INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Agricultural Revolution • Enclosures- sectioned off land w/ fences

or hedges

• Crop rotation- growing different crops in fields to preserve soil - wheat, turnips, oats, barley, clover

Farming Innovations• Jethro Tull- seed drill

• Robert Blackwell- selective breeding livestock

• John Deere -steel tip plow

• Eli Whitney- cotton gin

• Cyrus McCormick- reaper

More food- more people- urban growth

Transportation Improvements Fossil fuel revolution- COAL

-James Watt- the steam engine

-Robert Fulton- 1ST steam ship, the Claremont - on Hudson R. in NY

-George Stephenson- 1st railroad line (27 miles), “The Rocket”- steam locomotive, traveled 24 mph

-Ships/Trains- carry raw materials & manufactured goods quickly and cheaply.

-Road improvements- roads w/ drainage

Technological Change -Matthew Boulton- 1st factory

(1762), wood working factory w/ 600 workers, 2 water wheels and steam engine

-The Flying Shuttle (1733) piece of wood - ran yarn back & forth to make cloth, doubled production, invented by John Kay

-The Spinning Jenny (1778) spin multiple threads at once, invented by James Hargraves

Changes in Lifestyles • Urbanization- movement to the cities

• to find jobs in new factories, populations grew outrageously, some countries doubled population

Slumsa run-down area of a city - cities

could not handle growth, poor families moved to outskirts of cities

poor sanitation, disease (cholera)

overcrowded (40/room)

Cholera

Working Conditions

• 14 hr. days

• 6 days/wk

• dangerous

• poor lighting

• coal mines most dangerous

• many children worked

Write down the names of several corporations

in the United States.

INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE US

The Corporation- to raise money companies sold stock

Stockholders own part of corporation - share the profits- not responsible for debts.

INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE USUS - good resources (coal,

iron ore)

good workers

good land and rivers

*1st factory- built by Samuel Slater

Moses Brown- textiles

INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE US*Francis Cabot Lowell-

textiles mill

Lowell, Mass. b./cm a booming mill town

“mill girls”- from farms, worked 12 hr. days - 6 days/wk.

*Shoes industry- New England

INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE US*Railroad- grew from 3,000 mi. of track to

200,000 mi. in 50 years

1869 Transcontinental Railroad met at Promontory Point, Utah

INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE US

*New inventions

Samuel Morse -telegraph

Thomas Edison- light bulb

Alexander Graham Bell- telephone

George Washington Carver- 300 uses for the peanut

INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE US

• Andrew Carnegie- Carnegie Steel

• John D. Rockefeller- Standard Oil

• Cornelius Vanderbilt- Shipping & RR

Effects of the Industrial RevolutionLabor Unions - formed for

worker’s rights (better pay, hours, working conditions, & benefits)-Strike- refusal to work-Collective Bargaining- negotiations b/t workers and management

AFL- American Federation of Labor- several unions combined

Effects of the Industrial RevolutionChild Labor laws- limiting

hours (Ten Hours Act- 1847) & certain jobs- no mining

Women’s Rights- women’s unions

Jane Addams- est. Hull House, boarding house for working women in Chicago, spread to other cities

Effects of the Industrial RevolutionThe New Middle Class -Skilled

workers, govt. workers, doctors, lawyers, managers, merchants, factory owners

*Middle class now the dominant class.

Education reform- Horace Mann- free education all US children, children should be in school not in factory

Imperialism- countries took over a less powerful countries, new markets / raw materials

Industrialization in other Countries

Belgium- iron, coal & waterways- led to steam engines, machinery, trains

Germany- coal, iron, good rivers led to steel mills, machinery, textiles, RR lines, b/cm a large military threat

Italy- waterways, textiles, silks

“Have and Have-Not's”

Global economy developed through trade

Countries that failed to industrialize were left behind

ECONOMIC SYSTEMSNew economic systems & thought develop

*Adam Smith- professor U. of Glasgow, Scotland wrote Wealth of Nations.

Argued for a “free” economic system- “laissez faire”- w/o any govt. interference

Capitalism AKA - “Free-enterprise” system

-Based on private ownership, profit motive, competition, supply and demand.

-Loose govt. regulations (U. S.)

-Criticism- exploited poor class

Socialism Jeremy Bentham-

“Utilitarianism” govt. should act for the benefit of the greatest number of people

Thomas More- Utopia- ideal place w/ no poor

Socialists believe: means of production (factories, land, materials) owned by public and operate for public, govt. runs everything

Communism Karl Marx, German philosopher wrote “The Communist Manifesto”Friedrich Engels- friend & philosopher

Communism- an economic plan to help the proletariat- the working class

Marx predicted a workers’ revolution, govt. should control everything, everyone shares equally

Communist govt.Russia(1917-1989) China (1930’s- ) Cuba (1959- )