chapter 1 research strategies: how psychologists ask and answer questions
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 1 Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions
Description
Psychologists describe behavior using case studies,
surveys, and naturalistic observation
Description
Case Study observation
technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principals
Is language uniquely human?
Description
Survey technique for ascertaining the self-
reported attitudes or behaviors of people usually by questioning a representative,
random sample of people False Consensus Effect
tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
Description
Population all the cases in a group, from which
samples may be drawn for a study Random Sample
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
Description
Description
If marbles of two colors are mixed well in the large jar, the fastest way to know their ratio is to blindly transfer a few into a smaller one and count them
Description
Naturalistic Observation observing and
recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
Correlation Correlation Coefficient
a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus how well either factor predicts the other
Correlation coefficient
Indicates directionof relationship
(positive or negative)
Indicates strengthof relationship(0.00 to 1.00)
r = +.37
Correlation
Scatterplot a graphed cluster of dots, each of which
represents the values of two variables the slope of the points suggests the
direction of the relationship the amount of scatter suggests the
strength of the correlation little scatter indicates high correlation
also called a scattergram or scatter diagram
Correlation
Perfect positivecorrelation (+1.00)
No relationship (0.00) Perfect negativecorrelation (-1.00)
Scatterplots, showing patterns of correlations
CorrelationHeight and Temperament of 20 Men
123456789
10
11121314151617181920
80636179746962757760
64767166737063716870
75666090604242608139
48697257637530578439
SubjectHeight in
Inches Temperament SubjectHeight in
Inches Temperament
Correlation
Scatterplot of Height and Temperament
55 60 65 70 75 80 85
959085807570656055504540353025
Temperamentscores
Height in inches
CorrelationThree Possible Cause-Effect Relationships
(1)Low self-esteem
Depression
(2)Depression
Low self-esteem
Low self-esteem
Depression
(3)Distressing events
or biologicalpredisposition
could cause
could cause
could cause
or
or
and
Illusory Correlation
Illusory Correlation the
perception of a relationship where none exists
Conceive Do not conceive
Adopt
Do notadopt
disconfirming evidence
confirming evidence
disconfirming evidence
confirming evidence
Two Random Sequences
Your chances of being dealt either of these hands is precisely the same: 1 in 2,598,960.