infection, asepsis

8/8/2019 Infection, Asepsis

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Infection, Asepsisand

Sterile Technique


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MICROORGANISMS

living cells

foundeverywhere inthe environment

can be beneficial

mold forcheese


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MICROORGANISMS can be harmful

HIV causes AIDS

understanding diseasetransmission helps createtechnology for diseaseprevention

you will care for patientswith:

infectious diseases

communicable diseases


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MICROORGANISMS Structure and Function

similar cell structure to animalsand plants

metabolic process

take in oxygen

burn food for energy andgrowth

excrete wastes


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MICROORGANISMS Nature of microorganisms

all human beings contain

microorganisms in and on their bodies

most do not produce disease undernormal conditions


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MICROORGANISMS

Nature

pathogenic (diseasecausing) microorganismshave the potential tonegatively affect a

persons health


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MICROORGANISMS

Growth

environmental factors oxygen

nutrients

temperature

moisture pH

light


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MICROORGANISMS Types

algae

rarely cause disease

fungi

yeasts

thrush/vaginitis molds

athletes foot


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protozoa microscopic

vaginal infection

urinary tractinfection


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MICROORGANISMS

Types

bacteria

spores

difficult to control

& destroy


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bacteria

pathogenic

gonorrhea

upperrespiratoryinfection

meningitis


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Viruses

affect every system andtissue of the body

HIV

immunization is mosteffective in preventionof specific viruses

polio, smallpox &measles


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INFECTIOUS DISEASE

Definition

caused by pathogenic

microorganisms

communicable

spreads from one

person to another


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INFECTIOUS DISEASE Definition

contagious

transmitted to manyindividuals quickly &easily

can cause an epidemic

large number of peoplein the same area are

infected in a short time


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INFECTIOUS DISEASE Chain of Infection

reservoir

people animals

insects

inanimate objects

portal of exit all body orifices

discharges


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Chain of Infection

Vehicle

direct/indirect contact

human carrier

airborne

water-borne food-borne

vectors

blood borne

INFECTIOUS DISEASE


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INFECTIOUS DISEASE

Chain of Infection

Portal of Entry

respiratory tract GI/GU

reproductive

open wounds

incisions/puncturesites

body orifices

tubes/catheters


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INFECTIOUS DISEASE

Chain of Infection

High Risk Host hospitalized/inactive

chronic fatigue

poor nutrition

infants/elderly

injury/wound/shock/trauma

medications side effects

emotional factors


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INFECTIOUS DISEASE Breaking the Chain of Infection

reservoir

HANDWASHING sterilize

disinfect

clean/soap & water

discard disposable equipment

dressing changes PRN

contaminated/proper disposal


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Portal of Exit

HANDWASHING waste disposal

secretions/drainage

protect open wounds/sterile fields

gloves/masks

medications


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Vehicle HANDWASHING

trash incinerators

linen/toiletries

infected wounds

food handling

isolation/airflow

sterilization

sharps


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INFECTIOUS DISEASE

Breaking the Chain of Infection

Portal of Entry

HANDWASHING clean, dry skin; use

moisturizer

prevent skin breakdown

clean, dry linen

tubes/collection bags

wound care

BSI/sterile procedure


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INFECTIOUS DISEASE

Breaking the Chain of Infection

High risk Host

HANDWASHING (infectioncontrol)

treat underlying condition

rest/skin care

nutrition/fluids

reduce anxiety

cough/deep breathe

immunization


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RESPONSE TO INFECTION Response

depends on organism and host

normal course of infection 1stphase (incubation period)

when pathogen enters the body tothe appearance of first symptoms

2nd phase (prodromal stage)

from appearance of first symptomsto more severe symptoms


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RESPONSE TO INFECTION Response

normal course of infection

3rd phase (full stage)

symptoms are acute and specificto type of infection

final phase (convalescence stage)when acute symptoms subsideand patient recovers


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RESPONSE TO INFECTION

Factors that Influence Infection

Bodys defense mechanisms Portal of entry

only if they gain access

to the body through a

specific portal of entry Number of microorganism

greater the number, greaterthe opportunity to causedisease


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RESPONSE TO INFECTION Factors that Influence Infection

Virulence

pathogens strength to causedisease

protective capsules

enzymes Host resistance

some normal flora have anantibiotic relationship


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NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION

serious problem

acquired in thehospital

reasons

presence resistance toantibiotics

many reservoirs


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NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION

Conditions that Increase

the Risk broad spectrum antibiotic used

frequently

failure of appropriate propertechnique

multiple healthcare personnel

prolonged hospitalization

lowered resistance to disease


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MEDICAL ASEPSIS Definition (Asepsis)

practices that minimize oreliminate organisms that cancause infection and disease

medical asepsis

clean technique

surgical asepsis

sterile technique


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MEDICAL ASEPSIS

Definition (Medical Asepsis)

components reduce/prevent numberof microorganismtransmissions

HANDWASHING

barrier techniques

clean environment


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MEDICAL ASEPSIS Medical Asepsis

HANDWASHING

single most effective measure toprevent the spread of disease

barrier technique (PPE)

keep organisms from

entering or leaving the

respiratory tract, your eyes

or breaks in the skin


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MEDICAL ASEPSIS Medical Asepsis

gloves

latex allergy

eye protection

goggles/glasses

gowns/aprons fluid resistant

masks

disposable


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MEDICAL ASEPSIS

leaving a patients room

discardgown/mask/gloves

HANDWASHING

terminal disinfecting

patient and family teaching HANDWASHING

hygienic practices

aseptic technique


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SURGICAL ASEPSIS Asepsis

dirty

not been cleaned or sterilized clean

many or the most harmful

microorganisms have been removed sterile

free of all microorganisms and spores


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SURGICAL ASEPSIS Sterile Technique

no organisms are carried

to the patient used during dressing

changes, administeringparenteral medications &sterile procedures

first sterilize articles andprevent contact withunsterile articles


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SURGICAL ASEPSIS

Disinfection & Sterilization

disinfectants destroy most pathogensbut not necessarily their spores

sterilization destroys all pathogensand spores

Sterile Protective Measures hair covering, surgical mask, sterile

gown and sterile gloves


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INFECTION CONTROL Standard Precautions

Universal Precautions

reduce risk oftransmission of blood-borne pathogens

Body Substance Isolation(BSI)

reduce transmission frommoist body substances


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must consider ALL patients

are potentially infected

wear gloves when in contact withblood, body fluids, non-intact skin,mucous membranes or contaminateditems & change them after each contact

HANDWASHING if contaminated withblood, body fluids, after each patientcontact & after removing gloves


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wear a gown/apron when clothing could

become soiled wear mask, eye protection/face shield if

splashing of blood/body fluids is possible

do not recap/break needles

use proper sharps container

report any exposures

clean equipment after each use


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INFECTION CONTROL

Transmission-Based Precautions

airborne precautions

tiny microorganisms fromevaporated droplets remainsuspended in the air or carried bydust particles & inhaled

TB, measles and chickenpox private negative pressure room

doors of rooms kept closed

high-filtration particulate respirator


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INFECTION CONTROL Transmission-Based Precautions

droplet precautions

microorganisms are propelled through theair through sneezing, coughing, talking orsuctioning

meningitis, pneumonia, influenza, mumps,

rubella, and etc.

mask and private room

doors may remain open


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INFECTION CONTROL Transmission-Based Precautions

contact precautions

most frequent mode of transmission direct contact of body surface

indirect contact such as needle/hand

HEP A, herpes simplex virus, acutediarrhea, draining abscess & etc.

gloves, gown and private room

use in ADDITION to Standard Precautions


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INFECTION CONTROL Isolation

administering medications

unwrap before going into pts room use disposable med trays and cups

dont take med cards into pts room

HANDWASHING needles/syringes in sharps container

use & discard IV bags in pts room

dispose of all materials in pts room


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sending a specimen to the

laboratory before collecting, labelcontainer

place into bag withbiohazard label

HANDWASHING


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taking vital signs

use equipment in patients room

wear PPE as indicated

use clock in patients room, not

your watch use disposable temperature system


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INFECTION CONTROL

Isolation

transporting the patient to other

areas wear PPE as indicated to

include pt control/contain patients

drainage

escort ambulatory patients notify other areas of patients

precautions disinfect transportation device


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caring for the patients body after death take special precautions to preventspread of infection

protective (reverse) isolation protection from outside environment

for weakened immune response pts burns or bone marrow transplants,HIV positive, chemotherapy and etc.


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REVIEW OF MAIN POINTS Microorganisms

Infectious Disease

Response to Infection

Nosocomial Infections

Medical Asepsis

Surgical Asepsis

Infection Control

infection, asepsis

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