescribed Fire Burn Boss has responsibility for the entire life of the project from planning to project evaluation, and should be on site during the burn. The Ignition Specialist has responsibility to make on-site, tactical decisions and to ensure that all prescription, staffing, equipment, and other plan specifications are met before, during, and after the burn. Prior to ignition, the designated Prescribed Fire Burn Boss will verify that all pre-burn considerations outlined in the burn plan are completed. This person will also conduct a briefing with the crew regarding project prescription, ignition instruction, communications, job hazard analysis and safety considerations. This responsibility may be delegated to the Project Burn Boss. Proposed projects that require BIA funding will be proposed at least 6 months prior to the fiscal year the projects is expected to be done. Funding for planning purposes can be requested following the same request schedule.


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A prescribed fire that exceeds prescription criteria and cannot be returned to prescription with the resources and/or project funds available will be termed a wildfire. At this stage, a WFSA should be utilized to determine the most cost efficient, effective alternative to manage the fire. See Exhibit Hand Section V, C-6 for the WFSA procedure and forms. The level of detail required is dependent on the specific incident and its complexity. The key purpose for a WFSA is to document the decision(s). Prescribed Fire Monitoring and Evaluation: Monitoring needs to occur with every prescribed burn project to assure they are implemented according to the prescription and specific instructions of the prescribed burn plan. This is the responsibility of the Burn Boss. The minimum level of monitoring is documentation of observations. On larger size or more complex prescribed burns, one person may be designated to perform this task. Documentation formats are provided in the Western Region Prescribed Fire Monitoring Handbook, available through BIA. An evaluation process will be performed annually of all prescribed burn projects. The Prescribed Fire Manager is responsible to ensure with similar resource/project objectives have adequate pre and post burn information/data for evaluation purposes. The level of project evaluation depends on the sensitivity of the objectives to be accomplished. In some cases, evaluation of data may extend over several years. Prescribed burn projects with more sensitive objectives may require a systematic data collecting procedure as outlined in the Wildland Fire Use Handbook.

4. Smoke Management GOAL: All prescribed burns will adhere to Tribe’s Smoke Management Regulations and Plan(s). The local co-operators and State of New York Air Quality Office should be notified of proposed prescribed burn projects, approximate dates, the acres, and type of fuels involved. Notification should also be given prior to ignition. The New England CC is to be notified on the day of the burn Primary smoke concern is the EPA standard of particulate level for personal health reasons. This standard can be met by considering the following strategies during project implementation: • Avoid implementing burns on days having, or predicted to have poor smoke

dispersal conditions, especially for projects within a mile radius of residential areas

• Assess the cumulative effect of smoke concentration concerns with multiple

burns or prescribed burns within close proximity; implement accordingly. • Monitor smoke dispersal and direction of drift during the burn • Coordinate prescribed burns with neighboring State cooperators


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H. FIRE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM MONITORING AND EVALUATION Monitoring and evaluation procedures should be professionally conducted. All fire management projects should be implemented to meet the project/management objectives. The project results should be evaluated and utilized to improve quality of future fire management projects and the program. Monitoring is the task of ensuring a project is implemented according to the approved plan. The minimum level of monitoring is documentation of observations. There are usually procedures and documentation forms established for the various fire management projects. Evaluation is the task of comparing whether or not the intended project objectives were achieved. A professional evaluation cannot be performed unless some information is available or collected prior to implementation. The Environmental Director in coordination with the HAVFD Chief is responsible to ensure a majority of fire management projects are evaluated annually in order to verify current program direction. The level of project monitoring and evaluation depends on the sensitivity of the objectives or complexity of the project to be accomplished. A very inexpensive, expedient method is to take some photos, before and after the burn. This method provides quality level monitoring and documentation with considerable information to the trained eye. The major requirement in using this method is that the same location or view/point is used for both pre and post project photos. In some cases, evaluation of data may extend over several years.

I. FIRE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM ORGANIZATION Overall responsibility of fire management activities on Trust Lands is the BIA Eastern Region. Fire management activities on the SRMT reservation are administered and/or implemented by different offices. Suppression and prevention are performed by HAVFD, contracted by the SRMT. Prescribed fire and burning permits are administered by the Environment Division. The wildland fire management program is expected to increase during the next 10 years due to urban interface concerns, prescribed fire use, and overall fire management emphasis. The increased program will require corresponding need for more support and emphasis at the Reservation level.

1. Program Direction The BIA Eastern Region is expected to assist with more support and technical assistance for fire management activities, planning and implementation. During the next five years the BIA should evaluate and pursue a part-time Fire Management position to assist with increased fire management activities to meet all Tribal goals and objectives within the BIA Eastern Regional Area.


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2. St. Regis Mohawk Fire Management Program Organization The Fire Management Program is administered through the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe with some activities performed by the Environment Division, and Wildland Fire Suppression contracted to HAVFD. 3. Program Financing Initially wildland hazardous fuel reduction projects would be funded by the Natural Fire Plan BIA-US. These funds will most likely finance a majority of projects using prescribed fire as the treatment method. However other natural resources also benefit when prescribed fire is the treatment method. Ultimately future hazardous fuel reduction projects should be multi-financed, at some proportion, by those resources/functions benefiting from the project. This approach should result in the opportunity to treat more area at less cost.

J. EMERGENCY REHABILITATION STRATEGY

The following sections address established rehabilitation programs for wildland fire management.

1. Fire Suppression Rehabilitation Assess and implement actions to rehabilitate cultural, natural resource or environmental damage caused by suppression activities. The primary strategy is to leave the fire suppression damaged areas as natural appearing as possible. Resources must be completed with the assigned fire.

Initiate implementation of these fire suppression rehabilitation actions while fire suppression crews, equipment, and resources are still on the site. These actions are appropriately financed from emergency operation funds

2. Burned Area Emergency Rehabilitation A written plan that is approved within 10 days of the control of the fire and must be prepared by local agencies and a member from the Regional or national level should be involved to be sure the plan is compliant refer to the USDI Burned Area Emergency Rehabilitation (BAER) Handbook for appropriate planning, financing, and implementing this wildland fire rehabilitation activity.

VI. MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR AKWESASNE FIRE MANAGEMENT UNIT (FMU)


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The following sections present a summary of fire management strategies, activities or suggestions for the SRMT Territory at Akwesasne.

A. Fire Management Units (FMU) A Fire Management Unit is “a unique land management area defined by tribal objectives, topographic features, values to be protected, political boundaries, fuel types, or major fire regimes” (Federal Wildland and Prescribed Fire Management Policy, 1996). Since vegetation fuel conditions and fire management goals, objectives and concerns are similar throughout the Akwesasne Mohawk Nation Territory will be regarded as one Fire Management Unit.

B. Management Strategies/Activities

1. Firefighter and Public Safety

♦ Public and firefighter safety is number one priority with all fire management activities. Fire managers will emphasize the Standard Firefighting Orders, Eighteen Watchout Situations, and the LCES Principles (Lookouts, Communications, Escape routes, and Safety Zones) in all situations, as a minimum.

♦ Structural fires are the responsibility of the local or volunteer Fire Department(s).

♦ All firefighters will have the proper training and qualifications for their fire

assignments.

♦ General wildland fire safety information should be provided annually with home owners fire prevention packets.

♦ Firefighters responsible for operating motor vehicles will have completed

appropriate defensive driving courses.

♦ Assure that all firefighters have, and use, appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment.

♦ Protection of natural and cultural resources and property are important, but not at the expense of jeopardizing firefighter or public safety.

2. Prevention Strategy

Continue or enhance the Fire Prevention Education Program to cover more

residents (schools, scouts, and group community meetings), including fire in wildland fuels.

Use opportunities to share fire prevention information in wildland fuels,

including with all tribal official and members about prescribed fire use and resource benefits.

Consider including prescribed fire use information (purposes, beneficial

effects, ecological role) with the Fire Prevention Program.


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Continue burning permits for all ignitions Restricted Burning Permit (Exhibit

A). Coordinate with Housing Division to share information about fire-proofing

homes in wildland fuel situations. Consider the pamphlet “Fire-Proofing Your Home” available from federal or state agencies, or have HAVFD develop a photo display of “fire-proof conditions.”

Pursue a resolution to include home fire-proofing measures in wildland fuel with

future residential developments. Consult with the shared Fire Prevention Specialist in the Midwest Regional

office to determine any funding and projects that may be available through the BIA

3. Prescribed Fire

♦ All prescribed fires will have an approved burn plan prior to ignition, which also

involves an on-site assessment. ♦ Coordinate with Environment Division/Air Quality regarding prescribed fire

projects. ♦ Pursue joint sponsorship/financing of projects with adjacent cooperators (private,

state, federal) lands with similar management objectives. ♦ Identify potential areas for prescribed fire use for the purpose of hazardous fuel

reduction, wildlife habitat enhancement, or forage improvement. ♦ Within the next two years, pursue opportunities to train & qualified prescribed

fire personnel, with at least 1 as a Prescribed Burn Boss and at least 2 as Ignition Specialist.


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4. Fuels Management and Hazard Reduction

a. Urban Interface - Residential Sites (WUI)

Encourage residents in isolated locations to eliminate fuel accumulations and reduce fine fuels around the residence.

Encourage residents in isolated locations to consider reducing dense tree

or shrub canopy by 50%, and prune 60% of the lower branches on existing coniferous tree species to a height of 8 feet, within 50 feet of their homes. Plan maintenance treatment every 3 - 5 years.

Utilize a photo display of “fire-safe” conditions in wildland fuel

situations, to facilitate explanation.

b. Hazardous Wildland Fuel Situations (Outside of WUI)

Identify areas where wildland fuel alteration and/or reduction would lessen threat of fire spreading to adjacent or cultural and/or natural resources or WUI.

Attempt to involve adjacent non-tribal lands with similar fuel situations

within a proposed project area, as a joint sponsorship/financing venture. Evaluate liability with joint sponsorship.

The Tribe’s Historic Preservation Office is currently developing a map to

identify the cultural sites.

5. Appropriate Management Response

(See Exhibits J) regarding management concerns for appropriate tactics. Suppression is the appropriate management response for all wildland fires.

6. Natural Resources Protection

Identify sensitive areas for protection during fire management activities including riparian and wetland habitats.

Conduct fire management activities during optimal weather conditions to

minimize soil erosion and surface runoff.

Limit the use of fire-retardant chemicals, gasoline, and diesel fuel in and around water areas.


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Protect known threaten or endangered species habitat using established guidelines.

Reduce impacts to air quality during fire management activities by:

• Limiting prescribed fire to periods of favorable air movement and

atmospheric conditions for smoke dispersion. • Conducting prescribed fire when vegetation and woody debris will

consume quickly. (Smoldering fires significantly increase particulate emissions.)

• Consider extinguishing all or portions of the fire if smoldering or

slow burning conditions are anticipated to cause an unacceptable air quality situation.

7. Cultural Resources

Α consultation will be conducted with the federal recognized Tribal Historic Preservation Office to ensure protection of sites of cultural significance.

Fire suppression activities will utilize prudent tactics dictated by the fire

behavior, topography and resource values.

• Suppress fires at smallest acreage possible using water and burnout methods instead of mechanized tactics, to minimize soil/ground disturbance.

• Be aware of actions and/or tactics that have potential damaging

effects, such as soil compaction, rutting, changes in public access, changes in vegetation that is part of a cultural resource, or damages to above-ground features.

Ensure wildland and prescribed fire personnel are aware of cultural resources

needs, through training and advanced planning that includes:

∗ Review of cultural resources inventories ∗ Assessment of cultural resource potential ∗ Field verification ∗ Assessment of site-specific alternatives ∗ Provisions for accidental discovery

Mark cultural resource areas prior to and during prescribed burns. Inform fire

management personnel of marked areas. Remove markings after project completion

Utilize natural barriers and existing human constructed areas (roads, etc.) as

firelines.


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Exclude mechanized equipment from known or suspected burial, ceremonial, traditional use, and other identified cultural sites.

8. Agreements

♦ Review all existing agreements and update annually.


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VII. REFERENCES

BIA – Eastern Regional Agency. 2000. “Fire Management Planning Analysis.” Eastern Area Interagency Coordinating Center. 2002. “Interagency Coordinating Center Mobilization Plan.” Easton, Eric. 2003. “Vegetation Descriptions of the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe Reservation.” Forestry Intern, St. Regis Mohawk Tribe, Akwesasne, New York. Mohr, Francis & Bill Moody. 1991. “Minimum Impact Suppression Tactics (MIST).” Wallowa-Whitman National Forest, Baker City, Oregon; or USDA Pacific Northwest Regional Office, Forest Service, Fire Management or Wilderness Management Directors, Portland, Oregon. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. 1995. Prescribed Fire Handbook. National Interagency Fire Center, Boise, Idaho. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. 1999. Western Region Prescribed Fire Monitoring Handbook. National Interagency Fire Center, Boise, Idaho. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. 1998. Wildfire Prevention Strategies. Publication # NFES 1572. National Interagency Fire Center, Boise, Idaho. Pyke-Thompson, Peggy, 2003. “Medicine Plant and Community Knowledge.” Environment Division, St. Regis Mohawk Tribe, Akwesasne, New York. St. Regis Mohawk Tribe. 2002. “Local Operating Plan Between St. Regis Mohawk Tribe and HAVFD.” U.S.D.I. BAER Handbook. National Office, Washington D.C. Zimmerman, G. Thomas & David L. Bunnell. 1998. Wildland and Prescribed Management Policy – Implementation Procedures Reference Guide. National Interagency Fire Center, Boise, Idaho.

In Consultation with: Les Benedict, St. Regis Mohawk Tribe, Asst. Director/Hazmat Sarah Lee Diabo, St. Regis Mohawk Tribe, Emergency Planner Adrian McDonald, St. Regis Mohawk Tribe, Fire, Hazmat, Solid Waste Tony Recker, BIA Eastern Regional Office, Memphis, Tennessee Eric Easton, St. Regis Mohawk Tribe, Forestry Intern Cassie A. David, St. Regis Mohawk Tribe, Forestry Intern Frank Lacerenza, Hogansburg Akwesasne Volunteer Fire Department, Fire Chief


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APPENDIX

Exhibits A St. Regis Mohawk Tribal Burn Regulation, Resolution 2003-06 B Mohawk Nation Territory at Akwesasne C Mohawk Nation Territory at Akwesasne Forest Vegetative Cover Types D Standardized Physical Exam Form for HAVFD E St. Regis Mohawk Tribe Burn Permit F Franklin County Mutual Aid Agreement G SRMT – HAVFD Agreement H Wildland Fire Situation Analysis (WFSA), Procedure and Forms I Wildland and Prescribed Fire Management Policy J Minimum Impact Suppression Tactics (MIST) K Wildland Fire Implementation Plan - Documentation, Procedure, and Forms L Mohawk Nation Territory at Akwesasne Urban Interface Areas M St. Regis Mohawk Tribe Prescribed Burn Plan N Fire Management Plan Environment Assessment Tables

1 Wildland Fire Statistics (December, 1989-June, 2003) Figures

1 Appropriate Management Response 2 Appropriate Management Response


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Exhibit A

St. Regis Mohawk Tribe Burn Regulation Resolution


46

Exhibit B BIA-SRMT Cooperative Agreement August 20, 2003


47


48


49


50


51


52


53

Exhibit C Standardized Physical Exam Form for HAVFD


54


55


56

Exhibit D Standardized Physical Exam Form for HAVFD


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Exhibit E St. Regis Mohawk Tribe Burn Permit


58

Exhibit F Franklin County Mutual Aid Agreement


59

Exhibit G SRMT – HAVFD Agreement


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Exhibit H Wildland Fire Situation Analysis, Procedure and Form


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Exhibit I Wildland and Prescribed Fire Management Policy


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Exhibit J Minimum Impact Suppression Tactics (MIST)


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Exhibit K Wildland Fire Implementation Plan

Documentation, Procedure, and Forms


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Exhibit L Mohawk Nation Territory at Akwesasne Urban Interface Areas


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Exhibit M

St. Regis Mohawk Tribe Prescribed Burn Regulation

ST. REGIS MOHAWK TRIBE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION

Air Quality PROGRAM; TRIBAL BURN REGULATION Preamble

The Four Winds We are thankful to the powers we know as the Four Winds. We hear their voices in the moving air as they refresh us and purify the air we breathe. They help to bring the change of seasons. From the four directions they come, bringing us messages and giving us strength. With one mind, we send our greetings and thanks to the Four Winds.

It is with the recognition of the Four Winds, that we call air, and their powers of purification and refreshment, that the Tribal Burn Regulations are being instituted. Clean air is an important resource to the community of Akwesasne and like many other resources it is taken for granted until it becomes scarce. Clean air is important for healthy lives and is really appreciated by the many Tribal members suffering from asthma and other respiratory illness. The uncontrolled burning of waste materials in backyards and lots is an activity that threatens the health and well being of us all. It produces smoke containing poisons that are immediately harmful as well as containing cancer-causing chemicals. Burning of waste materials does not eliminate waste disposal because there are ashes produced (also toxic) and because many materials, like glass and metals, do not even burn. In an effort to preserve the air quality for our community in the wake of increased business and housing development, the regulation of open burning is necessary to preserve the enjoyment of property by all and to assure that Tribal health, safety and welfare are protected. Under this regulation, proven methods and controls will be utilized to minimize air impacts from permitted burning.


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This regulation also provides the means for resolving open burning issues when education, awareness and all other reasonable means have failed. Additionally, because open burning creates a fire safety hazard, the fire department has been partnered into the permitting process to facilitate more efficient responses to fire calls. Section. 1.1 Definitions 1.2 Prohibitions 1.3 Burning Allowed by Permit Issued by Environment Division 1.4 Burning Without a Permit Allowed 1.5 Burning Permits 1.6 Enforcement 1.7 Burn Bans 1.8 Penalties/Fines 1.1 Definitions.

(a) Solid Waste. Any garbage, or refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded materials, including solid, liquid, semisolid, or contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial mining, and agricultural operations, and from community activities. For the purposes of hazardous waste regulation, a solid waste is a material that is discarded by being either abandoned, inherently waste-like; a certain military munitions, or recycled.

Includes refuse, or all waste material, including but not limited to, garbage, rubbish, incinerator residue, street sweepings, dead animals and offal.

Includes rubbish, defined as, solid or liquid waste material, including but not limited to, paper and paper products; rags; furniture; cans; crockery; plastics; cartons; chemicals; paint, grease; sludge; oils and other petroleum products;


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chemically treated wood; demolition materials; tires; and automobiles and other vehicles and parts, for junk, salvage or disposal. Rubbish shall not include food garbage, incinerator residue, street sweepings, dead animals or offal.

(b) Food Garbage. The animal and vegetable waste

resulting from the handling, preparation, cooking and serving of food.

(c) Open Burning. Any outdoor fire or outdoor smoke

producing process from which air contaminants are emitted directly into the outdoor atmosphere. Includes burn barrels, or any other device used to burn solid waste, food garbage, municipal solid waste or hazardous waste.

(d) Enclosed Burning. Any fire that takes place within the confines of an enclosed structure. Does not include combustion reactions contained in an enclosed device where controls are used to maintain efficient combustion and reduce emissions.

(e) Open Dump. Any management facility or site on

Mohawk land where Municipal Solid Waste, solid waste, and/or hazardous waste has been disposed of, which is not a sanitary landfill authorized under this Tribal Solid Waste Code. This term does not include any part of a farm on which only animal or vegetable wastes resulting from the operation of such farm are deposited.

(f) Municipal Solid Waste. A subset of solid waste

that is defined as durable goods (e.g. appliances, tires, batteries), non-durable goods (e.g. newspapers, books, magazines) containers and packaging, food wastes, yard trimmings, and miscellaneous organic wastes from residential, commercial, and industrial non-process sources.

(g) Hazardous Waste. Any solid waste that:

(1) Because of its quantity, concentration, or

physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics, may either cause or significantly contribute to an increase in


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mortality or serious irreversible or incapacitating illness, or pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health, living organisms, or the environment when improperly handled, treated, stored, transported, or disposed of; or

(2) Is specifically defined to be hazardous or

toxic, including but not limited to any substance, material, smoke, gas, particulate matter, or combination thereof containing asbestos, petroleum or its byproducts, or Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs); or

(3) Is hazardous, toxic, ignitable, reactive, or corrosive, and that is defined and regulated as such by the Tribe.

(h) Household Hazardous Waste. Any waste substance,

material, smoke, gas, particulate matter or combination of that is Hazardous Waste discarded by households.

(i) Planned burn. Burning set or supervised by a

Public Official in the performance of official duties.

(j) Director. The Director of the St. Regis Mohawk

Tribe, Environment Division or his delegate.

1.2 Prohibitions.

(a) Except as may permitted by Section 1.3 and upon obtaining a burn permit, no entity shall burn, cause, suffer, allow or permit the burning in an open or enclosed fire:

(1) of solid waste; (2) of food garbage;

(3) of municipal solid waste; (4) of hazardous waste;


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(5) of household hazardous waste; (6) of refuse at a refuse disposal area (See

Tribal Solid Waste Code); (7) of rubbish for salvage; (8) of rubbish generated by residential

activities as a means of on-site disposal; (9) of rubbish generated by industrial or

commercial activities other than agricultural as a means of on-site disposal;

(10) of rubbish generated by land clearing or

demolition for the erection of any structure; for the construction or modification of any highway, railroad, power or communication line, or pipeline; or for the development or modification of a recreational area or park;

(11) Broadcast Fire, an area with continuous fuel

cover, including but not limited to hayfields, crop fields, grasslands, and lawns;

(12) Of refuse during an air pollution episode,

in an area for which such air pollution has been designated. The Environment Division will, from time to time, inform the Community of air pollution episodes to which this section applies; or

(13) Of tires for any reason, including night-

time shoreline fishing.

(b) Creation of Nuisances Not Allowed. No entity may cause the emission, from any source whatsoever, of air pollutants, contaminants or other substances that cause injury or detriment to any person, persons, property or the public, nor may any entity cause or contribute to emissions that create or constitute a nuisance.

1.3 Burning Allowed by Permit Issued by the Environment Division.


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Burning in an open fire is allowed as follows only in accordance with a permit issued by the Director after written application as provided in Section 1.5 of this regulation, provided it is not contrary to other Tribal law:

(a) Land Clearing Materials. Burning of organic, non-hazardous material generated by land clearing or demolition; for the construction or modification of, including but not limited to, any highway, railroad, pipeline, or power or communication line; or for the development or modification of a recreational area or park; provided that such burning is done on-site or at an appropriate designated burning area;

(b) Community Burning Allowed by Permit. Burning of

yard wastes consisting of trees, tree trimmings, leaves, and brush;

(c) Specifically Designated Burning Areas. Burning at

an appropriate designated burning area serving the community, of tree trimmings, leaves, or lawn and garden debris in areas of the reservation to be designated by the Director.

(1) Residents’ Request. The Director will

consider whether to designate such an area only after receiving a request by residents of the area within which such burning would be conducted. The request must include a general description of the geographical boundaries of the area, the names of all residents within ½ mile; the material to be burned; the proposed control methods; and the reasons why burning in an open fire should be allowed in such area;

(2) Such designation, if made, shall be by rule

or regulation adopted in accordance with Tribal Emergency Pollution Authority Resolution # 89-34. In designating such an area, the Director will set forth any conditions deemed appropriate to protect Tribal health, safety and welfare;

(3) The Director shall, from time to time, review air pollution safeguards in each


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designated area to determine whether the designation should be rescinded.

(d) Burning at an appropriate designated site of

toxic, explosive, or dangerous materials; provided that such burning is done only in accordance with a permit that will be issued by the Director after written application. Such permit may only issue after the Director determines that there is no other safe or economical method of disposal. Such permit will be for a specific period and shall contain such conditions as are deemed necessary in the interest of health or safety.

(e) Planned Burns. Outdoor Open Burning Permits are

required for Planned Burns set or supervised by a Public Official in the performance of official duties. Such Planned Burns include those that are set: (1) For the purpose of weed abatement;

(2) For the prevention of fire hazard;

(3) For the purpose of disease and pest

prevention;

(4) Fires that is necessary for the training of

governmental officials in criminal-

enforcement.

1.4 Burning Without a Permit Allowed. Outdoor Open Burning Permits are not required for the following (Prohibited materials, Sec. 1.2, may not be used to start or fuel fires):

(a) The cooking of food;

(b) The providing of warmth for human beings;

(c) Fires for recreational purposes;

(d) Fires for religious or ceremonial purposes;

(e) Orchard heaters for the purpose of frost protection in farming or nursery operations.

(f) Fire for fire department and criminal enforcement

training. (g) Emergency control fires.


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1.5 Burning Permits. All open burning activities requiring a written permit must be obtained from the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe, Environment Division prior to burn activity. The Environment Division Offices are open from 8:00-4:00, daily, except legal holidays. There is no charge for permits issued to individual residences or agriculture. Business and commercial permits are $50.00 U.S. dollars payable at the time of issuance.

(1) Burning Permit Applications. An application for a burning permit shall include the reasons why such burning should be permitted and such other information as may be required by the Director to insure that such burning will be unlikely to result in the violation of Tribal air quality standards or to cause unreasonable air pollution. Burning Permit Application forms are available from the Environment Division, and at the Tribal Offices.

a. If the Director approves such application he will issue a permit which shall be for a specified period and shall contain such conditions as are deemed necessary to prevent unreasonable air pollution and the contravention of Tribal air quality standards.

(2) Revocation of Permit. The permit may be

revoked by the Director if there is:

a. failure to comply with its conditions; b. a violation of Tribal law in connection with the burning;

c. the burning creates a public nuisance; or

d. The burning is found to cause or

contribute to a contravention of Tribal air quality standards.

e. High fire danger as determined by the Environment Division by humidity,


73

temperature, precipitation and other factors.

(3) Right to a Hearing. Before revocation of a

permit, the permittee shall have the right to be heard; but where, in the opinion of the Director, prompt action is necessary because of danger to the public health or safety, or to prevent serious air pollution, the permit may be suspended pending a hearing. In the event that the Director is required to revoke a permit without a hearing, he/she will explain to the permittee, in writing, the reasons supporting such immediate action;

(4) All Burning Permits are valid for dates

specified on permit.

(5) Three (3) copies of the permit will be made: a. the original will be kept by the Environment Division;

b. a copy will be retained by the permittee for the duration of the permitted burn and must be made available at the burn site upon demand by appropriate officials;

c. A copy will be forwarded to the Hogansburg Akwesasne Volunteer Fire Department.

(6) All permits for burns will have conditions

that must be met otherwise the burn must not be set or must be extinguished. All permitted burning activities must conform to the guidelines that are issued with the permit.

1.6 Enforcement. In concert with community values, efforts to educate people with regard to the many hazards associated with open burning and the benefits of proper waste disposal to the greatest extent possible will be made prior to initiating enforcement actions. It is only when education, awareness or any other reasonable means to


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prevent prohibited open burning activities have failed that enforcement will be considered. The provisions of this ordinance shall be enforceable by the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe Environment Division, the St. Regis Mohawk Tribal Police Department, and delegated Conservation Officers and/or Peacemakers in accordance with rules and regulations promulgated by the Environment Division. Such rules and regulations shall include as a last resort provisions for the imposition of civil penalties, and/or injunctive relief in the event of non-compliance with this regulation.

(a) Procedures. Procedures for bringing about a violation of this ordinance shall follow those established by the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe for investigations, summons, and appearance before the Court.

1.7 Burning Bans. The St. Regis Mohawk Tribe retains the authority to declare burning restrictions. 1.8 Penalties/Fines. Financial penalties and fines and/or other form of penalty, such as restitution, may be levied by the Tribal Court against those who violate any section of this ordinance. Penalties and fines be will assessed according to the Tribal Court.


75

Exhibit N Fire Management Plan Environmental Assessment

Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe

Environment Division Environmental Review Checklist Long form Project Name: St. Regis Mohawk Tribe Fire Management Plan Project Developer: St. Regis Mohawk Tribe Emergency Planning Office Hogansburg Akwesasne Volunteer Fire Department Project Coordinator: Sarah Lee Diabo Director of Emergency Planning Address: 412 State Route 37 Hogansburg, NY 13655 Phone Number: 518-358-5937 FAX Number: 518-358-6252 Other Contacts: Richard Phillips Ivan Ransom Richard Laffin President Vice President Fire Prevention Specialist Hogansburg Akwesasne Volunteer Fire Department

PO Box 426 12 Gray Street Hogansburg, NY 13655 518-358-2161


76

Introduction It is the tradition of the Mohawk People to look seven generations ahead in making decisions that affect the community. It is in this spirit that the Environmental Review Process has been developed. The resources available on the St. Regis Mohawk Reservation are limited and dwindling with each year that passes. It is the intention of this process to increase awareness of available resources and ensure that all consideration of these resources is taken when initiating a project. Focus and vigilance are required to make sure the seventh generation will have all that is necessary to maintain and continue our way of life. This community is unique and consists of cultural resources that have survived countless efforts to eliminate them and they are deserving of our protection and care. Development can proceed and remain in harmony with the cultural values passed on to us by our ancestors, but it requires forethought and effort. The land and resources should be considered as a gift to pass down to future generations, and as such it should remain as whole, intact, and healthy as it was received so that it may sustain them. Actions today should not be at the sacrifice of our children. The environmental review process is a step-by-step process of gathering information concerning the possible impacts to the community and the environment. This information is then used in an analysis or evaluation of the proposed development so that proper decisions, which are of benefit to all community members (including the developer), are made. The review process allows developers and the Tribe to examine a proposed project before it is started in order to prevent or minimize potential impacts to the environment and health of the community. The process, if followed objectively and thoroughly, will reveal any problems that might be associated with a development and permit actions to be taken to eliminate or minimize potential problems. The review process can actually result in savings of time and money for developers when the costs that may be related to change orders in construction or loss of time due to delays are considered. The St. Regis Mohawk Tribe, through Tribal Emergency Pollution Authority, 89-34, “has the authority to protect the health, safety and welfare of all people within the exterior boundaries of the reservation. It also may take such further action as is necessary to protect the public health, the quality of the environment and living resources upon which the Tribe relies,” authorizes the Tribe to require Environmental Reviews. The review process incorporates the Thanksgiving Address and considers all the things that we are thankful. It is this tradition of thanks that the review process has been


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conceived and dedicated. One recurring theme of the Thanksgiving Address is the statement that “Now our minds are one.” If that theme is considered we will all benefit. Instructions 1- Fill out the form assuring that all questions are answered, even if the answer is “none” or “unknown”. Do not leave any questions blank and limit answers to one paragraph or less. If there is supporting documentation or other information supporting an answer attach the paperwork at the end of the document. 2- Ensure all questions are answered and make 3 additional copies. Turn in the original and all three copies to the environment division office. The receptionist will assign a file number and that will begin the review process. 3- The review process includes an in-house review of the document through various departments within the environment division. The in-house review team will meet and at that time there will be a decision to choose one of the following five options:

a-Declare a Categorical Exclusion (No Public Comment Period) If a Categorical Exclusion is decided then the project represents very little or no impact and can proceed. b-Approve the Environmental Assessment and proceed to the thirty-day public comment period The thirty-day public comment period will be published in a minimum of one local newspaper with a circulation that includes the entire reservation. The project can proceed once all comments that have been received are addressed to the satisfaction of the commentator. c-Request Additional Information A request for additional information will be made when an answer(s) are deemed incomplete or inaccurate. Once the additional information is received and accepted the document will proceed to the thirty-day public comment period. d-Require an Environmental Impact Statement The requirement for an Environmental Impact Statement will occur when it is determined that the project will have a significant impact(s) requiring additional study and scoping sessions throughout the community to determine if the course of action is justified. e-Disapprove the project. Disapproval of the project will occur when a project has been determined to have significant negative impact(s) to prove detrimental to the community and/or environment.


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4- Once the determination is made to proceed, a Finding of No Significant Impact will be written, published and the project can proceed. The project manager is bound to abide by all provisions stated in the Environmental Assessment. 5- Changes to the document have to be reviewed and approved by this office. Changes can be subject to a Thirty-Day public comment period.


79 Choose either Yes or No. For other questions describe answer in 1 paragraph or less. Write “None” or “Unknown” if question is not applicable or unknown, do not leave answer space blank. Attach supporting maps, sketches, drawings and other documentation to the end of this document.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Section I – Information page 5 Section II – Land page 6 Section III – Plants and Vegetation page 9 Section IV – Medicine Plants page 10 Section V – Agricultural Information page 11 Section VI – Water page 12 Section VII – Animals page 15 Section VIII – Trees page 16 Section IX – Birds page 17 Section X – Air page 18 Section XI – Noise page 19 Section XII – Energy & Natural Resources page 20 Section XIII – Environmental Health page 21 Section XIV - Light and Glare page 23 Section XV – Transportation page 24 Section XVI – Historical Preservation page 25 Section XVII – Cultural Preservation page 25 Appendices



“We who have gathered together are responsible that our cycle continues. We have been given the duty to live in harmony with one another and other living things. We give greetings that our people still share the knowledge of our culture and ceremonies and are able to pass it on. We have our elders here and also the new faces yet to be born, which is the cycle of our families – for this we give thanks and greetings. Now our minds are one.” I. Information: Analysis of alternatives: Alternative 1. Maintain current practice of fire suppression only. This practice has been the only option available for wildland fires. Training and equipment needs have been implemented to deal with wildland fires and have had modest success. Increased population, residential and commercial constructions have recently increased the hazards associated with wildland fires. The change from a historically agriculture based economy to a commercial economy has changed the landscape from cultivated fields and pasturage to large tracts of land that have not been maintained. This has lead to large tracts of scrubland with increased amounts of fuel available for wildland fires. The land has also become much wetter due to the construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway and New York Power Authority hydroelectric projects. The high groundwater has made historically active agricultural land inaccessible. Continued fire suppression methods are being hampered by additional fuels and inaccessibility. Numerous fires have burned out of control with little ability to suppress due to the current conditions. Analysis of alternatives: Alternative 2. Implement a Fire Management Plan. The purpose of the Fire Management Plan is to address wildland fire issues. The first part of the plan will be to identify specific areas where there is a wildland fire hazard. The identification process will include an inventory of available fuels, access and other wildland fire hazards. The next phase of the plan will identify and recommend several techniques to reduce the incidence and impact of wildfires. The techniques used will include fuel removal by land clearing. Land clearing will occur through mechanical brush removal, alternate land usages and prescribed burning. In addition, there will be the establishment of static water sources for fire suppression needs. Static water sources in or near hazard areas will be identified and evaluated. Those static water sources that require modifications and/or improvements will be addressed. Fire pre-plans will be written and implemented. Rights-of-way will be requested. Pre-plans will be tested during training or exercises. This will require all-terrain vehicles to pass over private, agricultural and other undisturbed lands.



The Fire Management Plan is considered the best alternative since it addresses the wildland fire problem at the source and is prevention measure. This alternative is the chosen project described in this Environmental Assessment. A-Location and activities of proposed project (construction, road-building, vehicles, etc.): Describe the location of the proposed project including maps, drawings and any engineering or architectural designs. Sketch maps are acceptable if others are not available and as long as they contain key reference points The project will include 3 zones. Zone 1 will include all areas south of the international border. Zone 2 will include all mainland north of the border. Zone 3 will include islands located in the territory of Akwesasne. B- Describe the size of the current project, in terms of building size, acreage and estimated schedule of construction. Also, describe any planned future additions and/or expansions to the site if any are planned. The Fire Management Plan will be written during spring and summer 2003. Upon final approval of the Fire Management Plan implementation of fuel removal and establishment of static water sources will begin.

ZONE 3 ZONE 2

ZONE 1



II. Land “We give greetings and thanks to our Mother the Earth – she gives us that which makes us strong and healthy. We are grateful that she continues to perform her duties as she was instructed. The women and Mother Earth are one – givers of life. We are her color, her flesh and her roots. Now our minds are one.”

1- Describe the site of the proposed activity in terms of general topographic features (mountainous, hilly, flat, wetland, etc.). The project area includes areas of low lying marsh areas, flat areas of previous agricultural fields, hilly areas, former pasture and unimproved woodlot areas. 2- Describe the soil types (sand, clay, gravel, etc.) known to exist on the site of the proposed activity. Include any information such as boring logs. Hogansburg Loam, Churchville variant silty clay loam, pinconning mucky loam fine sand, muskellunge silty clay loam, swanton fine sandy loam, muskellunge mucky fine sandy loam, adjidaumo silty clay, adjidaumo mucky silty clay, Hogansburg fine sandy loam, grenville fine sandy loam, wegatchie silty loam, Churchville variant silty clay loam, dorval muck and malone loam per SRMT Soil Composition Map See Appendix B 3- Describe any measures that will be used to monitor and to control any erosion that may occur as a result of activities at the proposed site. Erosion will occur during emergency operations and will not be monitored or controlled due to lack of available resources. 4- Describe the quantities (volume) of fill that may be used at the activity site. Describe the source of the fill. Not applicable.

For geologic information contact Aimee Benedict Debo, GIS Coordinator at 358-5937 ext 17



5-Describe any improvements (buildings, houses, equipment roads, fences, etc.) the proposed activity will have upon the land. Several dry hydrants will be established. These are sections of pipe set into static water sources to allow fire apparatus to suction water for firefighting operations. Approximately 2 feet of 6” pipe will be visible (See dry hydrant detail Appendix C).

a- Describe the height, above grade, of any structures being planned for the proposed site. Approximately 2 feet of 6” pipe will be visible (See dry hydrant detail Appendix C). b- Describe the color(s) of any structures being planned for the proposed site. Describe whether the color(s) are expected to complement, enhance or otherwise impact on the natural or established settings of the proposed site and site surroundings. Either white, blue or green pvc pipe. c- Describe the material(s) that will be used in the construction of any structures being planned for the proposed site.

PolyVinyl Chloride (PVC)

d- Will any structures planned for the proposed site obstruct the view of any neighboring or surrounding properties.

No III. Plants and Vegetation “We give greetings and thanks to the plant life. Within the plants is the force of substance that sustains many life forms. From the time of the creation we have seen the various forms of plant life work many wonders. We hope that we will continue to see plant life for the generations to come. Now our minds are one.”



1- Describe the types of vegetation (trees, shrubs, grass, soil plants, water plants, other) on the proposed site. Use of common names is acceptable. Common grass, sweetgrass, clover, purple loosestrife, scrub plants, reeds, cattails and red willows. 2- Describe if activities at the proposed site will result in the removal or alteration of the vegetation Described in item 1. Describe the extent the removal or alteration will occur.

Not applicable 3-Are there any threatened or endangered species on site?

Yes X No If yes, list any and all known threatened or endangered plant species that may be impacted as a result of activities on the proposed site. Plant Species Name (Common and/or Latin) Endangered Threatened

For Endangered Species Information go to www.dec.state.ny.us 4- Briefly list and describe any proposed landscaping, including ornamentals, windbreak, exotics, etc., that will occur at the proposed site. Indicate the types of plants that will be used and their purpose. None. 5- Describe any measures that will be utilized to preserve or enhance the naturally occurring vegetation on the proposed site.

http://www.dec.state.ny.us/



Thinning the tree densities to a more suitable, safe and growth oriented density will preserve and enhance the trees remaining. 6- Is the proposed site a known or suspected hunting and gathering area?

X Yes No

IV. Medicine Plants “We greet and thank the medicine plants of the earth. They have been instructed by the Creator

to cure our diseases and sicknesses. Our people will always know their native names. They

come in many forms and have many duties. Through the ones who have been vested with

knowledge of the medicine plants, we give thanks. Now our minds are one.”

1- Is the proposed site known or suspected as being a medicine plant area?

X Yes No If yes, list the medicine plants and their uses. Medicine plants are abundant in these areas. When fuel removal activities are planned, the Office of Traditional Medicine will be consulted in writing and all recommendations will be followed. The Office of Traditional Medicine will reserve the right to halt fuel removal operations to protect medicine plants and suspected medicine plant areas.

For Medicine Plant information contact Richard Cook, Jr., Traditional Medicine at 358-3141 ext 140 V. Agricultural Information We have been given three main foods from the plant world – they are the corn, bean and squash



– the Three Sisters. For this we give thanks and greetings in the hope that they too will continue

to replenish Mother Earth with the necessities of the life cycle. Now our minds are one.

1. Is the proposed site in an area of active agricultural usage?

X Yes No 2. Is the proposed site in an area of former active agricultural usage?

X Yes No 3. Is the proposed site going to be active in agricultural usage?

Yes X No

If yes, describe the agricultural activity. 4. If yes, Will agricultural usage include the traditional crops (corn, beans, squash, etc…) of

the Haudenosaunee?

Yes X No

A. For Agriculture Information contact Dave Arquette of the Haudenosaunee Environmental Task Force at 358-3326 or Cornell Cooperative Extension Franklin County at (518)483-7403 and [email protected]

VI. Water “We give thanks to the spirit of waters for our strength of well being. The waters of the world have provided many things – they quench our thirst, provide food for the plant life, and are the source of strength for the medicines we need. Now our minds are one.” 1- Will the proposed activity affect surface water resources (streams, lakes, ponds, wetlands) in the area?

X Yes No



If yes, name or describe the waters that will be affected and attach a map or sketch that depicts the water resources being affected. The water resources affected are all man made Army Corps of Engineers ditches and related drainage systems created during the 1930’s, as part of the New Deal Projects. 2- Will there be any fill and dredge activities at the proposed site?

Yes X No If yes, provide an estimate of fill and dredge volumes and describe the material being used as fill or being dredged.

None 3- Describe any and all activities that will result in the withdrawal or diversion of surface water. There will be diversions during fire fighting activity. The diversions will be temporary and minimal. 4- Is the proposed project in a flood plain?

X Yes No If yes, list the water source(s). See FIRM map Appendix D

For floodplain information contact Aimee Benedict Debo, GIS Coordinator at 358-5937 ext 17 5- Will any materials be discharged into surface waters?



Yes X No

If yes, identify the material(s) if known and their probable impact on the water.

None 6- Describe the final use and condition of any water that may be used on the proposed site. Condition of water will be better than the potential condition if a fire is allowed to burn unabated. 8- Will there be drilling and use of wells for the proposed project?

Yes X No 9- Will the community water system be utilized for the proposed project?

X Yes No 10- Will there be any discharges (septic tanks, sewage, industrial, etc.)?

Yes X No If yes, describe the estimated amounts, and probable impacts. 11- Will the community wastewater system be utilized for the project?

Yes X No



12- Describe any sources of surface water runoff that will result from the proposed activities. Surface water runoff associated with fire fighting methods will be moderate. All runoff will have to travel through an extensive marsh system and will be naturally remediated by the wetlands system. 13- Describe how runoff will be disposed and/or collected. Provide any engineering or architectural designs or drawings of collection and disposal systems include flow rates, volumes, surface water names being impacted, and volumes of pits, tanks or lagoons that are a part of the flow system. Not applicable. Runoff will be created by emergency fire fighting operations and will not be collected and/or disposed. 14- Describe the flow patterns (onto ground, into other waters, pits, tanks, etc.) of the runoff. Provide maps, diagrams, etc. to aid in the description. Not applicable – all natural drainage. 15- Describe any and all known contaminants that may be associated with the runoff.

CI. Hydrocarbon residue, soot, ash, flyash and embers. 16- Wetlands a- Is the proposed project located in or near a wetland area?

X Yes No Wetlands permits will be requested on a case by case basis as prescribed burns are planned. Permits will be submitted and all recommendations related to the prescribed burn will be abided. (Letter of determination Appendix E)

For Wetlands Information contact Joyce Barkley, Wetlands Biologist, at 358 – 5937 ext 21 b- If the wetland area affected exceeds ¼ acre (>11,000 ft2 or 1,000 m2) then a wetland permit is required.



CII. Status of permit: Filed Pending Approved Denied

VII. Animals “We give thanks and greetings to the animal life. They are still living in the forests and other places. They provide us with food and this gives us peace of mind knowing that they are still carrying out their instructions as given by the Creator. We therefore give greetings and thanks to our animal brothers. Now our minds are one.”

1- List any and all animals observed on the proposed site. Common names are acceptable. There are deer, skunks, squirrels, chipmunks, mice and voles on site.



2- Are there any threatened or endangered animal species on or near the proposed site? Yes X No If yes, list any and all known threatened or endangered animal species that may be impacted as a result of activities on the proposed site. Animal Species Name (Common and/or Latin) Endangered Threatened

A. For Endangered Species Information go to www.dec.state.ny.us 3- Describe the type of habitat that exists at the proposed site. The entire area is habitat for a large amount of wildlife. 4- Describe the type of forage that exists at the proposed site.

Meadow, fruit trees, wild berries, aquatic forage, etc… 5- Describe the presence of any calving or birthing areas for big game, including deer. There is a large presence of calving and birthing areas for big game.

VIII. Trees “We acknowledge and give greetings to the trees of the world. They too continue to perform the



instructions which they were given. The maple trees are the symbols as the had of the trees. It is

the maple trees that provide us with sap for our syrup and is the first sign of the rebirth of spring.

The trees provide us with shelter, shade and fruits. Long ago our people were given a way of

peace and strength and this way is symbolized by the everlasting tree of peace. Now our minds

are one.”

1- Will the project require the clearing of trees?

X Yes No If no skip to section IX. 2- Approximately how many trees (4 in or 100mm in diameter or bigger) will be removed? There is proposed a project to thin tree densities to a more fire resistant level. At this time tree densities are between 150 – 180 trees per acre. A more fire resistant density is 100 – 120 trees per acre. The setbacks for most homes will be 100’ which will affect 58 acres of land requiring the removal of 1,740 – 2,900 trees. (Forest Inventory – Appendix F)

3- List all types of trees to be removed. Deciduous hardwood (maple, elm, oak, hickory, etc..) and deciduous softwood (White Cedar, Poplar, Prickly Ash Trees, Shrubs and Thorn bushes) trees. 4- Will these trees be replaced?

Yes X No



IX. Birds “We now turn our thought toward the winged creatures. They have songs which they sing to

help us appreciate our own purpose in life. We are reminded to enjoy our life cycle. Some of

the winged are available to u s as food and they too are carrying out their responsibilities. To us

the eagle is the symbol of strength. It is said that they fly the highest and can see the creation.

We show our gratitude for the fulfillment of his duties. Now our minds are one.”

1- List the types of birds located on the project site. There have been observed tree swallows, barn swallows, sparrows, cowbirds, common blackbirds, morning doves, pigeons, partridge, pheasant, seagulls, ducks, Canada geese, wild turkey and finches. There are reports of Red Tail Hawks and Goshawks. 2- Does the project site include nesting grounds for migratory birds?

X Yes No 3- Will the nesting sites be disturbed?

X Yes No 4- Is there evidence of game birds on the project site?

X Yes No If yes, list the types of game birds. Partridge, pheasant, Mallard Ducks, Canada Geese, wild turkey and goshawks. 5- Are there any threatened or endangered bird species on or near the proposed site?

Yes X No If yes, list any and all known threatened or endangered bird species that may be impacted as a result of activities on the proposed site.



Bird Species Name (Common and/or Latin) Endangered Threatened

B. For Endangered Species Information go to www.dec.state.ny.us X. Air “We listen and heart the voices of the four winds. We are assured that they are following the instructions of the Creator. They bring us strength. They come from the four directions. For this we give greetings and thanks. Now our minds are one.”

1- Describe the quantity and type of emissions (dust, sulfur dioxide, smoke, steam, etc.) that will result from activities at the proposed site. Provide any emissions calculations, engineering design information, etc… at the end of this document. Emissions will include hydrocarbon residue and smoke from organics during prescribed burning activities. 2- Describe any odors and the nature of the odor, its source, and any possible effects on human receptors that may be associated with activities at the proposed site. Odors will occur during and after prescribed burning activities. These odors will be from the organic fuels burning and will be temporary. 3- Describe the measures that will be utilized to reduce or control emissions or odors associated with activities at the proposed site. Include any engineering designs or contractor specifications related to emission or odor control, if available, at the end of this document.

CIII. Measures taken will be directly from the Fire Management Plan as it relates to prescribed burning methodologies.

http://www.dec.state.ny.us/



XI. Noise “The thunderers we call our Grandfathers we give greetings and thanks. You have also been given certain responsibilities by the Creator. We see you roaming the sky carrying with you water to renew life. You loud voices are heard from time to time and for the protection and medicine you give, we offer our thanksgiving. Now our minds are one.”

1- List types (equipment, traffic, machinery and construction), time and level of noise that will be generated as a result of activities at the proposed site. There will be a temporary increase in noise during Fire Management Activities. Noises include 115 Db sirens, public address systems, high rev gas/diesel engines and radio traffic. Due to the remoteness of the activities there will be little or no impact on any population areas. 2- Describe the measures that may be taken to monitor, reduce or control the production of noise and its impacts at the proposed site.

None



XII. Energy and Natural Resources “Our thoughts now turn to the sky. We see the sun, the source of life. We are instructed to call him our Elders Brother. With the sun we can see the perfect gifts which we are grateful. Our Brother sun nourishes Mother Earth and is the source of light and warmth. Our Brother is the source of all fires of life. With every new sunrise is a new miracle. Now our minds are one.” 1- Describe the types of energy resources (electric, solar, natural gas, propane, wood, coal, etc.) that will be utilized as a result of activities at the proposed site. Provide estimates of the amounts of each resource that will be required for the activities at the site. Petroleum will be used to fuel the all terrain vehicles needed to implement the Fire Management Plan. Typically 100 gallons of diesel fuel and approximately 50 gallons of gasoline will be used each year.



2- Describe any types of alternative forms of energy (solar, bio-mass, etc.) that will be used in activities at the proposed site. Provide estimates on the amounts of conventional energy sources they will replace. Manpower will be used in terrain too difficult for mechanized methods. 3- Describe any types of energy conservation methods that will be utilized on the proposed site.

None XIII. Environmental Health 1- Are there any hazards (chemical, biological, physical, electrical, etc.) that may result from activities at the proposed site?

X Yes No If yes, describe to whom the hazards will present danger. There will be physical and mechanical hazards while operating all-terrain vehicles on unimproved roads and/or unknown terrain. Slip/Trip and fall hazards will be encountered while walking and working in these areas.



2- Is there any potential for exposure, by anyone, to toxic chemicals?

Yes X No If yes, list the chemicals by common or trade name and the quantity involved, potential effects, and the potential routes for exposure. Also indicate the populations and the proximity of those at greatest potential for exposure. Chemical Name Quantity Effects Population Proximity Bad stuff 1gal/day sneezing Raq. Pt 1 mi. east 3- Is there a risk for fire and/or explosion as a result of activities at the proposed site?

X Yes No If yes, describe sources and types of combustibles or explosive materials that may be used, stored or handled at the site.

CIV. There will be drip torches utilizing gasoline or kerosene to ignite fires during prescribed burning activities. Scheduling trained firefighting personnel and equipment to be on site will mitigate hazards. 4- Will there be a risk for spillage of any materials as a result of activities at the proposed site?

Yes X No If yes, describe the material type, volumes used, storage tank volumes and transport container volumes.



Is there a potential for the generation of fumes as a result of activities at the proposed site?

Yes X No 6- Describe the waste disposal practices that will be utilized at the proposed site. Provide estimates on the amounts of and types of waste that may be generated.

None XIV. Light and glare

“During the night time we see the moon. We have been instructed to address her as

our Grandmother. In her cycle she makes her face new in harmony with other female

life. Our natural cycles of women. She determines the arrival of children, causes the

tides of the oceans and she also helps us measure time. Our Grandmother continues

to lead us. We are grateful and express our thanksgiving. Now our minds are one.”

1- Describe any sources of light being planned for the proposed site.

None 2- Are the types of lights being planned for the proposed site expected to produce any glare?

Yes X No 3- Is any source of light being planned for the proposed site expected to produce any known safety hazard?



Yes X No 4- What times of day are planned sources of light expected to be used for the proposed site?

Not applicable XV. Transportation

“The Stars are the helpers of Grandmother Moon. They have spread themselves all across the sky. Our people knew their names and their messages of future happenings even to helping to mold individual character of mankind. The Stars provide us with guidance and they bring the dew to the plant life. As we view the beauty of the Stars we know that they too are following the instructions of the Creator. Now our minds are one.”

1- Describe how activities at the proposed site will affect currently constructed public streets and highways as well as the projected number of vehicles per day activities at the proposed site are expected to produce.

CV. It will not, activities will occur on unimproved, non-existent or unrecognized roadways. 2- Describe any parking areas that are being planned for the proposed site.

None 3- Describe any new highway or street construction being planned for the proposed site. If any engineering designs are available attach to the end of this document.

None



4- Will current highway and street maintenance activities be affected by activities at the proposed site?

Yes X No If yes, how? Historical preservation

“The four powerful spirit beings who have been assigned by the Creator to guide us both

by day and night are called the Sky Dwellers. Our Creator directed these helpers to

assist him in dealing with us during our journey on Mother Earth. They know our

every act and they guide us with the teachings that the Creator established. For the

power of direction, we give greetings and thanks to the Sky Dwellers. Now our minds

are one.”

1- Are there any known or suspected historical sites that may be located on the proposed site?

Yes No 2- Is there a presence of, known or suspected, buildings that may be considered historical landmarks?

Yes No 3- Is the proposed site known for traditional uses, historic or current?

Yes No



XVII. Cultural Preservation

“We now turn our thoughts to the Creator himself. We choose our finest words to give

thanks and greetings to him. He has prepared all things on earth for our peace of

mind. Then he said, “I will now prepare a place for myself where no one will know my

face, but I will be listening and keeping watch on the people moving about the earth.”

And indeed, we see that all things are faithful to their duties as he has instructed

them. We will therefore gather our minds into one and give thanks to the Creator.

Now our minds are as one.”

1- Does the proposed site include any known or suspected ceremonial areas?

Yes No 2- Does the proposed site include any known or suspected burial grounds?

Yes No 3- Does the proposed site include any known or suspected archeological resources?

Yes No

For Historic information contact: Sheree Bonaparte, Tribal Historic Preservation Officer,

at 358 – 2272 extension 165



Status of Environmental Checklist Date Filed: Reviewed by: Name Title Date Comments The St. Regis Mohawk Tribe, Environment Division met on , to discuss the contents of the environmental assessment filed by , on the above date and has made the determination that: 1. The responses to the environmental assessment have indicated little or no environmental impacts and the Environment Division GRANTS CATEGORICAL ECLUSION STATUS for this project. 2. The responses to environmental assessment have positively met all environmental concerns the Environment Division currently has, and RECOMMENDS APPROVAL for the project to proceed to the thirty-day public comment period. 3. The responses to the environmental assessment have not positively or conclusively met all environmental concerns the Environment Division currently has, and REQUESTS ADDITIONAL INFORMATION. 4. The responses to the environmental assessment have indicated a significant impact(s) and the need for an ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT to be performed for the proposed project. 5. The responses to the environmental assessment indicate a significant negative impact(s) to the environment and to the resources of the St. Regis Mohawk Reservation and RECOMMENDS DISAPPROVAL OF THE PROJECT. Signed:

Name Title Date



LIST OF ACRONYMS USED IN THIS DOCUMENT

AMR Appropriate Management Response EACC Eastern Area Coordination Center FMO Fire Management Officer FMU Fire Management Unit ICS Incident Command System MIST Minimum Impact Suppression Tactics NECC New England Coordination Center NIFC National Interagency Fire Center (Boise) NWCG National Wildfire Coordinating Group HAVFD Hogansburg Akwesasne Volunteer Fire Department SACS Shared Application Computer System

SRMT St. Regis Mohawk Tribe



Table I: Mohawk Nation Territory At Akwesasne

Wildland Fire Statistics December, 1989-June, 2003

Month/Year Grass/Brush Log/Tree Marsh

March, 1990 10 1 0 April, 1990 13 0 0 June, 1990 1 0 0

August, 1990 1 0 0 October, 1990 1 0 0

November, 1990 1 0 0 April, 1991 17 0 0 July, 1991 11 2 0

August, 1991 1 2 0 September, 1991 1 0 1

October, 1991 4 0 0 November, 1991 2 1 0 December, 1991 2 0 0

April, 1992 19 0 0 May, 1992 10 0 0 June, 1992 3 0 0 July, 1992 1 0 0

September, 1992 1 0 0 November, 1992 1 0 0 December, 1992 1 0 0

April, 1993 2 0 0 May, 1993 2 0 0

November, 1993 1 0 0 April, 1994 8 0 0 May, 1994 5 0 0

October, 1994 7 0 0 November, 1994 1 0 0

April, 1995 31 0 0



May, 1995 20 0 0 Month/Year Grass/Brush Log/Tree Marsh June, 1995 1 0 0 July, 1995 1 0 0


October, 1995 11 0 0 March, 1996 7 0 0 April, 1996 5 0 0 May, 1996 8 0 0 June, 1996 1 0 0

September, 1996 1 0 0 October, 1996 1 0 0

November, 1996 3 0 0 April, 1997 32 0 0 May, 1997 6 0 0 July, 1997 4 0 0


October, 1997 6 0 0 April, 1998 34 0 0 May, 1998 6 0 0 July, 1998 0 1 0


May, 1999 14 0 0 October, 1999 0 4 0

November, 1999 5 0 0 March, 2000 6 0 0 May, 2000 2 0 0

August, 2000 1 0 0 December, 2000 1 0 0

April, 2001 49 0 0 May, 2001 15 0 0



July, 2001 2 0 0 Month/Year Grass/Brush Log/Tree Marsh August, 2001 2 0 0


November, 2001 4 0 0 December, 2001 1 0 0

March, 2002 1 0 0 April, 2002 16 0 0 May, 2002 2 0 0 July, 2002 1 0 0

September, 2002 6 1 0 December, 2002 0 0 1

April, 2003 29 0 0 May, 2003 5 0 0

Totals 483 12 2

Statistics for this table were provided by Frank Lacerenza, HAVFD Fire Chief. The statistics reflect all fire calls made by the department. Only the months when calls were made for wildland fire were included in this table. There was no data available documenting size of fire and/or acreage involved.

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