the industrial revolution, 1700–1900
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The Industrial Revolution, 1700–1900. The Industrial Revolution begins in Britain, spreads to other countries, and has a strong impact on economics, politics, and society. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Rail locomotives began connecting U.S. cities in the 1840s, enabling transport of goods between factories, cities, and ports.
The Industrial Revolution,1700–1900
The Industrial Revolution begins in Britain, spreads to other countries, and has a strong impact on economics, politics, and society.
Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain
The Beginnings of Industrialization
New Ways of Working• Industrial Revolution — greatly increases output of __________________________
goods • Revolution begins in England in the middle ______________
SECTION
1
The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way• ______________________ — large farm fields enclosed by fences or hedges • Wealthy landowners buy & enclose land once owned by ____________________
farmers• Enclosures allow experimentation with new agricultural _____________________
Rotating Crops• Crop rotation — switching crops each year to avoid __________________________• Livestock breeders allow only the best to breed, this increases the
_________________________________
Yorkshire Dales National Park, in Yorkshire, England.
Industrialization Begins in Britain
Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England• ________________________________ — move to machine production of goods • Britain has natural resources — _________________________________________• Expanding economy in Britain encourages _________________________• Britain has all needed ________________________________— land, labor, capital
Inventions Spur Industrialization
Changes in the Textile Industry• Weavers work faster with flying shuttles and _____________________________• ____________________________ uses water power to drive spinning wheels • ______________________, spinning mule speed up production, improve quality• _____________________ — buildings that contain machinery for manufacturing• __________________________boosts American cotton production to meet
British demand
James Hargreaves's spinning jenny dramatically increased the output of spinners.
Improvements in Transportation
Watt’s Steam Engine• Need for ______________, convenient power spurs development of steam engine• James Watt improves steam engine, financed by Matthew Boulton• Boulton is an _____________________ — organizes, manages, takes business risks
Water Transportation• Robert Fulton builds first steamboat, the ______________________, in 1807• England’s water transport improved by system of ___________________
Road Transportation• British roads are improved; companies operate them as ______________________
The Railway Age Begins
Steam-Driven Locomotives• In 1804, Richard Trevithick builds first steam-driven locomotive• In 1825, George Stephenson builds world’s first ___________________________
The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad• Entrepreneurs build railroad from Liverpool to Manchester• Stephenson’s ___________________ acknowledged as best locomotive (1829)
Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain• Railroads spur industrial growth & __________________________________• Cheaper ___________________________ boosts many industries; people move to
_______________
George Stephenson's Rocket locomotive. Photograph, 19th century.
Industrialization - CASE STUDY: Manchester Industrialization Changes Life
Factory Work• Factories pay more than ___________________, this spurs demand for more
______________________________________
SECTION
2
Industrial Cities Rise• ___________________________ — city-building and movement of people to cities• Growing population provides _______________________ and a market for
______________________________________• British industrial cities: ___________________, Birmingham, Manchester,
_________________________
Living Conditions• ______________________ widespread; epidemics, like cholera, sweep through
_______________________________• Life span in one large city is only ________ years• Wealthy merchants and factory owners live in luxurious ______________________
homes • Rapidly growing cities lack _________________ & _____________________ • Cities are also without adequate ____________________, ____________________,
and ________________________________
Working Conditions• Average working day is _______ hours for _____ days a week, year round• Dirty, poorly lit factories ___________________ workers• Many coal miners killed by ________________________
Industrialization Changes Life
Class Tensions Grow
The Middle Class• Middle class = ____________________ workers, merchants, rich farmers, and
________________________• Emerging middle class looked down on by landowners, _____________________• Middle class has ___________________________ standard of living
The Working Class• Laborers’ lives not improved; some laborers replaced by ____________________• ________________ and other groups destroy machinery that puts them out of
work• Unemployment a serious problem; unemployed workers __________________
Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Immediate Benefits• Creates ___________, _________________ nation, and encourages
____________________________ progress• ___________________ expands, clothing is _________________,
_______________ and ____________________ improve• Workers eventually win shorter _____________,and better ______________ &
__________________________
Long-Term Effects• Improved living and working conditions still evident __________________• Governments use increased _____________ revenues for urban improvements
The Mills of Manchester
Manchester and the Industrial Revolution• Manchester has ______________, __________________________, and a nearby
_____________ at Liverpool• Poor live and work in unhealthy, even _______________________, environment • Business owners make ________________by risking their own money on factories• Eventually, working class sees its standard of living _________________________
Children in Manchester Factories• Children as young as _______ work in factories; many are ___________________• 1819 Factory Act restricts working ______________ & _________________• _________________________________ fouls air, poisons river• Nonetheless, Manchester produces ____________________________ goods and
creates ______________________
As cities grew, people crowded into tenements and row houses such as these in London.
A young worker pulls thread from bobbin during spinning process at a textile mill. Photograph (1909), Lewis Hine.
Industrialization in the United States• U.S. has ___________________ and labor resources needed to industrialize• _____________________, English textile worker, builds textile mill in U.S.• Lowell, Massachusetts a mechanized textile center by __________• _________________________ towns spring up around factories across the country• Young single ___________________ flock to factory towns, work in textile mills• _________________ & ______________________ are industries soon mechanized
SECTION
3 Industrialization Spreads Industrial Development in the United States
Later Expansion of U.S. Industry• Industrialization picks up during __________________________technology boom• Cities like Chicago expand rapidly due to location on ________________________• Small companies merge to form larger, powerful companies
The Rise of Corporations• __________________ — limited ownership rights for company, sold to raise money• ___________________ — company owned by stockholders, share profits not debts• Large corporations attempt to control as much business as they can
Continental Europe Industrializes
Troubles in Continental Europe• Revolution and __________________ wars disrupted early 19th-century economy
Beginnings in Belgium• Belgium has ______________ ore, ______________, and __________________
transportation • __________________ workers smuggle in machine plans, start companies (1799)
Germany Industrializes• There are political and economic barriers; but industry, _______________________
boom by mid-century
Expansion Elsewhere in Europe• Bohemia develops spinning; Northern Italy mechanizes ______________ textiles • Industrialization in _________________ is more measured; agriculture remains
strong
The Impact of Industrialization
Rise of Global Inequality• _______________ gap widens; non-industrialized countries fall further behind• European nations, U.S., Japan exploit ____________________ for resources• ______________________ spreads due to need for raw materials, markets
Transformation of Society• Europe and U.S. gain _______________________ power• African and Asian economies lag; they are based on ________________________,
and crafts• Rise of the _______________________ strengthens democracy, creates calls for
social reform
Reforming the Industrial World
Laissez-faire Economics• ________________________ — economic policy of not interfering with businesses • Originates with __________________________ economic philosophers• ________________________ — defender of free markets, author of
The Wealth of Nations• Believes economic liberty guarantees economic ___________________• Economic natural laws — ________________________, _____________________,
supply and demand
SECTION
4
The Philosophers of Industrialization
The Economists of Capitalism• Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo boost laissez-faire capitalism• ______________________ — system of privately owned businesses seeking profits• Malthus thinks _______________________ grow faster than food supply• _____________ & ____________________ kill off extra people or misery and
poverty result • Ricardo envisions a permanent, _______________ underclass providing cheap labor
Adam Smith’s ideas were central to the development of capitalism.
Utilitarianism• Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism — judge things by their _____________________• John Stuart Mill favors ____________________ to help workers & spread wealth
The Rise of Socialism
Utopian Ideas• Robert Owen improves workers’ conditions, rents cheap housing• In 1824, Owen founds _________________ community, New Harmony, Indiana
Socialism• Socialism — factors of production owned by and operated for the
_____________________• Socialists think __________________________ control can end poverty and bring
equality
Marxism’s Prophets• _________________ — German journalist proposes a radical socialism, Marxism• ___________________________ — German whose father owns a Manchester
textile mill
Marxism: Radical Socialism
The Communist Manifesto• Marx and Engels believe society is divided into warring ___________________• Capitalism helps the “haves,” the employers known as the ____________________• Hurts the “have-nots,” the workers known as the _________________________• Marx & Engels predict the workers will overthrow the ____________________
The Future According to Marx• Marx believes that ________________________ will eventually destroy itself• ______________________ would cause workers to revolt; seize factories and mills• _________________________ — society where people own, share the means of
production• Marx’s ideas later take root in __________________, _____________, ____________• Time has shown that society is not controlled by ___________________ forces alone
Karl Marx developed a radical type of socialism known as Marxism.
Unionization• ____________________ — associations formed by laborers to work for change• Unions negotiate for better _____________ and conditions with employers• Sometimes they ________________ — call a work stoppage—to pressure owners• ___________________ workers are first to form unions • In _________________ & the ___________, workers must fight for the right to
form unions• Union goals were higher _________________, shorter _______________,
improved ________________________
Labor Unions and Reform Laws
Reform Laws• British & U.S. - laws passed to stop worst abuses of ________________________• 1842 Mines Act in Britain stops _____________________ & _________________
from working underground• In 1847, workday for women & children limited to _________ hours in Britain• U.S. ends _________________________, sets maximum hours in 1904
The job of this young "tipple boy" was to unload coal cars by tipping them over. Photograph. West Virginia, Lewis Hine.
The Abolition of Slavery• In 1833, reformers help end slavery in British empire• Slavery ends in U.S. in 1865; ends by 1888 in rest of Americas
The Reform Movement Spreads
The Fight for Women’s Rights• Women pursue economic and social rights as early as 1848• International Council for Women founded 1888; worldwide membership
Reforms Spread to Many Areas of Life• Reformers establish free public schools in Europe in late 1800s• Public schools common in U.S. by 1850s; prison reform also sought
Women march to commemorate the first suffragette arrested in London. Photograph (about 1905).