Inner Life of a Cell Inner Life Of A Cell - Full Version.mkv
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Music Narrative:Harvard Objective: To determine how proteins are
made
Agenda: Nov. 26th Homework:rDNA project due on Friday, Nov 30th
Pfeiffer Thank you notes due on Wed. Objective: To determine how
proteins are made Warm up: Central Dogma Proteins and how they are
synthesized Gene expression - review of process Shape determines
function Senior Project Presentation Tuesday: Proteins in more
depth Warm up: What is the Central Dogma of Biology and
Biotechnolgy? Why is it important? The CENTRAL DOGMA says:
DNA ____________________ The first step will be to convert DNA to
______.This happens in the _______ and the process is called
_____________. Next, the _____ will be converted to a protein. This
happens in the ___________ and the process is called
____________.This process will require assistance from the
___________ in the cell. Transcription and Translation Inside a
Cell Journey Inside The Cell - YouTube Protein structure and
function
Gene Expression Also known as how to make a protein and how it
works What do proteins do? Each person has 30,000 different types
of proteins and many millions of copies. What is the function of
proteins? Notes for class notebook Protein Functions in the Body
YouTube The Structure of Life Skim pages 6 9 Proteins are the bodys
worker molecules Proteins Structure determines function The
Structure of Life
Or proteins are shaped to get the job done The Structure of Life
Genetic Code p Peering into Protein Factories p. 23 Beyond Drug
Design pp Proteins Structure determines function
Or proteins are shaped to get the job done Examples: Proteins in
muscles Myosin slides across actin Antibodies arm bind to foreign
substance Collagen Cartilage and tendons
3 strand, rope-like structure provides strength Review Base Pairing
Rules for Transcription & Translation Figure 14.5 Triplet Code
Each triplet of DNA bases codes for a triplet of mRNA bases (a
codon), but it takes a complete codon to code for a single amino
acid. See p.12-13 Structure of Life for amino acid names & more
details.
The Genetic Code Amino acids form chains Example of amino acids
linked by polypeptide bonds (Note: protein synthesis has direction
N to C)
Part of a protein: an opioid peptide that modulates the perception
of pain Codes for Amino Acids & Proteins Enzyme: Pencil
transferase
You will make a new protein (an enzyme) whose job (function) is to
transfer a pencil. Bend the pipe cleaner (chenille stems) so that a
pencil can be moved from one table to another. For the pencil
transferase to function correctly, you cannot touch the pencil when
moving it from your table to the next one. Keep the successful
shape.Draw it in your class notebook. Questions: Describe the shape
of your protein. How would the shape change if one of the amino
acids was eliminated? Proteins shape determines function Structure:
Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Shape determines
function
Primary structure Order of amino acids Combine to make proteins
Secondary structure Alpha helix Beta Sheet Plus unstructured loops
Shape determines function
Tertiary Globular: compact Fibrous: linear Quaternary Multiple
polypeptides (amino acid chains) come together Read The Structure
of Life
Agenda: Tuesday 11/27 Read The Structure of Life The Genetic Code:
pp Worksheet:Genes to Polypeptides Four Levels of Protein Structure
In more depth Epigenome When are proteins produced? From Genes to
Polypeptides
Complete worksheet Figure 14.5 Triplet Code Each triplet of DNA
bases codes for a triplet of mRNA bases (a codon), but it takes a
complete codon to code for a single amino acid. See p.12-13
Structure of Life for amino acid names & more details.
The Genetic Code Review: Protein Theater
Setting the scene: Room walls are the cell membrane Nucleus
Ribosome Cytoplasm Transcription starts with RNA polymerase
recognizing a promoter Gene on the DNA determines the complementary
mRNA mRNA specified the correct sequence for amino acids Proteins
Structure determines function The Structure of Life
Or proteins are shaped to get the job done The Structure of Life
Genetic Code p Peering into Protein Factories p. 23 Beyond Drug
Design pp Why do the amino acids fold in a certain way? Differences
in the amino acids
Resource: Chem4Kids.com: Biochemistry:Twenty Amino Acids Amino Acid
Sequence of Bovine Insulin Four Levels of Protein Structure
1. A proteins primary structure is its amino acid sequence Primary
structure:the sequence of amino acids that form the polypeptide
chains A change in the primary structure can alter the resulting
protein Basic Amino Acid 20 amino acids Chem4Kids.com:
Biochemistry:Twenty Amino Acids Four Levels of Protein
Structure
2. Secondary structure is polypeptide coiling or folding produced
by hydrogen bonding Secondary structure:parts of the proteins coil
or fold into local patterns Coiling:alpha helix Folding:beta
pleated sheets Hydrogen bonds between amino acids
Backbones of the amino acids C=0 attracted to the NH of the
backbone another amino acid Not the covalent bonds (peptide bonds)
Secondary Structure Hydrogen Bonding
Alpha helix Beta Sheet (See other type. Secondary shapes often
combined into one 3-D structure called a domain Each domain has a
function.
Note: Also unstructured loops Note: Di-sulfide bridge Strong
covalent bond; acts as anchor 3.Tertiary structure is the overall
shape of a polypeptide
Tertiary structure:overall 3 dimensional shape of a protein
Globular:compact shape, enzymes Fibrous:helical, tough,
water-insoluble Result of hydrogen bonding as well as ionic
bonding(hydrophilic R groups) Folded so that hydrophobic R groups
are on the inside Tertiary Structure: hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic
R-groups
Amino Acid Structures Basic Rules for Structure based on R
groups
Hydrophobic Hydrophilic Non-polar R groups with only C& H Side
chains fold up into the interior of the protein Polar (ionic)
Attracted to water since water is polar Comfortable in the watery
environment of cytosol (cytoplasm) Fold to be on the outside of the
protein Pipe cleaners Proteins: Shape determined by hydrophilic or
hydrophobic
Choose: 4 pairs of smooth beads 4 pairs of triangle beads String
the beads in a random order Triangle beads represent hydrophilic
R-groups(same color attracted to each other) Smooth beads represent
hydrophobic R-groups and are in the interior of the protein Fold
the pipe cleaner protein to fit these rules Draw the shape. Pipe
cleaner proteins Compare your proteins shape to others at your
table. How and why are they different? What conclusions can you
make about folding of proteins? 4.Quaternary structure is the
relationship among multiple polypeptides of a protein
Quaternary structure:when two or more polypeptide chains come
together Representing the structure of proteins
Protein in cell membrane: Left: outside of membrane Purple: where
protein crosses Right: inside of cell Receptor protein: pass
molecular messages from receptors to inside of cell Major Unsolved
Problem Protein folding problem
Scientists cannot predict shape & function of a protein based
on the gene Can determine the amino acid sequence Can now make
rough estimates of shapes Compare to known proteins using data
bases (bioinformatics) Cannot accurately predict the position of
each atom Epigenome The Epigenome at a Glance Introduction
Nova
Video: Definition of Epigenetics - YouTube