interaksi radiasi elektromagnetik dengan materi
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
INTERAKSI RADIASI ELEKTROMAGNETIK DENGAN ATOM DAN MOLEKUL
METALOORGANIK
HILDA APRILIAKBK KIMIA FARMASI
PRODI FARMASI UNISBA
![Page 2: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
RADIASI ELEKTROMAGNETIK (REM)
REM adalah kombinasi medan listrik dan medan magnet yang merambat dalam bentuk gelombang transversal
![Page 3: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
RADIASI ELEKTROMAGNETIK (REM)
![Page 4: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
DUALISME SIFAT REM
1. Sifat Gelombanga. difraksib. refraksic. rotasi
2. Sifat Foton* DASAR SPEKTROSKOPIa. absorpsib. emisi
*Foton = paket elektron berenergi
![Page 5: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
SPEKTRUM ELEKTROMAGNETIK
![Page 6: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
![Page 7: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
http://www.chm.davidson.edu/ronutt/che115/AO.htm
![Page 8: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
![Page 9: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
1. Energi Translasi ( Et )
2. Energi Rotasi ( Er )
3. Energi Vibrasi ( Ev )
4. Energi Elektronik ( Ee )
>>E
ENERGI ATOM DAN MOLEKUL
![Page 10: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
ENERGI ATOM DAN MOLEKUL
1.Energi Translasi (ET )
4. Energi elektronik (EE)
2. Rotasi (ER)
3. Energi Vibrasi (Ev)
X
Y
Z
x
y
z
Ground singlet state
Singlet excited state
R E M
![Page 11: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
INTERAKSI REM - MATERI
Incident Radiation
Scattering
Material
Fluorescence
ReflectedRadiation
![Page 12: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
![Page 13: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
![Page 14: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
ABSORBSI REM
![Page 15: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
• Syarat absorpsi : perbedaan energi antara 2 tingkat energi sebanding dengan energi foton yang diserap.
E2-E1 = h.v ………………4)E1 = energi pada tingkat yang lebih rendahE2 = energi pada tingkat yang lebih tinggiV = frekuensi foton yang diabsorpsi
![Page 16: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
ULTRAVIOLET INTERACTIONS
![Page 17: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
VISIBLE LIGHT INTERACTIONS
![Page 18: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
• Tingkat energi elektron singlet yang berada dalam keadaan dasar (singlet ground state) apabila dikenakan radiasi elektromagnetik akan mengalami eksitasi (singlet excited state) ke tingkat energi yang lebih tinggi.
• Perpindahan bersifat reversibel• Penyerapan radiasi ultraviolet dan sinar
tampak (visibel) dibatasi oleh sejumlah gugus fungsional (yang disebut dengan kromofor) yang mengandung elektron valensi dengan tingkat energi eksitasi yang relatif rendah
![Page 19: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
antibonding
antibonding
nonbonding
bonding
bondings
p
n
s*
p*
Ener
gy
s →
s*
p →
p*
n →
s*
n →
p*
TRANSISI ELEKTRONIK MOLEKUL
![Page 20: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
= k. P. a = 0,87 . 1020. P.a
Keterangan :
= absorbansi molark = konstantaP = kebolehjadiana = area of cross section of molecule 10Å2 (organic molecules)
![Page 21: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
ε = 1 - 10 : sangat lemah 10 - 102 : lemah 102 - 103 : sedang
P < 0,01Forbiddentransition
P > 0,1 – 1Allowed transi-tion
ε = 103- 104 : kuat 104- 105 : sangat kuat
![Page 22: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
APLIKASI
![Page 23: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
INFRARED (IR) INTERACTIONSVibrational transitions are associated with larger energies than ‘pure’ rotational transitions.
Vibrations can be subdivided into two classes, depending on whether the bond length or angle is changing:
• Stretching (symmetric and asymmetric)• Bending (scissoring, rocking, wagging and twisting)
Stretching frequencies are higher than corresponding bending frequencies (it is easier to bend a bond than to stretch or compress it)Bonds to hydrogen have higher stretching frequencies than those to heavier atoms.Triple bonds have higher stretching frequencies than corresponding double bonds, which in turn have higher frequencies than single bonds
![Page 24: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
INFRARED (IR) INTERACTIONS
Region Wavelength [µm]
Energy [meV]
Wavenumber [cm-1]
Type of excitation
Far IR 50 - 1000 1.2 - 25 10 – 200 Lattice vibrations,Molecular rotations
Mid IR 2.5 - 50 25 - 496 200 - 4000 Molecular vibrations
Near IR 1 - 2.5 496 - 1240 4000 - 10000 Overtones
![Page 25: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
INFRARED (IR) INTERACTIONS
• Quantum energy of IR photons (0.001-1.7 eV) matches the ranges of energies separating quantum states of molecular vibrations• Vibrations arise as molecular bonds are not rigid but behave like springs
![Page 26: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
APLIKASI
![Page 27: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
MICROWAVE INTERACTIONS
• Quantum energy of microwave photons (0.00001-0.001 eV) matches the ranges of energies separating quantum states of molecular rotations and torsion• Note that rotational motion of molecules is quantized, like electronic and vibrational transitions associated absorption/emission lines
• Absorption of microwave radiation causes heating due to increased molecular rotational activity• Most matter transparent to µ-waves, microwave ovens use high intensity µ-waves to heat material
![Page 28: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
X-RAY INTERACTIONS
![Page 29: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
COMPTON SCATTERING
• An incoming photon is partially absorbed in an outer shell electron
• The electron absorbs enough energy to break the binding energy, and is ejected
• The ejected electron is now a Compton electron• Not much energy is needed to eject an electron
from an outer shell• The incoming photon, continues on a different
path with less energy as scattered radiation
![Page 30: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
GAMMA RAY INTERACTIONS• Occurs at above 10 MeV• A high energy photon is absorbed by the nucleus• The nucleus becomes excited and becomes radioactive• To become stable, the nucleus emits negatrons, protons,
alpha particles, clusters of fragments, or gamma rays• These high energy photons are found in radiation
therapy
![Page 31: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
RADIO FREQUENCY INTERACTIONS
![Page 32: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
EMISI REM
![Page 33: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
• Emisi adalah proses dimana energi yang dihasilkan dari perpindahan elektron ke orbital yang lebih rendah akibat tumbukan dengan foton REM menghasilkan cahaya
![Page 34: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Spektrum Emisi H
Spektrum Emisi Fe
CONTOH SPEKTRUM EMISI
![Page 35: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
![Page 36: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
APLIKASI
![Page 38: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
INTERAKSI REM DENGAN MOLEKUL METALOORGANIK
![Page 39: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
METALOORGANIK
• Senyawa organologam : senyawa yg mengandung ikatan antara logam dan atom karbon
• Contoh : Ni(CO)4, Fe(CO)5 , Cr(C6H6)2, hemoglobin, klorofil
• Kebanyakan dihubungkan dengan senyawa kompleks logam transisi
![Page 40: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
LOGAM TRANSISI
• Unsur logam dengan konfigurasi elektron pada sub kulit d yang tidak terisi sempurna
• Golongan 3 sampai 12 pada tabel periodik• Pada kenyataannya blok f juga dimasukkan
sebagai logam transisi, yaitu lantanida dan aktinida
![Page 41: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
![Page 42: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
![Page 43: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Splitting of d-orbital energies by an octahedral field of ligands
D is the splitting energy
![Page 44: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The effect of ligand on splitting energy
![Page 45: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
eg
t 2g
eg
t 2g
weak field ligands
e.g. H2O
high spin complexes
strong field ligandse.g. CN-
low spin complexes
I- < Br- < S2- < SCN- < Cl-< NO3- < F- < OH- < ox2-
< H2O < NCS- < CH3CN < NH3 < en < bpy
< phen < NO2- < phosph < CN- < CO
The Spectrochemical Series
The Spin Transition
D D
![Page 46: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
CONTOH APLIKASI
Heme grup B
![Page 47: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Why are most plants green and then red or yellow in the fall?• Chlorophyll absorbs in the red and blue, and hence reflects in the green.
• Its absorption spectrum is due to electronic transitions
In the fall, trees produce carotenoids, which reflect yellow, and anthocyanins, which reflect orange and red.
![Page 48: Interaksi Radiasi Elektromagnetik Dengan Materi](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061314/577c844d1a28abe054b858d8/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
TERIMA KASIH