INTELLIGENCE &

TESTINGChapter 10, week 1

Unit OverviewEssential questions:

How do psychologists define and study intelligence?

How did the use of intelligence tests evolve?

In intelligence test, how do testing scores differ

between group and individual administrations?

Between genders? Races? Socioeconomic groups?

How do psychologists know whether a test is reliable

and/or valid? Why are these qualities of tests

important?

We shall learn... Intelligence theories

- Gardner vs. Sternberg

Intelligence testing

- Alfred Binet's contribution to intelligence testing

- Lewis Terman's role

- David Weschler's role

- Group tests vs individual tests

- aptitude vs achievement test

- reliability vs. validty

- gender, race, ethnic groups

Are Gifted People Easily Identified?

You have been asked to select a student, based on the three biographies below, to enroll in a new program for gifted

students. Look over the three biographies and decide which student you would choose.

Candidate 1 Candidate 2 Candidate 3

Name Bill Brown Alvin Lane Allen Erickson

Appearance Average Plain Homely

I.Q. 180+ 112 82

School Behavior Aloof, Organizer Well-liked Unsociable, disturbed

Physical Health Excellent Large for age Sickly

Emotional Health Excellent Easygoing, poor self-concept Had emotional breakdown

Interests Chess, Math Sports, reading, telling jokes Withdraws to fantasy world

Career Goals None mentioned Work in a retail store None mentioned

Personal Goals None mentioned Businessman Independence from family

Talents Photographic Good debater Plays violin, likes to read alone memory, published

original math formula

at age 10

Which student did you select and why?

Intelligence

Is intelligence one general ability

(g factor) or several abilities?

Is it in the brain? Can it be certain

behaviors, set of knowledge and skills?

What is intelligence?

Can you...Can you...

√ √ Learn from experience?Learn from experience?

√ √ Solve problems?Solve problems?

√ √ Use the knowledge to adapt to new situations? Use the knowledge to adapt to new situations?

Home work for the week

Schedule A Thursday 1/9

- Chpt 10 p.373-380 ½

- study for the vocab quiz Friday 1/10

- Chpt 10 p.380-387 ½

Agenda: Thursday

Homework review

General intelligence, normal distribution

Factor analysis

Multiple intelligence

What is intelligence?

In research studies, though...In research studies, though...

Intelligence = Intelligence = whatever the intelligence test whatever the intelligence test

measures.measures.

Reading abilityReading ability

Quantitative reasoningQuantitative reasoning

Information processingInformation processing

Short term memoryShort term memory

Spatial intelligenceSpatial intelligence

. .

Intelligence Test Intelligence Test → → a method of

assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them to others, using numerical scores

Alfred Binet (1857-1911)

French psychologist who inventedFrench psychologist who invented

the first practical intelligence test.the first practical intelligence test.

→ Binet-Simon Test(1905)

Francis GaltonFrancis Galton

EugenicsEugenics

Created the Stanford-Binet test. Created the Stanford-Binet test. Believed in innate intelligence.Believed in innate intelligence.

From this, William Stern created From this, William Stern created the IQ formula:the IQ formula:

Lewis Terman

Mental Age = describes the level of intellectual functioning

= The age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance

Intelligence testing: the Origins

Intelligence Quotient (I.Q.)IQ is a measure that compares mental

age with physical age.

A seven-year-old child with a mental

age of eight will have an IQ of 114.

8 x 100 = 114.2857

7

What is the I.Q. of a 16-year-old girl with a

mental age of 20?

Ms. Kwon (age 27) has a mental age of 42.

What is her IQ?

Intelligence Quotient (I.Q.)IQ is a measure that compares mental

age with physical age.

•What is the I.Q. of a 16-year-old girl with a

mental age of 20? 125

Ms. Kwon (age 27) has a mental age of 42.

What is her IQ? 156

What do the scores mean?

Standardization: Normal Distribution

Standard Deviation

Homework Review

Quickwrite1

What is g and what evidences support its

existence?

What are the similiarities and differences between

Gardner's and Sternberg's theory of intelligence?

You can use your notes!

What are we measuring in the

intelligence tests?

Charles Spearman (1863-1945) says....g!

general intelligence (g) underlies specific mental

abilities.

Thurstone on g factor

L.L Thurstone believed one factor cannot have a

more general application than others. He

analyzed instead seven clusters of independent

mental abilities, including:

1)Word Fluency

2)Verbal Comprehension

3)Spatial Ability

4)Perceptual Speed

5)Numerical Ability

6)Inductive Reasoning

7)Memory

How can you prove g?

Q: Is there a general ability factor that runs

throughout our specific mental abilities?

A: study how various abilities relate to one

another

Factor Analysis

Factor Analysis

Back to g...

Today's dominant model

Intelligence? Or Intelligences?

Howard Gardner

He points to savant syndrom as proof.

Gardner proposes Gardner proposes

eight types of eight types of

intelligences and intelligences and

speculates about a speculates about a

ninth one — ninth one —

existential existential

intelligence.intelligence.

Savant Syndrom

Savant Syndrome

Video 1Video 1

Video 2Video 2

1/10 Friday Agenda

Vocab Quiz

Multiple intelligence, EQ

Creativity

Robert Sternberg

Robert Sternberg

Intelligence is broad and only

partly influenced by genes

Successful, intelligence

behavior needs a balance of 3

Gardner doesn’t define

intelligence and some are just

talents

Emotional Intelligence (EQ)?

=the ability to perceive, =the ability to perceive,

understand, and use emotions understand, and use emotions

(Salovey et al., 2005). (Salovey et al., 2005).

The EQ test measures overall The EQ test measures overall

emotional intelligence and its four emotional intelligence and its four

components.components.

Daniel Goleman on EQ

Homework Review

Discuss with a partner:

What are the five components of creativity?

Can you think of an example how it works?

(e.g., describe someone or your own

process of creating)

Are some people naturally creative

geniuses? Have you had an experience

where your creativity was encouraged or

discouraged?

Intelligence and Creativity

Intelligence & Creativity

• IQ and intelligence were IQ and intelligence were

somewhat correlated. somewhat correlated.

• Creative= pull existing Creative= pull existing

knowledge into a new situation knowledge into a new situation

and quickly sort through and quickly sort through

potential outcomes. potential outcomes.

Are you the source of your own creativity?

Elizabeth Gilbert: Your elusive creative genius (TED talks) 11min

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=86x-u-tz0MA

Intelligence & Creativity

““Creativity is just connecting things. When you Creativity is just connecting things. When you

ask creative people how they did something, ask creative people how they did something,

they feel a little guilty because they didn’t really they feel a little guilty because they didn’t really

do it, they just saw something. It seemed do it, they just saw something. It seemed

obvious to them after a while. obvious to them after a while. That’s because That’s because

they were able to connect experiences they were able to connect experiences

they’ve had and synthesize new things.they’ve had and synthesize new things.

And the reason they were able to do that was And the reason they were able to do that was

that they’ve had more experiences or they have that they’ve had more experiences or they have

thought more about their experiences than other thought more about their experiences than other

people.”people.”..

Matrix Reasoning Challenge

http://www.newmatrixreasoning.com/

Homework for the week 1/13-1/17

Monday 1/13

Ch 10 p.387-393Tuesday 1/14

Ch 10 p.393-399Wednesday 1/15

Study for test Thursday 1/16

Study for test

Optional review session during lunchFriday 1/17

Ch 11 p.402-410

Monday 1/13 Agenda

Neurology of intelligence Homework review Aptitude/Achievement tests Reliability & Validity Extremes of intelligence

Vid of the day

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aykuFhQIob4

\

Structure & Function of the brain

Size of the brain

Size of the brain…?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zz7ShiQqLQg

Brain Size and Complexity

There is a slight correlation (about 0.4+)

between head size (relative to body size) and

intelligence score.

Brain Size and heredity

Note: Brain size doesn’t

necessarily cause

intelligence or vice

versa!

Neurological speed

-> speed in which we execute cognitive tasks

-> includes information processing speed, efficiency,

perceptual speed, and working memory

Intelligence and neurological speed

There is a positive correlation between

intelligence and the brain’s neural processing

speed.

e.g., perception and info processing speed

correlated to verbal intelligence (Earl Hunt)

Neurological speed

Studies have found that highly intelligent

people’s brain waves register a simple

stimulus more quickly and with greater

complexity

In summary,

Brain function (speed of memory retrieval, speed Brain function (speed of memory retrieval, speed

of perception, speed of neural processing) of perception, speed of neural processing)

matters. matters.

––able to accumulate more info?able to accumulate more info?

-intelligence and speed share underlying -intelligence and speed share underlying

genetic influences?genetic influences?

Homework Review

Quickwrite 2:

What is the difference between achivement

and aptitude test?

What is the difference between validity and

reliability in a test? (use a specific example,

such as personality tests)

What are the three types of validity?

(explain)

Aptitude vs. Achievement test

Aptitude tests : predict learning

Achievement tests: reflect learning

David Wechsler (WAIS, WISC)

• Limits of Stanford-Binet test Limits of Stanford-Binet test

(single score, timed, invalid (single score, timed, invalid

for adults)for adults)

• Saw intelligence as Saw intelligence as

performance, not capacityperformance, not capacity

• Developed the widely-used Developed the widely-used

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Wechsler Adult Intelligence

Scale (WAIS)Scale (WAIS)

David Wechsler (WAIS, WISC)

• The Verbal scales: general knowledge, language, reasoning, and

memory skills

• The Performance scales measure spatial, sequencing, and

problem-solving skills.

Principles of Test Construction

An acceptable psychological test must fulfill the three criteriaAn acceptable psychological test must fulfill the three criteria::

1. Standardization

2. Reliability

3. Validity

Standardization

1.Use scores from representation sample to determine how

well one did on the test relatively

2.Create similar test conditions to prevent confounding

variables

Reliability

A test is A test is reliablereliable when it yields consistent when it yields consistent resultsresults

• Test-Retest Reliability: Test-Retest Reliability: Using the same test on two occasions to measure consistency.

• Split-half Reliability:Split-half Reliability: Dividing the test into two equal halves and assessing how consistent the scores are.

• Reliability using different tests:Reliability using different tests: Using different forms of the test to measure consistency between them.

Validity

Q: How do you tell a good test from a bad one?

A: If it measures what it is suppose to measure. A: If it measures what it is suppose to measure.

http://www.icecream.com/funfacts/index.asp?b=105

Also compare: distorted tunes test vs. Rorschach [roar-Also compare: distorted tunes test vs. Rorschach [roar-

shack] testshack] test

https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/tunetest/Pages/dtt.aspxhttps://www.nidcd.nih.gov/tunetest/Pages/dtt.aspx

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=76UXSdUVuLk (0:00-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=76UXSdUVuLk (0:00-

1:25)1:25)

Validity

Content validityContent validity: does it include the total meaning of the concept?: does it include the total meaning of the concept?

Criterion/predictive validityCriterion/predictive validity: how well are your evaluations : how well are your evaluations

related to other (objective) measures? or how successfully does it related to other (objective) measures? or how successfully does it

make predictions?make predictions?

Construct validityConstruct validity: is it really evaluating (an ideal)?: is it really evaluating (an ideal)?

Tuesday 1/14 Agenda

• Dynamic and extremes of intelligence• Nature & nurture effects on intelligence• Crystalized vs. fluid intelligence• Group & gender differences

Flynn Effect

.

Dynamics of Intelligence

Does intelligence remain Does intelligence remain stablestable over a over a lifetime lifetime or does it or does it changechange??

Evidence for IQ stability: Ian Deary et al. (A Lifetime of Intelligence: Follow-Up Studies of the Scottish Mental Surveys of 1932 and 1947)

IQ =stability or change?

Evidence for change: Sue Ramsden (2004) retested teenagers 3~4 years later and 33% showed large change.

Conclusion?

IQ stays “relatively” the same; peoples’ absolute score will likely increase.

Extremes of Intelligence

.

A valid intelligence test divides two groups of A valid intelligence test divides two groups of people into two extremes: people into two extremes:

the intellectually disabled the intellectually disabled (IQ 70) and individuals (IQ 70) and individuals with with high intelligencehigh intelligence (IQ 135). (IQ 135).

Extremes of Intelligence

.

Treatment of the mentally disabled

.

Treatment of the mentally disabled

.

Extremes of Intelligence

.

Contrary to popular belief, people with high Contrary to popular belief, people with high

intelligence test scores tend to be healthy, well intelligence test scores tend to be healthy, well

adjusted, as well as academically successful. adjusted, as well as academically successful.

Virtue of persistence and grit

Fritz Grobe on “I don’t believe in Genius”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lC3JEZMiK74

.

Genetics or Environment?

The graph provides evidence for which influence--Genes or Environment? Explain why.

Genetics or Environment?

The graph provides evidence for which influence--Genes or Environment? Explain why.

Genetics or Environment?The image provides an argument

for which influence—

Genes or Environment?

Explain why.

Genetics or Environment?Twins studies rarely involve vastly different homes

(stress, neglect, abuse).

• In higher SES (socioeconomic status), difference in intelligence was explained by genetic influence.

• In low SES, the “poor” twin’s score was less determined by heredity (gene) and more by the environment.

Early Intervention Effects

.

Romanian orphans with minimal human interaction are

delayed in their development.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qBTduNwupk (3:15-6)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_jGdvZKkWQ

Schooling Effects

.

Increased schooling correlates with higher intelligence scores. Increased schooling correlates with higher intelligence scores. Research indicates that Head Start programs are most beneficial to participants from disadvantaged home environments.

Catell-Horn Theory of Crystallized & Fluid intelligence

Raymond Cattell on

fluid intelligence:

"…the ability to perceive relationships

independent of previous specific practice or

instruction."

Fluid intelligence

Group Differences in test scores

.

Why do groups differ in intelligence? Why do groups differ in intelligence?

How can we make sense of these differences?How can we make sense of these differences?

Group Differences in test scores

.

Controversy: The Bell Curve (1994)

.

The issue:

1.Determinants of success: IQ > SES

2. Low measured intelligence → anti-social behavior?

3. Poor genes → low IQ scores.

4. Their national policy recommendations.

Agenda Block day 1/15-1/16

Bell Curve Aptitude test bias (Cross-cultural

intelligence tests) Gender difference Test review and/or BBC documentary

.

Controversy: The Bell Curve (1994)

.

Young adults who identify as “liberal” and “atheists”

have higher IQs than those who are “conservative” and

“religious.”

Is there a gene for intelligence only/more among atheists

and liberals? I doubt it.http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/sex-murder-and-the-meaning-life/201004/atheistic-

liberals-are-smarter-funny-reason

Controversy: The Bell Curve (1994)

.

The issue:

1.Determinants of success: IQ > SES

2. Low measured intelligence → anti-social behavior?

3. Poor genes → low IQ scores.

4. Their national policy recommendations.

Controversy: The Bell Curve (1994)

.

I encourage you to go read the

excellent webpage that

summarizes the contents and lists

judicious criticisms:

http://www.intelltheory.com/

bellcurve.shtml

Controversy: The Bell Curve (1994)

.

• Cross cultural studies show that socially

discriminated groups perform worse in IQ test

than the socially dominant group even if there

is no racial difference

Buraku-min (Japan)

Bias of Aptitude Tests

Bias of Aptitude TestsAn intelligence test devoid of cultural bias?

Attempt 1. Eliminate language and design tests with demonstrations and pictures

Attempt 2. Realize that culture-free tests are not possible and design culture-fair tests instead.  These tests draw on experiences found in many cultures.

Bias of Aptitude TestsMany college students will have a middle-class background and may have difficulty appreciating the biases that are part of standardized intelligence tests.

Let’s try taking intelligence tests which make non-mainstream cultural assumptions…

On a sheet of paper…

Write the question # and answer!Write the question # and answer!

The Australian/American Intelligence Test

The 10-item Australian/American Intelligence Test is drawn from typical items on standard Western-European intelligence tests.

http://wilderdom.com/personality/

intelligenceAustralianAmericanTest.html

On a sheet of paper…

Test #2 The Original Australian Intelligence Test

The 10-item Original Australian Intelligence Test is based on the culture of the Edward River Australian Aboriginal community in North Queensland.

http://wilderdom.com/personality/intelligenceOriginalAustralian.html

On a sheet of paper…Test #3 Chitling Test of Intelligence

:Utilizes distinctively black-ghetto experiences.

The Chitling Test was designed by Adrian Dove, a Black sociologist. Aware of the dialect differences, he developed this exam as a half-serious attempt to show that American children are just not all speaking the same language. Those students who are not "culturally deprived" will score well.

http://wilderdom.com/personality/intelligenceChitlingTestShort.html

Discussion

• How would you feel if these tests were replaced for the SAT?

• In what way were these intelligence tests fair or unfair?

• How would you evaluate someone’s intelligence if he/she scored IQ of 90 on a standardized intelligence test but did very well on another test?

Stereotype Threat

How does the graph demonstrate stereotype threat? What does it tell you about the math performance gap between men and women?

Gender Differences

• math and spatial aptitudesmath and spatial aptitudes

• emotion-detecting abilityemotion-detecting ability

*map reading vs remember a past conversation*map reading vs remember a past conversation

Different brains

Hormonal differenceHormonal difference

*Exposure to testosterone during prenatal *Exposure to testosterone during prenatal development is likely to facilitate development of development is likely to facilitate development of spatial ability.spatial ability.

Vid of the day

http://www.cbsnews.com/news/size-matters-how-male-female-brains-compare/

BBC documentary: Battle of the Brains

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-

yldqNkGfo

Or

https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=kYexLjWY5KE