GROUP ( 4 )

WEST YANGON TECHNOLOGICAL

UNIVERSITY

ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-2013

INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN

PRESENTATION

1. Zin Htoo Naw - (I.H.Ar-1)

2.  Aung Ye Paing - (I.H.Ar-8)

3. Thet Myat Moe Kyaw - (I.H.Ar-25)

4. Hlyam Pyae Kyaw Htay - (I.H.Ar-27)

5. Thin Tha Zin - (I.H.Ar-51)

6. Thiha Min Hein - (I.H.Ar-82)

7. Ei Thandar Aung - (I.H.Ar-93)

8. Wai Wai Hlaing - (I.H.Ar-119)

9. Moe Pwint Phyu - (I.H.Ar-127)

10. Khun Sein Shwe - (I.H.Ar-142)

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

BASIC DESIGN ELEMENTS

POINT

VOLUME

LINEPLANE

the foundation in every architecture design

smallest part and the most basic element

a geometric element in space with zero dimensions

owns its basics in width and length, and the smallest area.

POINT

A point can make people look and concentrate at as it directs attentions.

One point a center or a mole or a concentration

of forms or objects near or close together.

Two points make a connection and see a line.

Three points to interpret them as a triangle

A number of points can create different elements that are important to showcase a design

Any object, of course, is made up of millions of points.

Therefore, a point is unavoidable in architecture design.

a visual element of length

an elementary design basic

defines the position and direction of design

the connection of two or more dots or points

have length, but not volume

LINE

Vertical Lines dignity, formal feeling, strength

Horizontal Lines peaceful and calming effect, informal feeling.

Diagonal Lines unstable, feeling of movement and direction

Curved Lines graceful, create softness, elegance and movement, and evoke nature

The Space Needle

Architect - John Graham and company

Year - 1961-1962 (was built for the 1962 World’s flair)

Place - Washington, United States

This is the observation tower and also a landmark of the Pacific Northwest which is a symbol of Seattle.

A two dimensional formA level surface with length and width but not depth.A flat plane can be formed by point (zero dimension), line (one dimension), and shape

( two or three dimension).

PLANE

In architecture we manipulate three generic types of planes.1. Over Head Plane {Ceiling Plane or Roof Plane}2. Wall Plane {Vital for enclose of architecture, active in our field of vision}3. Base Plane {with ground plane the building can merge, rested firmly or be elevated above it}

The principles of architectural design can be applied to various types of plane for greater effect and

resulting statement relative to the design solution.

A plane may be flat, curve, twisted, shaped, solid, open or transparent. We may be concerned with its

surfaces, edges or inner structure.

Combination of planes form a volume

Conceptually has 3 Dimension ( length, width, depth )

Solid enclosed weighty mass

Different Types of volume (Sphere, Cylinder, Pyramid, Cube, Cone )

VOLUME

In architecture, a volume can be seen to be either a portion of space contained and defined by wall, floor, and ceiling or roof planes or a quantity of space displaced by the mass of a building

Plan and section – space defined by wall, floor and ceiling

Elevation – space displaced by the mass of a building.

La-Tete-au-Carre, Nice, France

Berlin Zeiss Planetarium, Berlin, Germany

Architect – Yves Bayard Francis ChapuisYear – 1996

Architect – Erhard GiBkeYear – 1985

ELEMENTS OF DESIGNLINE AND DIRECTION

TEXTURE

SHAPESIZE

PATTERNCOLOR

LINE AND DIRECTIONEvery line has direction. Direction is the way of line leading to a place or point. The direction of a line can convey mood. Line communicates emotion and states of mind through its character and directions.

The Church of Hullgrimur, Reykjarvik, Iceland

All lines have direction horizontal quiet, calm vertical poise, balance, firm support oblique transitional, dynamic, movement converging motion, direction diverging motion, direction radiating motion, direction

The four primary directions are – horizontal, vertical, Left oblique and right oblique.

Flatiron Building, Chicago, USA Grand Lisboa, Macau, China

SHAPE A basic component of design Two or more than lines join to shape Can be 2D or 3D ( Geometric or Organic )

Evokes a responsive emotion in the viewer

The forms and types of shape will provide varied responses, utilized by the architect to create an emotion in accordance with the intended design solution

Geometric Shape – Basic Shapes ( square, circle, triangle )Natural Shape – shapes that replicate or imitate items found within our natural environment Abstract Shape – alters or abstracts it to reduce the shape to its apparent essenceNon-objective Shape – shape unrelated to the natural or geometric world

London City Hall, England

Architect – Sir Norman Foster

Year – 1999-2001

Water Cube, Beijing Olympic, ChinaArchitect – Chris Bosses & Rob Leslie Carter

The Agbar Tower, Barcelona, Spain

SIZE Biggness or smallness of an area

Make closer objects appear larger and distant objects appear smaller

An important element of arts

large, small, scale, proportion, fit, monumental, miniature = size

Scale and proportion are concerned with the relative size - the relation of one object to another and the mathematical ratio

The size of the people living in a house should be taken into consideration when choosing furniture

Dammanyangyi Pagoda, Bagan,Myanmar

Colosseum, Rome, ItalyAbibliotheca Alexandrina, Elshataby, Egypt

TEXTURE The surface quality of an

object, both simulated and actual, of artwork

The roughness or smoothness

The sensation of a tactile surface

An element of two-dimensional and three-dimensional design

Actual, or tactile, texture can actually be felt by the sense of touch

Visual, or simulated, texture can’t actually be felt but

is suggested in visual sensations

Soumaya Museum, Granada, Mexico

Textures are affected by light and affect the way colors are perceived.

Texture has visual and physical properties.

hard or soft dull or shiny

rough or smooth cool or warm

clear or opaque

The Yardmaster’s Building, Melbourne, Australia

Architect – Mc Bride Charles Ryan

Montreal Biosphere, Montreal, Canada

Architect –Richard Buckminster Fuller

PATTERNBeauty in surface pattern is produced by –

Excellent design in individual motifs or unitsFine arrangement of the units in a repeat patternHarmony of line between an article and its decorationDefinite character or personalityHonesty in technique

We most often associate patterns with fabrics, but there is pattern is almost every surface we use in interiors from flooring, to countertops, ceramics, and wall coverings

Natural patterns like pattern on polished solid granite countertops may add visual appeal or interest to a home design

101, Taipei, Taiwan

Cubic Houses ( KubusWoringen ) , Rotherdan, Netherlands

Air Force Academy Chapel, Colorado, USA

COLOR the most descriptive and

expressive element of visual art design produce by the light ray

reflects of a surface. create mood and emotion possess an immediate and profound effect on a design.

Color is made up of:Primary Color (Red, Yellow, Blue)Secondary Color (Orange, Violet, Green)Intermediate Color (Red Orange, Yellow Green)Complementary Color

The Properties of Color:Hue refers to the pure state of a colorValue refers to the lightness or darkness of a colorSaturation refers to the brightness or dullness of a color, as intensity or chroma.

The Color wheel, a visual representation of the elements and principles of design.

Warm color feeling of warmth, come forward and decrease visual appeal

Cool color feeling of coolness come recede into the distance and increase visual appeal

Color is powerful in creating mood and feeling.Color therapy is a popular topic in the rapid paced modern world.

Shah Mosque, Isfahan, IranDutch Institute for Sound and Vision Hilversan, Netherland

St.Basil’s Cathedral, Moscow, Russia

PRINCIPLES OF DESIGNHARMONY AND CONTRAST

GRADATION

BALANCEREPETITION

UNITY AND DOMINANCERHYTHM

PROPORTION

HARMONY AND CONTRASTIn architecture, harmony can be described as the pleasing interaction or appropriate orderly combination of the elements in a composition.

Harmony can be of Color, tone Direction Proportion, form Repetition of forms or Shapes Texture

The purpose of contrast is to create a greater sense of the element in relation to its surroundings

vertical vs. horizontal light vs. dark solid vs. patterned large vs. smallstraight vs. curved soft vs. hard

Comparison of Contrast:

Strong Contrast

Strong Impact

Jumeirah Emirates Tower, Dubai, UAE

Architect – Hazel W.S. Wong Nor

56 storey Hotel, world 3rd tallest hotel

National Congress Building, Brazil

One of the key design principle

The distribution of visual weights of design elements within a composition

Strives for a state of equilibrium in order to create a sense of tranquility

Balance can be achieved in varying ways—symmetrical/asymmetrical, vertical/horizontal

BALANCE

Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpar,Malaysia

Equal or mirror image appearances across a central or vertical axis

Formal , ordered, stable, tranquility and quiet

Feeling of boring due to its grandeur effect

Visual weights are equivalent but not equally identical

Informality, coolness , and dynamism

Feeling of interesting due to its vibrant effect

The difference between Formal Balance and Informal Balance

Taj Mahal, India

Taj Mahal is widely recognized as “the jewel of Muslim art in India” was completed at the end of 1648 AD, is credited to the Mughal emperon Shah Jahan who erected this mausoleum in the memory of his beloved wife, Arjumand Bano Begum, popularly known as Mamtaz Mahal who died in AH1040(AD 1630).

Leaning Tower of Pisa

The leaning tower of Pisa is known worldwide for its unintended tilt to one side, is designed by Bonanno Pisano is situated in Italy

REPETITION

Repetition with variation is interesting, without variation repetition can become monotonous

Repetition can be the repeated elements spread out from a central point which makes the repeated elements slowly become smaller or larger

Exact Repetition

Varied Repetition

Alternate Repetition

expressed in a regular, uniform and monotonous sequenceexpressed in different sequencesproduced by repeating one or more

aspects

Esplanade Theatres, Singapore

GRADATIONGradation is a particular combination of harmony and contrast

Gradation can be line, direction, shape, size, value and color. Gradation can add interest and movement to a shape

Gradation is a common and basic form of natural order.

Gradation of colour from warm to cool and tone from dark to light produce aerial perspective

The gradation of light is also important in the field of the interior architecture

The gradation design are used in the conspicuous buildings such as landmarks, religious buildings and public buildings.

Shwedagon Pagoda, Yangon, Myanmar

The cobra towers in Kuwait

RHYTHM

any movement at regular or irregular intervals

the repetition of pattern in a sequence

has an emotional effect for people

an important design element

organize form and space in architecture

Spaces often recur to accommodate similar or repetitive functional requirements in the building program.

Windows and doors repeatedly puncture the surfaces of a building to allow light, air, views, and people to enter the interior.

Bodegas Ysios , Alava , Spain

John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australia

UNIY AND DOMINANCEIn modern architecture, architects use the mixture of unity and dominance principle for their building designs which can attract the viewers not only with the unity effect but also the effect of the dominance.

Unity - the relationship among the elements of a visual that helps all the elements function together

A good balance between unity and dominance must be established to avoid a chaotic or a lifeless design.

Dominance - created by contrasting size, positioning, colors, style, or shape.

Three Types of Dominance : 1. Dominant2. Sub-dominant 3. Sub-ordinate

Sydney Opera House, Australia

Atomium , Brussels, Belgium Cathedral of Brasilia, Brasil

Architect – Jorn Htzon

PROPORTIONOne of the most important concepts to use to create beautiful, harmonious interiors!

Proportion : Decision on the dimensions of the spaces of a building Dimension of plans and elevations Can be considered in 2D or 3D

The Golden Section The Modular Anthropomorphic The Renaissance Theories

The Order

Ken

Parthenon, Greece

The ratio between the two sections of a line, or the two dimensions of a plane figure

The Golden Section

The OrderA measurement system of the ancientGreeks and Romans architecture

The Renaissance Theories The ratios of the intervals of the Greek musical scale

Ken

Ken designate the interval between two columns and varied in size by 1:2 modularity

Modular A system that limits incremental changes of scale to a single unit of measurement

Anthropomorphic

 Human scale in architecture based on the dimensions and proportions of the human body

The Pyramids of Giza, Egypt

Notre Dame de Paris, France

FORM AND SPACE

SKELETAL

EXPRESSIVE FORM

TRANSFORMATION OF FORM

SKELETON Consists of a framework of columns and beams The body part that forms the supporting structure Abstracts form and manifests function Allows the viewers to interpret the change in shape

The skeletal form is a form possessing a discernible skeleton.

An object with a skeletal structure can be represented by a number of lines moving in different directions.

Using complex skeletons can easily be defined, articulated, and displayed.

A skeletal object constitutes a number of parts joined together as a series of limbs.

The Eiffel Tower, Paris

The Ruins, Philippines

Skeleton abstracts form and manifests function.In Architectural design, skeleton is used to mean the medial axis or axes of the shapes inner structure.

In Each skeletal element can readily define a surrounding volume, or primitive. The skeletal forms are used to give the aesthetic expression, especially in High-tech Architecture.

The Gloucester Cathedral, England

EXPRESSIVE FORMExpressive form can be defined as a particular organization of shape capable of arousing the emotional and intellectual participation of the individual.

The forms may be expressed from :

landscape

the human figure the dream

the legend and the myththe products of industry

the teeming complexities of nature commercial advertising

architecture town planning

Architects must be creative, aesthetic, and have formal aims in designing their work to contribute the sense of expressive form to the viewers. Here are the some.

Kansas City PublicLibrary, Missouri, USA

The Bird’s Nest Stadium, Beijing, ChinaThe Basket Building, Ohio, USA

TRANSFORMATION OF FORM

This principle is extensively used in architectural field

A process in which an object changes its form gradually in order to obtain another form

Dimensional Transformations Subtractive Transformations Additive Transformations

There are generally three types :

Turning Torso, Malmo, Spain

Dimensional Transformations - A form can be transformed by altering one or more of its dimensions and still retain its identity as a member of a family of forms

Subtractive Transformations - A form can be transformed into another family by subtracting the mother form.

Walt Disney Concert Hall

Additive Transformations - A form can be transformed by the addition of elements tom its volume.

This principle is normally depends on the imagination of the architect as it can be done in various ways.

Nakagin Capsule Towers, Tokyo, Japan

THIS IS THE END OF OUR PRESENTATION

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!