Introduction of Anatomy

By

Dr, Noura El Tahawy

Associate professor of Anatomy

Batterjee Medical College

Anatomy• Definition - anatome = up (ana) + cutting (tome)

• Disciplines of anatomy– Macroscopic

– Microscopic

– Developmental

– Neuroanatomy

• Approach to study of gross anatomyUpper extremity Back

Head and neck Thorax

Abdomen Pelvis and perineum

Lower extremity

Anatomical Position

• Body erect

• Head, eyes, toes directed forward

• Limbs at sides of body

• Palms directed forward

Anatomical Planes

• Median = vertical, front to back in midline

• Frontal (coronal) = vertical, perpendicular to median

• Horizontal (transverse) = parallel to floor, perpendicular to median, coronal

• Sagittal = vertical, parallel to median

Median plane

Of body

Of hand

Of foot

Sagittal plane

Transverseplane Coronal

plane

Coronal plane

Terms of Directions• Medial = closer to median plane

• Lateral = further from median plane

• Anterior (ventral) = towards front of body

• Posterior (dorsal) = towards back of body

• Superior (cephalic) = towards head

• Inferior (caudal) = towards bottom of feet

• Superficial = towards surface of body

• Deep = towards center of body

• Proximal = nearer origin or attachment

• Distal = further from origin or attachment

Terms of Movements

Terms of movements

• Flexion

• Extension

• Abduction

• Adduction

• Pronation

• Supination

• Circumduction

• Protraction

• Retraction

• Opposition

• Elevation

• Depression

• Lateral bending

• Rotation

• Inversion

• Eversion

• Hyperextension

Skeleton

• Rigid support for body and its parts

• Components of skeleton:– Bone

– Joints

– Structures associated with joints

– Cartilage

consisting of :

-Skull ( head )

-Vertebral column

-Ribs and Sternum

(ear ossicles and hyoid bone also)

Skeleton

Bonyframework of the body

1- The Axial Skeleton

* Bones of the Upper Limbshoulder girdles (clavicle and

scapula), and the upper limbs ( upper extremities)

*Bones of the Lower Limbthe pelvic girdles (coxal,

innominate or hip bone) and the lower extremities.

Skeleton2 - The Appendicular Skeleton

Types of Bones

• Long bones– Diaphysis = shaft

– Metaphysis = shaft adjacent to epiphysis

– Epiphysis = contain ossification center/s

• Short bones

• Flat bones

• Irregular bones

• Sesamoid bones

• Long bone (Fig. A .humerus. • E. Femur)

• Short bone: carpus and tarsus.

• Irregular bone: vertebrae, skull base, and (Fig. B .calcaneum )

• Flat bone: Skull, sternum, scapula (Fig. C. in the skull the two parietal bones separated by the sagittal suture)

•Pneumatic bone: paranasal sinuses

• Sesamoid bone (Fig. D. patella)

Types of Bones

Bone - Functions

• Protection

• Support

• Movement

• Calcium storage

• Housing blood-forming cells

• Articular cartilage• Epiphyseal line• Periosteal membrane• Compact Bone• Spongy Bone• The shaft has a central medullary cavity which is filled with bone marrow.• Central canal containing:Nutrient vessels and nerves

Structure of adult long bone

Blood Supply of long Bones

* Nutrient artery

* Epiphysial

* Periostealvessels

Metaphysial arteries

Bone Markings• Lines, ridges, crests

• Rounded elevations– Tuberosity, trochanter, tubercle– Protuberance– Malleolus

• Spines, processes

• Fossae, notches, grooves

• Foramina

• Canals

• Meatuses

• Heads and condyles

• Epicondyles

Spine of scapula

Crest oflesser tubercle

Spiral groove

Lateral supracondylarridge

Medial epicondyle

Greater tubercle

Coracoidprocess

MCQ• 1. Regarding the long bone all are true except

one:

• A. It consists of diaphysis, epiphysis& metaphysis

• B. It is supplied by articular, nutrient, epiphyseal& metaphyseal arteries

• C. The metaphysis is the area that is responsible for bone growth in length

• D. It has a medullary cavity that contains osteoblasts

MCQ

• Regarding the shapes of bones all are true except one:

• A. The short bone is formed of cancellous bone with a covering thin compact bone

• B. An Example of short bones is the carpal bones at the wrist

• C. The best example of flat bone is the base of the skull• D. The flat bone is formed of two laminae of compact bone

with a layer of spongy bone in between

MCQRegarding the Skeleton are true except one:

• A. There are two main subdivisions: Axial& appendicular skeletons

• B. The appendicular skeleton is formed of bones of the limbs

• C. The axial skeleton is formed of skull only• D. The axial skeleton is formed of skull, vertebral

column, sternum& ribs

The bones have the following functions except onea. Give the shape& framework of the bodyb. Provide attachment to musclesc. Secrete some hormones

d. Protect important vital structures

CartilagesCartilages

CartilagesCartilages

• Cartilage is a type of hard connective tissue.It is tough and resilient, It is devoid of nerves, blood vesselsand lymphatics.• It consists of cells termed chondrocytes (mature cartilage cells) and Matrix of connective tissue rich of fibres.• It resists compressive forces as well as long-term effects of pressure and friction (therefore it covers articular surfaces).• Cartilage has a high capacity of growth by multiplication of the chondroblasts.

PROPERTIES OF CARTILAGE

1) Hyaline cartilage

Laryngeal cartilagesCostal Cartilages

• Intervertebral disc

• Symphysis pubis

• Articular discs

2) White fibrocartilage:

White fibro cartilage

Example of

* Intervertebral Disc

3) Yellow elastic fibrocartilage:

Ear Pinna

• Regarding cartilage the following statements are true except one:

• A. It is tough & resilient connective tissue that contain chondrocytes

• B. It does not resist compressive forces

• C. It has a high capacity of growth& regeneration

• D. It is devoid of nerves, blood vessels & lymphatics

• Regarding the cartilage types the following statements are true except one:

• A. The hyaline cartilage is translucent, glossy& cover the articular surfaces of bones

• B. The Intervertebral disc is a hyaline a type of cartilage

• c. The ear pinna is yellow elastic fibrocartilage that is rich in elastic fibers

• C. An example of white fibrocartilage is the symphysis pubis

Thanks