design intoduction
TRANSCRIPT
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7/30/2019 Design Intoduction
1/61
Product Design
andDesign Process
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7/30/2019 Design Intoduction
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Engineering Design
What is Design ?
As many definitions as many there are
designs
. becauseprocess of design is such a
common human experience
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7/30/2019 Design Intoduction
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http://images.google.com.pk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ericsson.com/bluetooth/image_archive/chatpen.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ericsson.com/bluetooth/news/photoarchi/&h=418&w=583&sz=16&tbnid=CYqGF-t4v_YJ:&tbnh=94&tbnw=131&start=202&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmobile%2Bphones%26start%3D200%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com.pk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.2u.co.uk/phones/images/nec-808y-front.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.2u.co.uk/phones/3_3g_mobile_phone_phones/nec-e808y.php&h=323&w=172&sz=54&tbnid=7cniMhuudSkJ:&tbnh=112&tbnw=60&start=155&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmobile%2Bphones%26start%3D140%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com.pk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.autotype.com/website/WebSite.nsf/files/imdfiles/%24file/colour-phones.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.autotype.com/imd&h=217&w=317&sz=11&tbnid=fSH9mZzzJQEJ:&tbnh=77&tbnw=112&start=119&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmobile%2Bphones%26start%3D100%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com.pk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.20squid.co.uk/images/phones/nokia-n-gage.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.20squid.co.uk/nokia-n-gage.htm&h=250&w=358&sz=24&tbnid=2IlQliOZY9IJ:&tbnh=81&tbnw=115&start=76&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmobile%2Bphones%26start%3D60%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com.pk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uk-cheap-mobile-phones.co.uk/mobile_phone_images_large/Nokia_6800.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.uk-cheap-mobile-phones.co.uk/SimFree2.asp%3FPhone%3D432%26Network%3DO2&h=219&w=142&sz=20&tbnid=wRZtTMJrT-YJ:&tbnh=101&tbnw=66&start=56&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmobile%2Bphones%26start%3D40%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com.pk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.penny-arcade.com/dl/phone2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.penny-arcade.com/&h=247&w=369&sz=24&tbnid=_4ofrqYeF9cJ:&tbnh=78&tbnw=116&start=51&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmobile%2Bphones%26start%3D40%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com.pk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.wateraid.org.uk/images/cm_images/Get_Involved/Fundraising_Toolkits/WA_pix/Tap-in-to-mobile-phones.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.wateraid.org.uk/site/get_involved/fundraising_toolkit/publicity/1339.asp&h=250&w=178&sz=11&tbnid=GhERUbYxZvUJ:&tbnh=105&tbnw=75&start=33&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmobile%2Bphones%26start%3D20%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com.pk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.lksf.org/big5/project/education/mst/mst/images/11a/Ericsson/Older%2520Mobile%2520Phones%2520.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.lksf.org/big5/project/education/mst/mst/images/11a/Ericsson.html&h=305&w=448&sz=40&tbnid=2TWbAChUJF4J:&tbnh=84&tbnw=123&start=21&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmobile%2Bphones%26start%3D20%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com.pk/imgres?imgurl=http://reviews.zdnet.co.uk/i/z/rv/2004/02/nokia-7600-300x336.gif&imgrefurl=http://reviews.zdnet.co.uk/hardware/mobilephones/0,39023925,39145297,00.htm&h=336&w=300&sz=36&tbnid=MGUJ5VhNYaAJ:&tbnh=114&tbnw=102&start=16&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmobile%2Bphones%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com.pk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ieec.binghamton.edu/ieec/teardown/images/53topb.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ieec.binghamton.edu/ieec/contents.htm&h=1520&w=1008&sz=159&tbnid=Whib-8y2eWQJ:&tbnh=149&tbnw=99&start=9&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmobile%2Bphones%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com.pk/imgres?imgurl=http://techdigestuk.typepad.com/tech_digest/sonyericssonp900.JPG&imgrefurl=http://techdigestuk.typepad.com/tech_digest/2003/12/&h=225&w=300&sz=35&tbnid=453qjR2rqScJ:&tbnh=83&tbnw=110&start=8&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmobile%2Bphones%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com.pk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fonetasticmobile.co.uk/img/phones/300x300_myx6.jpg&imgrefurl=http://mobile.whoohoo.co.uk/1/showphones.php%3Fitem%3D840&h=300&w=300&sz=52&tbnid=c5XhC2BkTlEJ:&tbnh=111&tbnw=111&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmobile%2Bphones%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com.pk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fonetasticmobile.co.uk/img/phones/300x300_gx20.jpg&imgrefurl=http://cheap-mobile-phones.fonetasticwarehouse.com/1/showphones.php%3Fitem%3D788&h=300&w=300&sz=15&tbnid=Gveqw3Oj2fEJ:&tbnh=111&tbnw=111&start=3&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmobile%2Bphones%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com.pk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.allerdale.gov.uk/images/page273/mobile%2520phones.jpg&imgrefurl=http://wholesale.phones.inreview.com/&h=203&w=210&sz=14&tbnid=VGUuA-90yoMJ:&tbnh=96&tbnw=99&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmobile%2Bphones%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com.pk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uvalgbtcenter.org/mobile_phones_cheap.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.uvalgbtcenter.org/&h=248&w=143&sz=7&tbnid=TwZmJIMZ1kcJ:&tbnh=105&tbnw=61&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmobile%2Bphones%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG -
7/30/2019 Design Intoduction
4/61
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7/30/2019 Design Intoduction
5/61
Engineering Design
As perWebsters Dictionary
To fashion after a plan
Is this definition complete?
IfNO..What is missing in it.?
the essential fact that to design is to
create something that has never been
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7/30/2019 Design Intoduction
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Engineering Design
Engineering Designer, artist, sculptor, a composer, a
playwright and other creative members practice designby this definition
Professional practice ofEngineering is concerned with
Design
Then what is the Formal Definition of Design..?
Design establishes and defines solutions to and pertinent
structures for problems not solved before or new solutions to
and which have previously been solved in a different way
Conclusion
Essence of Engineering is DESIGN
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7/30/2019 Design Intoduction
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Engineering Design
Ability to Design is both a Scienceand an ArtScience : is learned through techniques and methods used
Art : is best learned by doing Design
Discovery : Is getting the first sight of, or first knowledge of
somethingWecan discover what has already existed but has not been
known before
Design should not be confused with Discovery
Design is the product ofPlanning and Work
Invention:
Design may or may not involve invention as some are truly
inventive but most are not
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Engineering Design
What is a Good Design ?
Good design requires both Analysis andSynthesis
AnalysisDecomposing problem into manageable parts
To understand performance/behavior of parts in service
using appropriate discipline of science/engineering andcomputational tools
Usually involves simplification of real world problems
through models
SynthesisIdentification ofDesign Elements that will comprise Product
Its decomposition into parts
Combination of part solutions into a total workable
system
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Engineering Design
What is a Real World Problem that you intend to design ?
Rarely neat and defined May need many engineering (fluid, solid mechanics etc)
and non-engineering discipline (economics, finance, law
etc)
Input data may be best but out of the scope of theindividual
Constraints may be time, money, societal, environmental
or energy regulations etc.
What is Final Design ?
Is it the best, most efficient. Only time will tell.!!!!! Rarely known the correct answer
One is hopeful that His Design will Work
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Engineering Design
ConclusionEngineering Design extends beyond the boundaries of
Science
As a Design Engineer during professional career you mayhave the opportunity
To create dozens of designs Have satisfaction of seeing them become working
reality
As Scientist during professional career you may have the
opportunity To make one creative addition to human knowledge in your
whole life and many never do so Can discover a new star but can not make one Have to ask an Engineer to do it for him
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The Design Process
Problem identification(market analyst-design brief)
Detail design(Development & Research Engineer)
Embodiment design(Design Analyst)
Conceptual design(Product designer)
Manufacture(Process Planner and Production Engineer)
Specifications
Concepts
Layouts
Drawings
Product
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Design Process
Product Design
Consumer goods
Appliances, missiles, jets, planes
Complex Engineering System
Electric power generating system
Petrochemical plants Building/bridge design
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A change in design concept takeslong time period. Incrementalchanges occur at sub-system and
component level Examples: refrigerators,
automobiles etc Exists in market where customer is
not eager to change and does notdemand significant improvement
Fashion or styling play a little role Market characterized by stablenumber of large producers
High price competition and littleresearch
Product are similar to each other Technology is stable and mature
Users dont demand significantimprovements
Industries standards may evenrestrict change
Because of importance of cost,emphasis is more on process
research than on product research
Basic design concept varies
frequently as the underlying
technology changes
Examples: telecommunication
systems, software etc
Customers may even drive change
Customer seeks to reduce product
cycle time
Market is characterized by manysmall producers
Involves active market research
Companies seek new product
Technology is rapidly advancing
There is a high product
differentiation and low industrystandardization
More emphasis is placed on
product research than on process
research
Static Product Vs Dynamic product
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Importance of Design ProcessProduct cost commitment during phases of design process
70~80% = for Design commitment
25% = for manufacture
5% = for design
95% = for material,
manufacture, labor,
capital
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Impact of Design
Decision made in the design process: Costs are very little
in terms of the overall product cost but have a major effect
on the cost of the product
Quality can not be built into a product unless it is designedinto it
Design process should be conducted so as to develop,
quality cost competitive products in the shortest timepossible
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Design Process
PROBLEM SOLVING METHODOLOGY IN DESIGN
PROCESS
Problem Definition
Gathering Information Generation of alternative solution
Evaluation of alternatives
Communication of Results
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PROBLEM DEFINITION (Ch-2)
Most critical step
True Problem is not always as it seems at first glance
As this step takes a very small time so often overlooked
Formulation starts by writing down problem statement
Should include
objectives
Goals
Current state of affairs
and the desired state
Any constraints placed
on solution of theproblem
Definition of any special
technical terms
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Gathering Information (Ch-4)
Most frustrating
Problem may be of in the area not related to your previous background or single
reference material not be available related to subject
You may get a mountain of reports of previous work
So whatever the situation, the immediate action is to identify needed pieces of
information and findor develop that information
Questions concerned with obtaining information
What do I need to find out?
Where can I find it and how can I get it?
How credible and accurate is the information? How should the information be interpreted for my specific need?
When do I have enough information?
What decisions result from the information?
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Generation of alternative solutions (Ch-5)
It is vital to a successful design
Involves
Use of creativity
Application of physical principles and qualitative reasoning
Ability to find and use information
Evaluation of alternatives (Ch-5, 12, 14)
Selecting systematically the best among several designs, often in the face of
incomplete information
Evaluation basis involve
Engineering analysis (about service performance)
Cost estimation (cost comparison)
Design for manufacture (life cycle)
Simulation and simulated service testing
Experimental testing of full sized prototypes
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Communication of results (Ch-17)
Purpose of design is to satisfy the needs of a customer or client
Final design must be communicated properly
Communication is usually oral or in written design report form
A per recent survey design engineers spend
60% time in discussing designs and preparing written documentation
of designs
40% time in analyzing design and doing designs
Deliverables: detailed engineering drawings, computer programs, working
models Not only one time occurrence but a continual oral and written dialogue
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Design Process
Morphology of Design - (Seven phases of design)
1. Conceptual design 2. Embodiment design 3. Detail design
4. Planning for
manufacture
5. Planning for
distribution
6. Planning for
use
7. Planning for
retirement of
product
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Organization for Design
Organization is arranged based on
Function
Project
Each individual has only one boss
All reports to single vice president
Economics of scale, deep expertise develop, clear career paths for
specialists
Organizational links are between people of similar functions
Interactions are forced at level of unit manager
Acceptable for a business with a narrow and slowly changing set of
product line
Can be a problem for a dynamic product situation
Functional Organization
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Project Organization
People with different functional expertise are grouped together for product
development (development team) Each development group reports to a project manager (Overall responsible)
Chief advantage is that it focuses the needed specialty talents on attainment
of goals of the project
Often project organization is time limited
People are reassigned back to the functional units after the goal is achieved
Disadvantages of Project Organization
Experts tend to loose their cutting edge functional capabilities with
such intense focus on project goal
Less economical than functional organization
Large corporations establish project organization for large critical
projects
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Project Organization
Matrix Organization Combines the advantages of both functional and project organizations
Each person is linked according to the function and project they work on
Each individual has two supervisors ( Functional manager &Project
manager)
One always is predominates
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Light Weight Project Organization (Functional)
In this functional links are strongerthan project links so called functional
organizations Works well in stable businessenvironment where product pre-
dominates in market due to technical
excellence
Project Manager Functional Manager
Responsible For
Scheduling Coordination
Arranging meetings
Responsible For
Budget Personnel matters
Performance
evaluation
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Heavy Weight Project Organization
Has the advantage inintroducing radically
new products, especiallywhere speed is important
Project Manager Functional Manager
Responsible For
Has complete budgetaryauthorities
Make most of the resource
allocation decisions
Plays a strong role for
personal evaluation
Although each person
belongs to functionalunit but has little
authority and control
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Concurrent Engineering
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Trends in Product Development
Increased variety, mass customization
Increased focus on customer requirements
Decreased product lifecycles
Increased product complexity
Decreased time to market
More designs by suppliers
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In the Past...
Instructions to supplier:
Here are the engineering drawings for a set of
brakes.
Supplier submits bid, and if accepted makes
brakes according to the drawings
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Today
Instructions to supplier:
Design a set of brakes that can stop a 2200 pound
car from 60 miles per hour in 200 feet ten times insuccession without fading. The brakes should fit into a
space 6 x 8 x 10 at the end of each axle and be
delivered to the assembly plant for $40 a set.
Supplier submits design specifications andprepares a prototype for testing.
Th T diti l P d t D l t P
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The Traditional Product Development Process
(Serial Design Process)
Customer requirements
(sales and marketing)
Conceptual design
(Industrial designers)
Support and
Service
Distribution
and SalesManufacturing
Detailed design
and analysis
(engineering)
Disposal
(not our problem)
All functions carried out serially in distinct and separate departments with little
interaction between them
Easy to see how design teams will make decisions
Cost for serial design process is high (large percentage cast is committed at
conceptual and embodiment stage when changes become necessary)
Actual process is more in the nature of spiral
C P d D l
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Concurrent Product Development
(Systematic Integrated Product Design Approach)
Customer
Sales Manufacturing
Design
Support Engineering
Simultaneous decision making by design teams
Integrates product design & process planning
Details of design more decentralized
Needs careful scheduling - tasks done in parallel
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Breaking Down Barriers
S C
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Sequential Vs. Concurrent
Product Development
Activity C
Activity B
Activity A
Time to market
Sequential
Concurrent
Competitive
Advantage!
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Role Of Design Engineer
No longer totally responsible for product
design
Responsible for more than what wastraditionally considered design
Merging of design engineer and
manufacturing engineer
M i l t f C t E i i
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Main elements of Concurrent Engineering Cross-functional teams
It is a heavy weight project organization used most frequently
with Concurrent Engineering Skills from functional areas embedded in design teams
Functional units and cross-functional teams must build mutualrespect and understanding for each others needs, requirements
and responsibilities Parallel design
Refers to each functional area
Implementing their aspect of design at the earliest possible timeroughly in parallel
All groups provide input to the development of product designspecifications
Nearly continuous communication between functional units anddesign teams is necessary
Decidedly different from the old practice
M i l t f C t E i i
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Main elements of Concurrent Engineering
Vendor partnering(a form of parallel engineering)
Technical expertise of vendor for certain components isemployed as an integral member of cross-functional designteams
In conventional process vendors are selected by a biddingprocess after the design has been finalized
In CE, key vendors, known for proficient technology, reliabledelivery and reasonable costs are selected only in design processbefore parts have been designed
So a strategic partnership is developed
It reduces the amount of part design that must be done in house
Integrates vendors manufacturing expertise into the design
Ensures a degree of allegiance and cooperation that shouldminimize the time for receipt of parts
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Conventional
Collaboration
Communication face-to-face discussion,
memos, telephone,
whiteboard, bulletin board,
wall charts, etc.
Collaboration
meetings, collocated
workgroup
Knowledge management notebooks, binders, printed
reports, photocopies,
drawings, forms, data files
Virtual
Collaboration
Communication
fax, telephone, mail
email, discussion groups,shared whiteboard,videoconferencing
Collaboration application sharing, shared
network workspace (files inshared directories)
Knowledge management Product data management
system, documentmanagement system,distributed databases
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Geographically Distributed Teams
Transparentglobal network
Enterprise dataand information
Company A Company B
Company A Company B
C t Aid d E i i (CAE) i D i
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Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) in Design Engineers were the first professional group to use computer
FORTRAN (first high level language)
Drafting automation, 3-D Solid modeling, conversion to 2-D engineering drawings,
FEA, design optimization, simulation, rapid prototyping and CAM, Interactionbetween CADCAM
Data base management system (DBMS), spread sheet software, MathCAD, MatLab,
Mathmatica, Maple etc
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Design to Codes and Standards
Much designs are not very different from what has been done
in the pastChief Aspects
Makes the best practice available to everyone, ensuring efficiency and safety
Promotes interchangeability and compatibility
CODE
Collection of laws and rules that assists aGovernment agency in meeting its
obligation to protect the general welfare bypreventing damage to property or injury or
loss of life to persons
Tell the engineer what to do and when
under what circumstances
Usually are legal requirements, e.g.
building code, pressure vessel code etc.
Often incorporate national standards
into them by reference
STANDARD
A general agreed upon set ofprocedures, criteria, dimensions,
materials and parts
Tell engineer how to do it
Usually regarded as
recommendations, that do not
have force of law
This way standards become
legally enforceable
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Design to Codes and Standards
TYPES OF DESIGN STANDARDS
PERFORMANCESTANDARDS
Published for manyproducts
Examples:
For seat belts, autocrash safety etc.
TEST METHOD
STANDARDS
For measurement ofproperties
Examples:
Yield strength, thermalconductivity, sensitivityetc.
CODE OF
PRACTICE
Provides detaileddesign methods for arepetitive technical
problem
Examples:
Design of piping, heatexchanger Pressurevessel etc. ASME, BS
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Design to Codes and Standards
STANDARDS PREPARATION
1. Often prepared by individual companies for their own
proprietary use e.g. dimensions, tolerances, forms,
processes etc.
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Design to Codes and Standards
STANDARDS PREPARATION
2. By group of companies of the same industrial sector
Sponsored by Industry Trade Association i.e. AmericanInstitute of Steel Construction (AISC), AmericanNational Standard Institute (ANSI), InternationalOrganization for Standardization (ISO) etc.
3. Government Specification Standards, as Govt. is the
purchaser of large number of goods and services
4. Defense Product Standards
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Advantages of Standards
Standards play an important role for Protecting public from accidents
Providing firm basis for negotiation and better
understanding between buyer and seller
Reducing cost of design of products stock (standardizedcomponents and tools etc)
In new designs, 20% components are new, 40% are existing
with minor modifications and 40% are reused without
modifications
Role of CAE Gro p Technolog and
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Role of CAE, Group Technology and
CADCAM in Design Standardization
CAE plays an important role in design standardization
Group Technology
Provides formal way of recognizing and exploiting similarities in design (shape,
manufacturing process)
Coding and classification systems used to identify similarities
Computerized GT database provides quick methodology (so duplication
avoided) Provides standardization for creating parts and part features
Due to feed back of manufacturing costs, high cost design features are avoided
CADCAM
Interfacing and communication between various computer devices and
manufacturing machines National institute of standards technology provided
Initial graphics Exchange Specifications (IGES) and Product Data Exchange
Specification (PDES)
IGES and PDES represent a Neutral Data Format for transferring geometric
data between equipment from different CAD systems
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Design Review Vital aspect of Design Process
Provides an opportunity for specialists from different disciplines to interact between
generalists to ask critical questions and exchange of vital information Provides a systematic method for identifying
Problems with design
Aids in determining possible courses of action
Initiates action to correct the problem areas
Design review teams consist of representatives from
Design, manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, quality control, reliabilityengineering and field service
Chairman (Project manager/Chief Engineer) of Design Review should
Have broad technical and products knowledge
Have not direct responsibility for design under review
Design Reviews should be held from 3~6 times in the life of the project
Minimum review schedule consists of
Conceptual Reviews (greater impact on design, changes can be made at this stage atlower costs)
Interim Reviews (When embodiment design is finalized, product architecture,
subsystems and performance characteristics are established)
Final Reviews (At the completion of detailed design and establishes whether the
design is ready for transfer to manufacture)
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Product Design Specification (PDS)
Essence of Technical Review of design is to comparethe finding against detailed PDS
A detailed document that describes what design must
be in terms of performance requirements,
environment in which it must operate, product life,
cost, reliability and host of other design requirements
Basic reference document for both product design
and design review
PDS will be studied in detail in CH#2
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Re-design A common situation in Design Process
As a result of Design Review, Details of design are changed many times as
prototypes are developed and tested
Categories of Re-design
Fixes Design modification required due to less than acceptable performance
once the product has been introduced into the market place
Updates Usually planned as part of the products life cycle before the product is
introduced to the market
An update may add capacity and improve performance or incorporate
its appearance to keep it competitive
Most common situation in re-design is the modification of an existing
product to meet new requirements e.g. banning of the use of
fluorinated hydrocarbon refrigerants because of Ozone-hole problem,
required the extensive re-design of refrigeration system
Often re-design results from the failure of the product in service
R d i
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Re-design (Old Design of railcar wheel Vs.improved deign)
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Four factors that lead to success of the product
1. Product planning and research:
Adequate time spent on problem definition, concept generation andevaluation, market research and assessment, technical assessment,
business and financial reviews before embodiment and detail design
stages
2. Product superiority:
that delivers real value to customer i.e. meeting customer needs.
3. Quality marketing:
High in importance is how well the marketing activities were executed
from concept of idea to launch of product in market.
4. Proper organizational design:Successful products are most often developed by cross functional
teams, led by strong product champion, supported by top
management and accountable for the entire project from beginning to
end.
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Five kinds of people needed for technological
innovation
1. Idea generator:The creative individual
2. Entrepreneur:The person who carries the ball and takes the risks
3. Gatekeepers: People who provide technical communication from
outside to inside the organization
4. Program manager:The person who manages without inhibiting
5. Sponsor:The person who provides financial and moral support, often
senior management
Roughly 70 to 80% of people in technical organizations are routineproblem solvers and are not involved in innovation. Therefore it is
important to identify and nurture the small number who gives promise
of becoming technical innovators
Inno ators
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Innovators
People in a technical organization, who are most current withtechnology and who have developed contacts with technical people
outside the organization
Receive information directly and diffuse to others in organization
Tend to be predisposed to do things differently as contrasted withdoing things better
Able to deal with unclear and ambiguous situations without feelinguncomfortable as they have high degree of self-reliance and self-esteem
Respond well to the challenge of diverse projects and the opportunity tocommunicate with people of different backgrounds
A successful innovator is a person who has coherent picture of what
needs to be done, not necessarily a detailed picture
Emphasis goals, not methods of achieving goals
Have been failed in previous ventures and knows why and how to getthem?
Works the element of problem in parallel not serially
Product and Process Cycles
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Product and Process Cycles
Birth Stage Initial Growth Stage Mature stage Decline stage
Each product goes through cycle from Birth, into an initial growth stage, into a relatively
stable period, and finally into a declining state that eventually ends in the death of the
product
Introductory stage: Product is new, consumer acceptance is low, so sales are low, rate of
product change is rapid as management tries to maximize its performance or
uniqueness
Growth Stage: Knowledge of the product and its capabilities reaches to growing number of
customers
Maturity Stage: Product is widely accepted, sales are stable, grow at the same rate,
Products at this stage experience considerable competition, Great emphasis is on
reducing the cost of a mature product
When product reaches at this stage, attempts should be rejuvenate it by incrementalinnovation or development of still new applications
Decline Stage: At some stage each product enters in this stage
Sales decrease because a new better product is in the market to fulfill the same societal
needs
Product Life Cycle
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Product Life Cycle
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Problems and Exercise
Q 1.3:
There is a need of building block machine
(4x6x12 in) in the country from highly
compacted soil. Your assignment is to design
a block-making machine with the capacity for
producing 600 blocks per day at a capital cost
of less than Rs 20,000. Develop a needanalysis, a problem statement and a plan for
the information that will be needed tocomplete the design.
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Problems and Exercise
Need Analysis:
Total cost should be less than Rs20,000
Must be capable of being constructed with local
recourses.
Should be easily transportable to different locations
Must be powered with human labor (Why?).
Hydraulic components must be avoided (Why?).
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Problems and Exercise
Need Analysis:
Must Wants
1. Cost less than Rs20,000 1. Able to make block 4x6x12 in
2. Weight less than 60 kg 2. Easily maintained
3. Human powered 3. Easy and Safe operation
4. Local resources (Price) 4. Should handle different types
of soil and cement mixture
5. Easily manufactured
6. Produce 4x6x12 in blocks
7. Produce 600 blocks/day
9. Compressive strength at least
2 MPa
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Problems and Exercise
Information needed:1. Determination of the processing condition
What pressure must be generated?
Curing temperature and time
Effect of different soil cement mixtures on pressure
2. Mechanism for generating pressure
3. Human factors
Magnitude of force that can be produced by a
human
Human fatigue
4. Materials handling
5. Materials for the machine, availability and their properties