international union of air pollution prevention and environmental protection association and...
TRANSCRIPT
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International Union of Air Pollution Prevention and Environmental Protection Association and Integrated Program on Urban, Regional and Global Air Pollution
Joint SeminarHotel Royal Pedregal, Mexico D.F., Mexico
January 22-23rd, 2004
Pedro Oyola Ph DDirección Ejecutiva
Comisión Nacional del Medio [email protected]
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Introduction• In 1997 Santiago Metropolitan Region was
declared saturated with TSP, PM10, CO, O3 and latent for NO2.
• An Atmospheric Decontamination and Prevention Program for the Metropolitan Region was initiated.
• An intensive program to reduce the impact from mobile sources, specially public transportation system was started.
• An important collaboration between CONAMA and the Universities was initiated oriented to increase the capacity building.
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MAIN AIR QUALITY PROBLEMS
HIGH LEVELS OF
• PM10 and PM2.5
• OZONE
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Santiago Cost/ Benefits Action Plan 2001-2005
Actions
Emissionreduction
( ton/year )
2.755 MP 14.732 NOx
Cost
127 US$ mill/year
Benefits
260 US$ mill/year
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Health cost ( $ / year )
Type of vehicles
Light gasoline
Light LPG
Light CNG
Light diesel
Damage( $ / year)
10.959
15.812
18.798
103.960
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Santiagode Chile
End of the world
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San
tiag
o d
e C
hil
e
40km
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LAS CONDES
P. O´HIGGINS
PUDAHUEL
LA FLORIDA
SEMINARIO
CERRILLOS
EL BOSQUE
LA PAZ
Santiago Metropolitan Region´s Air Quality Network
El Monte
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Metereological Network
Airport
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% of PM10 reduction at the Macam Network-Winter period 1997-2003
Material Particulado PM10 Comparación Período Invernal 1997-2003
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Pudahuel Cerrillos Parque OH La Florida La Paz El Bosque Las Condes
In
dice IC
AP
19972003
43%
35%31% 34% 44%
8%
36%
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Anthropogenic Responsibility on PM10 Inmissions
Source ParticipationBuses 21%Trucks 13%Light Vehicles 14%
Mobile Total 48%Combustion Fixed 12%Processes Fixed 14%Homes 7%
Fixed Total 33%Firewood, farmland, sewage 19%
Area Total 19%
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GoodGood to RegularRegularBadCritical
Meteorological Conditions
Air Pollution = Emission + Ventilation
The ventilation indicators for Santiago are
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August, 13 17:00August, 13 17:00
August, 14 17:00August, 14 17:00
August, 15 17:00August, 15 17:00
Pudahuel August, 16 00:00Pudahuel August, 16 00:00
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Site Location in Región Metropolitana
Cerro Calán
Gotuzzo
Buin
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Cu-As-Mo-S Time Series at BuinWinter 1996
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
1000.0
10000.0
4-jul 6-jul 8-jul 10-jul 12-jul 14-jul 16-jul 18-jul 20-jul 22-jul 24-jul
ng
/m3
Cu
As
Mo
S
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• In large cities, vehicle emission are usually the most important• In small cities, there may be sources specific (and limited) to the area that are significant (smelters, house heating, biomass burning, etc.) • Fixed sources are easiest to control, moving sources are harder• Local emissions may mislead the interpretation of the results.• Monitoring site representativeness is needed
Emissions
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Monitoring site representativeness, PM-10
1 3 5 7 9
11 13
15
17
19
21
23
JulyAugust
SeptemberOctober
NovemberDecember
0
50
100
150
200
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
ug
/m3 )
Time of day
Parque O'Higgins, average day
July August September October November December
Data from a monitoring site should be representative of
the community, independent of local sources.
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1 3 5 7 9
11 13 15 17 19 21 23
JanuaryFebruary
MarchApril
MayJune
0
50
100
150
200
250
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
ug
/m3 )
Time of day
Pudahuel, average day
January February March April May June
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
JanuaryFebruary
MarchApril
MayJune
0
50
100
150
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
ug
/m3 )
Time of day
Las Condes, average day
January February March April May June
Local traffic influence
No local traffic influence
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VISUALIZATION
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Time of day
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
g/m
3 )
May
June
July
August
September
EC
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Time of day
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
g/m
3 )
May
June
July
August
September
PM2.5
• Similar shapes for the monthly average indicate similar sourcesfor EC and PM2.5
•Traffic is the likely source for the 8 – 9 hrs. peak• Different source is expected for the midnight peak• Wind may be responsible for the minimum at 13 – 18 hrs.
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May determine the concentration of pollutants in certain areas• Controls the local wind pattern• Limits the spatial extent of pollutants
Topography
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• Cluster analysis of the data among the stations is used to obtain groups with similar temporal behavior
• These groups are similar for PM10 and ozone
• The groups are independent of the season
• Topography of the city is probably responsible for the configuration of the groups
Environmental grouping
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Ozone PM10
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Late episodeEarly episode
Episode
PM10 Daily Cycles April-September (2000-2003)
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Airborne transport of Fine Particle inside the Mapocho
ValleyEpisode 28 - 30 July 2003
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
0,4
0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72
Time of day
Ab
s. C
oe
f. (
1/k
m)
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
Usach
Puhaduel
Airport
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Fine Particles Size Distribution and Temporal EvolutionLas Condes, 10 - 11 July 2003
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Time
Nu
mb
er
44,5
71
151
202
Size (nm)
Pudahuel 23 july 2003
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Time
Nu
mb
er
44,5
71
151
202
Size ( nm)
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Daily and Nightly Averages of the Physicochemical Composition of the PM2,5 at Pudahuel
PUDAHUEL - Composición Media del PM2.525 de Junio al 11 de agosto 2003
NOCTURNO 18 a 6 hPM2.5 = 83,8 gm-3
DIURNO: 6 - 18 hPM2.5 = 44,8 gm-3
% del PM2.5 (concentración en gm-3)
K+ 4% (1,9)
K+ 6% (5,3)
XXV JORNADASCHILENAS DE QUIMICA
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Clusters and Sources
C25C26C27C23C29C30C28C22C24C31C32C33C34C35Dimethyl-phenanthranesCoroneneBenzo[a]pyreneAntrathreneBenzo[a]anthraceneIndeno[1,2,3-cd] pyreneBenzofluoranthenesBenzo[e]pyreneChrysene/TriphenyleneBenzo[ghi]perylenePeryleneFluoranthenePyrenePhenanthreneFlureneAnthraceneMethyl-phenanthranesC18C20C16PhytaneC17PristaneC19C21UCMC14C15
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HAPs Comparison at Pudahuel & Parque O´Higgins
Comparación HAPs en Parque O'Higgins v/s Pudahuel 200323 de Julio
0
30
60
90
120
HAPs
Co
nc
en
tra
ció
n (
ng
/m3 )
Filtro PUF
F+P:1529F+P:170
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Acknowledgements
http://fisica.usach.cl/uv/archivoshttp://www.conama.cl/rm/realtime