innovation - zeiss · zeiss lenses were in on it, too yvonne maier 31 anniversaries 100 years of...

InnovationT h e M a g a z i n e f r o m C a r l Z e i s s

■ Climate Change, Glaciers and the Iceman

■ Processes of Cell Division

■ All Eyes on Zeiss Lenses

ISSN 1431-8059

11

Innovation 11, Carl Zeiss, 20022

Contents

Editorial

Things that Change the World ❚ Dieter Brocksch 3

In Focus

The Global Climate Change: a Challenge to Society and Science ❚ Wolfgang Seiler 4Ötzi the Iceman ❚ Manfred Schindler 8Hot on the Trail of Climate Changes ❚ Claudia Hillinger 12

Prizes and Awards

Images of Cell Division ❚ Heinz Gundlach 14Pioneering Discoveries about the Cell Cycle ❚ Dieter Brocksch 16A Visit to Sir Paul Nurse ❚ Interview with Sir Paul Nurse 18Credit Where Credit is Due ❚ Heinz Gundlach, Dieter Brocksch 20High Resolution Optical Microscopy ❚ Dieter Brocksch 22

From Users

All-round Chromosome Analysis ❚ Uwe Claussen 23

In Short

The Course is Set for the Microchips of the Future ❚ Konrad Ahrens 24

Products in Practice

Taking a Closer Look at Teeth ❚ Anke Biester 26

Focus on Vision

Take Your Pick – At Home! ❚ Ingolf Zera 28Personalized Lenses in Small Frames ❚ Oranna Guth 30Zeiss Lenses Were In On It, Too ❚ Yvonne Maier 31

Anniversaries

100 Years of Carl Zeiss Tessar® ❚ Wolfgang Pfeiffer, Kornelius Fleischer, Dieter Brocksch 32100 Years of Prontor ❚ Manfred Schindler 34150 Years of Hensoldt ❚ Manfred Schindler 35Innovations at the Service of Healthcare ❚ Lothar Janiak 36

Business Barometer

2000/2001 Annual Report of the Carl Zeiss Stiftung ❚ Dieter Brocksch 38

Product Report

Light Microscopy 39Ophthalmic Instruments, Surgical Products 40Industrial Metrology 41Photographic and Cine Lenses 42Ophthalmic Products 43

Masthead 43

macroscopically

Are the changes established in the past 100 years con-stantly recurring, natural fluctuations in the climate, orare they really irreversible climate changes influenced bymankind? The experts do not totally agree on this issue.What would appear to be certain is that our way of life,and the continuing and strongly expanding industrializa-tion in particular, is making a (negative) contribution tothe fluctuations and changes evident in our climate. Thearticles “Climate and Glaciers”, “Ötzi the Iceman” and“Hot on the Trail of Climate Changes” provide answers,opinions, and insights into this subject, highlightingissues connected with the change in the earth’s climatecurrently discernible. In Germany the Federal Educationand Research Department has declared 2002 as the Yearof the Geosciences under the motto planeterde® (PlanetEarth). Many events and activities on the topics SystemEarth, Air, Fire and Water are taking place this year atvarious locations in Germany.

microscopically

As far back as 1855, Rudolf Virchow’s statement “omniscellulae e cellula” – all cells stem from one cell – laid the foundation stone for the science of cell biology andculminates in the sentence that the development of the organic world constitutes an unbroken chain of celldivisions. The 2001 Nobel Prize for Medicine was award-ed to Paul Nurse, Timothy Hunt and Leland Hartwell for

Innovation 11, Carl Zeiss, 2002 3

their discoveries and descriptions of components andprocesses in the individual cell at what is known as thecellular level – processes which very decisively regulateand influence our lives. Fundamental molecular mecha-nisms control every cell division process. This process hasremained unchanged during all the exciting events thathave punctuated the evolution of life on earth over mil-lions of years. In principle, the cell division process is vir-tually identical in yeast cells, plants, animals and humans.The articles “Images of Cell Division”, “Pioneering Dis-coveries About the Cell Cycle” and “All-round Chromo-some Analysis” provide an insight intro these processes.

globally

Macroscopically and microscopically, climate changes andcell division are global processes and events on PlanetEarth which we, as human beings, follow and analyze.Influence must and can only be exerted with caution andshould lead solely to an enhancement in the quality oflife enjoyed by all living creatures. Since its founding, thecompany Carl Zeiss has always played a key role in thefield of research and development by creating productsfor analysis, measurement, observation, recording, com-munication and information, making its own contributionto ongoing knowledge enrichment and to a lasting im-provement in the general quality of life.

June 2002

Dr. Dieter Brocksch

Edi tor ia l

Fig 1: Aerial photograph of the Rocky Mountains in North America

Fig 2: Stages of development of C. elegans (DIC contrasting)

Things that Change the World


The Global Climate Change: A Challenge to

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In Focus

The Vernagt Ferner in theEuropean Tyrol region. Thephotographic documentationfrom the years 1912, 1968and 1994 clearly shows thedramatic shrinking of theglacier surfaces which isoccurring in the entireAlpine region – and not onlythere! – due to climatechanges (reproduced withthe kind permission ofthe Bavarian Academy of Sciences in Munich,Commission for Glaciology).

Wolfgang Seiler

1994

1912

1968

At first glance, the temperatureincrease would appear to berelatively insignificant. However,when we consider that the tem-perature difference between theIce Age and the interglacial periodwas only 4 to 5 °C, the increasesuddenly appears in a totally dif-ferent light.

In the past 20 to 40 years theglobal temperature rise has accel-erated, leading to new tempera-ture records form one year to the next. Since the beginning oftemperature measurements, theannual global temperature mea-sured in 2001 was exceeded onceonly – during the El Niño scenarioin 1998. The greatest increasesoccurred over the continental re-gions of the northern hemisphere,particularly in latitudes north of30 °N.

The shrinking of the glaciers,the thawing of permafrost at in-creasingly greater depths and thereduction in the area of the Arcticcovered by sea ice all testify to theclimate change currently under-way. The best evidence for globalwarming is the temperature of thelayer of air close to the groundwhich has increased by approx.0.7 °C since the beginning of in-dustrialization about 140 yearsago.

Society and Science

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Fig. 1:Deviation in globaltemperatures in the layer ofair close to the groundrelative to the mean valuefor the period 1961-1990(Source: Hadley Center)

1The causes

What processes are responsible forthis climate change, and to what ex-tent, is impossible to say with absolutecertainty. A single cause is not to beexpected due to the large number ofparameters that determine the cli-mate. Current knowledge would sug-gest that about 60% of the climatechange is attributable to such humanactivities as altered land use, defor-estation, agricultural and industrialactivities, and increasing energy con-sumption. These processes are respon-sible for the increase in emissions doc-umented in the past 100 years andultimately for the rise in concen-trations of carbon dioxide (CO2),methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O)and chlorofluorohydrocarbons (CFCs)in the atmosphere. These trace gasesabsorb the thermal radiation emittedby the earth’s surface and use it toheat the layers of air close to theground. By analogy, this is oftenknown as the “greenhouse effect”and the associated trace gases as“greenhouse gases”. If the atmos-phere did not contain these green-house gases, a mean temperature of–18 °C would hypothetically result, i.e. 33 °C below today’s value. There-fore, any change in the concentrationof these greenhouse gases mustinevitably lead to a climate change.

Climate of the future

Since industrialization, the concen-trations of the most important green-house gases CO2, CH4 and N2O haveincreased exponentially to levels farexceeding the concentrations detect-ed in the past 450,000 years. Abouthalf of the increase in CO2 concentra-tions has occurred in the past 30years. If we generally assume that the

surface temperature reacts to theseconcentration changes with a delayof approx. 30 years, we can concludethat about only one half of theclimate change caused by mankindhas in fact taken effect. Therefore,according to current knowledge,further warming must be expectedwith a high degree of probability.

The CO2 and N2O molecules emit-ted by mankind remain up to 120years in the atmosphere until they aredegraded by biological, chemical andphysical processes. This means thatthe increase in CO2 and N2O concen-trations in the atmosphere occurredafter the increase in the emission ofthese gases. As a result, the concen-trations of these gases will continueto rise, even if the emissions of CO2

and N2O attributable to mankind aresuccessfully frozen at the current lev-el. What is needed is an immediatereduction of the emissions by up to80%. In future, CO2 concentrationswill continue to rise due to the in-creasing consumption of natural fossilfuels such as coal, natural gas andmineral oil. The International EnergyAgency (IEA) assumes that CO2 emis-sions will increase by about 50% bythe year 2020 – from today’s 26 bil-


lion tons to around 38 billion tons.Depending on social and economicdevelopments during the next 100years, current scenarios suggest thatthe annual CO2 emission anticipatedin 2100 will even out at between 18and 110 billion tons. In addition, a

rise in CH4 and N2O emissions mustalso be expected, accompanied by anincrease in the world population andthe associated intensification of agri-culture.

The repercussions

All global climate models predict afurther increase in temperature whichis estimated at values between 2 and6 °C by the end of this century. Thefluctuation margin is attributable,firstly, to the different emission sce-narios used as a basis for the fore-casts. Secondly, there are still consid-erable gaps in our current knowledgeabout the complex behavior of ourclimate and about the diverse feed-back mechanisms, e.g. with the bios-phere. This knowledge can be ex-panded by interdisciplinary researchprojects if the reliability of the globaland regional climate models is to beimproved. This constitutes an impor-tant scientific challenge and will occu-py scientists for many years to come.

Even if the temperature increase issuccessfully limited to the lower valueof the current temperature forecast, aclimate status will be achieved whichoccurred at only a few times duringthe past 2 – 3 million year history of

indication of what awaits future gen-erations is the statistics published byglobal insurance companies whichshow an extreme increase in thenumber of weather-related claims anddamages – a sum which is comparableto the financial outlay required forsuccessful climate protection.

Protective measures

Climate protection must therefore not only be focused on measuresaimed at reducing the emission ofrelevant trace substances, but mustalso contain measures which provideprotection against the repercussionsof the global climate change.

In view of the expected impact ofthe climate change, the rapid imple-mentation of measures to reducegreenhouse gas emission is required,even allowing for various uncertain-ties. As CH4 and N2O emissions areprimarily caused by agricultural ac-tivities which cannot be significantlyreduced due to the increase in theworld population to approx. 3 billionby 2050, the climate protection mea-sures will concentrate on CO2.

To reduce the human-related tem-perature rise to a value of 1°C, theglobal CO2 emission recorded in 1990must be decreased by at least 50%by the end of the this century. With a25% share of the world population,the industrialized nations currentlyaccount for 75% of global CO2 emis-sion. Taking into account the longatmospheric dwell time of anthro-pogenic CO2, this relationship lookseven more unfavorable for the indus-trialized nations. Consequently, a re-duction in CO2 emission of 80% isdemanded of the industrial nationsbefore the end of the century.

The dilemma is that the countriescontributing most to the climatechange are least affected by its im-pact and are not therefore subjectedto any direct pressure to implementsuitable measures for climate protec-tion. The Third World countries suf-

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our climate. The climate change is as-sociated with many different effectswhich vary considerably from one re-gion to another and will hence havedifferent impacts on the various coun-tries of the world. Some countries willbenefit from a climate change, whileothers will be all the more adverselyaffected.

A rise in sea level by about 50 cmmay be the result by the end of thiscentury. Lowlying islands and coastalzones, cities lying directly in coastalareas and large, fertile river deltaswith dense populations will be en-dangered by flooding. The expectedchange in atmospheric circulation willlead to a change in the temporal andspatial distribution of rainfall, with di-rect consequences for agriculture andforestry. The provision of sufficientand clean drinking water will be jeop-ardized in many parts of the earth.The semi-arid countries, which are al-ready suffering considerable climaticstress today, will be particularly se-verely hit. These include in particularthe developing and newly industrializ-ing countries in the tropics and sub-tropics which number among the re-gions with the highest populationgrowth rates. In these countries thelink between climate change andpopulation growth will further aggra-vate the existing social conflict anddestabilize society. Due to the increas-ing networking of international eco-nomic interests, the industrializedcountries will also be affected by theconsequences of the climate changesuffered by the developing and newlyindustrializing countries.

An important consequence of theglobal climate change which has notbeen given adequate attention is theincreased incidence of extreme mete-orological events associated withflooding, drought, storms, avalanch-es, etc. Such consequences of theclimate change will most definitelyhave considerable ecological andsocio-ecological repercussions whichcan barely be assessed as yet. A good

“We can believe in the future and work to achieveit and preserve it, or we can whirl blindly on,behaving as if one day there will be no children toinherit our legacy. The choice is ours; the earth is in the balance.”

Al Gore, “Earth in the Balance – Ecology and Human Spirit” Houghton Mifflin Company, 1992

fering most from the climate changecan contribute least to climate protec-tion. This obliges the industrializedcountries to counteract further cli-mate change by undertaking the ap-propriate preventive action out of asense of responsibility toward futuregenerations.

An up to 80% reduction in CO2

emission is not some utopian dream.Technologies for the reduction ofenergy consumption and for CO2-free energy production already existtoday. These possibilities include effi-cient energy utilization, the use ofnew CO2-free technologies, the in-creased utilization of regenerativeenergy sources and combined heatand power generation.

One thing is sure, however: a gen-eral panacea to remedy all problemsat one stroke and without the per-sonal commitment of each individualsimply does not exist, and will not ex-ist in the future either. Measureswhich have been skilfully matched toeach other and adapted to regionalconditions are needed. They must beconstantly monitored with regard totheir cost efficiency, technological de-velopment and social acceptance, andif they pass the test, they must thenbe implemented consistently and sys-tematically.

The factors determining climatechange are a challenge not only toscience but also to society. A signifi-cant reduction in CO2 emission canonly be achieved by creating the rightmarginal conditions and by providingmajor incentives to encourage greaterawareness in the handling of energy.These include the structuring of ener-gy prices and financial support in thedevelopment and market launch ofnew CO2-free technologies such asthe thermal insulation of houses andthe increased use of regenerativeenergies (wind, water, sun, biomass).

The negotiations about the KyotoProtocol indicate that the implemen-tation of the currently existing possi-bilities for a significant reduction in

CO2 emission will be no mean feat.The provisions decided in Marrakech,where allowance was made for natur-al CO2 sinks, are a compromise. Theoriginal goal of an approx. 5% reduc-tion in CO2 emission by the industrial-ized countries by 2012 will not bemet. The discussion about climateprotection initiated at the highestgovernment level by the “KyotoProcess” points in the right directionand justifies the hope that the aspiredgoal of stabilizing the temperaturerise at a “tolerable value” will beachieved in future protocols on thereduction of greenhouse gas emis-sions still to be negotiated.


Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Seiler, Karlsruhe Research Center, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany

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Fig. 2:Forecast temperature risefor the period 2000–2010relative to the temperaturevariation of the past 1000years (Source: IPC 2002).

Fig. 3:Co2 emission through theuse of fossil fuels such ascoal, natural gas andmineral oil (IEA forecast 2002).

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Just who does theIceman belong to?

In the very first media reports, it waspartly assumed that the site of thefind was not located in Austria buton Italian territory. It was thereforeup to the Italian authorities to de-cide what should happen to thisdiscovery that was causing such aworldwide sensation. Although thedoubts about the nationality of thelocation appeared somewhat bizarreat first, different views on the exactcourse of the frontier line wereindeed justified, i.e. on whether itruns north or south of Ötzi’s icygrave.

When Tyrol was divided afterWorld War I, the victorious AlliedPowers fixed the frontier betweenItaly and Austria on the watershedbetween the river valleys of Adigeand Inn. But what if nature ignoresthe decisions of politicians, if meltingglaciers change the topographicconditions and water channels?

People in South and North Tyrolhave continued to use the bridlepaths linking the areas from time im-memorial, and have driven theirflocks to pastures which have beenofficially documented for centuries,on both sides of the main Alpinecrest. Until the discovery of Ötzi, noone had been particularly interestedin where to the exact meter thefrontier ran through eternal ice anduncultivatable land according to thedelimitation of 1919 under interna-tional law. However, the increasinglyheated discussion about the loca-tion’s nationality finally necessitatedthe re-measurement of the nationalborder. As it turned out, the incon-spicuous rock trough housing theglacier mummy for thousands ofyears is in fact located on Italian terri-tory, exactly 92.56 meters from theborder line. In other words, theprovince of South Tyrol was the right-ful owner of the find.


In September 1991, a couple fromNuremberg climbing down from theFinailspitze peak in the Ötztal Alpsspotted a human corpse half protrud-ing from ice and melt water residuesin a rock trough not far from themarked trail. They informed the land-lord of the Similaun lodge who re-ported the discovery to the Italianpolice in Schnals and their Austriancounterparts in Sölden, as the site ofthe find on the edge of the Nieder-joch glacier was obviously located onthe frontier line between Italy andAustria.

The very next day, an Austrianrescue team arrived by helicopter onthe site located at an altitude of3120 meters. Due to the onset ofbad weather, however, they had toreturn empty-handed to the valley.Among the first reaching the site onfoot were the two South Tyroleanmountaineers Reinhold Messner andHans Kammerlander. They subjectedthe corpse and its surroundings tocloser scrutiny, and found remnantsof clothes and various utensils, in-cluding a bow, suggesting that thedead man could hardly be a 20th

century victim of a mountaineeringaccident.

This guess was confirmed a fewdays later. The body and the collect-ed pieces of equipment had beenbrought to the Department of Foren-sic Medicine of Innsbruck University,where Prof. Dr. Konrad Spindler ofthe Institute of Pre- and Early Historywas consulted. He dated the find to be early Bronze Age – a sensationwhich hit the headlines worldwide.

The mummy was then transferredto the Institute of Anatomy where itwas preserved in a cold storage roomat minus temperatures and with ahumidity similar to glacier conditions.All articles found on the site weretransferred to the Central Roman-Germanic Museum in Mainz, Ger-many for preservative treatment.

Ötzi the Iceman

The global climate is warming – aprocess which, though scarcelyfelt, is nevertheless clearly visible.Glaciers have been receding foryears, and not only in the polarzones, in the high mountainousregions of Central Asia or in thenorthern and southern areas ofAmerica! Even in the EuropeanAlps, experienced hikers are baf-fled to see a trail which ran abovethe edge of a glacier as recentlyas the previous year now passingthrough rock and rubble. The in-creasing melting of snow and icemasses has presented the archeo-logical community with a sensa-tional find and an outstandingresearch object. A museum hasbeen set up in Bolzano in SouthTyrol to house this discovery.

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Fig. 1:The site of the find at analtitude of 3120 m aboveMSL, between Schnalstal(Italy) and Ötztal (Austria).In this area, three passagesand cattle drive trailsknown from time immemo-rial lead across the mainAlpine crest via Niederjochand Hauslabjoch.

Manfred Schindler

The South TyrolMuseum of Archeology

Was the Iceman a South Tyrolean?Where did he come from and wherewas he bound? These and many oth-er, hitherto unanswered questionswill keep the international scientificcommunity busy for many years tocome. Since 1998, the specially builtSouth Tyrol Museum of Archeology inBolzano has provided this spectaculardiscovery with a home befitting itsimportance. Here, the Iceman isstored – without any danger of aging– in a specially designed cold storagecomplex. The complex comprises adecontamination room, an examina-tion room equipped with Zeiss tech-nology, and two cold chambers withindependent refrigeration systems. In

one of the chambers, the Iceman isstored at –6 °C and a humidity ofnearly 100% , surrounded by myste-rious cold light from which all ultravi-olet and infrared beams have beenfiltered. Visitors to the museum canview the mummy through a window.The preservation principle involvingan innovative sheathed thermo-system for the exchange of humidity,without any formation of ice on themummy’s body, has been speciallydeveloped and is currently unique inthe world.


Fig. 2:On the upper floor of themuseum, a small windowallows a glimpse of thepreserved glacier mummyinside the cold chamber.

700 axial sectional images ob-tained by computer tomographywere used to create a stereo-lithographed 3D representation ofthe skeleton system and a modelof the skull with a level ofprecision totaling mere fractionsof a millimeter. This formed thebasis for the reconstruction of theIceman's body, facial features,hairstyle and beard.Under a grass cloak, he wore aknee-length upper garment madeof strips of goat skin to keep himwarm. The “underwear” consistedof a loin cloth made of goat hidewhich was drawn between thelegs. The thighs and lower legswere covered by a kind of

Reconstruction of the Iceman, his clothing and equipment

leggings also made of goat hide,to which deerskin shoes with solesof bear skin and with a hay liningwere attached.The Iceman´s equipment included acopper axe, a bow made of yewwood, a leather quiver containingsome unfinished arrow shaftsmade of viburnum branches andsome arrows with flint heads readyfor shooting as well as a daggerwith a flint blade.Two birch bark containers whichthe Iceman carried with him werenot only used for storing food, butalso contained embers for a fireembedded in fresh leaves, as canbe deduced from charcoal particlesfound inside.


In archeological excavations, select-ed objects are usually found whichhave been intentionally placed in thelocation as part of religious or burialceremonies. The Iceman find, on theother hand, provides a realistic snap-shot of man’s everyday life in highmountainous regions 5000 yearsago.

But not only research into Alpineprehistory is gaining new insightsfrom the Iceman. Other scientific andtechnical disciplines are also partici-pating in the thorough investigationof the find: medicine (anatomy, radi-ology, pathology, hematology, der-matology, parasitology, etc.), micro-biology, anthropology, paleobotany,cryotechnology” (quote from themuseum documentation).

Figs 3 to 5:“Ötzi” in the examinationroom of the cold storagecomplex at the South TyrolMuseum of Archeology.

The equipment including aZeiss OPMI® 111 surgicalmicroscope, a MediLive 3CDD camera, an AxioCam®digital microscope cameraand the associated KS 300software is primarily usedfor constant monitoring ofall major preservationparameters:- the mummy's moisture

content,- its subjective surface

condition,- its weight,- the color characteristics

of its skin,- its microbiological

integrity

The processes performedfor this purpose involve thephotographic documen-tation of details of themummy, examinations ofits surface at differentmagnifications, andspectrometric measure-ments of the light reflectedby the skin at definedmeasuring points.

The Iceman, his clothes and equip-ment form the core of museum’s ex-hibition. A tour through the exhibi-tion area, which has been slightlydarkened for reasons of preservation,along special climatized showcaseswith the original remnants of theitems found on site, their excellentreconstructions and very instructivepresentations of information in wordand picture is a fascinating experi-ence. Interested visitors learn, forexample, that scientific studies haveestimated the glacier mummy to beapprox. 5300 years old, that theIceman’s height at the time of hisdeath was 1.60 meters, that heweighed roughly 50 kg and hadprobably reached the age of 46years.

What is so specialabout this find?

“This find is so unique becauseorganic parts of the clothing andequipment of prehistoric men havenever been found before in such an excellent state of preservation and in such completeness. TheIceman was snatched from life forreasons unknown to us, and re-mained preserved in the ice in thisaccidental situation, together with hisequipment.

Internationalresearch

Angelika Fleckinger, coordinator atthe South Tyrol Museum of Archeolo-gy, writes that the body itself wassubjected to no less than 570 scien-tific examinations between its discov-ery and the transfer of the mummyfrom Innsbruck to Bolzano. 100 sam-ples have been taken, the largest ofthem weighing 60 milligrams and theweight of all samples together total-ing just over one gram. Renownedresearch institutes from all over theworld participated in the studies.

The Osteological Research Labora-tory of Stockholm University and theInstitute of Anatomy of InnsbruckUniversity, for example, examined the

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Sources/photos:see Masthead

Fig. 6:On a surface area of 1200square meters, the SouthTyrol Museum ofArcheology in Bolzano’s ViaMuseo /Museumsstrassedocuments the pre- andearly history of South Tyrolfrom the end of the Ice Age(15,000 BC) up to theCharlemagne period(around 800 AD). Thecentral exhibit is the Icemanand the associated finds.

bone structure for age-related de-generation symptoms, and concur-rently estimated the Iceman’s age to be at least 40 and no more than53 years at the time of death.

Tissue fibers and bone particleswere evaluated for 14C dating by theResearch Laboratory for Archeologyand the History of Art in Oxford andat the Institute of Medium EnergyPhysics at Zurich Technical University(Eidgenössische Technische Hoch-schule). Likewise, botanical fiber frag-ments from the clothes were ana-lyzed at the Svedborg Laboratoriet ofUppsala University and at the Centerfor Weak Radioactive Substances(Centre de Faibles Radioactivités) inParis. The results concurrently showedthat “Ötzi” lived in the period be-tween 3350 and 3100 BC.

The list of spectacular researchprojects could be continued indefi-nitely. The universities of Ferrara,Camerino, Rome and Bolzano, theEidgenössische Technische Hoch-schule in Zürich and the Departmentof Anthropology and Biology of Lon-don University College are currentlyperforming dedicated DNA analyseswhich, though based on different ap-proaches, are all aimed at gainingfurther insights into the Iceman’s ori-gin and migration.

“Ötzi” is an international project.Over one hundred experts have beeninvolved until now in deciphering the“Homo Tyrolensis” or “Homo Hausla-biensis” as the Iceman has come tobe called in scientific terms. We al-ready know a lot about him. For ex-ample, he was afflicted by arthritisand suffered from the effects of sev-eral fractured ribs, some of his wis-dom teeth were missing, the provi-sions for his journey over theHauslabjoch consisted of wheat bran,plums and dried capricorn meat, hewas protected by surprisingly practi-cal clothing, and he possessed anearly perfect survival kit.

New discoveries

Initially it was assumed that the Ice-man’s death had been due to a sud-den onset of bad weather leading tohypothermia and exhaustion. In sum-mer 2001, however, Eduard Egarter,pathologist and coordinator of theÖtzi research project, and Paul Gost-ner, radiologist at Bolzano hospital,discovered an arrowhead in themummy’s chest and a shot hole un-der its left shoulder blade. This indi-cates that Ötzi was shot from behind.A closer analysis of the strangely dis-torted position of the right hand has

now shown that the Iceman also hada deep gash between his thumb andindex finger, but that he was never-theless holding his dagger with theflint blade firmly clenched.

Forensic specialist Eduard Egarterthinks that the severity of the handinjury contradicts any assumptionthat it might have been caused acci-dentally, e. g. during the carving ofthe unfinished arrow shafts found inthe mummy’s quiver. Instead, it canbe assumed that “Ötzi” raised hishand to protect himself in the fightand sustained a further injury.

In all likelihood, the arrowheadunder the left shoulder blade para-lyzed his arm muscles and led to aninternal hemorrhage. Weakened andunable to defend himself and to con-tinue his arduous journey, the injuredman very probably succumbed to ex-haustion and his injuries, primarilythe internal hemorrhage caused bythe arrow shot. Whether he diedwithin a short time or after hourscannot be said with definite certaintyafter 5000 years.

Was the Iceman on the run? Andif so, why and from whom? Researchwill continue, as every new insightnot only provides answers but alsoraises new questions at the sametime. Many facts will still be broughtto light, but a great deal will remaina mystery. – Let us wait and see whatthe most exciting find of our time isyet to reveal.

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Further information on:“Ötzi the Iceman”www.iceman.it

Land plants 560(50 years)

Rivers0.4 DOC0.4 DIC

Atmosphere 750(3–7 years)

+3 Gt C/year

Oceans 38,000 (2–103 years)

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Sedimentation

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Soils 1500(5–104 years)

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sion of the solar energy incident onthe earth as thermal radiation intospace. Global warming is the result.In addition to CO2, which accountsfor the major portion with a figure of 60%, methane, halogenated hy-drocarbons and nitrogen dioxide alsocontribute to this anthropogenicgreenhouse effect. Calculations ofclimatologists show that the meantemperature of the earth’s atmos-phere could rise by about 2.5 °C bythe year 2050. Warnings are increas-ingly being voiced that this couldlead to melting of the polar ice caps,in a rise in sea level and in suchdramatic incidents as flooding andsevere storms with the devastation oflarge areas of land.

Forests as climate watchdogs

Politicians from all over the worldbegan negotiations on a FrameworkConvention on Climate Changeaimed at regulating global emissionsof greenhouse gases. In an initialresult, the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, Eu-rope undertook to reduce its emis-sions of carbon dioxide by at least8 % over the volume recorded in1990 in the period from 2008 to2012. The Kyoto Protocol makes al-lowance for the creation of new CO2

sinks in addition to a reduction ofCO2 emissions. Forests, for example,absorb approximately one third ofcarbon emissions across the globe.What exactly are recognized as offi-cial biological “carbon sinks” in theimplementation of the Kyoto Proto-col gave rise to heated discussionsbetween scientists and politicians.The signatory states did not legallycommit themselves to documentingmeasures for the fulfillment of theKyoto Protocol transparently, com-prehensibly and verifiably until theUN climate talks held in Marrakech inNovember 2001. To be able to quan-tify the carbon balance of the bio-sphere from the local to the conti-

Hot on the Trail of Climate Changes

Can we influence the climate?

Meteorologists have discovered thattoday’s mean global temperature isroughly 0.75 °C higher than in the19th century. Through industrial pro-duction, intensive agriculture and the pollutant emission of motorizedvehicles, humankind is throwing thenatural carbon cycle in particular offbalance. On the one hand, largequantities of carbon dioxide (CO2)are produced by the combustion ofoil, gas and coal while, on the other,forest covering an area measuringmore than the equivalent of 40 soccerpitches is being felled every minuteacross the globe. Through changedland use and the combustion of fossilfuels, about 7.1 billion tons of carbonare emitted every year. Global mea-surements show that approximately3.2 billion tons of this “end up” inthe atmosphere (Fig. 1). The decreasein global forest cover is also reducingthe photosynthesis potential at thesame time, i. e. there are fewer plantsto convert the carbon dioxide intoplant carbon compounds throughphotosynthesis and emit oxygen inthe process. As a result, the concen-tration of CO2 in the troposphere hasrisen from approx. 280 ppm (partsper million) to about 370 ppm in1999 since the beginning of industri-alization. Like the glass walls of agreenhouse, this prevents the emis-

Claudia Hillinger

Fig. 1:The global carbon cycle(after Schlesinger, 1997)– bold: quantities stored in

Gt C = 1015 g C – in parentheses:

mean dwell time – rivers Gt C/year

DOC: dissolved organiccarbonDIC: dissolved inorganiccarbon

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In the 20th century biochemistryemerged as a new scientific disci-pline. It investigates and researchesinto global element cycles and thebiological, physical and chemicalprocesses involved in them.

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitro-gen – these four elements which areso essential for life on earth are sub-ject to a constant cycle. In variouschemical compounds they passthrough the metabolism of flora, fau-na and micro-organisms, are releasedand are then transported and distrib-uted via the atmosphere and hydro-sphere. The organisms in which theseprocesses originate are linked at thelevel of an ecosystem or a landscapethrough interactions on a continentalor global scale. These processes arecontrolled by the biology of the par-ticipating organisms and by chemo-physical cycles in the atmosphere and geosphere. In addition, planetaryprocesses, e. g. the change in theearth’s orbit around the sun, fluctua-tions in incident solar radiation whichled to the well-known Ice Ages and, to an increasing extent, anthro-pogenic interventions – such as theuse of fossil fuels or activities in thefields of agriculture or forestry – mod-ify natural biogeochemical cycles.

nental level, however, global mea-surements are required.

Test lab abovethe treetops

Together with international researchteams, the Max Planck Institute forBiogeochemistry in Jena analyzes var-ious aspects of the carbon cycle. The130 employees of the institute,including biologists, meteorologists,physicists, geoscientists and mathe-maticians, examine such questionsas: “Where do the global sourcesand sinks of carbon lie? How areprocesses regulated in ecosystems?What repercussions do changedclimatic conditions have on the glob-al element cycles?”

To clarify these questions, the Jenascientists are more reliant on outdoorinvestigations than researchers inother disciplines. They operate mea-suring stations all over the world, in-cluding Russia. An over 28-meter-high measuring tower (Fig. 2), forexample, allows the scientists tomeasure the difference between theCO2 absorbed and emitted by theforest in order to answer the much-discussed question as to whether aforest with an old tree populationconstitutes a natural CO2 sink. To de-termine the net CO2 flow betweenthe vegetation and the atmosphere,the Jena researchers have mountedseveral instruments on their measur-ing tower. These permit them tomeasure fluctuations in the CO2 con-centration of the air passing the topof the tower 20 times a second.Ground-based measuring stations(Fig. 3) are also operated at the sametime. Here, the Jena scientists wish toestablish to what extent forest soilsrepresent a carbon sink. The air,wood, humus and plant samples col-lected are analyzed in the institute’scentral labs, e. g. by using dendro-chronological examination methodsor ratio mass spectroscopy. Annualring counts (Fig. 4), for instance, do

not only provide information on the age of the trees examined. Therings also allow conclusions to bedrawn about climate fluctuationsduring the tree’s life. In years of dry-ness they are narrow, and in yearswith more rainfall they are wider.Such signatures allow a precise re-construction of climatic incidents. Iso-topic ratio analysis indicates how aplant processes the CO2 it has ex-tracted from the air. For this purpose,the researchers make use of the factthat carbon in nature does not onlyoccur with the atomic mass of 12,but also with the masses 13 and 14in tiny, but known quantities. Chemi-cally, the CO2 molecules with differ-ent weights of the various isotopesbehave identically, but their physicalproperties and their reaction speedsare different. This means that plantsprocess 12CO2 from the air morequickly than 13CO2 or 14CO2. The ra-


Fig. 2:Mounting work on a micro-meteorological measuringtower in the forest area of abiosphere reservation 300 kmwest of Moscow

Fig. 3:Measurement of soil respi-ration in Siberia in the fall

tio of 12C to 13C and 14C in a leaf canbe used to calculate the rate of pho-tosynthesis and hence the capacitywith which the plant extracts CO2

from the atmosphere. The results ofthe outdoor research are being uti-lized to create highly complex climat-ic simulations. With these, for exam-ple, the scientists wish to calculate byhow many degrees the global tem-perature will rise if – as is currentlyforeseeable – the commitments ofthe Kyoto Protocol are not fulfilled.Model calculations are aimed atshowing whether the replanting offelled forests will reduce the CO2

concentration of the atmosphere. The results obtained so far

indicate that old forests are indeedcarbon sinks, while the young treeplantations replacing previous oldtimber tend to actually release car-bon – above all, because they initiallylead to a major upset in the biochem-istry of the forest soil. The aim of theresearchers is to have these discover-

ies – the knowledge that sustainableforestry is “rewarded” – to also bereflected in the Kyoto Protocol.

Fig. 4:Dendrochronology:Examinations of annualrings provide informationon climatic events.(Photos:MPI for Biogeochemistry)

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“Only by involving all strata of society in the discourse about global climate change will it be possible to implementclimate protection in the future …”

Prof. Dr. Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Director andScientific Member of the Max Planck Institutefor Biogeochemistry in Jena

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Dr. Claudia Hillinger, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Research [email protected]

NoInnovation 11, Carl Zeiss, 2002

Images of Cell Division

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Pr izes and Awards

Regulation of the cell division isone of the pressing problems in celland developmental biology. The celldivision of living objects can be easilyobserved under the microscope inbrightfield, darkfield and phase con-trast illumination. Images of particu-larly high contrast are obtained withNomarski-type differential interfer-ence contrast (DIC). The fine struc-ture of the cell and the cell nucleuscan be displayed using the DICtechnique in combination with high-aperture objectives.

Yeasts and sea urchins played amajor role in the discoveries forwhich the Nobel Prize in medicinewas awarded in 2001. In Decem-ber 2001, in Stockholm, the Amer-ican scientist Leland H. Hartwelland the Britons R. Timothy Huntand Sir Paul M. Nurse were hon-ored for their discoveries of thecell cycle and its regulation. Celldivision or mitosis is the funda-mental phenomenon of cell multi-plication. Timothy Hunt used seaurchins for his research of the cellcycle, and his examinations of cellcycle control were made using

the Arbacia urchin.

In the beginning was the sea urchin

In 1875, Oskar Hertwig (1849–1922)– a student of Ernst Haeckel in Jena– demonstrated the fertilization ofthe ovum, one of the basic processesin biology, using sea urchins. He de-fined fertilization as the union of eggand sperm nucleus. The fertilizationand cell division processes observedin sea urchins made this species wellknown as examination objects atquite an early date. Ever since, thespiny marine creature has been apopular research object and modelsystem in cell biology.

It is very easy to obtain highquantities of egg cells and spermcells from male and female seaurchins, mix them in a dish with seawater or right on the microscopeslide and observe the events liveunder the microscope. Sea urchineggs have no specific requirements,e. g. for precise temperatures orspecial culture chambers, they de-velop almost simultaneously and aretherefore ideal for cell biology exper-iments.

Figs 2 and 3:Ovum of a sea urchin:one-cell stage, two-cell stage(Planachromat 16/0.35,DIC Nomarski)

Fig. 4:Chromosomes in a seaurchin ovum(Planapochromat 63/1.4 Oil,DIC Nomarski)(Micrographs: H. Gundlachusing a Photomikroskop III)

Fig. 5:Mitosis of a sea urchin ovumChromosomes fluorescence-labeled, Hoechst 33342(Micrograph:R. Timothy Hunt)

Fig. 1:Arbacia lixula sea urchin

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“We determined the exposuretimes for fluorescence photosthrough trial and error over a whole series of exposures.”

R. Timothy Hunt5

bel PrizeInnovation 11, Carl Zeiss, 2002 15

Dr. Heinz Gundlach, Research [email protected]

Proteins in control

In 1982, during his research work atthe MBL (Marine Biology Laboratoryin Woods Hole, USA), Timothy Huntsucceeded in achieving a majorbreakthrough in solving the problemof cell cycle control by isolating theso-called cyclins, a whole family ofproteins controlling the cell cycle af-ter fertilization. In addition to thesebiochemical analyses, microscopicprocedures such as phase contrastand fluorescence were of major im-portance for the observation, docu-mentation and analyses of the keycomponents and their function dur-ing cell division. The use of confocalmicroscopy and digital fluorescencemicroscopy opened up new ways forthe research of structure and func-tion.

Figs 6 to 8:Metaphase of a sea urchinovum, overlay chromosomes(DIC, microtubules) inpolarization (Micrograph: Dr. H. Spring,DKFZ Heidelberg,using an LSM 410 LaserScanning Microscope)

Fig. 9:Daniel Mazia, one of thepioneers researching the cellcycle of the sea urchin, at thePhotomikroskop III in 1976during a marine biology coursein Villefranche-sur-Mer.Micrographs of sea urchinstaken in traditional lightmicroscopy:a) brightfield, b) darkfield,c) phase contrast d) Nomarski-type differential interferencecontrast (Micrographs: H. Gundlachusing a Photomikroskop III)

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The first stepsa


100 years ago, Emil von Behring –co-founder of modern immunolo-gy – received the first Nobel Prizein medicine. The 2001 Prize wasawarded on December 10, 2001to three scientists all working in the field of cell reproduction,albeit from different aspects. Two Britons – Sir Paul Nurse andTimothy Hunt – and the AmericanLeland Hartwell were jointlyhonored for their pioneering,fundamental discoveries of keyregulators and processes control-ling the cell cycle. These aremolecules and processes that playa key role in the growth andreproduction of cells and operate

in the same manner in yeast cells,plants, animals and humans. Re-search on this subject had alreadystarted in the 1970s, and today’sdiscoveries – which have largelyincreased our understanding ofgenotype alterations in tumorcells – now open up versatileways of (early) diagnosis andtreatment of cancer.

Pioneering Discoveries about the Cell Cycle

Cell with chromosomes in the nucleus

G1Cell division

Mitosis

Chromosome separation

Cell with duplicated chromosomes

DNA synthesis

Chromosome duplication

M S

G2

CDKcyclin

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Cell division – i. e. the multiplicationof cells – is a fundamental process oflife. It has been known for more than100 years that cells multiply throughdivision. An adult human being hasapproximately 100,000 billion cells,all originating from a single cell, thefertilized egg. During cell division,cells responsible for various functionsoriginate from this single cell. Skinand nerve cells, but also cells oforgans like the liver and kidney,perform specific functions which acttogether to regulate the entire or-ganism. Almost all cells are continu-ously dividing to replace dead cells. Ineukaryotic organisms, the fundamen-tal process of cell division was highlyconserved during evolution. Eukary-otic cells have their chromosomeslocated in a nucleus and separatedfrom the rest of the cell.

The cell cycle consists of severalclearly defined phases: growth ofcells with chromosomes in the nucle-us (G1 phase), DNA synthesis andchromosome duplication (S phase),preparation for cell division (G2phase) and chromosome separationand division into two daughter cells(M phase). If the cells do not continu-ously divide, there is an additionalresting stage (G0 phase) betweenphases M and G1.

Today, the findings already ob-tained by the three prize winners inthe 1970s and 1980s are mainly usedin cancer research. The discovery ofkey molecules in the cell cycle andthe description of their function arethe platform for preventive measures,diagnostics and the treatment ofmalignant tumors. Future preventionand treatment strategies can be

Fig. 1:Cell cycle (Nobel e-Museum)

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based on the knowledge of cell cyclecontrol.

Although the findings were ob-tained with three different model or-ganisms, they all fit together like apuzzle and make a major contribu-tion to understanding the cell cycle.The Saccharomyces cerevisiae (LelandHartwell) and Schizosaccharomycespombe (Paul Nurse) yeasts con-tributed to finding the “start” geneand the CDK (cyclin-dependentkinase) regulator component. Thecell division processes in the seaurchin Arbacia (Timothy Hunt) led to the discovery of the cyclinmechanism.

Using genetic and molecular bio-logy methods in yeast cell experi-ments, Sir Paul Nurse discoveredCDK, one of the key regulators of the cell cycle. CDK activates furtherdecisive cell cycle proteins via chemi-cal modification (phosphorylation),thus influencing and regulating thecell division. Meanwhile, half a dozendifferent CDK molecules have beenfound in humans.

During cell division experimentsusing sea urchins, Timothy Hunt dis-covered the central protein mole-cules, the so-called cyclins, whichregulate the CDK key component.Cyclin degradation during cell divi-sion is an important control mecha-nism of the cell cycle. The levels ofcyclin vary periodically during the cellcycle. Today we know around tendifferent cyclins.

Using yeast cells as a model sys-tem, Leland Hartwell studied thegenes controlling the cell cycle, theso-called CDC (cell division cycle)genes. Mutated genes led to the


Fig. 2:Function scheme of the cell cycle(Nobel e-Museum)

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identification of about 100 genesspecifically involved in cell cycle con-trol. One of these genes, called“start” gene, plays a major role atthe beginning of each cell cycle.After irradiation experiments, thecheckpoint concept was introduced:the cell cycle is arrested when DNA is damaged and a DNA repairmechanism is activated before thecell cycle is continued. The conceptalso includes controls ensuring acorrect order between the cell cyclephases.

Basic processes in the cell cycletherefore include the function of“duplicate hereditary material” onthe one hand and the process of“cell division” on the other. Before acell can divide, it must grow, dupli-cate the chromosomes – the carriersof the hereditary material – andequally distribute it to the twodaughter cells. The various cell cyclephases must follow in the correctorder and be precisely coordinated.The sum of all these single phasescoordinates the cell cycle. If cell cyclecomponents are lost and/or mutated,this may often lead to uncontrolled

cell division. Even minute defects in the cell division phases cancontribute to the development oftumors. And single defective celldivision genes may be carcinogenic.

Dr. Dieter Brocksch, Corporate Communi-cations/Technical [email protected]

Fig. 3:Nobel Prize Ceremony 2001.From left to right:Timothy Hunt,Sir Paul Nurse,V. S. Naipaul,George A. Akerlof,Michael Spencer (Photo: dpa)

bel Prize

NoInnovation 11, Carl Zeiss, 2002

Sir Paul Nurse is interim CEO of Cancer Research UK, recentlyformed by the merger of theImperial Cancer Research Fund(ICRF) and the Cancer ResearchCampaign. The 52-year-old biolo-gist studied at the University ofBirmingham from 1967 until 1970.Even in these early days he re-ceived his first prize, the JohnHumphreys Memorial Award inBotany. In 1973, Paul Nurse grad-uated with a degree in cell biolo-gy and biochemistry from theUniversity of East Anglia. He heldvarious scientific posts in a num-ber of institutes, including Sus-sex and Oxford and Switzerland,where he worked at the Microbi-ology Institute of the Universityof Bern. He was also a visitingprofessor at the University ofCopenhagen. He worked at theICRF in London between 1984 and 1987 and in 1998 received the prestigious American LaskerAward. He was knighted in 1999.Paul Nurse has been married for30 years and has two daughters.

Paul Nurse started using Zeissproducts very early in his career.He first became familiar with the Universal microscope in 1973,after finishing his Ph. D. and com-mencing employment at MurdochMitchison’s laboratory in Edin-

crossroads because we can combinetogether all sorts of techniques, ofwhich microscopy is an absolutelyessential one. What has beenachieved in the last ten years is to-tally revolutionizing. What we can dowith time lapse and real time mi-croscopy is really impressive. And thatis part of the interdisciplinary ap-proach. But I think we need to pushthat even further. We are gettingcloser to understanding the wonder-ful phenomenon of life representedat the level of the single cell.

What is your relationship with your two co-winners, Tim Hunt and Leland Hartwell?

I’m close to both but have neverworked formally with either of them.I’ve known both for 20 years ormore, Lee (Hartwell) for nearly 30years. And I’ve had many, manyconversations with them. Tim (Hunt)is a colleague here at Cancer Re-search UK. We frequently meet, andhave a close personal relationship buthave never carried out joint projectsor joint programs.

Now that six months have passed since you received the Nobel Prize, is your life getting back to normal?

No. The Nobel Prize has meantquite a big change, because suddenlyI’ve been overwhelmed with manyrequests to do things. Since it wasannounced I must have had abouttwo invitations a day to speak at orattend various events. That’s beenvery difficult to manage.

The second aspect is that sudden-ly people want to talk to you. Thenewspapers contact me, and thereally scary thing is that they listen to what you say! They think you have something important to sayabout everything. I know about some

A Visit to Sir Paul Nurse – Winner of the 20

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burgh – in the days of MichaelSwann. He has used microscopesfrom Zeiss ever since and hasbeen particularly impressed bythe excellent fluorescence fea-tures of the latest Zeiss micro-scopes.

INNOVATION visited Sir PaulNurse in his laboratory at CancerResearch UK in London in April2002 and met a kind, warm-heart-ed person and scientist whosacrificed a few moments of hisprecious time to give us someinsights into science, his life as a scientist and into life behindscience. Although he holds theCEO position at Cancer ResearchUK he has retained his direct tieswith science and his colleagues.For example, he has direct accessto his laboratories and staff fromhis office and study.

Is there any need for a rethinkingprocess in the biological sciences?Away from narrowly defineddisciplines towards a multi-disciplinary approach? The work of ELSO (European LifeScientist Organization) isexemplary in this field. What about interdisciplinarity?

That’s really important for thefuture. I was actually a founder mem-ber of ELSO being involved in thecommittee setting it up, but I’m nothelping to run it because I have somany other things to do.

My own work, although confinedto yeast, covers a lot of biologicalproblems. It is focused on the cellcycle and spatial organization in thecell. I think the interdisciplinaryapproach is very, very important inbiology. I think we stand at a real

Fig. 1:Happy Nobel laureateSir Paul Nurse(Photo: dpa)

bel PrizeInnovation 11, Carl Zeiss, 2002 19

01 Nobel Prize in Medicine

things and nothing about others. But as a Nobel Prize winner you’vesuddenly become an expert in every-thing, so you have to be carefulabout what you say.

Two years ago you were knighted. Did this change yourlife in any way?

No. Knighthood barely makes anydifference at all. You have no respon-sibilities with it, you have no extrajob, nothing happens after you’vedone it. The difference is that youhave a title, which you can use or notuse. In my case, I don’t use it profes-sionally as a scientist or personally,but I do use it professionally forfundraising.

Was there any profession youdreamed of in your childhood?

I have always been interested inscience. Originally, I was interested innatural history, and astronomy, justobserving the world, so I thinkscience was always on the agenda.But I also quite liked the humanitiesas well. For a while I was uncertainwhether to go towards English andEnglish literature, or science. I wasparticularly interested in the theaterat the time, and that was a difficultdecision. Being a lecturer in science is quite theatrical, and so I thoughtI’d satisfy that need!

Was there any specific eventwhich made you decide in favorof biology in the end?

What I thought when I was ex-posed to the different natural sci-ences – and I was brought up in thesixties, when it was all pretty tradi-tional – it seemed all the answerswere there in physics and chemistry,whereas – when you came to biology

– there seemed to be still lots ofquestions. And lots of questions thatyou could even already ask at 17 or18. If you were interested in naturalhistory, you could go out and do astudy, and this was all completelynew. And it was the ability to exploreand discover things myself, whichwas even possible already at that agethat attracted me more towards biol-ogy.

Did you ever have the feeling in those early days that your decision to study biology was wrong?

No, never. I’d had a bit of uncer-tainty about what area of biology Ishould choose. When I was a studentI was more attracted at the begin-ning towards ecology and the nat-ural environment than towards mole-cular biology. However, I switchedpretty quickly when I realized howdifficult it was to do good studies inthat sort of area. And my mind foundit too “floppy” to feel happy with it.Though I thought it was important,my psychology wasn’t good for eco-logical studies. I was happier with the“harder” molecular biology. Harder,not in the sense of more difficult, butin the sense of more precise.

We know that you are marriedand have two children. Howdifficult is it for you to bringscientific activities and privateactivities under one roof? How much time do you have to spend with your family?

That’s been really difficult. Being ascientist and a senior administratorrunning a big organization makeshuge demands on my time. And it’salways been difficult to find enoughtime to balance all of these activities.However, I do try and keep my week-ends as free as possible. My wife

teaches small children. My own chil-dren are now grown up. One of mydaughters is an assistant sports pro-ducer on a TV program about soccer.The other one is a scientist doing aPh. D. in theoretical particle physics.

What hobbies do you have whenyou find the time?

I do find time. Because I think ifyou just do your work, you end upnot being as good. Not only becauseyou’re not relaxing, but also becauseyou’re too narrowly confined. So,apart from wanting to do otherthings as a human being, I also thinkit’s good for my work.

One hobby is being a pilot. I’mboth a glider pilot and a powerpilot.And I’m also an amateur astronomer.I’m interested in a number of otherthings, like hillwalking, natural histo-ry, birdwatching. And the theater,still.

Just one more question: In the press, when you got the Nobel Prize, you said you were going to buy yourself a motorbike. Have you bought it yet?

Yes, I have. I always have had amotorbike, but I got myself a biggerand newer one about a month ago!


Credit Where Credit is Due

Two Nobel laureatesreceive the Carl Zeiss Lectureaward

The Carl Zeiss Lecture was created in1990 by the Microscopy Division inorder to increase the possibilities ofthe German Society of Cell Biology(DGZ) to invite recognized and promi-nent scientists to its annual conven-tion. In 1993 the Carl Zeiss Lecturewas converted into an award whichis presented during the openingevent of the DGZ annual meetingand requires the winner to give a lec-ture at the beginning of the event.With the Carl Zeiss Lecture, the DGZ honors outstanding internationalachievements in cell biology in thefield of light and electron microscopy.

The award-winners are selected bya committee including the Presidentof the DGZ, the President of theconvention and representatives of

Carl Zeiss. All members of the DGZcan submit proposals for futurewinners of the Carl Zeiss Lecture to the President of the society(http://www.zellbiologie.de/preise/)

There was more than one noveltyat the presentation of the 2001 CarlZeiss Lecture. The first novelty wasthe event itself. For the first timeever, the German Society of Cell Biol-ogy and its French equivalent orga-nized the Franco-German Meeting ofCell Biologists in Strasbourg, Francefrom November 7– 9, 2001. The sec-ond novelty was that there were twoprize-winners for the first time. Third-ly, the fact that both winners wereNobel laureates was also new, al-though one of them did not in factreceive his Nobel prize until afterreceiving the Carl Zeiss Lectureaward.

For the Franco-German Congressof Cell Biologists in Strasbourg, Pro-fessor Dr. Günter Blobel, winner ofthe Nobel prize for Medicine in 1999,was selected to receive the award.“Protein Targeting“ was his subject.Unfortunately, he was unable tocome to the event from the USA andhad to cancel his attendance at shortnotice.

A decision had to be made veryquickly. As the sponsor of the CarlZeiss Lecture, Carl Zeiss decided to

Fig. 1:Official event poster of theFranco-German Society ofCell Biology in Strasbourg,November 2001

Fig. 2:Prof. Dr. Günter Blobel,winner of the Nobel Prizefor Medicine in 1999

Fig. 3:Prof. Timothy Huntwith the certificate of the Carl Zeiss Lecture (Photo: John Nicholson)

present a second award to the BritonProf. R. Timothy Hunt of the ImperialCancer Research Fund (ICRF) in Lon-don, England. The president of theGerman Society of Cell Biology suc-ceeded in inviting Prof. R. TimothyHunt to give the Carl Zeiss Lecture atshort notice. In December Hunt, to-gether with Sir Paul Nurse and LelandH. Hartwell, received the 2001 NobelPrize for Medicine for his work oncell division. As a result, the partici-pants were able to enjoy two inter-esting lectures: that of Günter Blobelon video, transmitted from the USA,and that of Timothy Hunt live.

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Ernst Abbe Lecture2001

On the occasion of the internationalworkshop “New Tools for In-Situ Re-search of Macromolecular Interac-tions”, which took place in Lyon/France on October 16 and 17, 2001,the Ernst Abbe Lecture award waspresented to Professor Thomas M.Jovin. The Ernst Abbe Lecture is a sci-entific award that was presented forthe first time in September 1996 bythe Royal Microscopical Society (RMS)and Carl Zeiss during a scientific sym-posium of the RMS in London tomark the 150th anniversary of theCarl Zeiss company.

Thomas M. Jovin is Chairman ofthe Department of Molecular Biologyat the Max Planck Institute for bio-physical chemistry in Göttingen. Thecongratulatory speech for Thomas M.Jovin was given by Prof. M. Robert-Nicoud, who has worked closely to-gether with Jovin in Göttingen formany years. The subject of his lectureduring the workshop was: “Findingand following signals on and in thecell using the fluorescence micro-scope”.

Thomas M. Jovin numbers amongthe scientists who used one of thefirst laser scanning microscopes fromCarl Zeiss (Fig. 1). Originally, the laserscanning microscope was developedfor the materials sciences. Basic appli-cations of the laser scanning tech-

nique for both biology and medicine(Fig. 3) were developed around themid-eighties. The general article from1985 published in the prestigiousAmerican Science magazine listedpossible fields of application. Thelaser scanning microscope was usedin a wide variety of experiments intransmitted-light phase contrast,Nomarski-type differential interfer-ence contrast (DIC) and epi-fluores-cence. According to Thomas M.Javin, the major technological bene-fits even at that time included the“. . . so-called opto-electronic zoom-ing permitting the magnification tobe increased continuously up to afactor of 10x without any loss in con-trast and resolution . . .”. This gavenew insights into the fine structure of entire cells and also of cell com-ponents, including living ones, suchas nucleus, endoplasmatic reticulumand chromosomes (Fig. 2). Major

Dr. Heinz Gundlach, Research [email protected]


opto-technical progress has also beenmade in traditional and confocalfluorescence microscopy. Increasingly,the single fluorescence techniqueswere supplemented and replaced bydouble and multifluorescence tech-niques. This enabled differently fluo-rochromed cell components to be de-fined clearly and easily in one singlestep and be assigned to cellular struc-tures.

Today, after 20 years of experiencein laser scanning microscopy, thistechnology is being used increasinglyin the research of molecular struc-tures and functions. The discovery ofGFP (Green Fluorescent Protein), anatural fluorochrome present in ma-rine life forms, and its variants hasnow permitted various cell compo-nents in living cells and tissues to bevisualized simultaneously, so that theircreation, degeneration and functioncan be followed even over longperiods of time (Life Time Imaging).

Fig. 1:Prototype of the first LSMfrom Carl Zeiss (1982).Exhibit in the DeutschesMuseum in Munich

Fig. 2:Giant chromosomes of thelarva of the Chironomusthummi midge in NomarskiDIC, overview and zoomedmagnification(Micrograph:Thomas M. Jovin,Prof. M. Robert-Nicoud)

Fig. 3:Ernst Abbe Lecturer Prof. Thomas M. Jovin(center),Prof. M. Robert-Nicoud,Grenoble (right) and Dr. H. Gundlach (left),Carl Zeiss(Photo: Leif Lissmyr)

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The Ernst Abbe Fund in the Donors’Association for the Promotion of Sci-ence in Germany has presented theCarl Zeiss Research Award for the sev-enth time. The prize is awarded foroutstanding and pioneering achieve-ments in basic research and applica-tions in the field of optics. From thenumerous papers submitted this year,those of the physicist Dr. Stefan Hellof the Max Planck Institute of Biophys-

ical Chemistry, Göt-tingen, Germany onthe subject of highresolution, optical mi-croscopy were select-ed by the awardcommittee.

The now almost40-year-old StefanHell studied physicsat the University ofHeidelberg, Germany.After receiving anexcellent degree in

technique that allows the detailed vi-sualization of even the smallest struc-tures in the interior of a cell. He wasalso awarded the ICO (InternationalCommission for Optics) Prize in 2000.

Stefan Hell has focused his atten-tion on finding methods and ways ofenhancing the resolving power of theoptical microscope in order to expandits possible fields of application in thespecialist areas of the life sciences. Im-portant scientific results and methodsdeveloped by him include the STEDconcept (“STimulated Emission Deple-tion” Microscopy), 4 π confocal mi-croscopy and 3D resolution in therange of 100 nm.

The award ceremony took placeduring the annual convention of theGerman Society of Applied Optics(DGaO) in Innsbruck, Austria in May2002. In the presence of Carl ZeissMember of the Board Dr. NorbertGorny, Prof. Dr. Werner Martienssenmade a speech in Stefan Hell’s honorand presented the award to him.

High Resolution Optical Microscopy

1987, he completed his dissertationwith the distinction “summa cumlaude” under the guidance of Prof. S.Hunklinger in 1990. Even in these ear-ly days, the central theme of StefanHell’s work that was to dominate allhis later research was already evident.The subject of his dissertation was“The Imaging of Transparent Mi-crostructures in the Confocal Micro-scope”. This was followed by variousscientific posts in Germany andabroad. Via a postdoctoral position inthe Light Microscopy Group at the Eu-ropean Molecular Biology Laboratory(EMBL) in Heidelberg, Germany andposts in Turku, Finland and Oxford,UK, Stefan Hell came to Göttingen,Germany in 1997. Here, he heads theindependent “High Resolution OpticalMicroscopy” group of the Max PlanckInstitute of Biophysical Chemistry. In2001 Stefan Hell and Thomas A. Klartogether received the Helmholtz Prizefor the development of an optical

Dr. Stefan Hell receivesthe 2002 Carl Zeiss Research Award


Photo:Optical sections (xz images)of an Escherichia colibacterium, whosemembrane has been stainedwith the dye FM1-43 (red)and nucleoid with DAPI(blue): the sections join toform a 3D image if they arestacked in the y direction.Z denotes the optical axis.The dimensions are2.7 x 0.8 x 1.8 µm3 in the x, y and z directions.(a-h) are 4 πconfocalimages. (i-p) are theconfocal images taken indirect comparison to this.(q-x) are 4 πconfocalimages of the bacteriummembranes which wererestored in accordance with the Richardson-Lucyalgorithm in order toachieve a further increase in resolution.

three dimensions. In Fig. 1, the struc-tures of the two chromosomes 5 inthe cell nucleus of a human lympho-cyte can be clearly recognized. Theshort arms of both chromosomes 5point to the right, their ends are dyedgreen and then orange (arrow), asection marked violet follows in thelong arm, and then a green and blueone in the center of the long arm.The end of the long arms of bothchromosomes 5 is marked by a red-dish violet area and finally by a greenband. The blue section lying betweenthe two chromosomes is not any spe-cific material of chromosome 5.When comparing the structure ofboth chromosomes 5, you will seethat the order of the color bands isidentical. Although the chromosomeslie in the nucleus in a curved position,you can see that the DNA structureand shape of chromosomes in theinterphase nucleus are similar tometaphase chromosomes. Future ex-

Uwe Claussen

Prof. Dr. med. Uwe Claussen, Director of the Institute of Human Genetics andAnthropology, Friedrich Schiller University,[email protected]/human.htm

All-round Chromosome Analysis

During cell division, the heredi-tary substance in the chromo-somes is passed on unchangedfrom one generation to the next.Defects occur in spite of the highprecision with which the genesare copied and distributed to thedaughter cells generated. On theone hand, the resulting changesin genetic features are requiredfor evolution, but on the otherhand they often lead to diseaseswhich are incurable for the time being. Research in humangenetics aims at being able to recognize chromosomal irregulari-ties and diagnosing geneticallycaused diseases at an early stage.

Normally, chromosomes only becomevisible if a cell divides, i.e. if twodaughter cells are generated fromone mother cell. In particular, chro-mosomes in the metaphase divisionstage can be analyzed easily and rou-tinely. Their number, shape andlength, the position of their cen-tromeres allowing classification in along and a short arm, and their struc-ture, i. e. the type of their bandingpattern, can be examined in thisstage. However, all these characteris-tic chromosomal structures could notbe recognized so far in the inter-phase nucleus, i. e. in the status inwhich the cell performs its definedwork.

The LSM 510 META laser scan-ning microscope and the “multicolorbanding” (MCB) technique, a specialmolecular cytogenetic tool for thedisplay of chromosomal DNA, has re-cently made it possible to view chro-mosomes in the interphase nucleus in

Fig. 1:Two chromosomes 5 in the cell nucleus of a human lymphocyte. The ends of the short arms are markedwith an arrow and the axes of the chromosomes with a dotted line. The LSM 510 META permitschromosomes to be examined 3-dimensionally in a new quality. The better resolution obtained throughmulticolor technology permits a differentiated structure analysis. Specimen: Johannes Lemke and ThomasLiehr, Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena.Micrograph: Peter Ullmann, Carl Zeiss

aminations will reveal whether the 3-dimensional display of chromosomesin the interphase nucleus using theLSM 510 META laser scanning mi-croscope will also permit chromo-some anomalies to be recognized.The first results in this area arepromising. Once this can be achievedwith sufficient diagnostic reliability,the lengthy cultivation of cells can bedispensed with in future chromo-some analyses. Such analyses willthen also be possible with cells whichcan no longer divide, which wouldopen up new areas of activity both inresearch and diagnostics.

Fig. 2 (image sequences):3D display of chromosomesin the interphase nucleusfrom different perspectives

From Users


The Course is Set for the Microchips of the

The prototype of high-perfor-mance optics for the fabricationof microchips of the next-but-onegeneration has now had its pre-miere. In the radiometry laborato-ry of the German Physical-Techni-cal Institute (PTB) at the BerlinBESSY 2 electron synchrotron, chipfeatures of as small as 50 nmwere patterned for the very firsttime in Europe using the MicroExposure Tool (MET) from CarlZeiss SMT AG.

With more and more stationary andmobile intelligence, microchips aremaking our everyday lives easier. Toachieve this, they must perform anincreasing number of functions andprocess more and more data in evershorter times, at any time and in anyplace, and with less electrical energythan in the past. Currently, the pro-cessing speed of the processors dou-bles every four years, and the capaci-ty of memory chips increases by afactor of 10 every five years. The ITRS(International Technology Roadmapfor Semiconductors) quantitativelyplans the stages of this developmentin advance. Whereas the feature sizes of the current function elementsare still around 130 nm, they willdecrease to about 50 nm or even 30nm toward the end of this decade.

The principle used to fabricate thesecomponents is similar to that used inslide projection: Light beams imagethe microstructures on masks on the silicon surface of a wafer. Eachexposure is followed by subsequentchemical treatment (microlithogra-phy). The demands made on the pre-cision of the projection optics in thisprocess are enormous. In addition,with increasingly smaller features,light with increasingly smaller wave-lengths must be used for projection.

The market focuseson extreme UVlithography

Research laboratories, manufacturersand suppliers are currently working at full stretch on solutions for theproduction of semiconductors of thegeneration after next. “Most of themarket participants are focusing onextreme UV lithography (EUVL),” saidDr. Herrmann Gerlinger, CEO of Carl

In Short


Fig. 1:Experimental setup fortesting the Micro ExposureTool (MET) for ExtremeUV Lithography (EUVL).The MET is located in alarge metal vessel; the trans-radiated volume is a vacuum.

Konrad Ahrens

Zeiss SMT AG. Only with UV light ofan extremely short wavelength (13.5nm) will it be possible to project themicrostructures of the future semicon-ductor generation from the mask onto the wafer with the resolution re-quired and to achieve high productivityat the same time. The MET successfullytested in Berlin uses this technology asa basis. The development was fundedby the International SEMATECH (ISMT,an international association of chipmanufacturers) and by the GermanFederal Ministry of Education andResearch.

Mirrors instead of lens elements

The materials usable for optical sys-tems do not transmit extreme UVlight. For this reason, the imagingbeams can no longer be directed byrefraction through the lens elements,but only by reflection from mirrors.The aspheric mirrors made for thesehigh-performance optical systems arealigned to a precision of a few mil-lionths of a millimeter. Their surfacefigure (admissible deviation from themathematically required surface) andthe surface roughness are approxi-mately three times the diameter of ahydrogen atom. This ensures the cor-rect transfer of the structures on themask to the chips, enables high con-trast for edge-to-edge imaging andhigh reflectivity of the mirror surface.In addition, the demands for shortexposure times and high throughput,i. e. high productivity, in chip fabrica-tion are met. A comparison: in lenselements used in reflex cameras, theadmissible deviation from the surfaceaccuracy required is 50 to 100 timesgreater.

1

…today

Premiere of EUVL in Europe

The production of high-performance optics forthe fabrication of the next-but-one generationof semiconductors is feasible. This has beendemonstrated by the test of the Micro ExposureTool (MET) for Extreme UV Lithography (EUVL)performed in the radiometry laboratory of theGerman Physical-Technical Institute (PTB) at theBerlin electron synchrotron using UV light with awavelength of 13.5 nm.

The BESSY radiation projects the mask featureson to light-sensitive photoresist via two mirrors.70 nm and 50 nm structures are resolved.

MET

BESSY13.5 nm

50 nm

Mask

Mirror

Mirror

25

Future

Dr. Konrad Ahrens, telaquisa, Agentur für Technik-KommunikationMail: [email protected]

Further information on EUV lithography:Markus [email protected]/semiconductor

Illustrations on the left and bottom right:Lithography optics fortoday and the years ahead.Left: Present-day Starlith®lens.Bottom right: The proto-type for EUVL tested inBerlin – for the years ahead.The Micro Exposure Tool(MET) with high-precisionmirrors has been developedby Carl Zeiss SMT AG in cooperation with theLawrence LivermoreNational Laboratories, USA

details

The next step

Together with its Dutch partner ASML, Carl Zeiss is developing the suc-cessor to MET within the frameworkof the Extreme UV Alpha Tool Integra-tion Consortium (Extatic). NoreenHarned, VP of ASML and Extatic Pro-gram Manager, explains the goals ofthe European MEDEA+Consortium:“ASML is the only company in Europedeveloping a full-field exposure tool.We are well within our time schedulefor starting volume production in theyear 2007. The status of developmentis largely the same in Europe as in theUSA, but ahead of Japan. The focus ison three critical areas – tool develop-ment, lens manufacture and develop-ment of radiation sources. The Euro-pean activities are concentrated on theresearch and developments necessaryto make EUV lithography a marketabletechnology. ASML will then providethe members of EUV LLC (an Ameri-can R&D consortium launched by ISMTand Intel in 1996) with beta tools. Weare the only manufacturer who hasannounced plans for the delivery ofthe first beta EUV tools.”

The new optics used in the betaEUV tool will work with a considerablylarger image field than MET and havesix instead of two mirrors, which willalso be markedly larger. Carl Zeiss SMTAG will again improve the surfaceaccuracy and surface quality of themirrors and the accuracy of the overallalignment over MET to be able toachieve the targeted resolution of 30 nm. MET will be used in a labproduction system with an optimizedset of mirrors by the InternationalSEMATECH to develop photoresistswhich can be used with EUV in thefabrication of semiconductors.


the years ahead…


The most agreeable visits to thedentist are those which end with-out drilling. However, even if thecrown or the root of a tooth needto be treated, this is no reason for being anxious. In the last 15 years, much has changed inthe dentist’s office; elegant andlong-term solutions for tooth con-servation and replacement havebecome possible. The impetus forthese quality improvements andnew treatment methods has beengiven by loupes and surgicalmicroscopes.

Unfortunately, it will not be possibleto dispense totally with drilling in thelong term. However, dentists cantreat teeth and gums in a much gen-tler way than was possible someyears ago. Despite drilling, more sub-stance remains on the tooth, andwounds resulting from surgery aremuch smaller today. For patients, thismeans less pain, reduced healingtimes and greater satisfaction withthe outcome. The possibility of ob-taining a magnified image of theteeth using a head-worn loupe or asurgical microscope has been andcontinues to be an absolute must forthis development.

Simple visual devices were alreadyused in many medical areas, such assurgery, 100 years ago. As far backas 1953, the company Carl Zeissdeveloped a surgical microscopewhich laid the foundations of mod-

increased magnification and shadow-free illumination of the surgical field,the field can be seen much moreclearly and the instruments guidedmuch more precisely. Dr. SyngcukKim, Director of the MicroscopeTraining Center and Chairman of theEndodontics Department at theSchool of Dental Medicine of theUniversity of Pennsylvania, publisheda clinical study on 94 endodonticcases treated under the microscope(Journal of Endodontics) whichshowed that a success rate of 96 %was obtained in follow-ups per-formed one year later. The impor-tance of the surgical microscope for endodontics is undisputed. TheAmerican Dental Association requiresthe students enrolled in its accreditedschools to be proficient in the use ofthis instrument before receiving adegree in endodontics. The surgicalmicroscope is also gaining impor-tance in dentists’ offices in Germany.

Reliable diagnosis and an improvedstandard of care

The surgical microscope makes itpossible to achieve increased precisi-on in general diagnosis, thus impro-ving the quality of treatment. For ex-ample, only visual inspection usingmagnification ensures that the new

Taking a Closer Look at Teeth

26

Products in Pract ice

ern microsurgery with its magnifica-tion system and suitable illumination.However, it was not until the last tenyears that microscope technologymade its appearance in the dentist’soffice – with the aim of achieving thebest possible precision in treatmentand the best possible protection ofhealthy tissue.

Clear visibility of all root canals

An important area where the surgi-cal microscope is used is root treat-ment (endodontics). Only the magni-fication of up to 25x provided by the microscope makes it possible tovisualize even the finest details, suchas cracks in the tooth, fine root canal orifices, additional lateral canalsor other structures. Thanks to the

“To me, the magnifying visualdevices from Carl Zeiss areindispensable for precisediagnosis and improvedtreatment.”

Dr. med. Josef Diemer with his OPMI® PROmagis surgical microscope in his office inMeckenbeuren, Germany

Fig. 1 (in the background):OPMI® PRO magisdental microscope

Fig. 2:Insection of apical regions

2

Anke Biester

filling materials meet the qualitystandards required, as the precisionwith which plastic-reinforced ceramicfillings are inserted in the tooth is a crucial factor. It is this precisionwhich prevents caries from develo-ping under the fillings – a problemfrequently occurring with non-amal-gam materials. Dr. Josef Diemer,specialist in periodontics and endo-dontics, says: “Filling materials havebeen considerably improved. Dentinadhesives alone are now enteringtheir fifth generation. It is really nolonger necessary to use amalgam.”He works almost constantly with aloupe providing 4x magnification. “In fact, I wear it all day.” To Diemer,the microscope is an indispensabletool for performing checks and finecorrections at the end of therapy,root treatments and, of course, sur-gical procedures. When suturingwounds, for example, after implanta-tion, Diemer puts his comfortablehead-worn loupe back on: “Thehead-worn loupe enables me tomake more precise sutures, as thesuture material may be considerablythinner. For the patient, this meansbetter and faster healing.” Since thebeginning of this year, he has had a head-worn loupe with an integra-ted illumination system which makeshis work easier: “The direct illumina-tion provides improved visibility and


enables me to work with increasedprecision.”

Prophylaxis performed by dentistsand patients

In addition to enhanced technology,prophylaxis plays a crucial role indental health. For some years now, avisit to the dentist has not only in-cluded a check of the teeth for holes,but also the removal of tartar andproviding patients with instructionsfor the correct cleaning of their teeth at home. Anyone who cleanshis teeth regularly and thoroughlydemonstrably prevents caries and pe-riodontosis. Dr. Josef Diemer stronglyrecommends comprehensive prophy-laxis including not only the cleaning,but also the fluoridation of the teeth.

Fig. 4:Fitting a crown with theutmost edge precision

Fig. 5:Massive undermining carieswith a distal crack in theenamel

4

Fig. 3:Dr. Wolf Richter, Munich,uses the OPMI® PRO magisdental microscope fortreatment in his office.His assistant supports him on the stereocoobservation tube.

Anke Biester, Medienservice Wissenschaft StuttgartMail: [email protected]. Further information:[email protected]/dental

These costs, however, are not borneby health insurance schemes in manycountries – which is why many pa-tients prefer to do without prophy-laxis. “Here, health competes withthe car or a vacation,” Diemer states

from his own experience. Many arestill shirking from cleaning their teethregularly and thoroughly, in particularwith dental floss. It is a good thingthat the dentist can keep the damagewithin limits using state-of-the-arttechnology.

5


The comments are usually meantwell: “Yes, not bad, but they’lltake some getting used to.” Or:“They’re different, yes. But don’tyou think rimless frames wouldsuit you better?”

The moment of truth

Anyone who has ever bought a pairof glasses knows that there is alwaysa moment of truth: when you showthem to your partner, friends or rela-tions for the fist time. This deter-mines how you will feel wearing theirnew glasses in future – that is, if youever want to put them on again!

offer you a huge selection of eye-wear while you are still on his or herpremises. Using a digital catalog, theeyecare professional can insert anyselected frame in the portrait. Youwill see immediately if a certainshape of frame suits you, whetherthe color is right, or what cosmeticbenefit is provided by a lens with anantireflective coating. The price limitcan also be settled beforehand.

Targeted and time-saving

The benefit for eyecare professionals:they can advise their clients in a moretargeted and time-saving way, andthey have an extremely large rangeof models to offer.

The benefit for clients: they are no longer dependent on the productsstocked by the individual eyecareprofessional or on what he or shehappens to pull out of a display orshowcase. They can devote their fullattention to the eyeglass frames thatreally suit their personality and purse.

People requiring high lens powersenjoy an additional benefit from thesystem: in the past, they were barelyable to see themselves properlywearing a new frame. This is now athing of the past: whatever framesthey like can now be inserted in theirportrait – and they can then assessthem exactly while wearing theircurrent glasses.

The LFA Pro contains the entirecollection of Carl Zeiss frames. How-ever, this only provides a basis: thesystem can be extended by any framecatalog required. It only has to bedigitized. This will be of particularbenefit to firms with more than oneoutlet, as only one centrally main-tained, virtual frame store is requiredfor all points of sale.

The lens consultation process hasalso become much easier. The thick-ness and weight of different lenstypes can now be easily compared.Additional recording of the frame

Take Your Pick – At Home!

28

Focus on V is ion

This dreaded moment has nowlost its horror. The reason is the LensFrame Assistant LFA Pro from CarlZeiss. It can be used to try out innu-merable eyeglass frames – and all inthe comfort of your own home untileven the fussiest member of yourfamily is satisfied.

This pioneering system does notmean that you no longer need to goto your eyecare professional. He orshe will not only give you professionaladvice, but will also photograph you.While you look into the mirror, theLFA Pro takes a photograph of youthrough the glass. The result is a digi-tal portrait of outstanding quality.

This is exactly what is needed toallow your eyecare professional to

Fig. 1:Eyecare professionals useLFA Pro to advise theirclients on their neweyeglasses – selected in thepeace and comfort of theclient’s own home

Ingolf Zera

shape is no longer necessary, as theframes are all already digitized.

On-screen assessment at home

Until now, however convenient andcost-saving these possibilities may be,anyone who wanted to show theirnearest and dearest what theylooked like wearing their new glasseshad to do so directly on the eyecareprofessional’s premises. There was noway of assessing the appearance ofvarious frames on-screen at home.

This is precisely what has changedwith the LFA Pro. It features a mod-ule which allows the required photosto be inserted in the internet. Usingyour own home PC, you can then notonly access your own photo, but alsocombine it online with a wide rangeof frames. You can try them on for aslong as you want – regardless ofstore opening times or the fatigue ofan impatient salesperson.

Even the size proportions are noproblem. To ensure that the rightrelation is obtained, the eyecareprofessional measures the distancebetween your pupils beforehand. The LFA Pro stores the photo andmeasured value in its software, andyou can then try on any digitizedframe virtually and with a perfect fit.

All at the click of a mouse

A detailed knowledge of computersis not required to try on the frames.The software menu is practically self-explanatory; after all, the procedureshould be enjoyable, not wearisome.A new frame can be easily selectedby mouse click, and the programplaces it automatically and with aperfect fit on the virtual nose. The re-sultant photo is so realistic that a mir-ror could barely provide a more nat-ural image. Even a slight tint orlenses with an antireflective coatingare no problem for the LFA Pro:

here, once again, seeing what theeyeglasses look like with these fea-tures in everyday life is all just amouse click away.

However, the availability of yourphoto on the internet does not mean that it can be accessed byeveryone. A special code is requiredfor this purpose, and this can only be obtained from your eyecareprofessional.

Up-to-date Web presence

The LFA Pro offers eyecare profes-sionals another very special benefit:they automatically receive an up-to-the-minute Web presence – speciallytailored to their own business anddirectly focused on clients’ require-ments. Eyecare professionals cannow easily contact their clients: theycan send them an e-mail, for exam-ple, to draw their attention to newdigitized frames.

The module was developed in col-laboration with the firm Dehler newmedia. It is a network solution inwhich special care has been taken toensure not only compatibility of theinterfaces with all common manage-ment systems, but also, of course,maximum ease of use.

Anyone selecting a new pair ofglasses with the LFA Pro in future nolonger needs to dread derisive com-ments. At most, someone may wellcomplain that they were not invitedto the selection evening in your livingroom.


Figs 2 to 6:No matter what thelocation, the screen shows what frame withwhat lenses best suit the client’s face.

Ingolf Zera, Widera Kommunikation,Cologne, GermanyMail: [email protected]. Further information on LFA Pro: Klaus-P. Schö[email protected] www.zeiss.de/opto


With Gradal® Short /, the world’sfirst progressive lens is now availablethat is individually produced for eachand every wearer and additionallydisplays a very short transition be-tween the distance and near zones.This makes Gradal® Short / ideal forsmall, fashionable frames.

Totally newprogressive lensdesign

To implement this concept, a com-pletely new progressive lens designwith a shortened progression zonehad to be developed. This was a total success. What is known as theminimum fitting height, i. e. thedistance between the center of thepupil and the lower rim of the framewhen the wearer is looking straight-ahead, measures only 16 mm. Acomparison: In Gradal Top® E, thestandard progressive lens from CarlZeiss, it is 22 mm long. The reading

Personalized Lenses in Small Frames

30

For the first time in 2000, Carl Zeisspresented a progressive lens whichis not computed or produced onthe basis of the wearer’s own per-sonal parameters until after receiptof the lens order. Its name: GradalIndividual®. The resounding successand the numerous satisfied wear-ers prompted us to continue withthe same approach.

Fig. 1:With a progression zone ofonly 11 mm (1) and a fittingheight of 16 mm (2),Gradal® Short I is the first progressive lens from Carl Zeiss for small,modern frames.

Fig. 2:Thanks to the totally newprogressive lens design witha short progression zone ofonly 11 mm, the recom-mended fitting height ofGradal® Short I is only 16 mm. All of the patient’spersonal parameters aretaken into account.

Figs 3a and 3b:3a: Gradal Individual®:Large ranges of vision for each individualprescription and minimized aberrations in the peripheral zones are the hallmarks ofGradal Individual®.3b: Gradal® Short I:Despite its shortenedprogression zone,Gradal® Short I providesample ranges of vision.

power is reached 20 % earlier and asmuch as 40 % earlier than in tradi-tional progressive lenses. This makesGradal® Short / with its perfectlypositioned near zone the right choicefor small, fashionable eyeglass frames.

No two wearers are alike

As in Gradal Individual®, the designof Gradal® Short / directly incor-porates each wearer’s own personalPD, back vertex distance, panto-scopic angle (the tilt of the frame),frame dimensions and near objectdistance. This results in ample rangesof vision despite the shortened pro-gression zone. By taking into ac-count each wearer’s personal dataand by optimizing the lens for eachindividual power, the restrictionswhich inevitably result from a shorterprogression zone have been reducedto a minimum.

1) Progression zone length 14 mm 2) Progression zone length 11 mm

21

12

lR

PDR PDL

lLb

yR hLFitting height ≥ 16 mm

1

2

3

Oranna Guth, Ophthalmic Products [email protected]/opto

31

Zeiss Lenses Were In On It, Too

More than 100 cine lenses fromCarl Zeiss were among the toolsof the movie makers who filmedthe trilogy “Lord of the Rings”,the first part of which wasawarded four Oscars by theAcademy of Motion Pictures inHollywood in March 2002. OneOscar was presented for the bestcamera which resulted in the fan-tastic pictures shot with Zeisslenses.

Only superlatives can suffice to de-scribe this movie project that set newstandards in quality and quantity ofthe equipment used: a budget ofUS $ 300 million, 1.3 million metersof footage, a film crew of 2,500,20,000 walkers-on, over 1,200 com-puter tricks, about 1,600 pairs ofartificial feet and ears, 7 film teamsworking together, 21 movie cameras– and more then 100 cine lenses from Carl Zeiss.

Special effects

By creating a film version of thesuccessful novel by J. R. R. Tolkien,director Peter Jackson succeeded incompleting a mammoth project in thehistory of cinematography after 15months of shooting. The task was tobring to life a world of fantasy whichuntil then had existed only in theminds of the readers of Tolkien’s novel.

The film was exclusively shot inthe undescribable landscape of NewZealand – the ideal region for re-cre-ating the lush meadows of the “Landof Willows”, the “Black Land of Mor-dor”, the steppes, forests, torrentialrivers, mountains and the coast of“Middle-earth”. The film is absolutelyteeming with impressive images andspecial effects.

Ironsmiths, leather designers, em-broidering specialists, tailors, shoe-makers, jewelers, sculptors and manyother experts were involved in repro-ducing the fantastic world of hobbits,elves, dwarves, wizards, men, orcs,ents, ringwraiths and Uruk-hais downto the very last detail. Each of thecreatures and cultures has its ownway of life, its own mannerisms,myths, ways to dress and fight.

These extremely professionally de-signed creatures can be experiencedwith all their eccentricities and idio-syncracies on the screen.

Lenses forprofessionals

This professionalism is also reflectedin the camera and lens equipmentused: ARRI Rental provided the cinecameras including a total of 112 cinelenses from Carl Zeiss. Thus, CarlZeiss lenses clearly accounted for thelargest number of the lenses used on location.

They included 8 sets of UltraPrime lenses with 13 lenses each. Aset now comprises 15 lenses andcurrently is the world’s most com-prehensive set of fixed-focal-lengthlenses with the high speed of f/1.7,

providing superb definition andimage quality.

In addition, three Carl ZeissVariable Prime lenses were used,featuring the combination of a vari-able focal length, a high speed of f/2and maximum optical performance.In 1999, Carl Zeiss was awarded a“scientific and engineering Oscar”for these Variable Prime lenses bythe Academy of Motion Picture Artsand Sciences in Hollywood.

Five Carl Zeiss high-speed lenseswith an initial aperture of f/1.2 (Carl Zeiss also received a “scientificand engineering Oscar” for thesesome time ago) rounded off the lensequipment which was worth a totalof €870,000.

The result: a breathtaking cinemaexperience

Immerse yourself in the magic of the“Lord of the Rings” and relish a fan-tasy epic which is without parallel inthe history of the motion picture arts.

Fig. 1:Fifteen Ultra Prime lenses form the mostcomprehensive set of fixed-focal-length cine lenses in the cine world

Fig. 2:Scene from “Lord of the Rings:The Fellowship”Source: Cinetext

Yvonne Maier, Camera Lens [email protected]/photo

Exactly 100 years ago, Carl Zeisswas granted a patent for an in-vention which became the mostfamous camera lens of all times:the Tessar® lens.

Until the death of Carl Zeiss,the company’s founder, in 1888,the firm almost exclusively manu-factured microscopes with one ex-ception: the Abbe refractometer.In the early days of the compa-ny's history, outstanding develop-ments were made by Ernst Abbewho was first a scientific col-league, then a partner and finallythe founder of the Carl ZeissFoundation, thus increasingly de-termining the fortunes of thecompany. Ernst Abbe was notonly a scientist, but also an entre-preneur. Currency crises occurringaround 1893 negatively affectedthe export of microscopes whichinduced Abbe to think aboutextending the product line, thusreducing the company’s depen-dence on only one product. From1888, Ernst Abbe started to diver-sify the product line. Camera lens-es became a new business divi-sion. However, Ernst Abbe alsogranted licenses to companiesoutside Zeiss. This procedureavoided an abrupt growth of thenew division at the expense ofthe other divisions. He deliberate-ly accepted the disclosure of de-velopment and manufacturingknow-how to competitors.

A few highly talented scientistswhich he had employed played amajor role in making this strategy asuccess. Paul Rudolph was one ofthese scientists. He is the father ofsome camera lenses which are stillproduced to this very day. He createdthe Anastigmat camera lens whichwas produced from 1890 and re-named Protar® in 1900. Paul Rudolphdesigned two further lenses duringthis period, the Planar® lens – pro-duced from 1896 – and the Tessar®

lens which has been produced since1902. The name Tessar gives a clearindication of the structure of the lens:“tessares”, Greek for “four”, indi-cates that the lens consists of fourlens elements.

What is the outstanding feature ofTessar®? In the early days of photog-raphy, pictures were taken in blackand white. Glass plates were the “im-age storage media” used by seriousphotographers. The light sensitivity ofthe emulsions used was so low thatshutter speed was counted in min-utes. The preferred lenses at this timewere two-element systems with a lowspeed and rather modest image quali-ty. A few high-speed lenses existedwith an aperture of about f/3.5 whichcost more than a saddle-horse, pro-vided pictures smaller than a post-

card, and whose definition was limit-ed to the center of the image.

Paul Rudolph used new types ofoptical glass provided by the JenaerGlaswerk Schott & Genossen: for ex-ample, glass types with finer gradingof the refractive indices at a given col-or dispersion. The use of these typesof glass made it possible to achieve ex-cellent color correction, including thecorrection of astigmatism, sphericalaberration and field curvature in thePlanar® lens. However, the lenses werelarge and heavy. As anti-reflective tech-nology was still unknown at this time,the pictures also lacked brilliance.

Paul Rudolph found an ingenioussolution to solve some of the prob-

100 Years of Carl Zeiss Tessar®


Anniversar ies

Fig. 1:Dr. Paul Rudolphthe inventor of the Tessar® lens

Fig. 3:4.5 x 6 Sonnet with a 7.5 cmTessar® f/6.3 lensContessa Nettel , Stuttgart,1921

Fig. 2:Cutaway of a Tessar® and 30 cm Tessar f/4.5 lens forIca 13 x 18 cm reflex camera 2

lems. The Tessar® lens belonging to thetype of “Triplet lens” was created. Thedesign using a dispersive elementplaced between two collective ele-ments results in anastigmatic imaging.Instead of individual elements, it is also possible to use cemented compo-nents. In this case, the image-sidecomponent consists of a dispersiveand a collective element. The lens withits initial aperture – “speed” – of f/6.3was patented in 1902. The redesignperformed by Ernst Wandersleb in1904 resulted in the Tessar® f/4.5 lenswhich was available from 1907.


This was soon followed by an f/3.5version for cinematography and pro-jection. In 1908/1909, Ernst Wanders-leb designed the precursor to theconvertible lens sets of the Tessar®

lens with an exchangeable front ele-ment. Willy Merté’s development re-sulted in the Tessar® f/2.8. lens in1932. A year later, the Tele-Tessar®Klens (f/6.3/180 mm) with its sensa-tionally high speed was introduced forthe Contax® camera built from 1932.

A “quantum leap“ in the image con-trast provided by optical systems resultedfrom the “anti-reflective coating“ invent-ed by Alexander Smakula at Carl Zeiss, a thin, reflection-reducing, vacuum-deposited layer. A patent application for this procedure was filed in 1935.

The Tessar lens was launched on tothe market in many versions. High-quality stereo lens pairs were part ofthe Carl Zeiss product spectrum at anearly stage. For example, Paul Frankeand Reinhold Heidecke used preciselypaired 55 mm Tessar f/4.5 lenses in theirfirst Heidoscop stereo camera as earlyas 1920, the year when they foundedtheir company which was later toachieve world renown as “Rollei-Werke Franke & Heidecke”. Worthmentioning is also the 500 mm I.R. –Tessar® f/5 lens for aerial photographyin the 30 x 30 cm format. An interest-ing design created in 1951, the Zeiss-Ikon Panflex® mirror box, combinedwith the 115 mm Panflex-Tessar®f/3.5lens launched in 1953, made it possi-ble to use the Contax® viewfindercamera like a reflex camera.

Standard lenses like the current 45 mm Tessar® T* f/2.8 lens for theContax reflex camera are generallyachromats featuring correction ofchromatic longitudinal aberration fortwo wavelengths. This also applies tothe Tele-Tessar® lenses which becameavailable for the 35 mm and the 6 x 6cm formats from 1968. The modernlenses of the Tele-Tessar® T* type forthe Contax® and Hasselblad Series200 cameras are also achromats. TheTele-Tessar® HFT lens is available for

the Rolleiflex System 6000. T* andHFT stand for enhanced transmissionthanks to multilayer coating.

Higher demands made on colorcorrection are met by apochromaticlenses which are corrected for threewavelengths. As early as 1923, theApo-Tessar® lens was the most oftenused lens in reproduction photog-raphy. From 1982, a 500 mm Tele-Apotessar® f/8 lens was provided forthe Hasselblad 550C camera. Thereare now different versions of the Tele-Apotessar® T* lens for cameras suchas Contax®, Contax® 645 Autofocusfrom Yashica and cameras fromHasselblad and Rollei.

The image definition and brillianceprovided by the Tessar® lens resulted inthe slogan “the eagle eye of yourcamera” in 1931. The image-side ce-mented component was the originalfrom which the “lens logo” was de-rived and used for many decades as atrademark of the company. To this day,Carl Zeiss has produced about 5 mil-lion Tessar® lenses for image sizes mea-

Fig. 4:Contax® Aria with a 45 mmTessar f/2.8 lens

“Star of Vision Award”

Ahead of the biggest ophthalmicexhibition in the USA, the “VisionExpo East Award”, pioneeringachievements in the optical industryare awarded prizes. In 2002, thepanel of specialists presented the Starof Vision Award to Carl Zeiss, for a trail-blazing invention made in1935: the anti-reflective coating ofoptical surfaces developed by Prof. Alexander Smakula. Since then,the anti-reflective coating has alsoimproved the results obtained withthe Tessar lens as is illustrated by thetwo historic photos taken with andwithout AR coating. It is not unusualfor pioneering inventions to remain inuse for a long time, but it is certainlynot an everyday occurrence for themto be honored with an award manydecades after they have been made.

suring from half a fingernail to thedoor of a room. All over the world,lenses are produced which are basedon the Tessar® design, some licensedby Carl Zeiss. The result: more than150 million units sold to this day.

Note:Tessar® is a registeredtrademark

Dr. Wolfgang Pfeiffer, Aalen

Kornelius Fleischer, Camera Lens Marketing [email protected]



Today, we are all familiar withthem: pictures of the earth takenfrom space. In the early 1960s,they were a real sensation: fasci-nating, genuine photos of theBlue Planet, taken with a Hassel-blad camera and a Zeiss lens.

Initially, experts argued that any at-tempt to take photos from spacewould be useless, as the earth’s atmos-phere would make it impossible torecognize any detail. As the photosJohn Glenn took with his own 35 mmcamera during his three orbits in theMercury capsule around the globe in1962 proved to be very useful, how-ever, an almost feverish interest arosein professional photographic docu-mentation from space. NASA consid-ered building a “space camera“, onlyto ultimately discover that such a cam-era already existed. A Hasselblad 500 Cwith a Zeiss 80 mm Planar® f/2.8 lenswas purchased from a camera dealerin Houston. This camera was thenslightly modified and given to WalterSchirra on the following space missionin October 1962. The results werereally fascinating. In the subsequentyears, thousands of space photoswere taken during the Mercury, Gemi-ni and Apollo missions using a Hassel-blad camera with a Zeiss lens.

When people talk about Hassel-blad and Zeiss, it is often overlookedthat the perfect interplay of the two

tion of cameras and from then onconcentrated on the production ofshutters. Acknowledging the impor-tance of the precise interplay of func-tions between the lens, the shutterand the camera used, Carl Zeissacquired a minority stake in the ex-panding company “Alfred GauthierGmbH” in 1910. In 1931, the founderof the firm retired for age reasons.

Carl Zeiss acquired a majoritystake in the company then operatingunder the name “Prontor-Werk AlfredGauthier GmbH”. With the Prontorand Compur plants, the Carl ZeissGroup owned two companies for theproduction of between-lens shutters.When, in the mid-1960s, the successof the 35 mm SLR reflex camerastriggered a basic change in the de-mand for mechanical shutter sys-tems, the Compur plant in Munichwas closed. The development andthe production of the Compur shut-ters which were supplied on an ex-clusive basis for Hasselblad camerasystems as early as 1957 were suc-cessfully continued by Prontor.

Whenever mechanical between-lens shutters of the highest qualityare required for professional photog-raphy, Prontor is the product ofchoice even in the hundredth year af-ter the company’s foundation.

100 Years of Prontor

systems requires a third, no less im-portant component right from thebeginning: the between-lens shutterincluding the lens focusing mount forprecise exposure control.

At the turn of the century, a grow-ing group of photography enthusi-asts already agreed that the exposuremethod used then – removing thecover from the lens, counting and re-attaching the cover – was not theright way to expose film in fractionsof a second. For this reason, Alfredand Gustav Gauthier, two brothersfrom Pforzheim/Germany and ownersof a camera production plant in Parisset up a workshop in Calmbach inthe northern Black Forest in 1902 forthe development and manufacture ofmechanical shutter systems.

The breakthrough came in 1904with the new “KOILOS” shutter prin-ciple. They discontinued the produc-

Photo above:Photo of the earth takenfrom space, Apollo 11, 1969,using a Hasselbad camerawith a Zeiss lens.

Photo below:Focusing mount of CFElens with databus contactsand integrated electronicsfor aperture simulation.


150 Years of Hensoldt

Who does not know the name“Dialyt®” – a byword for high-per-formance binoculars of the high-est quality? However, who knowsthat the story of this legendaryprism binocular began in Wetzlar,Germany, in 1905 and that thiswas the first binocular in whichroof prisms were used to erectthe upside-down, inverted imageproduced by the objective lens?

This small town on the Lahn river in the heart of Germany whereGoethe wrote the famous “Sorrowsof Young Werther” during his lawstudies at the Imperial SupremeCourt was the domicile of the “Op-tische Werke Moritz Hensoldt &Söhne”. In 1865, Moritz Hensoldtmoved his workshop from Sonnebergin Thuringia to Wetzlar. With its mi-croscopes, binoculars and surveying

Hensoldt Dialyt system, 1905

Figs 1 and 2:Hensoldt’s Dialyt systemdating back to 1905 andtoday’s version:Victory 12 x 56 BT*

instruments, the successfully growingcompany greatly contributed to thereputation of this region as thesecond most important center for the development and production ofopto-mechanical top-quality productsin Germany after Jena at the begin-ning of the 20th century.

In 1896, his sons Waldemar andCarl joined the company as partners.In addition to the manufacture ofbinoculars, riflescope production be-came a special field where the com-pany excelled. In 1922, the companywas listed as a stock corporationwhich was acquired by Carl Zeiss in1928. Since 1964, Carl Zeiss hasconcentrated its binocular and rifle-scope production at Hensoldt AG inWetzlar. In 1991, the new “Illumina-tion Systems for Microchip Fabrica-tion” business unit was set up. In theten years since the found-ing of this unit, saleshave risen from € 1 mil-lion to € 100 million.

In March 2002, Hen-soldt AG celebrated its150th anniversary. In the an-niversary year, the company employsa workforce of approx. 800, makingit one of the most important employ-ers in the region. Three divisions cur-rently form the pillars of business atHensoldt AG: the Carl Zeiss SportsOptics Division (binoculars and rifle-scopes), Hensoldt System Technology(resulting from a merger of the mili-tary optics operations of Leica andHensoldt) and the Illumination Sys-tems for Microchip Fabrication. Thecompany which is now a 100 % sub-sidiary of Carl Zeiss is currentlyrecording sales totaling € 150 millionand a positive operating result.

Manfred Schindler, [email protected]


In 2002, the Medical SystemsBusiness Group of Carl Zeiss looksback on a 90-year history. OnApril 1, 1912, an independent“Medical-Optical Instruments” de-partment was founded at CarlZeiss. From this time on, there hasbeen a vast upturn in business.

The success of medical technol-ogy has continued to this day.With sales totaling € 465 million,the business group achieved thehighest sales figure at Carl Zeissin the 2000/2001 fiscal year. Thethree divisions Surgical Productsin Oberkochen, Ophthalmic Sys-tems AG in Jena and Carl ZeissOphthalmic Systems, Inc. inDublin (Ca.) employ a total work-force of about 1,500. The Ameri-can company, one of the leadingmanufacturers of automated sys-tems for ophthalmic diagnosis,joined Carl Zeiss in 1991.

The early days

The first product of Carl Zeiss opticalmedical technology was the “Binocu-lar Corneal Microscope” developedby Siegfried Czapski as early as 1898.The ophthalmic examination instru-ment was based on a stereomicro-scope developed by Carl Zeiss to-gether with S. Greenough. After theturn of the century, a whole series ofinnovative and, for a long time, unri-valed diagnostic instruments was de-veloped in close cooperation with thefuture Nobel laureate in medicine,Allvar Gullstrand. Their design is stillprevalent to a certain degree in to-day’s modern ophthalmic instru-ments. The “Large Ophthalmoscope”

The fact that the two Zeiss facto-ries in the East and the West wenttheir own separate ways after 1945resulted in overlapping and paralleldevelopments. The reunification ofthe two companies within the CarlZeiss Group in 1991 made it possibleto harmonize and refocus the prod-uct portfolio.

Leaders in surgicalmicroscopes...

Today, the Surgical Products Divisionis the market leader in surgical micro-scopes. Two out of three microsur-geons worldwide operate with surgi-cal microscopes from Carl Zeiss.Innovative optical visualization tech-nologies open up entirely new possi-bilities to all users in different spe-cialist disciplines (from dentistry, ophthalmology and ENT to neuro-surgery). With the OPMI® NeuroMultiVision surgical microscope, forexample, digital image data is pro-jected from the surgical field into thesurgeon’s eyepieces for the very firsttime. This additional informationmakes neurosurgical procedures saferfor the patient. The OPMI® Vario/NC33 surgical microscope spearheadedminimally invasive, gentle spine sur-gery, a rapidly growing procedure.New developments in technologies ofgrowing importance such as diagno-sis during surgery and the use ofmicromanipulators ensure that CarlZeiss can further sharpen its leadingedge.

...and in ophthalmicdiagnosis

The Ophthalmic Systems AG and CarlZeiss Ophthalmic Systems, Inc. be-long to the globally leading systemproviders for eyecare professionals.The product portfolio includes solu-tions for the diagnosis and therapy ofall pathologies in the eye (glaucoma,ametropia, cataracts, retinal diseas-es). Here, the focus is also sharply

Innovations at the Service of Healthcare

36

after Gullstrand (1910), for example,formed the basis for the Nordensenretinal camera (1925) and the pre-sent day fundus camera for docu-menting the fundus of the eye.

Always seeking new solutions

After World War II, surgical micro-scopes and photo coagulators fromCarl Zeiss in Oberkochen went downin medical history. In 1953, theOPMI® 1 surgical microscope laid thefoundation stone for modern micro-surgery. Specialists in the OR quicklyrecognized the benefits provided by astable visual aid which is supportedindependently of the surgeon. In thisway, surgical microscopes becamethe “eyes” of the surgeons. Thisheralded the beginning of yet anoth-er success story of Zeiss MedicalSystems.

With the xenon photo coagulatorintroduced in 1957, light was used forthe first time not for examination pur-poses, but for the direct treatment ofthe patient’s eye – for Carl Zeiss itsstarting point for its entry into themedical laser system market in 1984.

Fig. 1:Large GullstrandOphthalmoscope (1910)

1

on innovative products. The IOLMas-ter®, for example, sets new stan-dards in the measurement of the eyeprior to cataract surgery. It has beenunrivaled since its launch in 1999.VISULAS 690s is the world’s mostfrequently sold laser for photody-namic therapy of the eye, in otherwords for the therapy of age-relatedmacula degeneration where an in-jected drug is activated by the laser.The Humphrey field analyzers of CarlZeiss Ophthalmic Systems, Inc. repre-sent the worldwide gold standard inthe measurement and analysis of thevisual field for diagnosing glaucoma.

Just recently, the Ophthalmic In-struments Division has initiated a firstvital step toward complete diagnosisand treatment management of im-portant pathologies by networking in-dividual systems via special software.By combining the data obtained withdifferent systems, additional diagnos-tic information will be obtained in thefuture.

The merging of the activities ofCarl Zeiss and Asclepion-Meditec AG,

Jena, in the ophthalmic field – a stepannounced in November 2001 – hasgiven the future of Carl Zeiss Oph-thalmology a clear orientation. It isplanned to merge the Carl Zeiss Oph-thalmic Systems AG with the publiclylisted Asclepion-Meditec AG quotedon the stock exchange. Before themerger comes into effect, Carl ZeissOphthalmic Systems AG will also ac-quire the stocks of the Carl Zeiss Sys-tems Inc. It is intended to establishCarl Zeiss Meditec AG as the world’sleading provider of ophthalmic sys-tems, with Carl Zeiss as principalshareholder.

Technology focused on people

Always being ahead of our users’ re-quirements, enabling new treatmentmethods, oriented on the benefit ofthe patient – this will continue to bethe mission of Carl Zeiss Medical Sys-tems.

Dr. Michael Kaschke, Member ofthe Board of Management and Exec-utive Vice President and GeneralManager of the Medical SystemsBusiness Group of Carl Zeiss: “Peopleare at the very center of our activities.The high responsibility borne by everyuser when working with our develop-ments makes us demand the utmostof ourselves and prompts us to con-tinue our search for new, better solu-tions. To achieve this goal, we areaiming at an even more effectivecombination of past and future, ofcontinuity and innovation.”


Fig. 4:Assembly engineer JürgenGehre aligning a funduscamera, an instrument forretinal examinations.(Photo: Jan-Peter Kasper)

Fig. 2:OPMI® Vario surgicalmicroscope on S 8 floorstand from Carl Zeiss forplastic and reconstructivesurgery.

Fig. 3:With the OPMI® Vario/NC 33System, Carl Zeiss hasspearheaded minimallyinvasive spine surgery.

3

2

Lothar Janiak, Communications [email protected]


Bus iness Barometer

On more than 70 pages, the2000/2001 annual report impres-sively testifies to the best consoli-dated result ever achieved in thehistory of the Carl Zeiss Stiftung.

In the 2000/2001 fiscal year thesales of the Carl Zeiss Stiftung – con-sisting of the Carl Zeiss and SchottGroups – rose to over €4 billion. The cash flow totaled €570 million.€401 million was invested in proper-ty, plant and equipment, a markedlyhigher figure than last year. R&Dspending of €271 million on researchand development is further enhanc-ing the innovative strength of thetwo groups of companies. Despitethe subdued forecasts for the globaleconomy, slight growth is anticipatedagain in the 2001/2002 fiscal year.

The strategic alignment and orga-nization of the Carl Zeiss Group intothe four growth markets Semicon-ductor and Opto-Electronic Technolo-gy, Life Sciences and Health Care, Eye Care and Industrial Solutions hasbeen confirmed as the right decision

The strong internationality of thecompanies in the two groups is clear-ly reflected in the numerous interestsheld in other companies across theglobe. In September 2001 the globalworkforce totaled 34,006, including14,220 in the Carl Zeiss Group and19,786 in the Schott Group.

In his foreword to the annualreport, the Commissioner of theStiftung Dr. Heinz Dürr underlinedthat he would continue to promotethe required future-oriented modern-ization initiatives together with theBoards of Management, the AdvisoryBoards, the employee representativesand the Stiftung administration. Thismodernization process will always beimplemented in accordance with thebasic ideas of the company founderErnst Abbe and with Paragraph 118of the corporate constitution writtenat the beginning of the firm’s history:“if necessary, the constitution mustbe adapted to new technical andeconomic conditions”. In future, as inthe past fiscal year, the Commission-er will continue to meet his obliga-tion “to involve himself verbally onsite in the business management ofthe operating enterprises as far aspossible” stipulated in Paragraph 18of the constitution. He attaches ma-jor importance to acting not only as an individual person in the wayenvisaged by Abbe, but also in closecooperation with the Advisory Boardat all times.

The annual report can be read atwww.zeiss.de under the headingAbout Us.

2000/2001 Annual Report of the Carl Zeiss Stiftung

■ Semiconductor TechnologyLithography optics for wafersteppers and scanners, wafer andmask inspection systems, laseroptics, electron beam technologyfor inspection and analysis

■ Opto-Electronic SystemsOptronics, camera lenses, opticalcomponents and opto-electronicmodules, spectral sensors,planetariums

■ MicroscopyLight microscopy, advancedimaging microscopy with laserscanning microscopes, molecularmedicine with UHTS systems

■ Medical SystemsSurgical products, diagnostic andtherapy systems for ophthalmology

■ Consumer OpticsHigh-tech eyeglasses, systemstechnology, Sports Optics

■ Industrial MeasuringTechnologyBridge-type measuring machines,measuring machines and devicesfor shopfloor use, industrialmeasuring services

■ Home TechSpecial glass for home appliances

■ Display SolutionsGlass for TV sets and computermonitors

■ Advanced Optical Materialsand Components Growing of calcium fluoridecrystals, mask blank production,glass ceramics and glass forprojection technologies

Since October 1, 2001 the SchottGroup has restructured its opera-tions into five strategic businessunits.

by the record sales figure of €2,056million in the 2000/2001 fiscal year.All business activities within thesegrowth markets are focused on sixstrong business groups with innova-tive, future-oriented products.

■ Opto-ElectronicsFiber optics and opto-electroniccomponents for the automotiveindustry

■ Pharmaceutical SystemsSpecial glass tubing



Product report

Light Microscopy

The Axiostar® entry-level microscopeis now also available with high-qualityfluorescence contrast and extensiveergonomic features – at a surprisinglylow price! The Axiostar® plus is ideal for doctor’s offices, hospitals,laboratories, schools and universities,and even for open-air use thanks to its optional LED illumination. TheAxiostar® plus, a further develop-ment of the time-tested Axiostar®,

the smallest instrument in the CarlZeiss line of upright microscopes, of-fers features previously only availablein higher performance classes. Thisincludes a fluorescence module forreflected-light illumination. A filterslider permits up to three fluorescencecubes to be used simultaneouslythanks to the patented Push & Clicktechnology. Fluorescence excitation isprovided by the proven HBO 50mercury lamp.

The Axioskop® 40 and the fluores-cence version Axioskop® 40 FL setnew standards in routine microscopy.These microscopes combine opticaland mechanical stability of the re-search class with the requirements ofroutine applications. This is achievedby a new ergonomic design, excellentuser-friendliness and the availability ofall the major contrasting techniques.The Axioskop® 40 is ideal for labora-tories in pathology, histology, cytol-ogy and hematology, and also forhospitals, foodstuff laboratories and

numerous applications in fluorescencemicroscopy, e. g. FISH (Fluorescence-In-situ-Hybridization) or immunofluo-rescence techniques. The 23-mm fieldof view, the optimized halogen illumi-nation with a lamp life of more than4,000 hours, and the fluorescenceversion’s 5-position reflector wheel for Push & Click modules, the constantviewing angle of 20° and the possibil-ity of continuous vertical adjustmentby up to 50 mm are all featuressharply focused on customer require-ments. The flat front cap of the trans-mitted-light version ensures optimumspecimen viewing from above. Theinstrument height does not need tobe increased for the fluorescenceversion. The neutral-density filter ringsare attached directly to the objectives– there is simply no easier way to change objectives for brightnessadjustment!

The motorization of the Axioskop® 2mot plus makes microscopic exami-nations in pathology, cytology, cellbiology, developmental biology andgenetic engineering even more easy,fast and efficient. While the Z-drive,permitting precise and highly repro-ducible operation, is always motor-ized, the choice between furthermanual, coded and motorized com-ponents permits the microscope to beexactly tailored to specific require-ments. Thanks to this flexibility, theAxioskop® 2 mot plus is more versa-tile than any other microscope in itsclass. The consistent implementationof ergonomic requirements guaran-tees relaxed, fatigue-free microscopy.The Axioskop® 2 mot plus providesexcellent imaging quality in all trans-mitted and reflected light techniques.This makes it ideal not only formorphologic examinations of stainedand unstained specimens, but also for single and multifluorescenceapplications. When combined with

the AxioCam® high-resolution digitalcamera, the Axioskop® 2 mot plusbecomes a digital documentation sys-tem. The usual compatibility problemswith components from different manu-facturers are a thing of the pastthanks to the system integration fromCarl Zeiss.

The AxioVision® Inside4D micro-scopy software also enables scientistsin biological and medical research toeasily display correctly scaled fluo-rescence images in 3 dimensions –and even with the time dimension inthe case of time-lapse recording – us-ing traditional fluorescence micro-scopes. AxioVision® supplies every-thing from a single source, fromcorrect image recording to image en-hancement using 3D Deconvolutionand the animated display of the ob-ject with Inside4D. The possibility of

easily setting and maintaining all themajor parameters is an example ofthe high user-friendliness of the soft-ware. One of the extremely versatileapplications is the possibility ofviewing 3D structures with the timedimension. This opens up new in-sights into biological functions andinterrelations. In combination withAxioVision® 3D Deconvolution, theCell Observer® system or even theAxioplan® 2FS (observation of neu-ronal cells and tissues), excellent com-plete configurations are available forimaging in the life sciences.

Axiostar® plus entry-level microscope

Motorized Axioskop® 2 mot plus microscope

Pollen grain in 3D: Z-stack fluorescencerecording after 3D deconvolution, rendered inthe surface mode of AxioVision Inside4D

Axioskop® 40 routine microscope

Ophthalmology

The VISUCAM lite Digital Camera forthe display and documentation of thefundus provides a variety of new pos-sibilities. The observation without eye-pieces makes all details of the 45°fundus image visible on the monitorduring examination. The intuitive soft-

Surgical Products

Endoport™ is an integrated opticalport for the attachment of all com-mon endoscope cameras with quick-action locks for OPMI® pico withoutany annoying attachments at the top, the bottom, the rear or the side,and totally without any additionaladapter. For this reason, the surgicalmicroscope remains as compact witha connected endoscope camera asusers expect a lightweight and rapidlymovable diagnostic microscope to be. The endoscope camera can beattached in next to no time and is im-mediately ready for use. Endoport™can be retrofitted to OPMI® picoalready supplied.

The OPMI® pico i diagnostic and sur-gical microscope is small and compactfor use in ophthalmology. It featuresan innovative design with an optional,fully integrated video camera. Theapochromatic 5-step magnificationchanger, the manual focusing objec-tive lens and its small size make thisunit the ideal basic microscope forophthalmic examinations and surgery.The fully integrated video camerapermits reliable case documentationwithout impairing the easy handlingof OPMI® pico i. The microscope canbe used not only in the ophthalmolo-gist's day-to-day work, e. g. forcataract surgery, examinations afterlaser refractive surgery (LASIK) andpediatric examinations, but also forthe routine use on supine patientsand in the emergency room.


VISUCAM lite DigitalCamera

The FRET Analyzer 1.0 microscopysoftware enables highly variable FRETexaminations. The tasks performed bycell and developmental biologists in-clude the determination of the energytransfer amount of two adjacentprotein molecules through Fluores-cence Resonance Energy Transfer(FRET). Furthermore, it is important toknow the distance between adjacentprotein molecules which lies belowthe microscopic resolution. The FRETAnalyzer 1.0 software integratesvarious current methods for directFRET measurements via acceptorbleaching. It is possible to recordtime-lapse series and FRET-dependentcolor-coded images. This enablesusers to select the method most suit-able for their requirements and todetermine the ideal time for themeasurement without any need forexperimentation. It is also possible tomeasure regions of interest, i. e. tomeasure directly in FRET images, andto record time-lapse series for FRETmeasurements. Until now, color-cod-ed images of FRET specimens haveonly been available for one method.

The motorized Axioplan® 2 imaging or theAxiovert® 200 M is the ideal microscopeplatform for the FRET-Analyzer 1.0

OPMI® pico i diagnostic and surgicalmicroscope for ophthalmology

ware allows easy operation and facili-tates the ophthalmologist's routinework. The possibility of choosing fromseveral capture modes creates opti-mum conditions for examination anddocumentation for laser therapy.


Industrial Metrology

The EagleEye Navigator for non-contact measurement closes the gapbetween in-line process control andthe classical coordinate measuringmachine in the metrology room. Itswiftly provides high-accuracy resultsfor controlling and analyzing themanufacturing process in car-bodyproduction. The six-axis sensor systemaligns the laser triangulation sensoroptimally with the measuring objectand ensures instant readiness for op-eration. With its laser triangulationsensor, the EagleEye Navigator al-lows continuous scanning of 20,000points per second. As large point

clouds are analyzed automatically,and the features are identified andcalculated in one step, the output ofresults is reduced to the essentials.This results in faster process analysisand process control.

The SMC is a horizontal-arm measur-ing machine which is the ideal an-swer to the requirements of modernprocess control in car-body produc-tion. Here, more than anywhere else,different sensors are repeatedly re-quired due to the constantly changingmeasuring tasks. The multi-sensor sys-tem of the SMC automatically fetchesthe touch trigger and the optical sen-sors from the sensor magazine – andall in a simple calibration routine. TheSMC also saves valuable time in theduplex mode. Thanks to its flexible in-stallation concept, the floor-mountedCMM is perfectly suited for the pro-duction environment. If the produc-tion flow changes, the SMC can betaken in next to no time to the loca-tion where it is needed. All its compo-nents are protected so that dirt on theshop floor cannot harm the machine.

EagleEye Navigator: measurement of edgesand holes without the need for additionalmeasurement preparation and post-processingwork due to adapter handling

VAST® Navigator and its functional units

The SMC horizontal-arm measuring machine

The VAST® Navigator offers en-hanced measurement performance inshorter measuring times due to its all-encompassing concept consistingof sensor system, control technology,technique and software. On a cylinderbore, for example, the time savedmay total as much as 30% comparedto conventional scanning methods.The tangential approach ensures anuninterrupted transition from travelroute to probing process without anyneed for the stopping and reorienta-tion required in conventional meth-ods. The VAST® Navigator now al-lows even faster scanning. The basisof its technological infrastructure is adynamic calibration process in whicha stylus configuration has to be cali-brated only once and can then beused for all scanning speeds on awide variety of diameters.


Photographic and Cine Lenses

The sophisticated DigiPrime® cinelenses with focal lengths of 5 mm, 7 mm, 10 mm, 14 mm, 20 mm and40 mm are truly top performers. Theiroptical design is practically diffraction-limited, i. e. free of aberrations, evenat the very wide aperture of f/1.5. Theresolution provided at the initial aper-ture of f/1.5 exceeds 400 line pairsper millimeter by far.

The new 7-element 55 mm Dista-gon® T* f/3.5 lens is a moderatewide-angle lens for the medium-for-mat Contax® 645 autofocus systemwhich provides field angles similar tothose obtained with the 35 mm focallength of Contax® 35 mm cameras.This compact and lightweight lens de-livers excellent image quality acrossthe entire image field, from the initialaperture to small f-stops. The lens canbe stopped down to f/32, providingexcellent depth of field. Distortion is

kept within narrow limits, aparticular strength of the retro-

focus wide-angle lenses from Carl Zeiss. These

qualities make the 55mm Distagon® T* f/3.5lens the ideal lens forpress photography us-ing the Contax® 645.Experienced photogra-phers will use this lensfor taking pictures ofinteriors.

With its field angle of 103°, the 12mm Distagon® T* f/1.9 cine lens forthe Super 35 format closes the gapbetween the 10 mm Distagon® T* f/2lens and the 14 mm Distagon® T*f/1.7 lens (92º). The lens consists of 15 elements in 12 groups andachieves impressive optical quality.The resolving power exceeds 250 linepairs per millimeter. The chromaticdifference of magnification has beenparticularly well corrected by the useof glass material with anomalouspartial dispersion. Distortion has alsobeen well corrected. “Breathing”, thevisible change in the field angle or themagnification during focusing, hasbeen reduced to a practically unno-ticeable level.

In reponse to requests from camera-men, the 180 mm Sonnar® T* f/1.8lens from the line of ULTRA PRIMElenses with uniform color matchinghas been designed in such a way thatit allows them to compress the thirddimension and to use an extremelyshallow depth of field in feature filmsand commercials. It is now possible toshoot scenes with superb quality inthe Super 35 format. Several of the 9elements in 7 groups have been madeusing special glass with anomalouspartial dispersion. The lens providesoutstanding optical quality with excel-lent correction of chromatic aberra-tion. When the UP 180 is stoppeddown by 2 stops, its image quality isenhanced to an amazing level. Scat-tered light is minimized through theuse of newly developed light absorp-tion procedures and the Carl Zeiss T*multilayer coating. Distortion is alsominimal.

Hasselblad has launched three newCFE lenses for its 6 x 6 medium-formatcamera system: the 120 mm Makro-Planar® T* f/4 CFE, the 180 mmSonnar® T* f/4 CFE and the Zeiss 250mm Superachromat® f/5.6 CFE. CFElenses for the Hasselblad system con-tain a fully mechanical all-metal be-tween-lens shutter, aperture simulationelectronics and data bus connectionswhich are used by the bodies of theHasselblad cameras with TTL meteringfor data interchange between the lensand the camera body. These camerabodies include the Hasselblad 202 FA,203 FE and 205 FCC models. One fieldof application in particular will benefitfrom this: macrophotography. Withthe new 120 mm Makro-Planar® T*f/4 CFE lens, exposure compensationwhich may become necessary becauseof the long lens extension will be pre-cisely measured by the TTL meteringsystem of the camera and automatical-ly taken into account.

DigiPrime® cine lenses from Carl Zeiss –high-speed, practically diffraction-limitedlenses for 2/3” HD cine cameras providingextremely high performance

The new 55 mm Distagon® T f/3.5 lens is a compact, lightweight multipurpose wide-angle lens in the Contax® 645 system

Three new CFE lenses from Carl Zeiss for theHasselblad 6 x 6 medium-format camera system


Ophthalmic Products

Clarlet® 1.74 AS is made of the plas-tic material with the highest refractiveindex currently available for eyeglasslenses. The index of 1.74 reduces theedge thickness of lenses for mediumto high myopia by up to 40 %. Clar-let® 1.74 AS is always provided witha hard coating, a high-quality anti-reflective coating and Clean Coat.The power spectrum extends from -3D to -10 D (cylinder 2 D). The Abbenumber is 33 and the density lies at1.47 g/cm3.

With its fast reaction times, high maxi-mum absorption and light basic tint,the plastic lens Clarlet® Transitionsmeets all of the major demands madeon photochromic lenses. In all threecriteria it offers a level of performancenever achieved before. In its clear statethe transmission of the lens totals90 %, making it practically as transpar-

ProGolf is the name given to thecontrast-enhancing sun protectionlenses aimed at providing golfers with more enjoyment in the game.Compared to traditional, dark sun-glasses, these lenses provide bettervisibility of any bumps or unevennesson the course, even in unfavorablelight – the brightening effect alsomakes it possible to read the greenwithout difficulty with changing lightconditions during the round. ProGolfis produced in two versions: with asingle color or a gradient tint, eachwith a standard Carat® Super coat-ing package (hard coating, a broad-band antireflective coating and CleanCoat). ProGolf is available as a plano,single vision or progressive lens on thebasis of the proven Clarlet® plasticmaterial with the refractive index 1.5.

ent as a “white” lens. The maximumabsorption in the darkened state lies at90 %, and even at high temperaturesapprox. 80 % absorption is attained.Clarlet® Transitions is also the fastestphotochromic lens from Carl Zeiss:70 % of the tint is achieved in just 30seconds.

Masthead

Innovation, the Magazine from Carl ZeissNo. 11, June 2002

Publisher: Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Corporate Communications, Marc Cyrus Vogel.

Editors: Gudrun Vogel, Carl Zeiss Jena GmbH,07740 Jena, Germany,Phone: (+36 41) 64 27 70, Fax (+36 41) 64 29 41,E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Dieter Brocksch, Carl Zeiss, 73446 Oberkochen, Germany,Phone: (+73 64) 20 34 08, Fax (+73 64) 20 33 70, E-mail: [email protected]

Authors at Carl Zeiss:[email protected]

Other authors: If no information is given to the contrary, other authors can be contacted via the editors.

If readers have any inquiries about howthe magazine can be obtained or if they wish to change their address (the customer number should beindicated, if applicable), we would kindlyask them to contact the editors.

Other articles: Medien-Service Wissenschaft, Stuttgart., Widera Kommunikation, Cologne, Manfred Schindler Werbeagentur, Aalen,all Germany.

Article on pages 4 to 7:Photo strip: gettyimages, Munich,Germany

Article on pages 8 to 11: Sources: Angelika Fleckinger/ Hubert Steiner: “Der Mann aus dem Eis” published byFolio, Bozen/Vienna and South TyrolMuseum of Archeology. Konrad Spindler: “Der Mann im Eis.”Published by Bertelsmann. Photos: Augustin Ochsenreiter, Marco Samadelli, Josef Perntner. Printed with the kind permission of theSouth Tyrol Museum of Archeology,Bozen, Italy, www.iceman.it

Design: Corporate Design, Carl Zeiss, 73446 Oberkochen, GermanyLayout: MSW, 73431 Aalen, Germany.Printed in Germany by C. Maurer, Druck und Verlag, 73312 Geislingen a. d. Steige.

ISSN 1431-8059© 2002, Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen.

Permission for the reproduction ofindividual articles and illustrations from“Innovation” – with due reference to thesource – will gladly be granted after priorconsultation with the editors.

Picture sources: Unless otherwisespecified, all photographs werecontributed by the authors or originate inthe archives of Carl Zeiss.Articles supplied with the author’s namedo not necessarily reflect the opinion ofthe editors.

Clarlet® 1.74 AS: thinner and lighter formaximum wearing comfort

Clarlet® Transitions:Brighter, darker, faster

One-Wire means extremely light-weight frames and sunglasses madeof a single piece of titanium wire –without hinges, screws or soldering.This collection has three versions: fourOne-Wire PUR models in four eyeshapes and different metallic colorsembody the “purest form” of theone-wire approach: one piece of artis-tically formed titanium wire and a dis-creet nosepiece – that is all there is toit! The fit of One-Wire COMFORTcan be optimally adjusted to thewearer’s requirements. The nose padsrequired for this purpose sit inconspic-uously on an elegant suspension –also made of titanium wire. One-Wire SUN, fitted with high-qualitysun protection lenses, sets newstandards in lightness, wearing com-fort and functionality. Attractive eyeshapes and fashionable lens colors are held in position by a single pieceof ultra-light titanium wire.

One-Wire SUN:Outstanding sun protection

InnovationT h e M a g a z i n e f r o m C a r l Z e i s s

Glacier landscape nearChamonix: “Then and Now”.

Painting:Das Eismeer von Chamonix.(The Sea of Ice at Chamonix).This painting by the personalphysician of the King ofSaxony, natural scientist andpainter Carl Gustav Carus(1789 Leipzig–1869 Dresden)dates back to the period1825/27 (Georg SchäferMuseum, Schweinfurt,Germany).

Photo:Mer de Glace Chamonix.This photo was taken in 1995by Jan A. Piotrowski, INQUACommission on GlaciationBoreas, Taylor&Francis AS.

innovation - zeiss · zeiss lenses were in on it, too yvonne maier 31 anniversaries 100 years of...

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