INTRINSIC MOTIVATION, INTRINSIC MOTIVATION,

FLOW & ENJOYMENTFLOW & ENJOYMENT

Damon BurtonDamon Burton

University of IdahoUniversity of Idaho

RANK THESE 3 RANK THESE 3 TERMS ON TERMS ON BREADTHBREADTH

___ Intrinsic Motivation___ Intrinsic Motivation ___ Flow___ Flow ___ Enjoyment___ Enjoyment Which of these is the umbrella Which of these is the umbrella

term that the other 2 fall term that the other 2 fall underneath?underneath?

Which of these is the Which of these is the narrowest, most specific term? narrowest, most specific term?

INTERNAL INTERNAL MOTIVATION MOTIVATION

EnjoymentIntrinsic

MotivationExtrinsic

MotivationFlow

CONTEXT FOR CONTEXT FOR SPORT SPORT

ENJOYMENT ENJOYMENT Enjoyment is one of 5 components of Enjoyment is one of 5 components of

Scanlan et al.’s (1991)Scanlan et al.’s (1991) Sport Sport Commitment ModelCommitment Model

Sport Commitment Sport Commitment is a is a “psychological construct “psychological construct representing the desire and resolve representing the desire and resolve to continue sport participation.”to continue sport participation.”

ORIGIN OF SPORT ORIGIN OF SPORT COMMITMENT COMMITMENT

MODELMODEL Scanlan et al.’s (1991)Scanlan et al.’s (1991) Sport Sport

Commitment Model Commitment Model was based on was based on Rusbult’s (1983) model for predicting Rusbult’s (1983) model for predicting commitment to romantic relationships.commitment to romantic relationships.

Rusbult’s model has been successfully Rusbult’s model has been successfully adapted to predict commitment to adapted to predict commitment to work.work.

SPORT COMMITMENT SPORT COMMITMENT MODELMODEL

Sport EnjoymentSport Enjoyment Involvement AlternativesInvolvement Alternatives Personal InvestmentsPersonal Investments Involvement OpportunitiesInvolvement Opportunities Social ConstraintsSocial Constraints

SPORT ENJOYMENT SPORT ENJOYMENT DEFINEDDEFINED

EnjoymentEnjoyment is “a positive is “a positive affective response to the affective response to the sport experience that sport experience that reflects generalized feelings reflects generalized feelings of pleasure, liking and fun.” of pleasure, liking and fun.”

Greater enjoyment should Greater enjoyment should promote enhanced promote enhanced commitment and motivation.commitment and motivation.

INVOLVEMENT INVOLVEMENT ALTERNATIVES ALTERNATIVES

DEFINEDDEFINED Involvement AlternativesInvolvement Alternatives

represent “the represent “the attractiveness of the most attractiveness of the most preferred alternative(s) to preferred alternative(s) to continued participation in continued participation in the current activity.”the current activity.”

The more attractive the The more attractive the alternatives, the lower the alternatives, the lower the commitment.commitment.

PERSONAL PERSONAL INVESTMENTS INVESTMENTS

DEFINEDDEFINED Personal InvestmentsPersonal Investments are are

“resources that are put into “resources that are put into the activity which cannot be the activity which cannot be recovered if participation is recovered if participation is discontinued.” discontinued.”

It includes expenditures of It includes expenditures of time, effort and money.time, effort and money.

Increasing investments should Increasing investments should enhance commitmentenhance commitment

INVOLVEMENT INVOLVEMENT OPPORTUNITIES OPPORTUNITIES

DEFINEDDEFINED Involvement OpportunitiesInvolvement Opportunities are are

“valued opportunities that are “valued opportunities that are present only through continued present only through continued involved in a sport activity.”involved in a sport activity.”

Included would be sport mastery, Included would be sport mastery, spending time with friends, or spending time with friends, or chance to obtain extrinsic chance to obtain extrinsic rewards.rewards.

Greater involvement Greater involvement opportunities should promote opportunities should promote increased commitment.increased commitment.

SOCIAL CONSTRAINTS SOCIAL CONSTRAINTS DEFINEDDEFINED

Social ConstraintsSocial Constraints are “social are “social expectations or norms which create expectations or norms which create feelings of obligation to remain in the feelings of obligation to remain in the activity.” activity.”

For example, playing to please For example, playing to please parents would be a social constraint. parents would be a social constraint.

Feelings of obligation should lower Feelings of obligation should lower self-determination, so commitment self-determination, so commitment should be highest when social should be highest when social constraints are low.constraints are low.

ENJOYMENT ENJOYMENT DIMENSIONSDIMENSIONS

EnjoymentEnjoyment can be derived from can be derived from both intrinsic and extrinsic both intrinsic and extrinsic sources.sources.

EnjoymentEnjoyment can be a product of can be a product of both achievement (e.g., goal both achievement (e.g., goal attainment) and attainment) and nonachievement (i.e., social nonachievement (i.e., social affiliation) outcomes. affiliation) outcomes.

EnjoymentEnjoyment is a great motivator. is a great motivator.

ENJOYMENT ENJOYMENT MOTIVATIONAL MOTIVATIONAL CONSEQUENCESCONSEQUENCES

Extensive participation motivation research Extensive participation motivation research has shown that kids participate to has shown that kids participate to experience fun and enjoyment. experience fun and enjoyment.

Scanlan & Lewthwaite (1986)Scanlan & Lewthwaite (1986) found a .70 found a .70 correlation between wrestlers’ seasonal correlation between wrestlers’ seasonal enjoyment & desire for future participation.enjoyment & desire for future participation.

Scanlan, Stein & Ravizza (1989)Scanlan, Stein & Ravizza (1989) revealed revealed that skaters enjoyment enhanced their that skaters enjoyment enhanced their desire to continue skating, to expend high desire to continue skating, to expend high effort and their perceptions of effort effort and their perceptions of effort expenditure. expenditure.

DR. C’S ENJOYMENT DR. C’S ENJOYMENT SOURCESSOURCES

competition/measuring self competition/measuring self against others,against others,

development of personal skillsdevelopment of personal skillsfriendships/companionship,friendships/companionship,activity itself,activity itself,enjoyment of experience/use of enjoyment of experience/use of

skills,skills,measuring self against own ideals,measuring self against own ideals,prestige/rewards/glamour, andprestige/rewards/glamour, andemotional release.emotional release.

SPORT SPORT ENJOYMENT MODELENJOYMENT MODEL

INDUCTIVE CONTENT INDUCTIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS PROCESSANALYSIS PROCESS

SKATER ENJOYMENT SKATER ENJOYMENT RESULTSRESULTS

The EndThe End