intravascular ultrasound for complex cases the practical
TRANSCRIPT
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Intravascular Ultrasound for Complex Cases
The Practical Value of IVUS
Shigeru Nakamura M.D.
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Intravascular ultrasound imaging provides short axis information about the vessel. Image quality is not as clear as for angiography, which perhaps explains why the majority of interventional cardiologists don’t like it, but reviewing the IVUS tapes enables you to see what you missed under angiography and you can learn lot from IVUS .
An operator trying to improve his/her coronary interventionalskills must be familiar with IVUS…..
What IVUS gives us: Lumen areaVesselPlaque (soft?, calcified?, location?)
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(1) Using IVUS to find lesions
Angiography provides longitudinal information, and sometimes misses very short lesions (“napkin ring” stenosis).
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Intermediate stenosis by angiography
Straight caudal projectionRAO caudal projection
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LAO caudal view IVUS
Movie.1
LesionAngioscopy
Movie.2
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Lesion treated with a 9.0x 3.5mm NIR stent
15atm 18atm
1st dilatation at 15atm, then IVUS, then 2nd dilatation up to 18atm.
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Final angiography
AngioscopyMovie.3
RAO caudal
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POBA
LAO caudalStraight caudal
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Angiography merely shows intermediate stenosis while IVUS reveals critical eccentric low hypo-echoic plaque. Angioscopy showed yellow eccentric plaque.
A short 3.5mm NIR stent was implanted at 15atm. IVUS showedpoor stent-expansion. Inflation pressure increased to 18 atm.
Final angiography suggested a good result; IVUS revealed plaque is still not adequately compressed. Angioscopy showed protrusion from the stent struts.
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(2) Which is the true lumen?
The patient had undergone rotablation and balloon dilatation 3 months previously. There is a parallel channel in the mid RCA. Before stenting, we made sure the wire was in the true lumen.Also there is an eccentric stenosis at the RCA ostium, which we stented with a 3.5mm Multilink at 18atm. The mid RCA was stented with a 3.5mmx 24mm S670 at 12atm.
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3 Months After Rota + Balloon
Which is the true lumen?
RAO LAO
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cardiac
RAO cranial
eccentric ostial stenosis
Guidewire in place
atrium apex
pericardial
Pseudo-lumen
Connectionsite
Connectiosite
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Edge dissectionbut lumen paten t
3.5x 15mm Multilinkstent at 18 atm.
3.5x 24mm S670 at 12 atm.
Stented site
Distal to the sten t
3 month s follow up of dist al PTCA site.The lesion open due to “horse shoe”plaque disruption
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(3) Dissection
In this case, we “lost” the guiding catheter and systemfollowing recanalization of a CTO in the proximal RCA.There was a large spiral dissection from proximal to distal.
In order to ensure successful re-crossing with a guide wire, we have to make sure the wire in the true lumen.
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Are you in the true lumen?
BaselineBaseline
Post-recanalization spiral dissection
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White arrow shows the pseudo-lumen. The sharp marginal branch lumen take-off, seen by IVUS, shows the wire is in the true lumen.
AM branch
pseudolume n
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The lesion was successfully treated with two long stents.When you need to re-cross a spiral dissection, you can use IVUS to check whether or not your wire is in the true lumen.
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(4) Stenting Constricted Lesions
A simple lesion in the mid RCA, with vessel“shrinkage” or constriction.
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Baseline angiography
LAO RAO
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A
BC
D
A: Proximal referenceB: LesionC: Constriction siteD: Distal reference
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Side-branch dilatation Wire kept in the RV Post-dilatationPre-dilatation
2.5mm, 10atm. Multilink plus.3.5mm,9atm
2.5mm, 10atm.For RV branch
3.5mm,14atm
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Final angiogram
RAOLAO
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Pre Post
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(5) Negative Contrast Method
The recently-developed Atlantis catheter gives 40MHz imaging that picks up red blood-cell reflections. It can be difficult however to recognize the lumen surface.
In this situation, using contrast injection or saline flush should provide a clearer image.
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Proximal LAD lesion
RAO caudal LAO cranial
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Tightest Site of lesion
Standard image Saline flush
CVIS Atlantis IVUS catheter
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LAO caudal Flexi-Cut L
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LAO caudal
LAO cranial
RAO caudal
Post-DCA by Flexi-Cut L
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Final IVUS Image of Lesion
Standard image Saline flush Movie.4
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When using negative contrast, catheter position is sometimesaffected by the force of the flushing motion.
To avoid this problem, hold the IVUS catheter.
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(6) Stent-edge dissection
Stent-edge dissection can be very difficult to be treat.
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Stenting a CTO in a diffusely-diseased RCA
LAO After stenting
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Visible edge-dissection between stents
A
B
RAO view
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Follow up angiography shows stent-restenosis at 3 months
A
B
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Distal-edge dissection
Dissection extending to the neo-intima.At follow up, enlarged vessel size reveals vessel remodeling.
*
noontime(1)
(2)
(3)* : proliferatio n
Remodeling
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(7) IVUS-guided Stent Implantation
Key points for IVUS-guided stenting
1) Complete apposition of stent struts to the vessel wall.2) Stent-lumen CSA larger than the distal reference lumen area.3) Symmetric expansion.
But how do you get symmetric expansion?
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Baseline IVUS imaging
Proximal ref.
Lesion
Irregularlumensurface
Distal ref.
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Stent Implantation
stentproximal
stentcenter
stentdistal
Multilink stent 4.0mm at 10atm.
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IUVS showed asymmetric stent-expansion.Higher pressure deployed (16atm).
4.0mm at 16atm.
Still insufficient expansion
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Additional inflation with short non-compliant balloon.
Worse expansion than before4.0x 9.0mm non-compliant
balloon at 18atm.
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Balloon downsized to improve symmetry of expansion
3.5mm at 20atm.
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Final angiogram
RAO caudal shows good dilationSpider view shows indentation at the stented site.
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6 months follow up angiography
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ML 4.0mm,10atmPre- 4.0mm,16atm
6 months f/u3.5mm, 20atm4.0mm, 18atm
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Baseline IVUS shows eccentric non-calcified plaque.4.0mm Multilink stent implanted at 10atm resulted in asymmetric expansion and poor luminal area.
Use of a 4.0 non-compliant balloon at 18 atm only resulted in worse symmetry. A 4.5mm balloon would risk a perforation.
Downsizing the balloon and increasing the pressure improvesstent symmetry but not the lumen area. This is the step-back method of eccentric expansion.
Follow up angiography showed no restenosis. IVUS showed neo-intimal proliferation.
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IVUS-guided DCA
(8) Understanding plaque location in the LAD
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How to use IVUS Guidance
IVUS imaging gives a view along the artery from proximal to
distal.
The upper side of the IVUS image is not necessarily the
surface of the heart. The image may be upside-down or rotated.
Anatomical landmarks (side branches) are very important for
understanding plaque location. Understanding the theory of
branching is crucial for DCA.
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diagonal
circumflex septal
Anatomical Theory of Branching in the Left Coronary Artery
If image top is the pericardium site,
Cx : 7 to 8 o’clock
diagonal : about 9 o’clock
septal: 4 to 5 o’clock
branching off
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The pericardial site is not always at the top of the IVUS image.
The operator must rotate his/her own mental image to match
rotation of the IVUS image.
Picture the diagonal branch at 9 o’clock.l
Circum
flex
sept
al
diagonal
Circumflex septal
diag
ona
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Key IVUS Image in the LCA is the diagonal branch.
The diagonal and the LAD branch off along the same geometricplane. This plane is almost parallel to the pericardium.Orient the diagonal ostium at 9 o’clock in your mind and for all other IVUS imaging.Now the pericardium is at the top, the cardiac site is at the bottom,RV on the right , and LV on the left.
Pericardium site
LV RV
diagonal
circumflex septal
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Stenosis in the mid LAD but where exactly is the plaque?
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left coronary artery
diagonal
circumflex septal
Rotated images
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pericardium sitecircumflex
5 o’clock
Plaque location is at a 130o
(clockwise) rotation from thediagonal branch.
he same direction as the septalbranch.
LV site RV site diagonalKey image In t
lesionCha mber site
8 o’clock
septal9o’clock
Image the diagonal branch at 9 o’clock.
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lesion
The plaque is on the septal side
RAO 30 cranial 30 septal
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lesion
diagonalLAO 45 cranial 30
Plaque is opposite the diagonal
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LAO 60 caudal 30
Plaque is opposite the diagonal
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IVUS-guided DCA
(9) Understanding IVUS guidance in the RCA
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Anatomical Theory of Branching in the Right Coronary Artery
LAO 50
Distal RCA turning round tow ards the ostiu m
According to anatomy,imaging the upside of the artery will necessitate a different direction fromcoronary angiography
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Using Key Branches
The posterior descending (PD) branch usually branches off
almost perpendicular to the distal RCA. The PD is coming
towards you when you image the RCA using the LAO
projection on the angio-monitor.
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atrium
Key Image of the RCA
RAO view
apex
Pericardium
PD branching direction
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Rotate the PD to 3 o’clock in your mind and for all IVUS images.
After rotation, the cardiac side is on top, the pericardium on the bottom, right apex on the right, and the atrium on the left
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RV branches
Posterior descending branch
Sinus node artery
LAO 140 cranial
Different Directions of RV branches
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pericardiu m
pericardiu m
pericardiu m
atrium apex
Rotated image with PD branch
set to 3o’clock
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LAO 50Plaque is at the pericardial site
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RAO 30
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Orient the cutter-window towards the lateral branch. That is your start-position.Rotate 90o clockwise. Also rotate 90o anti-clockwise rotation from start-position.
LAO 50LAO 50
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Post-DCA
Pre-
Post-DCA
LAO 50
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For DCA in the RCA, the support wire can alter artery shape.
Make sure you re-check the lesion using contrast.
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(10) DCA in the ostial LAD
Severely-angled CX branches
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RAO 30 Caudal 25
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LAO 60 Caudal 30
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LAO 45 Cranial 30
Pre DCA
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Anti-clock wise rotation from the CX
60o anti-clock wise rotation from the CX
120o anti-clock wise rotation from the CX
180ocounter clock wise rotation from the CX
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First DCA
RAO 30 caudal 25
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Repeat IVUS and repeat atherectomy
Face the cutter-window towards the circumflex and rotate anti-clockwise for 180 o.
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LAO 60 caudal 30RAO 30caudal 25
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IVUS Guidance enhances plaque removal.
ostial LAD plaque
Pre 1st. DCA 2nd DCA Final
LAD and Cx
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IVUS will usually be used >3 times during your DCA procedure to check the evolving vessel situation.
IVUS is useful for verifying plaque removal and the directionof any additional atherectomy.
The new Flexi-Cut system removes more plaque than previous devices. One point of caution, however, is that it is harder to feel the plaque being cut, so be on your guard against coronaryperforation.
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Summary
IVUS is not necessary for all coronary interventions.But there is no question that it helps you understand what is happening during coronary intervention.
It really does take you “beyond angiography”.