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Grade 8/Social StudiesGrade 8/Social Studies

UNIT: 12 TITLE: UNIT: 12 TITLE: Reconstruction Reconstruction

Part 1: Reconstruction Part 1: Reconstruction (1865-(1865-1877)1877)

ReconstructionReconstruction

► After the Civil War, the North experienced a After the Civil War, the North experienced a brief economic downturn, but was able to brief economic downturn, but was able to recuperate quickly mainly because most of recuperate quickly mainly because most of the destruction that came with the war the destruction that came with the war occurred primarily in the South.occurred primarily in the South.

► The South was devastated. Their financial The South was devastated. Their financial system was ruined, and many southern system was ruined, and many southern banks had been forced to close, because banks had been forced to close, because that had made loans with Confederate that had made loans with Confederate money which was now worthlessmoney which was now worthless

ReconstructionReconstruction

► The South would The South would need rebuilding, and need rebuilding, and Southern state Southern state governments would governments would need to be restored need to be restored and this was called and this was called reconstruction.reconstruction.

► There were different There were different strategies in strategies in Congress on how to Congress on how to handle handle reconstructionreconstruction

Ten Percent PlanTen Percent Plan

► This was Lincoln’s This was Lincoln’s plan to allow plan to allow southern states to southern states to form their own form their own governments after governments after 10% of the 10% of the population swore an population swore an oath of loyalty to the oath of loyalty to the United States. United States.

► It also would allow It also would allow amnesty to former amnesty to former Confederate soldiersConfederate soldiers

Wade-Davis BillWade-Davis Bill

►This was a rival plan that was more This was a rival plan that was more severe than Lincoln’s 10% Plan.severe than Lincoln’s 10% Plan.

► It would have required a majority of It would have required a majority of white men to swear an oath of loyalty white men to swear an oath of loyalty to the United States and it barred any to the United States and it barred any former Confederate soldier from former Confederate soldier from serving in public officeserving in public office

►Lincoln refused to sign this billLincoln refused to sign this bill

Freedman’s Bureau Freedman’s Bureau

► This was a plan to help This was a plan to help former slaves after the former slaves after the warwar

► The Bureau would The Bureau would provide food and provide food and clothing and help clothing and help African Americans find African Americans find jobs. jobs. It allowed for It allowed for schooling as well by schooling as well by expanding education expanding education opportunitiesopportunities

► It was intended to help It was intended to help impoverished whites as impoverished whites as wellwell

Lincoln is AssassinatedLincoln is Assassinated

► Lincoln never got the Lincoln never got the chance to push his chance to push his reconstruction plans reconstruction plans through Congressthrough Congress

► While attending a While attending a play a play a Fords play a play a Fords Theatre in Theatre in Washington D.C. on Washington D.C. on April 14th, 1865, he April 14th, 1865, he was assassinated was assassinated

Lincoln is AssassinatedLincoln is Assassinated

► John Wilkes Booth, an John Wilkes Booth, an actor and Southern actor and Southern sympathizer, crept sympathizer, crept into Lincoln’s balcony into Lincoln’s balcony and shot him in the and shot him in the head.head.

► Lincoln died the next Lincoln died the next morningmorning

► Booth escaped but Booth escaped but was later apprehended was later apprehended and killed along with and killed along with his conspiratorshis conspirators

The 13th AmendmentThe 13th Amendment

► Andrew Johnson, who Andrew Johnson, who had been Lincoln’s Vice had been Lincoln’s Vice President, became the President, became the new President.new President.

► Johnson passed a plan Johnson passed a plan that required the that required the Southern states to pass Southern states to pass the the 13th Amendment 13th Amendment which outlawed slavery which outlawed slavery everywhere in the everywhere in the United States and no United States and no compensation was to compensation was to be given to former be given to former slave owners.slave owners.

The 13th AmendmentThe 13th Amendment

► The southern states did pass the 13th Amendment, so The southern states did pass the 13th Amendment, so Johnson allowed them to have their own state Johnson allowed them to have their own state governments back.governments back.

► This angered many Radical Republicans in Congress, This angered many Radical Republicans in Congress, who felt Johnson was being too lenient with the Southwho felt Johnson was being too lenient with the South

The 13The 13thth Amendment Amendment

► Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson (who was a (who was a Democrat) believed Democrat) believed that Reconstruction that Reconstruction in the South should in the South should not be cruel nor not be cruel nor harsh, so that a harsh, so that a better relationship better relationship could be formed could be formed between the regions between the regions of the countryof the country

Radical RepublicansRadical Republicans

► Radical Republicans Radical Republicans like Thaddeus like Thaddeus Stevens, became Stevens, became outraged when outraged when southern states southern states began electing began electing former Confederate former Confederate Congress members Congress members to the U.S. Congressto the U.S. Congress

Black CodesBlack Codes

► Southern legislatures Southern legislatures also began to pass also began to pass “Black Codes” which “Black Codes” which were intended on were intended on preventing freedmen preventing freedmen from voting or gaining from voting or gaining economic power.economic power. Many Many who attempted to defy who attempted to defy these codes could be these codes could be arrested and sentenced arrested and sentenced to work on plantations. to work on plantations.

Civil Rights ActsCivil Rights Acts► Radical Republicans passed the Civil Rights Radical Republicans passed the Civil Rights

Act of 1866 to combat the “Black Codes”Act of 1866 to combat the “Black Codes”► President Andrew Johnson (Democrat) President Andrew Johnson (Democrat)

vetoed the bill, but the Radical Republican vetoed the bill, but the Radical Republican controlled Congress overrode his vetocontrolled Congress overrode his veto

The 14th AmendmentThe 14th Amendment

► The 14th Amendment was passed by Congress to The 14th Amendment was passed by Congress to give citizenship to all persons born in the United give citizenship to all persons born in the United States. Including newly freed former slaves. States. Including newly freed former slaves.

► It also guaranteed equal protection of the law to It also guaranteed equal protection of the law to all citizens. all citizens.

The 14th AmendmentThe 14th Amendment

► The Republicans were hoping to secure basic The Republicans were hoping to secure basic rights for freedmen in the Southrights for freedmen in the South

► All the former Confederate States except All the former Confederate States except Tennessee refused to ratify the 14th Tennessee refused to ratify the 14th AmendmentAmendment

► The Radical Republicans then abolished all the The Radical Republicans then abolished all the southern state governments and split the southern state governments and split the south into 5 military districts.south into 5 military districts.

► They would not be allowed to rejoin the United They would not be allowed to rejoin the United States until they ratified the 14th amendment States until they ratified the 14th amendment and rewrote their state constitutionsand rewrote their state constitutions

Military RedistrictingMilitary Redistricting

Ratification of 14Ratification of 14thth AmendmentAmendment

1515thth Amendment Amendment

► In 1869, Republicans in Congress came up In 1869, Republicans in Congress came up with the 15th Amendment, which would with the 15th Amendment, which would forbid any state to deny African Americans forbid any state to deny African Americans the right to votethe right to vote

1515thth Amendment Amendment

► Many Republicans Many Republicans knew that the knew that the majority of African majority of African Americans would Americans would probably vote probably vote RepublicanRepublican

► The addition of the The addition of the 13th 14th, and 15th 13th 14th, and 15th amendments during amendments during reconstruction had a reconstruction had a great effect on the great effect on the countrycountry

ReconstructionReconstruction

►There were few white people in the South There were few white people in the South who supported the Republican party. who supported the Republican party. They were mainly businessmen who had They were mainly businessmen who had opposed secession in the first place opposed secession in the first place

►Many other Southerners referred to these Many other Southerners referred to these white Republicans as “scalawags” and white Republicans as “scalawags” and considered them to be traitorsconsidered them to be traitors

►There were Northerners who came down There were Northerners who came down to the South to help in the Reconstructionto the South to help in the Reconstruction

CarpetbaggersCarpetbaggers

► Many Southerners Many Southerners accused these accused these Northerners of scheming Northerners of scheming to take advantage of the to take advantage of the situation and get rich off situation and get rich off the misery of the the misery of the Southerners. They Southerners. They referred to these men referred to these men as “Carpetbaggers” as “Carpetbaggers” since they came down since they came down in cloth suitcases. in cloth suitcases.

► Southern Democrats Southern Democrats hated carpetbaggershated carpetbaggers

ReconstructionReconstruction

►Another major voice in politics was the Another major voice in politics was the voice of the African Americans.voice of the African Americans.

►Now that they could vote, many began Now that they could vote, many began running for office. Several were even running for office. Several were even elected to Congresselected to Congress

►Hiram Revels became the first African Hiram Revels became the first African American Senator in 1870.American Senator in 1870. (He was (He was elected to finish Jefferson Davis’s term)elected to finish Jefferson Davis’s term)

Hiram RevelsHiram Revels

ReconstructionReconstruction

►Many Conservatives in the South Many Conservatives in the South resisted all the change brought on by resisted all the change brought on by Reconstruction. Most of these Reconstruction. Most of these Conservatives were Democrats. They Conservatives were Democrats. They began t wage a personal war with began t wage a personal war with anyone who supported the Republican anyone who supported the Republican Party.Party.

►Secret societies began to form to keep Secret societies began to form to keep African Americans from voting and African Americans from voting and prevent Republicans from gaining powerprevent Republicans from gaining power

Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan

► The most dangerous The most dangerous and violent of these and violent of these secret societies was secret societies was the Ku Klux Klanthe Ku Klux Klan

SharecroppingSharecropping

► Poverty was beginning to take hold of the Poverty was beginning to take hold of the South during ReconstructionSouth during Reconstruction

► Former slaves who left the plantations found Former slaves who left the plantations found little opportunities elsewhere and many little opportunities elsewhere and many wound up returning to work on the wound up returning to work on the plantations.plantations.

► They rented the land they worked on and They rented the land they worked on and were provided tools, seed, fertilizer, etc. by were provided tools, seed, fertilizer, etc. by the land owners in return for a share in the the land owners in return for a share in the profits from the crops.profits from the crops.

SharecroppingSharecropping

►Many sharecroppers Many sharecroppers spent their time trying spent their time trying to repay the loans and to repay the loans and became locked in a became locked in a cycle of poverty.cycle of poverty.

►Many white Many white Southerners who had Southerners who had lost everything wound lost everything wound up becoming up becoming sharecroppers as wellsharecroppers as well

Reconstruction EndsReconstruction Ends

► Radical Republicans Radical Republicans eventually began to eventually began to lose their influence lose their influence in Congress as in Congress as many had been many had been exposed of exposed of corruption. corruption.

► Even President Even President Grant was seen as Grant was seen as corruptcorrupt

Reconstruction EndsReconstruction Ends

►When the Amnesty Act of 1872 was When the Amnesty Act of 1872 was passed, Southerners were once again passed, Southerners were once again allowed to vote for their own allowed to vote for their own governments. Most all of them voted governments. Most all of them voted overwhelmingly Democrat.overwhelmingly Democrat.

►Republican domination of Congress Republican domination of Congress soon gave way to an even splitsoon gave way to an even split

►The Democratic Party would rule the The Democratic Party would rule the politics of Southern states for a century politics of Southern states for a century following the Civil Warfollowing the Civil War

Election of 1876Election of 1876

► In the election of In the election of 1876, Democrats 1876, Democrats chose Samuel chose Samuel Tilden to run for Tilden to run for PresidentPresident

► Republicans chose Republicans chose Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford B. Hayes as their candidate. as their candidate.

► The election was The election was extremely close.extremely close.

Election of 1876Election of 1876

► Tilden won the popular Tilden won the popular vote, but 20 electoral vote, but 20 electoral votes were too close to votes were too close to call.call.

► A commission of mostly A commission of mostly Republicans handled Republicans handled the recount and gave the recount and gave the election to Hayes. the election to Hayes.

► Hayes began to remove Hayes began to remove all federal troops from all federal troops from the South thus bringing the South thus bringing an official end to an official end to Reconstruction Reconstruction

Homestead ActHomestead Act

► The Homestead Act was passed by Congress in The Homestead Act was passed by Congress in 1862. It gave land west of the Mississippi River to 1862. It gave land west of the Mississippi River to anyone who had not taken up arms against the U.S. anyone who had not taken up arms against the U.S. government and who agreed to improve the landgovernment and who agreed to improve the land

► This caused the settlement of western territories to This caused the settlement of western territories to accelerateaccelerate

Morrill ActMorrill Act

► The Morrill Act allowed for the The Morrill Act allowed for the creation of creation of land grant collegesland grant colleges whose studies focused whose studies focused on agriculture and mechanical arts on agriculture and mechanical arts

►Many states began to build their first public Many states began to build their first public collegescolleges

Dawes ActDawes Act

► The Dawes Act was passed by Congress in 1887. It The Dawes Act was passed by Congress in 1887. It divided Indian Tribal land into lots for individual divided Indian Tribal land into lots for individual ownership to help assimilate Native Americans into ownership to help assimilate Native Americans into American SocietyAmerican Society

► This disrupted tribal way of life by enforcing individual This disrupted tribal way of life by enforcing individual ownership.ownership.

Plessey v. FergusonPlessey v. Ferguson

►Segregation- the legal separation of Segregation- the legal separation of races became the law of the land in the races became the law of the land in the South. The South passed state laws to South. The South passed state laws to keep African Americans out of white keep African Americans out of white schools, theatres, restaurants, schools, theatres, restaurants, hospitals, and even cemeteries.hospitals, and even cemeteries.

►These were known as “Jim Crow” laws. These were known as “Jim Crow” laws. ►African Americans challenged these African Americans challenged these

laws in the laws in the Plessey v. FergusonPlessey v. Ferguson case. case.

Plessey v. FergusonPlessey v. Ferguson

► The supreme court The supreme court ruled that ruled that segregation was segregation was legal as long as the legal as long as the separate Black and separate Black and White facilities were White facilities were equal. They were equal. They were hardly ever equal hardly ever equal

New SouthNew South

►When Reconstruction ended the South When Reconstruction ended the South began to build its own industry instead began to build its own industry instead to relying on the North. to relying on the North.

►Many new businesses started up I this Many new businesses started up I this “New South”, such as mining and oil “New South”, such as mining and oil refineriesrefineries

New SouthNew South

► It would take over It would take over 100 years before 100 years before the South was able the South was able to catch up to the to catch up to the rest of the Nation in rest of the Nation in development and in development and in some cases surpass some cases surpass the other regions in the other regions in industryindustry