Infection Control, Vital Signs, Oxygen & Medical Emergencies

RTEC AWeek 13

Warning: blood and guts to follow !

Infection Control

• Microorganisms

• Infectious Disease

• Chain of Infection

• Nosocomial Infection

• Disease Control

• Environment

Microorganismsthat cause disease Bacteria

Viruses

Fungi

Protozoa

Can grow in or on an animal or plant and cause diseases.

Host: animal or plant that provides life support to another organism.

Microorganisms

Disease: Any change from the normal structure or function in the human body.

Infection: Growth of a microorganism on or in a host.

Disease

• Disease occurs only when the microorganism causes injury to the host

Pathogen

A disease producing microorganism.

Multiply in large numbers and cause an obstruction

Cause tissue damageSecrete substance that produce effects in

the body Exotoxins ( high body temp, nausea, vomiting)

BacteriaBacteria

Strep ThroatStrep Throat

Bacterial Bacterial PneumoniaPneumonia

Food PoisoningFood Poisoning

Protozoan

• Trichomonas Vaginalis

• Plasmodium Vivax– Malaria

Viruses

• Common cold

• Mononucleosis

• Warts

Fungi

• Athlete’s Foot

– Tinea pedis

• Ringworm

6 Steps of Infection

Encounter

Entry

Spread

Multiplication

Damage

Outcome

Chain of InfectionChain of Infection

HostHost

Infectious Infectious MicroorganismMicroorganism

Mode of Mode of TransmissionTransmission Vector/ FomiteVector/ Fomite

ReservoirReservoir

Nosocomial InfectionsNosocomial Infections

Infections Infections originating in the originating in the hospital; an hospital; an infection not infection not present before present before admittance to admittance to the hospital.the hospital.

Nosocomial InfectionsNosocomial Infections

Iatrogenic Iatrogenic InfectionInfection

Compromised Compromised PatientsPatients

Patient FloraPatient Flora Hospital Hospital

EnvironmentEnvironment Bloodborne Bloodborne

PathogensPathogens

Types of Nosocomial InfectionsTypes of Nosocomial Infections

Iatrogenic Infection – related to Iatrogenic Infection – related to physician activitiesphysician activities

Compromised Patients - weakened Compromised Patients - weakened resistance; resistance; immunosuppressedimmunosuppressed

Patient Flora - microbes in healthy Patient Flora - microbes in healthy peoplepeople

Contaminated Hospital EnvironmentContaminated Hospital Environment Bloodborne Pathogens – Hepatitis B Bloodborne Pathogens – Hepatitis B

and HIVand HIV

Third Degree Burn

Bloodborne Pathogens

• Disease-causing microorganisms that may be present in human blood. Ex: Hepatitis, Syphilis, Malaria, HIV.

• Two most significant bloodborne pathogens: Hepatitis B and HIV

How Bloodborne Pathogens are Transmitted:

• You must make contact with contaminated fluids and permit them a way to enter your body.

• Contaminated body fluids can be saliva, semen, vaginal secretions, or other fluids containing blood (urine).

Universal Precautions

Since there is no way you can know if a person is infected, you should ALWAYS use universal precautions:

Wash your hands Wear gloves Handle sharp objects carefully Properly clean all spills Wear mask, eye protection, and apron if

splashing is a possibility.

Airborne Precautions

Patients infected with pathogens that remain suspended in air for long periods on aerosol droplets or dust.

TB, Chickenpox, Measles Respiratory protection must be worn when

entering pt room. Pt should wear mask.

Droplet Precautions

Patients infected with pathogens that disseminate through large particulate droplets expelled from coughing, sneezing, or even talking.

Rubella, Mumps, Influenza Surgical mask must be worn when within 3

feet of the pt. Pt should wear a mask.

Contact Precautions

Patients infected with pathogens that spread by direct contact with the pt or by indirect contact with a contaminated object (bedrail, pt dressing).

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Hepatitis A, Varicella, Flesh-eating Virus

All PPE should be used and equipment must be disinfected after use.

Controlling the spread of Disease

• Chemotherapy

• Immunization

• Asepsis– Medical– Surgical

• Disinfectants

Physical Methods of Controlling Diseases

• Handwashing• Standard

Precautions– Gloving– Gowns– Face masks– Eyewear

Handwashing

Single most important means of preventing the spread of infection.

7 to 8 minutes of washing to remove the microbes present, depending on the number present.

Most effective portion of handwashing is the mechanical action of rubbing the hands together.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Gloves Masks Gowns Protective Eyewear Caps

So What, and Who Cares?

Students and Techs are challenged both physically and mentally by the microbial world. In this world of newly found, life-threatening diseases, education has become the key to survival. Health care providers must be committed to infection control so that diseases can be conquered!

Syphilis in the eye

Review

Microorganisms Disease Pathogen Bacteria Viruses Fungi Protozoan 6 Steps of Infection

Chain of Infection Nosocomial Infection Controlling Disease Physical Methods of

Controlling Diseases Handwashing Standard Precautions Universal Precautions

Questions?

• Infection Control

Vital Signs

Vital Signs

Oxygen Therapy

Oxygen Devices

Chest Tubes and Lines

Vital Signs

Indication of Homeostasis

Primary Mechanisms Heart beat Blood pressure Body temperature Respiratory rate Electrolyte

balance

Physical assessment include measurement of vital signs

Body Temperature

Pulse

Respiration

Blood Pressure

Mental Status

Body Temperature

Normal average body temperature: 98.6 F

Humans can survive between 106 F and 93.2 F.

Hypothermia Hyperthermia

Measuring Body Temperature

Oral Rectal Axillary Tympanic

Pulse

Pulse rate: Adult = 60 to 100 beats per minute

Children under 10 = 70 to 120 beats per minute

Tachycardia Bradycardia

Respiratory Rate

Breaths per minute: Adult = 12 to 20 Children under 10 = 20 to 30 per min

Tachypnea Bradypena Dyspnea Apnea

Pulse Oximeter

• Normal Pulse Oximeter = 95% to 100%

Blood Pressure

• Blood Pressure • Systolic pressure =

95-140 mmHg• Diastolic pressure =

60-90 mmHg

• Hypertension• Hypotension

Oxygen

Oxygen constitutes 21% of atmospheric gases

If O2 levels in the body drop below 21% homeostasis is altered.

Hypoxia: Inadequate amount of oxygen at the cellular level.

Oxygen Devices

Nasal Cannula Masks

Nonrebreathing mask Aerosol mask Air-entrainment mask

Tent and Oxyhood

Chest Tubes and Lines

• Endotracheal Tube (ET)

– Ventilator• Chest Tubes

• Nasogastric tube (NG)

• Central Lines

Review

Vital Signs Homeostasis Body Temperature Pulse Respiration Blood Pressure Mental Status

Electrolyte balance Pulse Oximeter Oxygen Oxygen Devices Chest Tubes Chest Lines

Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill

"The pessimist sees difficulty in every opportunity. "The pessimist sees difficulty in every opportunity. The optimist sees the opportunity in every The optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty." difficulty."

Winston Churchill Winston Churchill

Questions?

• Vital Signs

Medical EmergenciesMedical Emergencies

http://www.mercysiouxcity.com/services/trauma/level2trauma.shtml

TRAUMA = X-RAY IS READY

You never know what or who you will come in next……….

SPINAL INJURY PT

Dislocation of the C3 and C4 articular processes

Note that C7 is not well demonstrated

Some studies of spinal trauma have recorded a missed injury rate as high as 33%.

GSW to the Abdomen

Compound Fx of Femur

Medical Emergencies

• Definitions

• What should the RT know?

• Common Radiology Emergencies

Medical Emergencies

Definition: Sudden change in medical status requiring immediate action.

For RT’s medical emergencies are rare, however as medical personnel we must be prepared to recognize emergencies.

Fractured Forearm

What an RT should know…..

How to….. Avoid additional harm to the patient Obtain appropriate medical assistance

quickly

Recognize emergency situations

Remain calm and confident

Anaphylactic Reaction

An immune response to foreign materialBronchospasm – wheezing and

edema in the throat and lungsCan lead to shockRequires prompt recognition and

treatment from the technologist

Why do RT’s care about Anaphylactic RXN’s….?

Water Soluble Iodine• High atomic # 53• Radiopaque• Used to radiograph

– Vessels– Arteries– Veins– Function of internal

organs

Iodine Contrast Material

• Ionic Iodine Contrast– Anion -– Cation +– More patient allergic

reactions

• Non-Ionic Contrast– Less patient allergic

reactions

Radiology Department

Patients are usually sent to the radiology department only after they have been stabilized.

However……

General Priorities

Ensure an open airway

Control Bleeding Take Measures

to Prevent shock Attend to

wounds or fractures appropriately

Provide emotional support

Continually reevaluate and follow up

ABC• A = Air Way

• B = Breathing

• C = Circulation

CPR

• C = Cardio

• P = Pulmonary

• R = Respiration

• Must be certified for the

“Health Care Provider”

• Cards good for 2 years are available.

Become familiar with………..

• In your work environment:– Emergency assistance protocol (how to

get help)– Emergency Cart/Crash Cart Location

Important Conditions to be Aware of……

Level of Consciousness: ALOCAltered Level Of Consciousness

Anaphylactic Shock: vasogenic shock

Hypoglycemic/HyperglycemiaNPO – Nothing by Mouth

Medical Terms to Know…..

Pallor = paleness; absence of skin coloration

Shock = failure of the circulatory system

CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation For program must be for Health Care

Provider

Continued……………

Stroke = Cerebrovascular Accident (brain)

Heart Attack = Myocardial Infarct (heart)

N/V = Nausea & Vomiting Epistaxis = nosebleed Vertigo = dizziness Syncope = fainting

And more……

Hemorrhage = bleeding outside a vessel

Radiologic Technology

• You never know when a medical emergency may occur.

• Helping your patients depends on your abilities to stay calm and perform you duties!

Questions?

• Infection Control

• Vital Signs

• Medical Emergencies