Inner Life of a Cell Inner Life Of A Cell - Full Version.mkv YouTube
Music Narrative:Harvard Objective: To determine how proteins are made
Agenda: Nov. 26th Homework:rDNA project due on Friday, Nov 30th Pfeiffer Thank you notes due on Wed. Objective: To determine how proteins are made Warm up: Central Dogma Proteins and how they are synthesized Gene expression - review of process Shape determines function Senior Project Presentation Tuesday: Proteins in more depth Warm up: What is the Central Dogma of Biology and Biotechnolgy? Why is it important? The CENTRAL DOGMA says:
DNA ____________________ The first step will be to convert DNA to ______.This happens in the _______ and the process is called _____________. Next, the _____ will be converted to a protein. This happens in the ___________ and the process is called ____________.This process will require assistance from the ___________ in the cell. Transcription and Translation Inside a Cell Journey Inside The Cell - YouTube Protein structure and function
Gene Expression Also known as how to make a protein and how it works What do proteins do? Each person has 30,000 different types of proteins and many millions of copies. What is the function of proteins? Notes for class notebook Protein Functions in the Body YouTube The Structure of Life Skim pages 6 9 Proteins are the bodys worker molecules Proteins Structure determines function The Structure of Life
Or proteins are shaped to get the job done The Structure of Life Genetic Code p Peering into Protein Factories p. 23 Beyond Drug Design pp Proteins Structure determines function
Or proteins are shaped to get the job done Examples: Proteins in muscles Myosin slides across actin Antibodies arm bind to foreign substance Collagen Cartilage and tendons
3 strand, rope-like structure provides strength Review Base Pairing Rules for Transcription & Translation Figure 14.5 Triplet Code Each triplet of DNA bases codes for a triplet of mRNA bases (a codon), but it takes a complete codon to code for a single amino acid. See p.12-13 Structure of Life for amino acid names & more details.
The Genetic Code Amino acids form chains Example of amino acids linked by polypeptide bonds (Note: protein synthesis has direction N to C)
Part of a protein: an opioid peptide that modulates the perception of pain Codes for Amino Acids & Proteins Enzyme: Pencil transferase
You will make a new protein (an enzyme) whose job (function) is to transfer a pencil. Bend the pipe cleaner (chenille stems) so that a pencil can be moved from one table to another. For the pencil transferase to function correctly, you cannot touch the pencil when moving it from your table to the next one. Keep the successful shape.Draw it in your class notebook. Questions: Describe the shape of your protein. How would the shape change if one of the amino acids was eliminated? Proteins shape determines function Structure: Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Shape determines function
Primary structure Order of amino acids Combine to make proteins Secondary structure Alpha helix Beta Sheet Plus unstructured loops Shape determines function
Tertiary Globular: compact Fibrous: linear Quaternary Multiple polypeptides (amino acid chains) come together Read The Structure of Life
Agenda: Tuesday 11/27 Read The Structure of Life The Genetic Code: pp Worksheet:Genes to Polypeptides Four Levels of Protein Structure In more depth Epigenome When are proteins produced? From Genes to Polypeptides
Complete worksheet Figure 14.5 Triplet Code Each triplet of DNA bases codes for a triplet of mRNA bases (a codon), but it takes a complete codon to code for a single amino acid. See p.12-13 Structure of Life for amino acid names & more details.
The Genetic Code Review: Protein Theater
Setting the scene: Room walls are the cell membrane Nucleus Ribosome Cytoplasm Transcription starts with RNA polymerase recognizing a promoter Gene on the DNA determines the complementary mRNA mRNA specified the correct sequence for amino acids Proteins Structure determines function The Structure of Life
Or proteins are shaped to get the job done The Structure of Life Genetic Code p Peering into Protein Factories p. 23 Beyond Drug Design pp Why do the amino acids fold in a certain way? Differences in the amino acids
Resource: Chem4Kids.com: Biochemistry:Twenty Amino Acids Amino Acid Sequence of Bovine Insulin Four Levels of Protein Structure
1. A proteins primary structure is its amino acid sequence Primary structure:the sequence of amino acids that form the polypeptide chains A change in the primary structure can alter the resulting protein Basic Amino Acid 20 amino acids Chem4Kids.com: Biochemistry:Twenty Amino Acids Four Levels of Protein Structure
2. Secondary structure is polypeptide coiling or folding produced by hydrogen bonding Secondary structure:parts of the proteins coil or fold into local patterns Coiling:alpha helix Folding:beta pleated sheets Hydrogen bonds between amino acids
Backbones of the amino acids C=0 attracted to the NH of the backbone another amino acid Not the covalent bonds (peptide bonds) Secondary Structure Hydrogen Bonding
Alpha helix Beta Sheet (See other type. Secondary shapes often combined into one 3-D structure called a domain Each domain has a function.
Note: Also unstructured loops Note: Di-sulfide bridge Strong covalent bond; acts as anchor 3.Tertiary structure is the overall shape of a polypeptide
Tertiary structure:overall 3 dimensional shape of a protein Globular:compact shape, enzymes Fibrous:helical, tough, water-insoluble Result of hydrogen bonding as well as ionic bonding(hydrophilic R groups) Folded so that hydrophobic R groups are on the inside Tertiary Structure: hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic R-groups
Amino Acid Structures Basic Rules for Structure based on R groups
Hydrophobic Hydrophilic Non-polar R groups with only C& H Side chains fold up into the interior of the protein Polar (ionic) Attracted to water since water is polar Comfortable in the watery environment of cytosol (cytoplasm) Fold to be on the outside of the protein Pipe cleaners Proteins: Shape determined by hydrophilic or hydrophobic
Choose: 4 pairs of smooth beads 4 pairs of triangle beads String the beads in a random order Triangle beads represent hydrophilic R-groups(same color attracted to each other) Smooth beads represent hydrophobic R-groups and are in the interior of the protein Fold the pipe cleaner protein to fit these rules Draw the shape. Pipe cleaner proteins Compare your proteins shape to others at your table. How and why are they different? What conclusions can you make about folding of proteins? 4.Quaternary structure is the relationship among multiple polypeptides of a protein
Quaternary structure:when two or more polypeptide chains come together Representing the structure of proteins
Protein in cell membrane: Left: outside of membrane Purple: where protein crosses Right: inside of cell Receptor protein: pass molecular messages from receptors to inside of cell Major Unsolved Problem Protein folding problem
Scientists cannot predict shape & function of a protein based on the gene Can determine the amino acid sequence Can now make rough estimates of shapes Compare to known proteins using data bases (bioinformatics) Cannot accurately predict the position of each atom Epigenome The Epigenome at a Glance Introduction Nova
Video: Definition of Epigenetics - YouTube