indian church history final - alpha | institute of...

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

ALPHA INSTITUTE OF THEOLOGY AND SCIENCEThalassery, Kerala, India - 670 101

Ph: 0490 2344727, 2343707Web: www.alphathalassery.org, Email: [email protected]

Title: Indian Church HistoryPublished by: The Director, Alpha Institute, Archdiocese of Tellicherry,

Sandesa Bhavan, Tellicherry, 670 101, Kannur, KeralaPh: 0490 - 2344727, 2343707

Published on: 2015 July 28 (St. Alphonsa)

Editor: Rev. Dr. Joseph Kakkaramattathil

Office Assistance: Rev. Sr. Glorista SABSMr. Renjith KCMrs. Anitha VijayanMrs. Maneesha ShinojMrs. Jeshitha VijeshMiss. Bhavya K

Language Mentor: Rev. Fr. Mathew EdamulaDesign & Layout: Mr. Midhun ThomasPrinting: Vimala Offset Press, ThalasseryCopy Right: © All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored

in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by anymeans, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwisewithout the prior written permission of the publisher

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

D≈S°w

1. InkvXpaXØns‚ Bcw`w mcXØn¬ ................................................... 5

2. mc-X-k` 16˛mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc ................................................................... 17

3. t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im-cpw mc-X-k- bpw ......................................................... 29

4. emØo≥ k`bpsS Bhn¿`mhw mcXØn¬ ......................................... 72

5. mcXk` 16˛mw \q‰m≠n\p-tijw ............................................................ 109

6. mc-X-Ønse At¥mIy≥ k`m-hn- m-K-ßƒ ................................................. 121

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

4

Published for the use of the students of Alpha Institute of Theology and Science

1. Paul Pallath, The Catholic Church in India (Kottayam: OIRSI, 2010).

2. tUm. Pn. tNSn-bØv, am¿tØm-am-«o-lm-bpsS C¥y≥ k` (tIm´bw:OIRSI, 1992).

3. tUm. tkhy¿ IqS-∏p-g, mcX k`m-N-cn-Xw (tIm´bw: : OIRSI, 1980).

4. Dr. Placid Podippara, The Complete Works of Placid Podippara 5 vols.Mannanam: Sanjos Publications, 2009.

B[mc KŸßƒ

5

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

`mc-X-Ønse InkvXp-a-X-Øns‚ Bcw`wA∏-kvtXm-e-\mb tXmam-«o-lm-bpsS BK-a-\-tØm-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

16˛mw \q‰m≠v hscbpff C≥Uy≥ k`:am¿tØmΩmbpsS a°ƒ

16˛mw \q‰m≠n¬, t]m¿´pKokpImcpsS BKa\Øn\v ap≥]v C≥Uy≥ k`, am¿tØmΩmbpsSk`bmbn XmZmflo`hn®ncp∂p. NcnXmht_m[Øns‚ A`mhw C≥Uy≥ P\XbpsS s]mXpkz`mhkhntijXbmbXn\m¬ NcnXtcJIƒkq£n°phmt\m, NcnXkw`hßƒ BteJ\wsNøphmt\m C≥Uy°m¿ i≤sNepØnbncp∂n√. CXns\m´pw A]hmZhpambncp∂n√Xt±iobcmb am¿tØmΩmhnizmknIfpw! X∑qewk`bpsS BZyImeNcnXØns‚ Gdnb]¶pwhnkvarXnbnem≠p. F¶nepw e`yamb tcJIƒBZyImek`m NcnXØnte°v sNdpsh´whoip∂p≠v. am¿tØmΩmInkvXym\nIsf kw_‘n®v InkvXobX, hnizkn°s∏tS≠ HcpIq´wkXyßtfm, shdpw ]t_m[\ßtfm As√¶n¬]Jym]nX tUm‹Itfm, Bbncp∂n√, ]XypX“hgnbpw kXyhpw Poh\pamb (tbml.14:6)

InkvXpaXØns‚

Bcw`w `mcXØn¬

01

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

6

tbiphns‚ IpcnipacWhpw km[nXamb D∞m\hpwc£bpwaqew IcKXam°m\pff “hgn”bmbncp∂p (Margam).]nXmhn¶¬ FØnt®cphm\p≈ ]mX `mcXaÆn\vshfns∏SpØnb tXmΩm«olmbpsS am¿§ambncp∂p ( ThomaMargam). X\Xmb Bcm[\mIaw, B≤ymflnIX, in£WIaw, BNmcm\pjvTm\ßfpw ]mcºcyßfpw H∏wXs∂kmaqlnI, cmjvSob kmwkvIm cnIamb PohnXIaßfpwDƒs∏Sp∂Xmbncp∂p tXmambpsS am¿§w. tXmambpsS \nbawF∂t]cn¬ Adnbs∏´ncp∂Xv . Cu A≤ymbØn¬tXmam«olmbpsS BKa\hpw, `mcXk`bpsS Bcw`hpw,t]m¿´pKokv anj\dnamcpw BKa\w hscbpff NcnXw CuA≤ymbØn¬ \mw ImWp∂p.

`mcXItØmen°mk`bpsS A∏kvtXmenI DZv hw:

D∞nXs‚ hncnamdn¬ kv]¿in®v Fs‚ I¿Ømth Fs‚ssZhta (tbml.20:28) F∂v. DZvtLmjn® tXmam«olm,BZy\q‰m≠ns‚ ]IpXntbmsS sXt°C¥ybn¬ FØnt®cpIbpw hnizmkØns‚ hnØpIƒ ]mIpIbpw sNbvXp F∂kPoh ]mcºcyw am¿tØmΩm InkvXym\n IfpsS CSbn¬\ne\n\n∂ncp∂p. AD 52 ¬ apkcnkv (sImSpß√q¿) F∂]pcmX\ XpdapJØv «olm FØnt®cp∂psh∂v ]mcºcywkm£n°p∂p.

am¿ tXm-am-«o-lm-bpsS `mc-X-bmX

]›n-ta-jy-bnse ]e-kvXo-\n¬\n∂v «ol-∑m¿ I¿Xr-I-ev]-\m-\pkrXw temI-Øns‚ \m\m-`m-K-tØbv°pw t]mbn kphn-tijw ]kw-Kn-®p. `mc-X-Øns‚ «olm BbXv am¿ tXma-bm-Wv. CXbpw hnZq-c-amb ÿeØv as‰mcp «olmbpw t]mb-Xmbn Adn-bn-√. ]utemkv «olm kvs]bn≥hsc t]mbn._¿Ø-tem-antbm `mc-Øn¬ h∂p F∂v Fhp-tk-_n-bkv ]d-bp-∂p. ]m¿Ønbmbnse hnhn[ skan-‰nIv hn`m-K-ß-tfmSpwa‰p P\XItfmSpw ]kw-Kn-®-tijw mc-X-Ønse blq-Z-tcmSpwAh¿hgn blq-Z-c-√m-Ø-h-tcmSpw ]kw-Kn-°m-\m-bn-cn°mw«olm FØn-bXv. A∂sØ ImeØv `mc-X-Øn¬ FØ-W-sa-¶n¬ AXn\p X° Imc-W-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.

blq-Z-km-∂n≤yw

I®-h-S-Øn-\mbn FØnb blq-Z-∑mcpsS tImf-\n-IƒA∂sØ tIc-f-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]›m-Xy-tem-I-hp-ambnI®-hSw \SØn Cu blq-Z-∑m¿ Pohn-®p. In.-h. H∂mw \q‰m≠vCØcw I®-hSw AXyp-®-tIm-Sn-bnseØnb Ime-L- -am-bn-cp∂p

7

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

blq-Z-cpsS km∂n-≤y-amWv At±-lsØ ChnsS sIms≠-Øn-®-Xv. I®-h-S-°m-cmb blq-Z-tcmSv Ad-amb `mj-bn¬ At±lw]kw-Kn-®p. Ah¿hgn a‰p P\-]-Z-ßtfmSpw, sImSp-ß-√q¿, ]me-bq¿ XpS-ßn. ÿe-ß-fn¬ blq-Z-∑m¿ [mcm-f-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

bmXm-kuIcyw

]m›m-Xy-tem-I-Øp-\n∂v a¨kq¨ Im‰ns‚ KXn-b-\p-k-cn®vIpd-™-k-abw sIm≠v `mc-X-Øn-seØmw F∂p I≠p-]n-Sn-°-s∏- -tXmsS tIc-fhpw ]m›m-Xy-tem-I-hp-am-bp≈ hym]m-c-_‘wiX-Kp-Wo-`-hn-®p. C]-Im-c-ap≈ hym]mcnIfpsS IqsS-bmImwam¿tXmam tIc-f-Øn-se-Øn-b-Xv. tdma-°m¿ IS-ense hgn-I-sfms° sIm≈-°m-cn¬\n∂v kpc-£n-X-am-°n. ]›n-ta-jy-bn¬\n∂v am¿ tXmam-«olm sImSp-ß-√q-cn-\-Sp-Øp≈ amey-¶c F∂ÿe-ØmWv h∂n-d-ßn-bXpw BZyw kphn-tijw ]kw-Kn-®Xpwk` ÿm]n-®Xpw. A°m-c-W-Øm¬ «olm ÿm]n® k` ae-¶-c-k` F∂p Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

`mc-X-Ønse t]jn-X-hrØn

tIc-f-Øn¬ am¿ tXmam-«olm Fgp ÿe-ß-fn¬ ]≈n-Iƒÿm]n-®p F∂Xn\v Ipcnip \m´n F∂-√, Fgp -k-`m-k-aq-l-ßƒ°p P∑w \¬In F∂¿∞w. ]kvXpX ÿe-ß-fn¬ Zo¿L-Imew Xma-kn®v kphn-ti-j-Øn\p km£yw \¬In: sImSp-ß-√q¿, ]pe-bq¿, ]d-hq¿ (tIm-´-bv°m-hv), tIm°-aw-K-ew, sIm√w,\ncWw (Xr-∏-te-iz-cw), Nmb¬ (\n-e-bv°¬) F∂n-h-bmWvFgp-ÿ-e-ßƒ. tIcf ssIkvX-h- k-`-bpsS AXn-]m-No\tIµ-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p ta¬]-d™ Ggp-tI-µ-ßƒ. Hmtcm-∂n-s\-∏-‰nbpw Npcp-°-ambn ChnsS ]Xn-]m-Zn-°mw.

tIc-f-Ønse k]vX-tZ-hm-e-b-ßƒ

sImSp-ß-√q¿: mc-X-Ønse am¿tXmam InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Xd-hm-SmWv sImSp-ß-√q-cnse amey-¶-c-k-`. am¿tXm-am-«olm am\-km-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Ønb BZy IpSpw-_-ßƒ ap -cn-kn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. AhnsS\n∂v a‰n-S-ß-fn-te°v Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ IpSn-tb-dn-b-hcpw at°m-Z-b, atlm-Zb F∂p Iq´n-t®¿Øv ]tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. ae-¶c kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Xmbvth-Wn-hnsS Z¿in-°p-I. t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ `mcXØnse-Øp-tºmƒsImSp-ß-√q-cm-bn-cp∂p am¿tXmam InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS ][m\k`m-tI-µw. blq-Z¿°v Pdp-ktew t]mse-bmWv am¿tXmamInkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v sImSp-ß-√q¿. blq-Zcpw blq-Z-c-√m-Ø-h-cp-amb P\-]-Z-ßƒ tXmam-bpsS am¿Kw kzoI-cn®v \km-Wn-I-fm-

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

8

bn. Ime-I-a-Øn¬ sImSp-ß-√q-cns‚ ]m[m\yw Ipd-™p.t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS B[n-]-Xy-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv sImSp-ß-√qcns‚ ]m[m\yw Ipd™pt]m-b-Xv.

sIm√w: am¿tXm-am-«olm ÿm]n® as‰m-cp-k-`m-tIµwsIm√tØm, sIm√-Øn\p kao-]tØm BWv.Ipc-t°-Wn-s°m-√w, Iuew-a-sse, sIm√n-ae Fs∂ms° sIm√w Adn-b-s∏-´n-cn-∂p. sIm√w hmWn-Py-tI-¥-am-bXv ]n¬°m-e-Øm-Wv. ssN\-°m-cpsS Hcp I®-h-S-kwLw ÿnc-ambn sIm√-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.Ah-cn¬ Nnecpw ssIkvXhcmbn. sIm√sØ amXr-tZ-hm-e-b-sØ-∏‰n C∂p \ap-°-dn-hn-√. Hcp-]t£ AXpw sImSp-ß-√q¿]≈n-t]mse IS-en-\-Sn-bn¬ Dƒs∏- p-t]m-bn-cn°mw GXm-bmepwHcp ss«lnI k` sIm√-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂-XmWv am¿tXmamInkvXym-\n-I-fpsS ]pcm-X-\-amb ]mc-ºcyw. DZbw t]cq¿ kq\-l-tZm-kns‚ ImeØp sIm√Øp c≠p ]≈n-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.AXn-sem∂p amXm-hns‚ \ma-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. AXv tXmam-«olm ÿm]n® ]≈n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. IS-en-tebv°p X≈n \n∂ÿe-Øm-bn-cp∂p Cu ]≈n. AXp IS¬ Ibdn \in®p t]mbn.Hcp ]mc-º-cy-a-\p-k-cn-®v, InkvXp-hns‚ P\\ kabw shfn-s∏-Sp-Ønb Hcp Z¿i-\-°mcn (kn-_n¬) sIm√-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.kn_n-ens‚ hm°p-tI´p s]cp-amƒ ]e-kvXo-\mbn¬ t]mbn.inip-hns\ hµn® ⁄m\nIfn¬ Hcmƒ Cu s]cp-am-fm-bn-cp∂pF∂mWv sFXn-lyw. Xncn-sI-sb-Ønb s]cp-amƒ amXm-hns‚Hcp ]Sw hc®p sIm≠p-h∂p kn_n-en\p kΩm-\n-®p. kn_n-ens‚ I√-d-bn¬ B ]Sw AS°w sNbvXp.

\ncWw: IS¬Øo-c-Øp≈ Hcp ÿe-am-bn-cp∂p \nc-Ww. ]º-bm¿ IS-en¬ ]Xn-®n-cp-∂Xp \nc-W-Øm-bn-cp∂p F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. AhnSw Hcp blq-Z-tI-µhpw I®-h-S-tI-µ-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]º-bm-‰n¬°qSn Nßm-S-ß-fn¬ sIm≠p-h∂ Nc-°p-Iƒ\ncWw hgn I∏-ep-I-fn¬ FØn-®n-cp-∂p. Ahn-sSbpw «olmHcp ssIkvX-h-k-aqlw cq]o-I-cn-®p. blq-Zcpw blq-Z-c-√m-Ø-hcpw InkvXym-\n-I-fm-bn. Xøn¬, ] -ap-°n¬, am¶n, aS-Øn-em≥F∂o \mep IpSpw-_-ß-fmWp \nc-WsØ BZy ssIkvXhIpSpw-_-ßƒ F∂pw ]mc-º-cy-ap-≠v. \nc-WØv am¿tØmamÿm]n®p F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp ]pcm-X\ tZhm-e-b-ap-≠v.]pXp-°n-∏-WnX Hcp ]nev°me tZhm-e-b-amWv Ct∏mƒ Bÿ-e-Øp-≈-Xv. am¿tXmam«olm BZyw Ipcnip ÿm]n-®XvCt∏mƒ Pdp-ktew am¿tØmam ]≈n Ccn-°p∂ ÿe-ØmWvF∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. FXn-cm-fn-Iƒ Ipcn-si-SpØv B‰n-se-dn-

9

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

™p. AXp IS]bn¬ apX-e-∏pg F∂ ÿeØp sN∂-Sn-™p.AhnsSbmWp amXm-hns‚ \ma-Øn-ep≈ bmt°m-_mb ]≈n.

\ne-bv°¬: \nc-W-Øp-\n∂p ]º-bm-‰n¬°q-sSbpw Ic-bn¬°q-sSbpw bmX-sNbvXv \ne-b-°-se-Ønb «olm AhnsS HcpssIkvXh kaqlw ÿm]n-®p. sFiz-cy-k-ar-≤-amb Hcp hmWn-Py-tI-µ-am-bn-cp∂p \ne-bv°¬. \ne-bv°¬]-tZiw ]m≠n-\m-Sn-t\bpw tIc-f-sØbpw _‘n-®n-cp-∂p. sslµ-hcpw InkvXym-\n-Ifpw ChnsS H∂n®p ]m¿Øn-cp-∂p. Ime-I-a-Øn¬ \ne-bv°¬\n∂v a\p-jy¿ Iq´-tØmsS a‰n-S-ß-fn-te°p ]mem-b\wsNøm-\n-S-bm-bn. Fs¥-¶nepw ]Ir-Xn-t£m`w aqe-amtWmAhnSw hnP-\-am-bXv F∂-dn-hn-√. \ne-bv°¬ kmh[m\w HcpIm´p-]-tZ-i-am-bn. Z£nW tIc-f-Ønse F√m ÿe-ß-fnepw,]tXy-In®p IS-º\mSpw Im™n-c-∏-≈nbpw Xpº-aÆpw \ne-bv°¬ \n∂p \mSp-hn-t´m-SnbhcpsS ]n≥Km-an-I-fp-≠v. Nne¿Ct∏mgpw \ne-bv°¬ F∂ ho´p-t]cp \ne-\n¿Øp-∂p. \ne-bv°-en-\-Sp-ØmWp i_-cn-ae imkvXm-hns‚ Aº-ew.

tIm°-aw-Kew: thº-\m- p-Im-b-ens‚ ]Sn-™msd XocØv Be-∏p-gbv°pw XÆo¿ap-°-Øn\pw a≤y-Øn-embn ÿnXn sNøp∂Hcp \mń≥]p-d-amWv tIm°-aw-K-ew. Cu ÿØns‚ icn-bmbt]¿ tImt°m-aw-Kew F∂mbncp∂p-sh∂v \m´p-Im¿ ]d-bp-∂p.(tIm-t°mX = tImX-cm-Pm-hv). Cu ÿew Hcp _m“-W-k-t¶-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. Imb¬ Xoc-Øp≈ Cu ÿew blq-Z-hym-]m-cn-I-fpsS km∂n-≤y-ap≈ Hcp hym]mc tIµ-am-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°mw. «olmChn-sSbpw Hcp k`m-k-aqlw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn.

tIm´-bv°mhv: Bep-hm-bv°p ]Sn-™mdp Imb¬ Xoc-tØmSptN¿∂p InS-°p∂ Hcp ÿamb ]d-hq¿ ]´-W-Øns‚ Acn-In-embn tIm´-bv°mhp ]≈n ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. Cu ÿew _m“-W-cpsS Hcp ][m\ tIµ-ambn-cp-∂p. sImSp-ß-√q-cn\v GXm\pwssaep-Iƒ amXw sX°mbn ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Cu ÿew tXmam-«o-lmbv°v A\m-bmkw sNs∂-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. ]á-\-]-d-hq¿, tIm -°m-b¬, hS-°≥]-d-hq¿, tIm -bv°mhv ]d-hq¿ F∂ot]cp-I-fnepw CXv Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. Cu ÿew blq-Z-∑m-cp-sSbpw Hcp henb tIµ-am-bn-cp-∂p.

]me-bq¿: ]apJ sslµh Xo¿∞m-S\ tIµ-amb Kpcp-hm-bq-cn\pw ap…ow tIµ-amb Nmh-°mSv F∂ kap-Z-Xoc ]tZ-i-Øn\pw a≤y-Øn-em-bn-´mWv ]me-bq-cns‚ ÿm\w. I®-h-S-°m-cmb blq-Z¿ Chn-sSbpw [mcm-f-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]me-bq¿ _m“-W-cpsS Hcp i‡n tIµ-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. i¶-c-]p-cn, ]I-tem-a-‰w,I≈n, Imfn-Imhv XpSßn ap∏-Øn-c≠v C√-°m¿ Hcp-an®v

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

10

ssIkvXh hnizmkw kzoI-cn-®p-sh∂pw AXn¬ £p`n-X-cmba‰p _m“-W¿ B ÿesØ i]n-®n´v \mSp-hn-´p-t]m-sb∂pwAß-s\-bmWp AXn\p Nmh°mSv (im-]-°mSv) F∂p t]cp-≠m-b-sX∂pw sFXn-ly-ap-≠v. tXmam-«o-lmsb kw_-‘n® Ncn-X-kva-c-W-Iƒ kPo-h-ambn \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Xmev]-cy-]q¿∆w ian-°p-∂-h-cmWp ]me-bq¿ CS-h--I-°m¿.

am¿tXm-am-«o-lm-bpsS c‡-km-£nXzw

«olm \ne-bv°¬\n∂p tNmg-a-WvU-e-Øn-tebv°p t]mbn.ssaem-∏q -cnse Nn∂-a -e -bn -em -bn -cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚]h¿Ø\tIµw. ssaem-∏q¿ cmPmhpw A\p-P\pw InkvXp-hn¬ hniz-kn®v amtam-Zokm kzoI-cn-®p. ssaem-∏q-cn¬ At\-Isc am\-km-¥cs∏SpØn. Ahn-sS-bp≈ Nne¿°v ]pXnb aX-Øns‚ ]Nm-c-I-\mb «olm-tbmSp hntZzjw D≠m-hp-Ibpw]m¿∞\m \nc-X-\mbncn°p-tºmƒ At±-lsØ iqew Fdn™vsIm√p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aßs\ c‡w Nn¥n Xs‚ km£ywDd-∏n-®n´v hnip-≤-«olm Cu temI-Øn¬ \n∂p IS-∂p-t]m-bn.injy-∑m¿ «olm-bpsS icocw ssaem-∏q-cn¬ kwkv°-cn-®p.AXn\p apI-fn¬ ]n¬°m-eØv Hcp ssZhm-ebw Db¿∂p-h-∂p.ssaem-∏q¿ IØn-U-\p-≈n-emWv Ct∏mƒ am¿tXmam-«o-lm-bpsSI√-d. abn-ens\ FbvX thSs‚ Aºp sIm≠mWv hnip≤«olm acn-®Xv Fs∂mcp ]mc-º-cy-sØ-∏-‰nbpw Nne¿ ]d-bp∂p.

Xncp-ti-jn∏v

aq∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ am¿tXm-am-«o-lm-bpsS Xncp-ti-jn∏ns‚][m-\-`mKw ssaem-∏q-cn¬ \n∂v sak-s∏m-t´-an-bm-bnseFtU (D¿^m) bnte°p am‰-s∏- p. mc-X-Øn¬\n∂p ]›nta-jy-bn-te°p sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-hm-\p≈ kml-Ncyw A⁄m-X-am-Wv. ]›n-ta-jy-bn¬ apl-Ω-Zo-bm-I-aWw i‡n-s∏´ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ 1143- ¬ AXv Gjym-ssa-\-dns‚ ]Sn-™msd Xoc-Øp≈Intbmkv Zzo]n-tebv°p am‰-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Ahn-sS-\n∂v 1257˛¬ a[yC‰en-bpsS Ingt° Xoc-Øp≈ Hm¿tXm-Wm-bn-tebv°pam‰-s∏-´p. AhnsS am¿tXm-am-«o-lm-bpsS \ma-Øn-ep≈ IØo-U¬ ssZhm-e-b-Øns‚ ][m\ AƒØm-c-bpsS ASn-bn¬ Xncp-ti-jn∏v `Z-ambn kq£n-®p-h-®n-´p-≠v. hfsc _lp-am-\-]q¿∆wAhn-Sp-Øp-Im¿ ]kvXpX Xncp-ti-jn-∏ns\ hW-ßp-∂p. 1953˛¬ tIc-f-Øn-se-Ønb ]uc-kvXy-Xn-cp-kwLw skI-´dn I¿±n-\mƒ Snk-cmMv Xncp-ta\n Xncp-ti-jn-∏ns‚ Hcp `mKw tIc-f-Øn¬ sIm≠p-h-∂p. ]e-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ hW-°-Øn-\mbn ]Z¿in-∏n®n´v AXv sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ ÿm]n-®p.

11

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

ae¶-c-bnse kPo-h-]m-c-ºcyw

am¿tXmam InkvXym-\n-Iƒ F∂ t]cn¬ ChnsS Hcp kPohssIkvX-h-k-aqlw Ct∏mgpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. am¿tXm-am-«olmh∂n-d-ßnb sImSp-ß-√q-¿, ÿm]n® ]-≈n-Iƒ AYhmssIkvXh tIµ-ßƒ, ]m¿∞n® ae-Iƒ, c‡-km£n acWwhcn® ÿew, I_-dnSw F∂nh C∂pw sXt° C¥y-bn¬]Xy-£-km-£y-ß-fmbn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. Npcp°w Nne-scm-gn®vF√m-hcpw am¿tXm-amsb `mc-X-Øns‚ «olm Bbn IW°m°p-∂p. am¿tXm-am-«olmbpambn _‘-s∏´v ÿe-ßsf Np‰n-∏‰n \nc-h[n sFXn-ly-ßƒ `mc-X-Øn-ep-≠vv. «olm ssIh-bv]p-\¬In sshZnI ÿm\-tØ-°p-b¿Ønb IpSpw-_-ßƒCt∏mgpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.

am¿tXm-am-«o-lm-bpsS Hm¿a-Zn\w (Zp-Ivdm-\m) Pqsse aq∂n-\mWv BtLm-jn-°p-∂-Xv. tIc-f-Ønse am¿tXm-a-In-kvXym-\n-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ CXp hfsc ]pcm-X-\-amb Hcp ]mc-º-cy-a-tX.In.h 72 Pqsse aq∂v cmhnse _m“-W¿ «olmsb Ip¥w-sIm≠v IpØn-ap-dn-th-ev]n-®p. sshIn´v «olm acn-®p. ]pcm-X\ImeØv Pqsse 3\v F√m tZhm-e-b-ß-fnepw BtLm-j-ambdmkm-°p¿_m\ A¿∏n-®n-cp-∂p. A°m-eØv ZpIvdm-\m-N-cWwtIc-f-Øn¬ F´p-Zn-hkw \o≠p-\n-∂p. CXv as‰mcp k`-bnepwC√m-Xn-cp∂ coXn-b-tX. t]¿jy≥k-`-bnepw At¥m-Iy≥ k`-bnepw H‰-Zn-h-kta A\p-kva-c-W-bp-≈q. ZpIvdm\ Xncp-\m-fn\vam¿tXmam InkvXym-\n-Iƒ hf-sc-b-[nIw ]m[m\yw sImSp-Øn-cp-∂p. ]pd-Øp-\n-∂p-h∂ k`m-t\-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS kzm[o-\-Øm-e√ `mc-Xo-b¿ C]-]-Imcw sNbvX-Xv. Chn-SpsØ aqessIkvX-h-k` ]nf¿∂v ]pØ≥Iq-sd∂pw ]g-b-Iq-sd∂pwc≠mbn Xncn-™-t∏mgpw Ccp-hn- m-K-°mcpw Pqsse aq∂v am¿tXm-am-«o-lm-bpsS ZpIvdm-\-Øn-cp-\m-fmbn kmtLmjw sIm≠m-Sn-h-∂p.

Cu kPoh ]mc-ºcyw hmsam-gn-bmbn \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn ae-¶-c-bn¬ ]m´p-I-fpsS cq]-Øn¬ ]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p. Ah enJnX cq]-Øn-em-bXp ]nev°m-e-Øm-sW-¶nepw Ah-bpsS ]pcm-X-\Xzw\ntj-[n-t°≠ Imcy-an-√. Ahsb BZy-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.am¿ tXmam-«o-lm-bpsS Ncn-X-tØmSp _‘-s∏´ ]pcm-X\ ]m´p-I-fmWv tXmam-]¿hhpw am¿Kw Ifn-∏m´pw hoc-Sn-bm≥ ]m´pw.BtLm-jm-h-k-c-ß-fnepw hnhm-lm-h-k-c-ß-fnepw am¿tXm-am-In-kvXym-\n-Iƒ Cu Km\-ßƒ Be-]n-®n-cp-∂p. am¿tXmam«olm-bpsS `mc-X-Ønse t]jnX ]h¿Ø-\-sØ-∏‰n Cu ]m´p-Iƒ hy‡-ambn hnh-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

12

tXmam-]¿hw (dºm≥ ]m´v): am¿ tXmam dºm≥ cNn-®-Xm-Wn-Xv. Cu dºm≥ \nc-WØv amfn-tb-°¬ IpSpw-_-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ct∏m-gsØ Cu ]m v ]pXp-°n-sb-gp-Xn-bXv 1601- -em-Wv. ]kvXpX IpSpw-_-Ønse \mev]Øn F´mw Xe-ap-d-°m-c-\mb as‰mcp am¿tXmamdºm-\tX C]-Imcw ]pXp°n Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. am¿tXm-am-bpsS`mc-X-Øn-te-°p≈ hchv, tIc-f-Ønse kphn-ti-j-]-N-cWw,]≈n-I-fpsS ÿm]-\w, acWw F∂nh Cu ]mń¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂p.

am¿Kw Ifn-∏m v: am¿tXma InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS ]pcm-X\ ss]Xr-I-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv am¿Kw-I-fn-∏m- v. \ne-hn-f-°n-\p-Np‰pw ]¥≠p]pcp-j-∑m¿ \n∂p-sIm≠v NphSpw Xmf-hp-sa-SpØv Ifn-°p∂ssk\n-I-\r-Ø-amWv CXv. ]Xn-aq∂p ]mZ-ß-fn-embn ap∂q‰nAdp-]Xp hcn-I-fp≈ Cu ]mń¬ am¿tXm-am-bpsS Poh-N-cnXwAS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. tXma-]¿h-Ønse hkvXpXIƒXs∂ kzX-¥y-amb Ah-X-cW hyXym-k-tØmsS am¿§w Ifn-∏m- n¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]mńs‚ ]q¿W-cq]w ]kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-bn-´p-≠v.

hoc-Sn-bm≥ ]m´v (]m-W-∏m-´v): am¿ tXmam-«o-lm-bpsS kphn-ti-j-the, Iv\mbn-sØm-Ωs‚ hc-hv, tNc-am≥ s]cp-am-fn¬\n∂p e`n® ÿm\-ßƒ F∂n-hsb B[m-c-am°n ssIkvXh`h-\-ß-fn¬ ]mW-∑m¿ Cu ]m´p ]mSn-bn-cp-∂p.

a‰v F√m sXfn-hp-I-tf-°mƒ hne-s∏-´-XmWp ae-¶-c-bnseCu kPo-h-]m-c-º-cyw. am¿tXm-am-«o-lm-bn¬ \n∂p kphn-ti-j-sh-fn®w e`n-®-h-cpsS ]n≥X-e-ap-d-bmWp Xßsf∂v Pohn-°p∂Hcp InkvXob kaqlw A`n-am-\-]q¿∆w ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p. a‰psXfn-hp-I-sfms° Cu ]mc-º-cysØ Dd∏n-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv.

k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS km£yw

ssIkvX-h-k-`-bpsS BZy \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂At\Iw ]nXm-°-∑m¿, am¿tXm-am-«o-l-bpsS mc-X-Ønse kphn-ti-j-the, c‡-km-£n-Xzw, I√d BZn-bm-b-h-sb-∏‰n kv]jvS-ambn tcJs∏SpØn-bn-´p-≠v. Ah-bn¬ Nne km£y-ßƒ XmsgtN¿°p-∂p.

1. am¿ At]w (+373): am¿ At]w am¿ tXmam-«o-lmsb]Io¿Øn-°p∂ ]e kvXpXn-∏p-Iƒ FgpXnbn´p≠v. Ah-bn-sem-∂v C]-Im-c-amWv. henb tKmf-Øn¬ \n∂p civan-t]mse]pd-s∏-Sp-∂-ht\, \o `mKy-hm≥. \ns‚ A\p-K-lo-X-am-Ip∂]`mXw C¥y-bpsS A‘-Im-csØ am‰p-∂p. ]¥-≠p-t]-cn¬Hcph\mb henb Zo]-ta, Ipcn-in¬ \n∂p≈ ssXe-Øm¬

13

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

\nd-™-h-\mbn C¥y-bpsS Ccp- p-\n-d™ \nisb Zo]w sIm≠p\o \nd-bv°p-∂p. Xs‚ GI-Pm-X\p hnhmlw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-°p-hm≥ alm-cm-Pmhv C¥y-bn-te-°-b-®-Xn-\m¬ \o `mKy-hm-\m-Ip-∂p. \o IdpØ h[p-hns\ a™n-t\-°mƒ shfpØ hkvX-sØ-°mfpw ]tim- n-X-bm-°n. Cu apØp kz¥-am-°nb hmgvØ-s∏´ \K-c-ta, \o `mKy-h-Xn-bm-Ip-∂p. CXn-t\-°mƒ al-Ø-c-amb H∂p \¬Ip-hm≥ C¥y-bv°n-√. Cu Aaqey cXv\w kz¥-am-°p-hm≥ A¿l-\m-bn-Øo¿∂ \o `mKy-h-Xn-bm-Ip-∂p.I≠mepw! C¥y-bn¬ \ns‚ A¤p-X-ßƒ Rß-fpsS \m´n¬\ns‚ hnP-bhpw F√m-bn-SØpw \ns‚ Xncp-\m-fpw.

2. hn.-Kn-Kdn \kym≥ (+389): kphn-tijw F√m ÿe-ß-fnepw ]N-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw A‘-Im-c-Ønepw ac-W-\n-g-enepw Ccn-°p-∂-h-cpsS A⁄-X-bpsS taL-]m-fn-Iƒ \o°p-∂-Xn-\pwth≠n «ol-∑m¿ t]mb cmPy-ß-fnepw ]´-W-ß-fnepw Ah¿]c-tZ-in-I-fm-bn-cp-∂n-t√..? ]tXm-kns‚ `h\w bqZ-bm-bn-em-sW-∂Xp hmkvXhw. F∂m¬ ]utem-kn\p ]pd-Pm-Xn-I-fp-ambnF¥p _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p? eq°mbv°v A°m-bn-tbm-Spw, A¥-tbm-kn\v F]o-dp-kn-t\mSpw tbml-∂m\v Ft^-tkm-kn-t\mSpwtXmambv°v C¥y-tbmSpw a¿t°m-kn\v C‰-en-tbm-Spw.... Fs¥-¶nepw _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cpt∂m?

3. hn.-Aw-t_mkv (+397): sImSp-ß-√q-cn-s\-∏-‰nbpw mc-X-Ønse_m“-Wsc∏‰nbpw anem-\nse saXm-\mb Awt_m-kn\v Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cp -∂p. am¿ tXmam-sb-∏‰n At±lw C]-ImcwtcJs∏SpØp-∂p. Zp¿Ka-amb ]¿h-X-ß-fm¬ th¿Xn-cn-°-s∏´pInS-∂n-cp∂ cmPy-ßƒt]mepw Ah¿°v («o-l-∑m¿°v) A`n-K-ay-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. Aßs\ tXmabv°v C¥ybpw..... anem-\nse_kn-en-°m-bn¬ am¿ tXmam-«o-lm-bpsS Xncp-ti-jn∏v D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

4. hn.-tPm¨ InkkvtXmw (+407): At¥ym-Iy≥ k`-bn¬s∏-´-bmfpw tIm¨Ãm‚-t\m-∏nƒ B¿®p-_n-j-∏p-am-bn-cp∂ hn.-tPm¨ Ink-kvtXm-an\v tXmam-«o-lm-bpsS I√-d-sb-∏‰n Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- «o-l-∑m-cn¬ an°-h-cp-sSbpw I√-d-Iƒ Fhn-sS-bm-sW∂v \ap-°-dn-bn-√. F∂m¬ ]tXm-kv, ]utemkv,tbml-∂m≥, tXmakv F∂n-h-cpsS I√-d-Iƒ kp]vkn≤amWv.tXmam-«olm C¥y-bn¬ kphn-tijw ]kw-Kn-®p-sh-∂pw, At±-l-Øn\p `mjm-hcw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw At±lw t]mbn-S-sØ√mw ˛jn-Øn-bm, ]m¿Øn-bm, C¥y ˛ _en-]oTw ÿm]n-®p-sh∂pw InkkvtXmw tcJs∏Sp-Øp-∂p.

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

14

5. KusZ≥kyqkv (5th c): t_jym saXm-\mb KusZ≥kyqkv420-˛¬ Xs‚ _kn-en-°m-bn¬ am¿ tXmam-«o-lm, tbml-∂m≥kv\m]-I≥, A¥-tbm-kv, eqt°mkv F∂n-h-cpsS Xncp-ti-jn-∏p-Iƒ ]Xn-jvTn-®-tijw Cu hnip-≤¿ sIm√-s∏´ ÿe-ß-sf-∏‰n ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. am¿ tXmam-«o-lm-bpsS t]jn-X-cwKwC¥y-bm-bn-cp-s∂∂pw C¥y-bn¬h®p c‡-km-£n-bm-sb∂pwAt±lw km£n-°p-∂p.

6. hn.- sPtdmw (+420): `mc-X-sØ-∏‰n hmbn-®-dn™ hy‡n-bm-bn-cp∂p Ptdmw. At±-l-Øns‚ IØp-Iƒ AXp hy‡-am-°p-∂p. am¿ tXmam-«o-lm-sb-∏‰n At±lw ]d-bp∂p; Znhy-kz-`mhw]q¿W-ambn F√m-bn-SØpw k∂n-ln-X-am-Wv. InkvXp Htc ka-bØp «ol-∑m-tcm-sSmØpw amem-J-am-tcm-sSmØpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ahn-Sp∂p ]n∂oSp tXma-tbm-sSmØv C¥y-bnepw ]tXm-kn-t\m-sSmØp tdm-anepw ]utem-kn-t\m-sSmØp C√n-cn-°p-anepwXotØm-kn-t\m-sSmØp Io‰nepw A¥-tbm-kn-t\m-sSmØvA°m-bn-bm-bnepw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

7. Sq¿knse KnKdn (+594): tXmam-«o-lmbpsS I_-dnSw: tXmam-«o-lm-bpsS ]oU-\m-\p-`-h-N-cn-X-a-\p-k-cn-®v, At±lw C¥yn¬h®v c‡-km-£n-bmbn F∂p ]d-bs∏Sp∂p. hfsc Ime-ßƒ°p-tijw At±-l-Øns‚ Xncp-i-co-cw, kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿FtU F∂p hnfn-°p∂ ] -W-Øn-tebv°v am‰p-Ibpw AhnsSkwkv°-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C¥y-bn¬, BZyw At±lwkwkvI-cn -°-s∏´ ÿeØv, AXn-\p-tijw Hcm-i-ahpwkmam\yw hen-∏-ap-≈Xpw `wKn-bmbn Ae-¶-cn-°-s∏-´Xpw cq]-I-ev]\ sNø-s∏-´-Xp-amb Hcp ]≈nbpw D≠m-bn. Cu ]≈n-bn¬ ssZhw Hcp henb A¤pXw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn. At±-lsØkwkv°-cn-®-Xn-\p-ap-ºn¬ Hcp hnf°p IØn-®p-h-®n-cp-∂p. IØn-®p-h-®-t∏mƒ apX¬ CS-X-S-hn-√msX cm]-I¬, ssZhnI Iev]-\-bm¬ AXv IØn-s°m-≠n-cp∂p; Bcpw AXn¬ ]pXp-XmbnFÆtbm Xncntbm A¿∏n-®n-√. Im‰v AXns\ sISp-Øn-bn-√,t\m´-∏n-i-Im¬ AXv C√m-Xm-bn-√, AXns‚ ]Imiw H´pw Ipd-™n-√. AXv a\p,#v-b¿°v A]-cn-Nn-X-am-sW-¶nepw ssZhnIi‡n-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. AhnSw kµ¿in® Xnb-tUm-dmWv Ft∂m-SnXp ]d-™-Xv F∂mWv KnKdn Xs‚ IrXn-bn¬tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

8. hn.- C-kn-tZm¿ (+636): skhn-ense Ckn-tZm-dn\v C¥y-sb-∏‰n Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. tXmam, ]m¿Øy-tcmSpw t]¿jy-tcmSpwtaZy-tcm-Spw, _mIvSn-b-tcm-Spw, C≥Uym-°m-tcmSpw kphn-tijw

15

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

]kw-Kn®p F∂v CkntZm¿ km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. A±lw XpS-cp∂p. ]uc-kvXy-tZ-i-ß-fpsS Dƒ\m-Sp-I-fn-te-°v A-t±lw IS-∂p. Xs‚ kphn-ti-j-]-tLm-j-W-Øn\v kza-cWw sIm≠p-Xs∂ At±lw apZ-h-®p. C¥ybnse Hcp \K-c-amb Iem-an-\m-bn¬h®p Ip¥w sIm≠p≈ IptØ‰v At±lw acn-®p. Ahn-sS-Øs∂ _lp-am-\-]q¿∆w kwkvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

]mNo-\-tc-J-Iƒ

1. BZn-bm-bpsS ]t_m-[\w: kndn-bm-bn¬h®p aq∂mw\q‰m≠n¬ Fgp-X-s∏´ As∏m-In-^¬ Ir-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. CXns‚I¿Ømhv Bcm-sW-∂-dn-hn-√. k`m-\-S-]Sn Ia-ßƒ°v Cu tcJ][m\w \¬Ip-∂p. ]kvXpX IrXn-bn¬ am¿ tXmam-«o-lm-bpsS `mcX t]jn-X-hr-Øn-sb-∏‰n C]-Imcw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p: C¥ybpw AXnse cmPy-ßfpw AXn¬ hkn-°p∂F√m-hcpw hnZq-c-ÿ-cmb IS¬°-sc-bp-≈-h¿t]mepw bqZm-tXm-am-bn¬ \n∂p ssIh-∏p-hgn ]utcm-lnXyw kzoI-cn-®p. Xm≥ÿm]n® k -bn¬ Ah¿ \mb-I\pw c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bp-am-bn-cp∂p.

]kvXpX IrXn-bn¬ as‰m-cn-SØv: «ol-∑m-cpsS ac-W-tijwk -I-fn¬ t\Xm-°-∑mcpw A≤y-£∑mcpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p; AXp-t]mse «ol-∑m¿ Ahsc `c-ta-ev]n® kwK-Xn-Ifpw \ne-\n-∂p.«ol-∑m-cn¬\n∂p e`n-®-h-sb√mw Ah¿ Xß-fpsS ac-W-k-a-bØv Xß-fpsS injy-∑m¿°v ssIam-dn. Cß-s\, bmt°m_vPdp-k-te-an¬ \n∂pw iotam≥ tdmam \K-c-Øn¬\n∂pw- tbm-l-∂m≥ Ft -tkm-kn¬\n∂pw a¿t°mkv henb Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bn¬\n∂pw Fgp-Xn-bh Ch¿ ]n≥Km-an-Isf `mc-ta-ev]n-®p.

2. tXmam-bpsS \S-]Sn: kndn-bm-bn¬ sh®p aq∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Fgp-X-s∏´ A-t∏m-In-^¬ Ir-Xn-bm-Wn-Xpw. ]mj-WvU-cmb ⁄m\-hm-Zn-I-fpsS Nne Bi-b-ßƒ CXn¬ ImWp-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ `mc-Ønse am¿tXm-am-In-kvXym-\n-I-fpsS ]mc-º-cy-ß-fp-ambn HØp-t]m-Ip∂ \nc-h[n kwK-Xn-Iƒ Cu IrXn-bn-ep-≠v. `mc-Øn¬ «olm sNbvX t]jn-X-]-h¿Ø\w `mc-Øn¬ h®p≈ acWw F∂o kwK-Xn-Iƒ CXn¬ khn-kvXcw]Xn-]m-Zn-°s∏Sp-∂p.

3. tXmam-bpsS c‡-km-£nXz hnh-cWw: Cu At∏m-In-^¬ IrXn Bdmw \q‰m-≠n-te-Xm-Wv. Cu tcJ-bpsS I¿ØmhpwtXmamsb C¥y-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn N¿® sNøp-∂p.

I_-dnS kµ¿i\ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ

am¿ tXmam-«o-lm-bpsS I_-dnSw ÿnXn sNøp∂ ssaem-∏q-cn-te°v ae-¶c \kmWnIƒ \nc-¥-c-ambn Xo¿∞mS\w

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

16

\S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. `mc-X-Øn\p ]pd-ta-\n-∂p≈ bmX-°mcpwXo¿∞-Icpw ssaem-∏q¿ kµ¿in®n´p≠v. F∂m¬ BZn-a-\q-‰m-≠p-Isf kw_-‘n®p \ap°v tcJ-I-fn-√. ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠n\pap≥]v Pohn-®n-cp∂ H´-t\Iw NnX-Im-c-∑mcpw Xo¿∞-bm-X-°mcpw anj-\-dn-amcpw am¿tXm-am-«o-lm-bpsS I_-dnSw ssaem-∏q-cn-em-sW∂p tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. am¿t°m-t]m-tfm (13thc.), tams¥ sIm¿hot\m (13th c.), HsU-dnIv (14th c.), Bav(14th c.) acn-t™mfn (14th c.), \ns°mtfm tIm¥n (15 th c.)BZn-bm-b-hcpw ssaem-∏q-cnse ]≈n-sb-∏‰n kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ ssaem-∏q-cn¬ Hcp henb tZhm-e-b-Øns‚Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ ImWp-I-bp≠mbn. ssaem-∏q-cn¬ \S∂ Kth-j-W-ß-fpsS ê-ambn am¿ tXmam-«o-lm-bpsS I√-d-bv°p-]-tbm-Kn® CjvSnI H∂mw \q‰m-≠n-te-Xm-sW∂v sXfn-™n-´p≠v.-Cu I_dnSw ssaem-∏q¿ Iem-an\m F∂m-W-dn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xv.

a‰p ]e t]cp-I-fnepw Cu ÿew Ncn-X-Øn¬ ÿm\w ]nSn-®n-´p-≠v. Izen-amb ssaeq-^v, ssaem≥, Ie-ta-t\, Iem-an-t\,Iem-an\n F∂o \ma-ßfpw Cu ÿe-Øn\p \¬I-s∏-ń-´p-≠v.Ieq¿ (I-√v) an\m (ta¬) F∂-Xn¬ \n∂v Ieq¿an\m (I-√n-t∑¬) F∂p Nne¿ A¿∞w ]d-bp-∂p. am¿ tXmam-«olmssaem-∏q-cnse I√n-t∑¬h®p acn-®p. as‰mcp coXn-bnepw Nne¿A¿∞w ]d-bp-∂p-≠v: Nn∂-a-e-bn¬ h®p acn®p F∂m-Wt√m]d-bm-dp-≈-Xv. Nn∂aebv°v kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ K¬tamt\mF∂mWv ]d-bp-I. AXn¬ \n∂mWv Iem-an\ F∂ t]cp-≠m-b-sX∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

NcnX ]WvUn-X≥am-cpsS ]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ

am¿ tXmam-«o-lmsb kw_-‘n-®p≈ Ncn-X-]-c-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n® ]i-kvX-cmb ]WvU-X-∑m-sc√mw am¿tXm-am-bpsS `mc-X-Ønse t]jn-X-hr-Ønbpw ac-Whpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. AØ-c-Øn¬s∏-´-h-cmWv sP.-Fkv As a\n(1687 1768), dufn≥ (1745), saUven-t°m´v (1905), m.-_¿Wm¿Zvs¢mUn-bk,v _p°m-\≥ F. anMvKm\, hn≥sk‚ v kvanØvFUvKm¿ sXgvÃ¨, tIW¬ bqƒ, πmknUv s]mSn-∏md,tkhy¿ IqS-]pg Ch-tcm-Sp-IqsS a‰-t\-Isc Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hp-sa-¶nepw hnkvXmc-`-b-Øm¬ \n¿Øp-∂p.

tUm. Pn tNSnbØv

tUm. tkhy¿ IqS∏pg

17

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

tIc-f-Øn-sebpw `mc-X-Øn-sebpwssIkvX-h-k-`-bpsS Bcw-`-Im-e-L-´-ßsfkw_-‘n®v Fgp-X-s∏´ tcJ-Iƒ hfsc hnc-f-amtb \ap°p ssIh-∂n- p-≈q. tKmhm, _mKmF∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse hne-s∏´ tcJ-Iƒ CXp-h-tcbpw ]q¿Æ-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´n-√.]kvXpX tcJ-Iƒ k`-bpsS ]mNo\ Ncn-X-Øn-te°p shfn®w hoip-hm≥ klm-b-I-am-bn-cn-°pw. 1599 se DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ k`m-tbm-K-Øn¬h®v tKmh≥ saXmt∏meoØ tat\-knkvIØn-®p-I-f-™-tijw ae-¶-c-bn¬ Ah-ti-jn-®n-cp∂ Ncn-X-tc-J-I-fn¬ an°Xpw ]ns∂-∏ns∂ h∂ Nne ]›mXy k\ym-kn-IƒIØn-®p-I-f-™p. Ncn-X-tc-J-I-fpsS A`m-h-Øn¬ BZn tIc-f-k`m Ncn-XsØ Ccp-f-S-™-Imew F∂p Nne¿ hnfn-°p-∂p. C∂p≈tcJ-Iƒ h®p-t\m-°p-tºmƒ hfsc hy‡-ambHcp NnXw hc-bv°m≥ AX Ffp-∏-a-√.

t]¿jy≥ _‘w

`mc-X-Ønse am¿tXmam \km-Wn-I-fpsSk` ]›n-ta-jy-bnse t]¿jy≥ k`-bp-ambn

`mc-X-k` 16˛mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc

02

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

18

_‘-s∏-ń-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]n¬°m-esØ tcJ-Iƒ km£n-°p-°p-∂p. t]¿jy≥ k`-bp-ambn am¿tXmam InkvXym-\n-Iƒ _‘-s∏-Sp-∂Xv F∂papX-em-sW∂v IrXy-ambn ]d-bpI Ffp-∏-a-√.t]¿jy≥ k`-sb∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ t]¿jy≥ kmam-Py-Ønsek`sb∂mWn hnh£: ^m¿kv F∂ t]mhn-U≥knse k`,skeqjy ˛ sÃkn-^-Wnse k`, FtU m ˛\n-kn-_n nsek`, t]¿jy≥ kmam-Py-Ønse a‰p tIµ-ß-fnse k`-IƒF∂n-h-sb√mw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv t]¿jy≥ k` F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. t]¿jy≥ k`-bp-am-bp≈ _‘w am¿tXm-am-«olm apX-ep≈ _‘-ambn ImWp-∂-h-cp-≠v. s]mXp-hmb A∏-kvsXm-enIss]XrIw Cu k`-Iƒ°p ssIap-X-embn D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.^m¿kpw `mc-Xhpw am¿tXm-am-«o-l-bn¬ \n∂pw FtU- m,am¿tXm-am-«o-l-bpsS injy\mb amdn-bn¬ \n∂pw kphn-tijwkzoI-cn-®-t∏mƒ Ch-sc√mw s]mXp-hm-sbmcp ss«lnI ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚bpw InkvXz-\p-`-h-Øn-s‚bpw DS-a-I-fm-bn-Øo¿∂p.am¿ tXmam-«o-l-bpsS aXr-`mj Chsc H∂n-®p-\n¿Øn. bq^-ókv ssS-Kokv \Zo-X-S-ßfnse BZy-ssI-kvX-h¿ an°-hmdpwF√m-hcpw Xs∂ skan-‰nIv shi-Pcpw Ad-amb (kp-dn-bm-\n)kwkm-cn-°p-∂-h-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. `mc-ØnseØnb tXmam-«o-lmbpw Chn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ blq-Z-∑m-tcmSv Ad-amb `mj-bn-em-bn-cn-°Ww BZyw kphn-tijw Adn-bn-®-Xv. am\-km-¥-c-s∏´bqZ-∑m¿hgn bqZ-∑m-c-√m-Ø-h-tcmSpw kphn-ti-j-]-kwKw \S-Øn. «ol-∑m¿ F√m-bn-SØpw ]wk-Kn® coXn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ Cu \nK-a\w icn-bm-sW∂p tXm∂p-∂p. ssZhnI shfn-]m-Sns‚ `mj s]mXp-hmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ k`-Iƒ XΩn¬ASp-°pI kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv.

In.-ap. F´mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Bcw-`n® hym]m-c-_‘w t]¿jy-sbbpw tIc-f-sØbpw ASp-∏n-®p. am[ya `mj-bmb Ad-ambhgn Bi-b-ßfpw km[-\-ßfpw ssIam-dm≥ Ah¿s°m´pw]bm-k-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. ]Sn-™mdv Ko°n\pw eØo-\p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ ÿm\w Ing°p kpdn-bm-\n-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. `mc-X-k`sXm´-SpØp InS∂ ^m¿knse k`-tbm-SmWv _‘-s∏-ń-cp-∂-sX∂v ]kvXm-hn-®-t√m.

In.h A©mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc ^m¿kv kzX-¥-k-`-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 315 ¬ skeq-jy-bnse saXm≥ taevt°m-bvabv°v apXn¿∂-t∏mƒ ^m¿kv FXn¿Øp skeq-jysb ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn.F∂m¬ 410 epw 424 epw \-S∂ kq\ltZmkp-Iƒ ^m¿kns\skeq-jy-bpsS Iogn¬ sIm≠p-h∂Xn\p-ti-j-am-bn-cn-°Ww mc-

19

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

X-k` skeq-jy-bpsS Iogn¬ h∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Cu am‰w F∂pkw`-hn®p F∂p IrXy-ambn ]d-bm≥ km[y-a-√.

`c-W-coXym Fgmw \q‰m-≠p-hsc `mc-X-ssI-kvXh k`skeqjym tIµ-am-°n-bp≈ t]¿jy≥k-`-bpsS Iogn-e-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-h-cpsS Hscm‰ kq\-l-tZm-knepw `mcX k`sb ]cm-a¿in®p ImWp-∂n-√. H∂mw \q‰m≠p apX¬ Ggmw \q‰m-≠p-hsc ChnsS am¿tØm-am-«o-lm-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-I-fmb \m´p-sa-Xm-∑m¿ D≠m-bn-cn-°m-\m-WnS. am¿tØm-Ωm-«olm C∂m-´p-Im-cmb Bfp-Isf k -I-fpsS A[y-£-∑m-cmbn \nb-an-®p. Hcp ]pcm-X\ ]mc-º-cy-a-\p-k-cn®v c≠p-sa-Xm-∑m-scbpw hmgn-°p-IbpwsNbvXp. tI∏m, ]utemkv F∂o \ma-ß-fn-emWv saXm-∑mschmgn-®-Xv. CsXmcp sFXn-ly-am-sW-¶nepw F√m «ol-∑mcpwsNbvX-Xp-t]mse am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lmbpw ChnsS Xs‚ ]n≥Km-an-Isf hmgn-®p-Im-Wm-\m-Wn-S. Cu t\Xm-°-∑m-cpsS ]n¥p-S¿®-°m¿ Chn-SpsØ ssIkvX-h-k-aq-l-ßƒ°v t\XrXzw \¬In.

\nJym-kq-\-l-tZm-kn¬ t]¿jy-bp-sSbpw hen-b- C¥ybpsSbpw tbml-∂m≥ kw_-‘n-®p-sh∂v knkn-°p-knse Pem-kn-bq-kn¬ (5th) Hcp km£yw D≠v. 325˛se \nJym-kq-\-l-tZm-kn\p tijw A©mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ Pem-kn-bqkvamX-amWv tbml-∂ms\ C¥y-bp-ambn _‘n-°p-∂-Xv. \nJym-bn¬ kw_-‘n-®-h-cpsS ]´n-I-bn-emIs´, XpS¿∂v k`m-N-cnXwFgp-Xn-b-h-cm-Is´ C]-Imcw sNøp-∂n-√. skmIm-´-kv,skmtkm-sa≥, Xnb-sUm-ssd‰v XpS-ßnb k`m-N-cn-X-Im-c-∑mcpwPem-kn-bq-kns‚ ]nev°me km£yhpambn HØp t]mIp∂n√.Pem-kn-bqkv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv Hcp ]s£ t]¿jy-tbmSptN¿∂p≈ ]tZ-i-Øns‚ Imcy-am-Imw. \ΩpsS C¥y-b-√.t]¿jy-bn¬ aSßn h∂ tbml-∂m≥ kq\-l-tZm-kn-s\-∏‰nt]¿jy-bn¬ Adn-bn-®p-sh-∂-Xn\p sXfn-hn-√. 410- ¬ amX-amWv\nJym-kq-\-l-tZmkv t]¿jy≥ k` AwKo-I-cn-®-Xv.

Ggp-ap-X-ep≈ \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ skeq-jy≥ saXm-∑m¿ `mc-Ønse k`-sb-∏‰n Ahn-S-hnsS ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p-≠v. Cutim-bm_v aq∂m-a≥ (650˛660) ChnsS saXm-∑m¿ C√m-sØmcp kml-Ncyw hnh-cn-°p-∂p. ^m¿knse saXm-\mb siatbm\mWvAXn\p Imc-W-°m-c-s\∂v At±lw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

ssZh`‡-\mb ktlm-Z-cm, Ch-bv°p-]p-dsa as‰mcp kwK-Xn-IqSn \nßƒ Hm¿t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p: `mc-X-Ønse hnhn-[-PmXn P\-ßƒs°-Xn-cmbn \nßƒ taev]-´-ÿm-\-Øns‚

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

20

hmXn¬ AS®p-I-f-bp-Ibpw £W-`w-Kp-c-ß-fmb euInI t\´-ßsf]Xn ssZh-Zm-\sØ XS-bp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. \ΩpsSA≤y-£-∑mcpw ssZh-Zm-\-Øns‚ Ihm-S-ßƒ \nßƒs°-XnscAS-®n-cp-s∂-¶n¬ k`m-kw-K-Xn-Iƒ FX Zb-\o-b-amb Ah-ÿ-bn-em-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v \nßƒ°p-Xs∂ Duln-°m-hp-∂-tX-bp-≈q. \nbam--krXw ÿm]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ ]n≥Km-an-I-fn-eqsS ssZh-Zm\w ]h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ k`m-a-WvU-e-Ønse \£-X-ß-sf-t∏mse temI-Øn¬ saXm-∑mcpw sshZn-Icpw hnizm-kn-IfpwA\p-Zn\w h¿≤n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ \nßƒ k -bpsSImt\m-\-Iƒ°p hn]-co-X-ambn ]h¿Øn-®-Xp-hgn mc-Xob P\-ß-fn¬ ]utcm-lnXy ]c-ºc Ah-km-\n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. bYm¿∞-sa-Xm-∑m-cn¬°q-Sn-bp≈ ssZhnI A≤ym-]-\-Øns‚ ]ImiwC√msX `mcXw A‘-Im-c-Øn¬ \na-·-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CXp-aqew t]¿jy≥ kmam-Py-Øns‚ AXn¿Øn apX¬ Imem-hsc1200 ¿k-lo≥ \of-Øn¬ InS-°p∂ mc-Øn-\p-am-X-a-√, \nß-fpsS t]¿jybv°pw Cu hn[w kw`-hn-®p. C¥y-bn¬ DS-\ofwhnhn[ ÿe-ß-fn-embn \nc-h[n saXm-∑mcpw CS-h-I-IfpwD≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂v Cu IØn¬ [z\n-bp-≠v.

…o_m-tk°m ]mXn-b¿°okv (714-˛728) `mc-X-Ønse k`-bpsS saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-ÿm\w AwKo-I-cn-®p.

XntamØn ]mXn-b¿°okv (778˛823) C¥y-bnse k`-bv°-b® IØn¬ Chn-SpsØ saXm-`n-tj-I-coXn kqNn-∏n-°p∂p:saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-bpsS Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n-t‚bpw A`n-tj-I-Øn-s‚bpw Imcy-Øn¬ P\-ßƒ cmPm-hns‚ D]-tZ-i-a-√, ]mXn-bm¿°o-kns‚ D]-tZ-i-amWp i≤n-t°-≠-Xv. ]mXn-bm¿°o-kns‚ AwKo-Im-c-Øn-\p-tijw amXta saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS\nb-a-\-°mcyw cmPm-hns\ Adn-bn-t°-≠-Xp-≈q F∂v ]mXn-bm¿°o-kv D]-tZ-in-°p-∂p. Xntam-Øn-bpsS Hcp IØv C¥y-bnse k`-bpsS t\Xm-hmb A¿°\v (B¿®p-Uo-°-\v) D≈-Xm-Wv.

F√m-sa-Xm-∑mcpw t]¿jy≥ kq\-l-tZm-kp-I-fn¬ kw_-‘n-°Ww F∂ \nb-a-Øn¬ \n∂v Xnb-tUm-jykv (853˛8) `mc-XsØ Hgn-hm-°n. ]Icw Iq´m-bva-°-Øp-Ifpw ]ncn-hp-Ifpw Bdp-h¿j-Øn-sem-cn-°¬ Ab-®m¬ aXn F∂p Iev]n-®p.

H≥-]Xmw \q‰m-≠nepw `mc-X-k` t]¿jy≥ k`sbt∏mseDƒ -c-W-kzm-X-¥-ap≈ k`bmbn-cp-∂p. B \q‰m-≠n¬ kmt]m¿t]mXv F∂o saXm-∑m-cpsS ]´n-I-bn¬ C¥y ]Ømw ÿm\-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. Nne ]´n-I-I-fn-¬ ]Xn-aq∂mw ÿm\Øpw ssN\-

21

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

bp-tSbpw C¥y-bp-sSbpw saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿ ASp-Ø-Sp-ØmWp h∂Xv Xntam-Øn-bpsS ImesØ saXm-∑m¿ `mc-Xo-b-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂p hy‡-am-Wv. k -K≥sa-Xm-∑m-cpsS km∂n-≤y-Øn¬ P\-ßƒ satXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb Xnc-s™-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p.

anj-W-dn-am¿ hcp-∂-Xn\p sXm´p-ap≥]p≈ Ime-L-´-Øn¬Chn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p saXm-∑m¿ ]uc-kvXy-kq-dn-bm\n k`-bn¬s]-´-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. 1301˛¬ am¿ bmt°m_v F∂pt]cmbHcp saXm≥ ChnsS D≠mbn-cp-∂p F∂-Xn\v tcJ-bp-≠v. 1490˛¬am¿ tbml-∂m\pw am¿tXm-ambpw H∂n®p ]›n-ta-jy-bn¬ \n∂vChnsS h∂p. tbml-∂m≥ 1504˛¬ acn-®p. tXmam 1492˛¬ XncnsIt]mbn. 1504 ¬ a‰p aq∂p saXm-∑m-tcm-Sp-IqSn ho≠pw h∂p.Cu aq∂p saXm-∑m¿ 1503˛¬ CuPn-]vXp-Im-c≥ am¿ tbml-∂ms‚ Bi-a-Øn¬ h®v A`n-tjIw sNø-s∏-´-h-cm-Wv. am¿bmt°m_v, am¿ bm_m-km-lm, am¿ Z\lm F∂n-h-cm-bn-cp∂pB saXm-∑m¿. Ah-cn¬ bm_m-km-lbpw Z\-lmbpw s]s´∂vacn-®p-t]m-bn. am¿ bmt°m_v amXw Ah-ti-jn-®p. am¿tXmambpw am¿ bmt°m_pw sImSp-ß-√qcpw sIm√hpw B ÿ\-am°n cWw \S-Øn. 1549˛¬ ^m≥knkv tkhy¿ Cu bmt°m-_n-s\-∏‰n hfsc \∂mbn t]m¿®p-Kokv cmPm-hn\v Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. am¿ bmt°m_v 1550˛tem 1552-˛tem acn-®p. XpS¿∂v am¿tPmk^v (1556˛69) am¿ tXmam InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS saXm-\mbn.-I¬Zmb ItØm-en°m ]mXn-bm¿°o-kv am¿ kqem-°m-bpsSktlm-Z-c-\mbn-cp∂p Cu am¿ tPmk-^v. am¿ A_vZotim F∂ItØm-en°m ]mXn-bm¿°o-kmWv At±-lsØ ae-_m-dn-te-°-b-®-Xv. am¿ Gen-bmkv F∂ saXms‚ IqsS-bmWv At±lwChnsS h∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Gen-bm-kn-\-∏‰n \ap°v ]n∂oSv Hcphnh-chpw e`n-®n-ń-√. 1558˛¬ am¿ A_mlw F∂ saXm\pwh∂p tN¿∂p. 1567˛¬ am¿ A_vZotim ]mXn-bm¿°o-kv, am¿tPmk- n\pw am¿ A_-lm-an\pw am¿tXm-am-In-kvXym-\n-I-fpsSCS-bn-ep≈ ipiqj ]¶n´p sImSp-Øp. am¿ tPmk-^ns\]m›mXy anj-W-dn-am¿ tdman-tebv°p \mSp-I-S-Øn. 1569˛¬AhnsSsh®p acn-®p. 1597˛¬ acn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc am¿ A_lmwam¿tØmam InkvXym\n-I-fpsS saXm-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

t]¿jy≥ k`-bn¬ \n∂p≈ saXm-∑m¿ ChnsS hcm≥ XpS-ßn-bXv F∂p apX-em-sW∂v JWvUn-X-ambn ]d-bm≥ km[y-a-√. am¿tXm-am-«o-lm-bpsS Imew apX¬ CS-X-S-hn-√msX t]¿jy-bn¬ \n∂v ]uc-kvXy-k`m saXm-∑m¿ tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂pF∂pw sXfn-bn-°-s∏-ń-ń-√. \m´p-Im-cmcpw saXm-∑m-cm-bn√F∂pw A\p-am-\n-°m-≥ km[n°n√.

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

22

ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse saXm-∑m¿ ssZh-P-\-Øns‚ B[ym-fln-Im-Nm-cy-∑mcm-bn-cp-∂p. k`-bpsS euInI `cWw B¿®pUo°≥(A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥) \n¿h-ln-®n-cp-∂p. B¿®p Uo°-∑m-cpsS`cWw F∂p apX-emWv XpS-ßn-b-sX∂p hy‡-a-√. Hmtcm]≈n°pw ]≈n-tbm-Khpw k`bv°p samØ-Øn¬ s]mXp-tbm-Khpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. C¥y apgp-h-s‚bpw satXm-t∏m-eoØam¿tXm-a-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn-s‚bpw C¥y apgp-h-\pap≈InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS k`-bp-sSbpw saXm-t∏m-eoØ F∂n-ß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p ae-¶-c-k-`m-[y-£-∑m¿ Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. C¥ymapgp-h-s‚bpw B¿®pUo°≥ F∂m-bn-cp∂p B¿®p-Uo-°s‚ÿm\-\m-aw. C¥y apgp-h-\p-ap≈ k -bpsS saXm-t∏m-eo-ØmbpwhmXnepw F∂pw ImWp-∂p.

Nne kµ¿iI¿

a‰p k -I-fn¬s∏´ Nne t\Xm-°-∑m¿ ae-¶-c-k- sb kµ¿in-®n- p-≠v. ]t¥-kq-kv, Zmho-Zv, sXtbm- n-e-kv, tImkvam-kv, t_m[vF∂n-h¿ CØ-c-Øn¬s∏-´-h-cm-Wv. AXp-t]mse Zm\n-tb¬Fs∂mcn¥y-°m-c≥ Hcp henb kpdn-bm\n ]WvUn-X-\m-bn-cp∂p F∂v Hcp ]pcm-X\tcJ kqN\ \¬Ip∂p: kpdn-bm-\n-∏p-kvX-I-ßƒ C¥y-bn-te-°-b® am\m-sb-∏-‰nbpw Cu ]pcm-X\tcJ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Cu Imcy-ß-sf√mw ChnsS hnh-cn-°p-∂p.

1. ]t¥-\qkv (190): Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ ssZh-imkvX Iem-e-b-ÿm-]-I-\mWp ]t¥-\q-kv. At±lw C¥y kµ¿in-°p-Ibpw_m“W ]WvUn-X-cp-ambn hmZ-]-Xnhm-Z-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-IbpwsNbvXp. Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ saXm≥ Znsa-Xn -bq -kmWv]t¥\qkns\ C¥y-bn-te-°-b-®-Xv. Fhp-sk-_o-bq-kpw(+339)Ptdmapw (+420) CXn\p km£yw \¬Ip-∂p.

Fhp-tk-_n-b-kns‚ km£yw C]-Im-c-amWv: ]t¥-\qkvF∂ t]tcm-Sp-IqSn ]i-kvX\pw D∂X kmkvIm-cnI \ne-hmcw]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂-h-\p-amb Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b-bnseInkvXob Iem-e-bm-[y-£≥. ]t¥-\qkv A°m-esØ G‰w]apJ hy‡n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. tÃmbnIv XØz-im-kvX-Øn¬ At±-l-Øn\p ]cn-io-e\w kn≤n-®n-cp-∂p. ssZh-h-N-\-Øn-ep≈kPoh Xo£-WXbmepw Bfl-ss[-cy-Ømepw At±lw]uckvXy tZi-ß-fn¬ InkvXp-hns‚ ZuXy-hm-l-I-\mbpwC¥y-hsc Ab-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.«ol-∑m-sc-t∏mse ssZh-h-N\ ]N-c-WØn\pw kaq-l-ßsfcq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂Xn\pw Xo£-W-Xm-]q¿∆w bXv\n-®n-cp∂

23

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

At\Iw kphn-ti-j-I¿ A∂pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p ]t¥-\qkv. At±lw C¥y-hsc t]mbn F∂p ]db-s∏-Sp-∂p. AhnsS InkvXp-hns\ Adn-™-h-cp-sS-bn-S-bn¬At±lw aØm-bn-bpsS kphn-tijw I≠p F∂pw ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Ptdmw C]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p: tÃmbnIv hn`m-Øn¬s∏´ XXz-⁄m-\n-bm-bn-cp∂p ]t¥-\qkv. hnth-Inbpw hn⁄m-\nbpw hn.-K-Ÿ-Ønepw kmln-Xy-Ønepw hnip-X-\p-amb At±-lsØ Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse ZnsaXn-bqkv saXm≥ C¥y-bn-te-°-b-®p.

]t¥-\qkv tIc-f-Øn-emWv h∂-sX∂v AkµnKv≤ambn ]d-bm≥ km[y-a-√. C¥y F∂Xv Z£n-tW-¥ytbm, hS-°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ C¥ytbm BImw F∂p Icp-Xp-∂-h-cp-ap-≠v.

2. ZmhoZv (295): _km (t]-cmXv˛ssa-im≥) saXm-\m-bn-cp∂ZmhoZv Xs‚ cq]X hn v C¥y-bn¬ h∂p F∂v tk¿Xv tImWn-°nƒ ]d-bp∂p: ilm-eq-∏m-bp-sSbpw ]m∏m-bp-sSbpw `c-W-Im-eØv (295˛300) ]i-kvX-]-WvUn-X\pw t]¿jy≥ Dƒ°-S-en-\-Sp-Øp≈ _km cq]-Xm-[y-£-\p-amb ZmhoZv F∏n-kvtIm∏mXs‚ cq]X hn´v C¥y-bn¬ t]mbn At\-Isc am\-km-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øn sk¿Xv tImWn-°nƒ tcJ-bn-emWv Cu hnh-c-Ww.CXv Hcp ]nev°me tcJ-b-sW-¶nepw ]pcm-X\ Ncn-X-tc-J-Isf B[m-c-am°n cNn-¨n-´p-≈-Xn-\m¬ CXv hnizm-ky-ambntXm∂p-∂p.

3. sXtbm-^n-ekv (354): amen-Zzo-]p-Im-c-\mb sXtbm-^n-ekvFs∂mcp anj-\-dn-bpsS t\Xr-XzØn¬ Hcp kwLw anj-\-dn-amsc tIm¨Ãm≥kyqkv NI-h¿Øn anj≥ ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-\mbn FtXym-]ym, C¥y, kntem¨ BZn-bmb \mSpIfn-te-v°-b-®-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. sXtbm- o-ekv sXt° Atd_y, amen-Zzo]v F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ anj≥ ]h¿Ø\w \S-Øn. C¥y F∂m-Wn-hnsS ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. sXt° C¥y BtWm F∂p kwi-bn-°p-∂-h-cp≠v. sX°≥ Atd-_ytbm B^n-°-tbmSp tN¿∂pInS-°p∂ mK-ßtfm Bbn-cn°mw F∂v Ah¿ Icp-Xp-∂p. kphn-ti-j-hm-b-\m-h-kcw Bfp-Iƒ Ccp-∂p-sIm≠p kphn-tijwihn-°p∂ ]Xnhv C¥y-bn-ep-s≠∂pw CXpw CXp-t]mse Ah-cpsS CS-bn-ep≈ a‰p Nne ]Xn-hp-I-fpw sXtbm-^n-ekv \n¿Ø-em°n F∂pw ImWp-∂p. `mc-X-Øn¬ hf¿∂p hnI-kn® HcpssIkvX-h-k` D≠mbncp∂p F∂-Xns‚ kqN-\-bmbn´mWvsaUven-t°m´pw anwKm-\bpw Cu Imcyw hnh-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

24

F∂m¬ Cu ]cm-a¿i-ßƒ sX°≥ Atd-_y≥ ]tZ-i-ß-fnse ÿnXn-bm-bn-cn°pw hnh-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂p Icp-Xp-∂-XmIpwDNn-Xw.

4. Zm\n-tb¬ (425): C¥y-°m-c\mb Zm\n-tb¬ Ko°pss__nƒ kpdn-bm-\n-bn-tebv°p `mjm-¥cw sNøm≥ klm-bn-®p. ta¿hnse Cutim-Zm-Zns‚ (9th c) Hcp IrXn-bn-emWv CukqN-\. tdma-°m¿°p≈ teJ-\-Øns‚ `mjy-Øn¬ BWn-Xv.C¥y-°m-c≥ Zm\n-tb¬ F∂ s]kv_n-‰¿ tdmam-te-J\wKo°n¬ \n∂p kpdn-bm-\n-bn-te°p mjm-¥cw sNøm≥ am¿Iq-ansb (5 th c) klm-bn®p. C¥ym°mc≥ F∂p ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬\n∂p amXw At±lw tIc-fo-b-\m-bn-cp∂p F∂v Ak-µn-Kv≤-ambn A\p-am-\n-°m≥ hgn-bn-√.

5. am\m (470): dnh¿Z-io-dnse am\m F∏n-kvtIm∏m 470˛Hm-Sp-IqSn Znb-tZm-dn-s‚bpw Xntbm-tUm-dn-s‚bpw IrXn-Iƒ Ko°n¬\n∂p kpdn-bm-\n-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXv C¥y-bn-te-°-b®p F∂v Hcp tcJ-bn¬ ImWp-∂p.

6. tImkvamkv: Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b-°m-c-\mb tImkvamkv (522)sXt° C¥y kµ¿in®v km¿h-Xn-I-ssI-kvXh ÿe-hn-h-c-ßƒ F∂ KŸ-sa-gp-Xn. At±lw ]d-bp∂p: Xs]ms_bn≥Zzo]n¬ (io-e-¶) sshZn-Icpw hnizm-kn-I-fp-ap≈ Hcp InkvXobk`-bp-≠v. AXn-\-∏pdw InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Dt≠m F∂v F\n°v\n›-b-an-√. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ Ipcp-ap-fIp hnf-bp∂ amte F∂ÿeØpw Hcp k`-bp-≠v. t]¿jy-bn¬ \n∂p \nb-an-X-\mbHcp saXm≥ Ieym-W-bnepw as‰m-cmƒ C¥y≥ kap-Z-ØnsetZb-kvtJm-dq-knepw (skm-t°m-Sm-bnepw) D≠v... t]¿jy-bn¬\n∂v A`n-jn-‡-cmbn Ab-bv°-s∏-Sp∂ sshZn-Icpw Ahn-sS-bp-≠v. AhnsS [mcmfw InkvXym-\n-I-fp-ap-≠v.. a‰n-¥y-°m-cpsSCS-bnepw [mcmfw ]≈n-Ifpw saXm-∑mcpw InkvXob hnizm-kn-I-fpsS henb kaql-hp-ap-≠v...

7. t_m[v (6th c): t_m[v Fs∂mcp sshZn-I≥ C°m-eØvC¥y kµ¿in-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. ]t_m-[-I\pw kµ¿i-I-\p-ambnskeq-jy≥ ImtXm-en-t°mkv Fk-°n-tb¬ (557˛81) Ab-®-Xm-Wn-t±-l-sØ.

Nne IpSn-tb-‰-ßƒ

tIc-f-Øn-te°v Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ a‰n-S-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ssIkvXh IpSn-tb‰w D≠mbn. CXn¬ ][m-\-s∏´ aq∂p IpSn-tb-‰-ß-sf-∏‰n N¿® sNømw.

25

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

1. sIm√sØ IpSn-tb‰w

`mc-X-Øn¬ Ing-°≥ IS¬Øo-c-Øp-\n∂v aq∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬sIm√-tØbv°v Hcp IpSn-tb-‰-ap-≠m-bn. 293˛¬ D≠mb aX-]o-U-\-amWv Imc-Ww. Imth-cn-∏q-]-´-W-Øn¬ \n∂v (]q-lm¿) 72IpSpw-_-ßƒ sIm√Øp IpSn-tb-dn. tIc-f-Ønse am¿§-h-gn-bpsSAhÿ F∂ Xmfn-tbm-e-K-Ÿ-Øn-emWv Cu IpSn-tb-‰-sØ-∏‰n ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. sIm√-Øp≈ ssIkvX-h-cn¬ Hcp hn`m-KsØ GtXm sslµh ]WvUn-X≥ sslµ-h-a-X-Øn-tebv°psIm≠p-t]m-b-Xmbn Hssc-Xnlyw D≠v. amWn°hN-I¿ F∂-bm-fmWv 315˛¬ C]-Imcw sNbvX-Xv. F∂p taev]-d™ Xmfn-tbme KŸ-Øn¬ ImWmw. amWn-°-h-N-I¿ F∂ t]cn¬ ]e-bm-fp-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°mw.

sIm√Øpw Imbw-Ip-fØpw aWn-Km-a-°m¿ F∂ t]cn¬ HcpIq´¿ D≠v. Nne¿ Chsc Ic-ap-°p-h-h¿ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. Ch-cnse apXn¿∂ Xe-apd, Xß-fpsS ]q¿hnI-∑m¿ InkvXym-\n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p F∂p kΩ-Xn°p∂p≠v. tI-W¬ a¨tdm Chsckpdn-bm\n saXms‚ Iogn¬ sIm≠p-h-cm≥ ian-®p. F∂m¬Xßƒ \mb-∑m-cm-sW∂v ]Jym-]n®v 1873˛¬ C°q-´¿ AI∂p\n∂p. aWn-Km-a-°m¿ F∂ t]cn¬ Ipsd InkvXym-\n-IfpwD≠v. Hcp Imcyw kv]jvSw sIm√Øpw ]cn-k-c-Øp-ap≈InkvXym\n-I-fn¬ ]ecpw tIc-f-Øns‚ a‰n-S-ß-fn¬\n∂p≈\kmWn InkvXym-\n-I--fn¬ \n∂v ]e-Xp-sIm≠pw hyXy-kvX-cm-Wv. imco-cnI cq]-Øn¬ t]mepw Cu hyXymkw ]I-S-am-Ip-∂p.

am¿ km_m-do-tim-bpsS IpSn-tb‰w (9th c)

H≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ t]¿jy-bn¬\n∂p am¿ km_m-dn-tim-bpsS t\Xr -Xz -Øn¬ hen -sbmcp IpSn -tb -‰ -ap -≠mbnkm_mdotim saXm-\m-bn-cp∂p F∂p Nnecpw A√ Hcp I®-h-S-]-am-Wn-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂v thsd Nnecpw ]d-bp-∂p. t]mØvF∂ saXm\pw At±-l-tØm-sSm∏w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. km_m¿(km-t∏m¿) DZ-bwt]cqcpw t]mØv sIm√Øpw Xma-kn-®p.Chsc ae-¶-c-k` hnip-≤-cmbn ]cn-K-Wn®v Ch-cpsS \ma-Øn¬]e ]≈n-Ifpw ]Wn-bn-®p. DZbw t]cq¿ kq\-l-tZmkv (1599)B ]≈n-I-sf√mw kIe hnip-≤-cp-sSbpw \ma-Øn-em-°n. taev]-d-™-h¿ s\mkvtXm-dn-b-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂m-bn-cp∂p B¿®p-_n-j∏v sat\-kns‚ hmZw. Cu IpSn-tb-‰-°m¿°v 849˛¬ e`n-®-XmWv Xco- m-∏≈n sNt∏Sv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ tcJ.

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

26

sNt∏-Sp-Iƒ

kaq-l-Øn¬ D∂-X-ÿm-\o-b-cm-bn-cp∂ ae-¶c \km-Wn-Iƒ°v Chn-SpsØ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Iev]n-®-\p-h-Zn® ÿm\-ß-fmWv sNt∏-Sp-I-fn-ep-≈-Xv. sNºp-]-´-b-ßƒ (Xm-a-im-k-\-ßƒ) F∂v Ch Adn-bs∏Sp∂p. sNºp XIn-Sp-I-fn¬ Fgp-X-s∏-´-h-bm-I-bm¬ sNt∏-Sp-Iƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ][m-\-ambn\mse-Æ-amWv sNt∏-Sp-Iƒ. sNt∏-Sp-Isfms° H≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠n-tetXm AXn-\p-ti-jtam D≈-h-b-h-bmWv F∂v Nne¿ Icp-Xp-∂p.

Xcnkm-∏≈n sNt∏Sv (cs≠Æw)

sIm√sØ Xco-km-∏-≈n°v Ahn-SpsØ \mSp-hm-gn-bn¬ \n∂pIn´nb Ah-Im-i-ßfpw B\p-Iq-ey-ß-fp-amWv Ch-bnse D≈-S-°w. c≠p sNt∏-Sp-I-fn¬ H∂n\v aq∂v XIn-Sp≠v. F∂m¬ HSp-hn-te-ØXv \jvS-am-bn-t∏m-bn. H∂m-asØ XInSv Xncp-h√mam¿tXmam saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Ac-a-\-bnepw c≠m-a-tØXvtIm´bw tZh-temIw Ac-a\bnepw kq£n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. c≠mwsNt∏-Sn\p \mep XIn-Sp≈Xn¬ BZy-tØXp \jvS-s∏- p. c≠pwaq∂pw XIn-Sp-Iƒ tIm´bw tZh-temIw Ac-a-\-bnepw \mem-a-tØXv am¿tXmam saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Ac-a-\-bnepw D≠v.sIm√-Øp≈ ssIkvX-h¿°v sImSp-ØXmWv CXv c≠pw.Imew In. h 849 ˛ BWv F∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. thWm-´p-cm-Pm-hmb Aø-\-Sn-Iƒ, km_m-do-tim-tbm-Sp-IqSn IpSn-tb-dnb kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿°v Xco-km-∏-≈n-bpsS \ma-Øn¬ \¬In-b-Xm-Wn-h.A∂sØ ssIkvX-h-sc-∏‰n GI-tZ-i-⁄m\w e`n-°m≥ Chklm-bn-°pw. InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v 72 ]Z-hn-Iƒ cmPmhv Iev]n-®-\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

Cc-hn-tIm¿Ø≥ sNt∏Sv

hoc-cm-L-h-]-´bw F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. tIm´bw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ kq£n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp sNºp-X-In-Sns‚ Ccp-h-i-ß-fn-em-bn-´p-amWv Fgp-Øv. hoc-cm-Lh NI-h¿Øn Cc-hn-tIm¿Ø≥ F∂ hym]m-cn°v aWn-Km-a-]´w (D-∂X hym]m-cnkw-L-amb aWnKma-Øn¬ AwKXzw) \¬Ip-∂-XmWv D≈-S-°w. I®-h-S-kw-_-‘n-bmbn InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p \¬In-bn-´p≈Cu tcJ ][m-\-s∏´ H∂mWv. 13˛14 \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse `mj-bmWv Cu sNt∏-Sn-ep-≈-Xv. tIc-f-Øn-sebpw mc-X-Øn-sebpwkmkw-°m-cnI Pohn-X-Øn¬ kvXpXy¿l-amb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ

27

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

InkvXym-\n-Iƒ \¬Inbn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Cu sNt∏Sv sXfn-bn-°p-∂p.

am¿ bmt°m-_ns‚ tNt∏Sv

Cu sNt∏Sv Fhn-sS-bm-sW∂v B¿°p-a-dn-™p-Iq-Sm. am¿bmt°m-_ns‚ ssIhiw 1597˛¬ Cu sNt∏-Sp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p._n´ojv ayqkn-b-Øn¬ AXns‚ t]m¿®p-Kokv `mj-bn-ep≈Hcp ]cn- m-j-bp-≠v. Cu tcJ-hgn alm-tZ-h¿ ] -Whpw AXnse]≈nbpw Nne ]tXyI ]Z-hn-Ifpw Iv\mbn-tØm-Ωbv°pw k¥-XnIƒ°pw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse tXmam-bpsS _‘p-°ƒ°pw -a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ°pw Nne ]tXy-I-h-Im-i-ßƒ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v. Nne-cpsS \nK-a-\-a-\p-k-cn®v Cu tcJ H≥]Xmw\q‰m-≠n-te-Xm-Wv.

hn√m¿h´w \mSp-hm-gn-Iƒ

tNc-am≥ s]cp-am-°-∑m¿°p-tijw tIcfw \m´p-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw CS-]-`p-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw `c-W-Øn≥ Iogn-em-bn. CØ-c-Øn¬s∏´ H∂mWp hn√m¿h´w cmP-hwiw DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ tIµ-am°n Cu \mSp-hm-gn-Iƒ `cn-®p. 15-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ Chn-sS-h-∂-t∏m-tgbv°pw Cu cmP-hwiw A\yw\n∂p-t]m-bn. Ahn-t™m-Wn¬ \n∂v tPm¨ 22-˛m-a≥ am¿]m∏ (1316 ˛34)tIc-f-Ønse ssIkvXh cmPm-hn\p IsØ-gp-Xp-I-bp-≠m-bn.AXp-t]mse Fhp-Pn≥ \mem-a≥ ]m∏m 1439˛¬ Hcp IsØ-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. a¿tØmΩm \km-Wn-Iƒ aX-]-c-ambn amX-a√cmjvSo-b-ambpw Hcp henb i‡n-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v CXv sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. Cu \mSp-hm-gn-sb-∏‰n hfsc JWvUn-X-ambn A`n-]mbw ]d-bm≥ hfsc _p≤n-ap-´m-Wv. GXm-bmepw sIm√ØpwsImSp-ß-√q-cp-ap≈ InkvXym-\n-Iƒ kaq-l-Øn¬ hfsc D∂-X-\n-e-hmcw ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂p F∂p thWw Icp-Xm≥.

Bcm-[-\-Iaw

`mc-X-k-`-bnse ]ucm-WnI-amb Bcm-[-\m-Iaw F]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-s∂∂p JWvUn-X-ambn ]d-bm≥ hfsc ]bm-k-am-Wv.]m›m-Xy-an-j-\-dn-am¿ ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ ChnsS h∂-t∏mƒ]uc-kvXy-kp-dn-bm\n Bcm-[-\-I-a-amWv ChnsS \S-∏n-em--bn-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ F∂p-ap-X-emWv ]uckvXy kpdn-bm\n Bcm-[\ Ia-Øns‚ hnI-kn-X-cq]w `mc-Ønse ssIkvX-h k`-bn¬ \S-∏m-bXv F∂p ]d-bm≥ km[n-°-bn-√. ]uc-kvXy-kp-dn-bm\n Bcm-[\ Iaw bqZ-tbm ˛ ssIkvXh ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

28

cq]o-Ir-X-am-Wv. GXm≠v H∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬Øs∂ t]¿jy≥kmam-Py-Øn¬ «ol-∑m-cpsS t]cn¬ A\m- d \S-∏m-bn. Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ AXns‚ hnI-knX cq]-ßƒ D≠mbt∏mƒ Ah-sbms° ]uc-kvXy-kp-dn-bm\n `mj D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ k`-I-sfms° kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°mw. Aßs\ `mc-X-Ønse ssIkvX-h-k- -bnepw ]N-cn®ncn-°mw. mc-Xhpw ]›n-ta-jybpw XΩn-ep≈hym]m-c-_-‘hpw a‰p _‘-ßfpw CXn\p klm-b-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂n-´p-≠v.

tIcf InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS \ma-t[-b-ßƒ

1. \km-Wn-Iƒ: \km-b-\mb tbip-hns‚ A\p-bm-bn-IƒF∂¿∞-Øn¬ \km-Wn-Iƒ F∂p ]pcm-X\ Imew apX¬Chn-SpsØ InkvXym-\n-Iƒ hnfn-°-s∏- n-cp-∂p. \kmWn am∏nfF∂p _lp-am-\-kq-N-I-ambpw Ah¿ hnfn-°-s∏-´p.

2. am¿tXma InkvXym-\n-Iƒ AYhm am¿tØmam \km-Wn-Iƒ: am¿tXm-am-«o-lm-bpsS injy¿ F∂ A¿∞-Øn-emWvCu t]cv.

3. kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-Iƒ: ]m›m-Xy-cmb anj-\-dn-am-cpsS hc-hn-\p-ti-j-amWv Cu t]cv km¿h-Xn-I-am-bXv. tdma≥InkvXym-\n-I-fn¬\n∂p Xncn-®-dn-bm-\mWv Ah¿ AXp-]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. Bcm-[-\m-I-a-Øn¬ kpdn-bm-\n-`mj D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xp-sIm≠pw kpdn-bm\n saXm-∑m¿ ]›n-ta-jy-bn¬ \n∂p h∂-Xp-sIm≠pw kpdn-bm\n IpSn-tb-‰-°m¿ aqe-hp-amWv Cu t]cvDfhmbXv.

tUm. πmknUv s]mSn]md

29

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im-cp-w

`mc-X-k- bpw

03

t]m¿Øp-Kokv AUvan-d¬ hmkvt°mUn Kma 1498˛¬ tImgn-t°mSv h∂n-d-ßn. tImgn-t°m´p `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmb kmaq-Xn-cn-bp-ambnkvt\l-_‘w ÿm]n-®p. Kma-sb-Øp-S¿∂vI_mƒ h∂p. At±-l-tØm-Sp-IqSn km[m-cWsshZn-Icpw ^m≥kn-kvI≥ k\ymk sshZn-Icpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1500˛¬ tImgn-t°m v Ah¿Hcp ]m¿∞-\m-ebw ÿm]n-°p-I-bpw, aX-]-cn -h¿Ø\w sNbvX Hcp _m“-W-\mbssa°ƒ acn-bm-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS am\-km-¥-c-the Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. apl-Ω-Zo-b¿ \nan-Ø-ap-≠mb Hcp el-f-bn¬ Ah-cn¬ Nne¿ sIm√-s∏-´p. _m°n-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-h¿ I_m-fn-t\m-Sp-IqSn sIm®n-bn-te°p t]mbn.AhnsS kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS BP-∑-i-Xp-hmbsIm®n cmPmhv Ah¿°v lrZy-amb Hcp kzoI-cWw \¬In. kphn-ti-j-the sIm®n-bnepwkao-]-ÿ-amb ssh∏n≥ Zzo]nepw DSs\Xs∂ Bcw-`n-®p. kmaq-Xn-cnsb tXmev]n-®-tijw Nne ^m≥kn-kvIsc sIm®n-bn¬ hn´p-

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

30

sIm≠v I_mƒ IÆq-tcbv°p t]mbn. kphn-ti-j-the IÆqcpwBcw-`n-®p. AhnsS AXn-\p-]p-dta Hcp mIvS-dnbpw ÿm]n-®p.A\-¥cw I_mƒ t]m¿Øp-K-en-te°p aS-ßn-t∏m-bn. At±-lsØ XpS¿∂v tPmthm Zmt\mhm \mep ^m≥kn-kvI≥am-tcm-Sp-IqSn ChnsSsbØn. Kmam 1502˛¬ Xncn-®p-h-∂p. At±-lsØ XpS¿∂v A¬t^m≥tkm Un A¬_q-°¿°pw ^m≥knkv˛tIm˛ Un A¬_p-°¿°pw FØn. 1505˛¬ sIm®n-bn¬Hcp tIm´ sI´n. 1530˛¬ tKmh-bn-tebv°p am‰p-∂-Xp-hsc 1505apX¬ t]m¿®p-Kokv sshtkm-bn-am-cpsS Bÿm\w sIm®n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Nmenbpw sImSp-ß-√qcpw sIm√hpw t]m¿Øp-Kokvimk-\-Øn¬ Iogn-em-bn. F∂m¬ tImgn-t°mSv AX-bv°m-bn-√.

kphn-ti-j-the

F√m ÿeØpw kphn-ti-j-the Bcw- n-®n-cp-∂p. Xß-fpsS]P-Isf InkvXp-a-X-Øn-te°p am\-km-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\plnµp-cm-Pm-°≥am¿ ]tXy-In®p sIm®n cmPmhv FXn-cm-bn-cp-∂p. aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿ \nb-a-]-Imcw k¿°m-cp-tZym-K-Øn\pw kzØ-h-Im-i-Øn\pw A\¿l-cm-bn-cp-∂p.F∂m¬ Cu in£ Zcn-Z-scbpw A[x-Ir-X-h¿§-°m-scbpw_m[n-®n-cp-∂n-√. F∂p-am-X-a√ ]o‰¿ Zn Pmdn°v Fkv.-sP. ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse \nbaw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n´pw At±-l-Øns‚ (sIm®ncmPm-hn-s‚) kmc-k≥amcpw AssI-kvX-h-cp-amb ]P-I-fn¬]ecpw blq-Z≥am-cn¬\n-∂p-≈-hcpw InkvXp-a-X-Øn-te°p am\-km-¥-c-s∏- p. F∂p amX-a-√, \mb≥amcpw ]`p-h¿§-°mcpw am\-km-¥-c-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. InkvXp-a-X-Øn-te-bv°p≈ am\-km-¥-csØ XS-™p-sIm-≠p≈ \ntcm-[\w 1560˛\SpØp amXta\o°w sNø-s∏-´p-≈q. F∂m¬ 1527˛\p ap≥]p-Xs∂ sIm®n-bnepw kao-]-]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw \n∂p-am-X-ambn Dt±iw ]Øp-]-¥o-cm-bncw AssI-kvX-h¿ InkvXp-a-X-Øn-tebv°p am\-km-¥-c-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. anj-\-dn-am¿ ][m-\-ambpw CS-hI sshZn-Icpw ^m≥kn-kvI≥amcpw tUman-\n-°≥am-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1559apX¬ Cutim-k-`-°mcpw Ah-cpsS IqsS-t®¿∂p. hnip≤^m≥knkv tkhy¿ 1542˛¬ Xs∂ h∂n-cp-∂p. Cutimk`-°m-cpsS ]h¿Ø-\-cwKw (tI-c-f-Øn¬) sIm®n apX¬ sIm√whscbpw sIm√w apX¬ I\ym-Ip-amcn hsc-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.Ah¿°p sIm®n-bnepw sIm√Øpw tImtf-Pp-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.^m≥kn-kvI≥am¿ 1540/41˛¬ sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ Hcp skan-\mcnBcw-`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

31

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

t]m¿Øp-Kokv sshZnI`cWw

t]m¿Øp-K¬ I≠p-]n-Sn-°p∂ cmPy-ß-fn¬ `c-Wm-[n-Im-c-ap≈ Hcp hnImcn A∏-kvtXm-en-°-tbmSp IqSnb InkvXqkvHm¿tUm tXmam-dn¬ (tSm-a¿) D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1451˛¬ Cu `c-Wm-[n-Imcw s_mPtZm¿ apX¬ InkvXp-\maw Bcm-[n-°p∂C≥¥ym-°m¿ hsc-bp≈ F√m ]tZ-i-ß-fnepw F∂p \n¿h-Nn-°-s∏-´p. 1514˛¬ tXmam¿ \n¿Ø-em-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw AXns‚ÿm\Øp t]m¿Øp-Kokp cmPm-hns‚ ]Zp-hm-tZm-bpsS (c-£m-[n-Im-c-Xz-Øn¬) Iogn¬ ^p©¬ cq]X ÿm]n-°-s∏-Sp-IbpwC≥Uy-bntebv°p hnIm-cn-amsc Ab-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1533˛¬^p©¬ Hcp AXn-cq-]-X-bmbn Db¿Ø-s∏-´p. 1534˛¬ ^p©-ens‚ kam-¥-c-cq-]-Xmbn tKmh (C≥¥y-bn¬) ÿm]n-X-am-bn.tKmhm-bpsS c-Wm-[n-Imcw kp]-Xo-£m-ap-\ºp apX¬ ssN\m-hsc \o≠p-In-S-∂n-cp-∂p. A\-¥cw 1558˛¬ tKmh Hcp AXn-cq-]-X-bm-bn. AtX sIm√-Øn¬ tKmhm-bpsS kma-¥-cq-]-X-bmbnsIm®n cq]X ÿm]n-°-s∏-´p. sIm®n-bpsS `c-Wm-[n-ImcwIÆq¿ apX¬ sXt°m´pw sX°p-In-g-t°m-´p-am-bn-cp -∂p.CsX√mw t]m¿Øp-Kokp cmPm-hns‚ ]mZp-hmtZm A[n-Im-c-Øn≥ Iogn-em-bn-cp-∂p. Cu A[n-Im-c-Øn\v AXn-t‚-Xmb Npa-X-eIfpw B\p-Iq-ey-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu cq]-X-I-fn-te-bv°p≈ saXm≥ ÿm\m¿∞n-Isf am¿∏m-∏mbv°p ka¿∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw B\p-Iq-ey-ß-fn¬s∏Sp-∂p.

am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ: c≠p saXm≥am¿

1489/90˛¬ tPm¿Pv, tPmk-^v, aXymkv F∂o aq∂pam¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ tIc-f-Øn-tebv°p saXm≥amscsIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn-\mbn ]mXn-b¿°okv am¿ ina-tbm≥ \mem-as‚ ]°-tebv°p t]mbn. aXymkv (A-Yhm tPm¿Pv) am¿§-at≤y acn-®p. at‰ c≠p-t]-scbpw ]mXn-b¿°okv sshZn-I-cmbnA`ntj-Nn-°p-Ibpw am¿ tbml-∂m≥, am¿ tXmΩm F∂ c≠psaXm≥am-tcm-Sp-IqSn Xncn-®-b-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Iptd-°m-e-Øn-\p-tijw am¿tØm-Ωm, ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ ]°-te°p Xncn-®p-t]m-bn. CXn-\n-S-bn¬, apI-fn¬ ]d-™-Xp-t]mse t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ tIc-f-Øn-se-Øn. 1502˛¬ apI-fn¬∏-d™ tPm¿Ppw(A-Yhm aXym-kv) tPmk^pw I_m-fn-t\m-Sp-IqSn t]m¿Øp-K-en-tebv°p t]mbn. tPm¿Pv -am¿§at≤y arX-\m-bn. tPmk^vtdmambpw sh\okpw kµ¿in-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. tdmam-bn¬ sh®ptdma≥ ]c-am-[n-Im-c-Øn-ep≈ Xs‚ hnizmkw At±lw G‰p

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

32

]d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. C≥¥y-°m-c-\mb tPmk v F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂tPmk^v Ct±-l-am-Wv.

t]m¿Øp-Kokv klmbw

1502˛¬ hmkvtIm Un Kma sIm®n-bn¬ Bbn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ,sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ \n∂p≈ am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ At±-lsØ h∂pImWp-Ibpw t]m¿Øp-Kokp cmPm-hns‚ kwc-£Ww A`y¿∞n-°p-Ibpw sh≈n-sIm-≠p≈ AK-tØmSpw aq∂p sh≈naWn-I-tfmSpw IqSnb Hcp Nph∂ ZWvUv(sN-t¶m¬) At±-l-Øn\p kΩm-\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah-cpsSaX-tØbpw Pohn-X-co-Xn-tbbpw]‰n t_m≤y-s∏-´-Xn-\p-tijwhmkvtIm Un Kma AhcpsS A`y¿∞\ kzoI-cn-®p. 1503˛¬A¬t^m≥km A¬_p-°¿°v sIm√sØ am¿tØmΩmInkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p ÿesØ lnµp `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bn¬\n∂vAh-cpsS ]mNo-\-]-Z-hn-Iƒ ]p\x-ÿm-]n®p sImSp-°p-I-bp-ap-≠m-bn. At±lw Ah¿°p aX-]-c-amb kΩm-\-ßƒ sImSp-°p-I-bpw, Ah-cn¬\n∂p Hcp Ipcnip kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw Ahsc ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw ⁄m\-kv\m-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ambn Hcp tUman-\n-°¬ sshZn-Is\ Ah-cpsSbnS-bn¬ hnSp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

IqSp-X¬ saXm≥am¿

1504˛¬ ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ ASp-°-tebv°p aS-ßn-t∏m-bn-cp∂ 1489/90˛se am¿tØm-Ωm, am¿ bm-_m-em-lv, am¿ Z\lm,am¿ bmt°m_v F∂nhtcmSp IqSn tIc-f-Øn-tebv°p Xncn-®p-h-∂p. Cu aq∂p saXm≥am-sc am¿ -G-enbm A©m-a≥ F∂]mXn-b¿°okv C≥Uy-bnse cmPy-ß-fn-tebv°pw Zm_mKp (km-_m-Kv) kn≥, amkn≥ F∂n-hbv°p at≤y kap-Z-Øn-ep≈ Zzo]p-I-fn-tebv°pw Ab-®-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu saXm≥am¿ IÆq-cn¬h®pt]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Imsc ImWp-Ibpw c≠-c-am-k-°mew Ah-tcmSpIqSn Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw Xß-fpsS ÿm\hpw ]Z-hnbpwAh¿°p hnh-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°pIbpw t]m¿Øp-Kokv ]m¿∞-\m-e-b-Øn¬ t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im¿ Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-®p-Ign-™t∏mƒIp¿_m\ sNm√p-Ibpw t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im-cn¬ \n∂p hne-tb-dnb kΩm-\-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ccp-Iq-´-cpsS CS-bnepw IqZm-i-I-fn-ep≈ kl-I-c-W-ap-≠m-bn. 1489/90˛se am¿tbml-∂m≥ At∏mgpw Pohn-®n-cn-∏p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \hm-K-X-cn¬am¿ bmt°m_v 1550˛52 hsc Pohn-®n-cp-∂p. 1533˛¬ t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im¿ ssaem-∏q-cn¬ I≠p-ap-´nb saXm≥ _m°n-bp-≈-h-cn¬Hcm-fm-bn-cn-°-Ww.

33

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

kplr-Zv_‘w XpS-cp∂p: am¿ bmt°m_v

t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Imcpw am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ kplr-Zv_-‘-ßƒ XpS¿∂p-t]m-∂p. t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im¿°p H∂pw am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p aq∂p ]≈n-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cp∂ sImSp-ß-√q-cmWv am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS saXm≥am¿ Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. 1510˛¬ B¬_p-°¿°vsaXm≥am¿°v Ah-cpsS ]≈n ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn 1000]Ww \¬Ip-I-bp-≠m-bn. 1516˛¬ sIm√sØ am¿tØmΩmInkvXym-\n-I-fpsS ]≈n ho≠pw ]Wn-bp-hm≥ sIm√sØdmWnsb Kh¿W¿ temt∏m tkmckv \n¿_-‘n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. am¿ bmt°m-_v, sImSp-ß-√qsc t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im-cpsSNmπn≥ Bbn-cp-∂p. At±lw Ah¿°pth≠n eØo-\n¬Ip¿_m\ sNm√p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS Ipº-kmcw tIƒ°p-IbpwsNbvXp.

Dc- -ep-Iƒ

am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Xß-fpsS sshZn-Im-[n-Im-c-Øn≥ Iogn-em-sW∂p t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im¿ Icp-Xn. am¿tØmΩmInkvXym-\n-Isf eØo-\n-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, tIc-f-Ønepw C≥Uy-bpsS CX-c-`m-K-ß-fnepw skeq-°n-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°o-kn-\p≈A[n-Imcw \n¿Ωm-¿÷\w sNøp∂Xn\pw Ah¿ BK-ln-®p.t]m¿Øp-Kokv cmPmhv Ab® F.- s]‚otUm Fs∂m-cmƒ1512˛\-SpØv sImSp-ß-√qsc am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS][m\ ]≈n-bn¬ sN∂p Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw Ip¿_m\ sNm√p-Ibpw ]≈n-bpsS sdIvS-dns‚ (H-cp-]t£ C≥Uy-°m-c-\mbtPmk-^n-s‚) Akm-∂n-≤y-Øn¬ eØo-\n-I-cWw Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. sdIvS¿ AXns\ FXn¿Øp. X≥aqew s]‚o-tKmbv°p ]≈n hn´p-t]m-tI-≠n-h-∂p. s]‚otKm am¿tØmΩmInkvXym-\n-Isf amtΩm-Zokm ap°p-hm≥ ian-®p. Ah¿°m-Is´ am¿ bmt°m_v AXv sNø-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp-∂p. am¿bmt°m_v \¬Ip∂ ⁄m\-kv\m\w Akm-[p-hm-sW∂ \mSy-Øn¬ t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-cm-Pm-hns‚ ap≥]msI At±lw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´p. BI-bm¬ am¿ bmt°m_p Xs∂-Øs∂ \oXn-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v 1523˛¬ (t]m¿Øp-Ko-kv) cmPm-hn\v Fgp-Xn. _m_n-tem-Wnse ]mXn-b¿°okv GsXm-∂n-\mbn Xs∂ sXc-s™-Sp -Ø-b-®n -cn -°p-∂pthm B ssZh-Øns‚ Imcy-ß-fn¬am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Isf `cn-°p-∂Xp Xm\m-sW∂v BIØn¬ am¿ bmt°m_p ]d-bp∂p: am¿∏m-∏m-am-cpsS ]g-°-ß-fnepw tdmam-k-`-bpsS hg-°-ß-fnepw Xm≥ in£nX\s√-¶nepw

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

34

⁄m\-kv\m\ ]iv\sØ kw_-‘n®p thZ-]p-kvX-I-]-T\wX\n-°-dn-bm-sa∂v At±lw ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. C≥Uym-bpsSsaXm≥ Bbn-´mWv At±lw Cu IØn¬ H∏p-h-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.At±lw ]d-bp∂ ]mXn-b¿°okv tdmam-bp-ambn bmsXmcp_‘hpw C√m-Xn-cp-∂-bm-fm-Wv. F∂n´pw am¿ bmt°m_v HcpItØm-en-°-s\-t]mse s]cp-am-dp -Ibpw Aß-s\-Xs∂t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im-cm¬ AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1553˛¬aq∂mw Pqen-bkv am¿]m∏m kpe-°msb ]mXn-b¿°o-kmbnAh-tcm-[n-°p-∂-Xn\papºv ItØm-en°m kwk¿§w kw_-‘n®p skeq-°n-b≥k` kzoI-cn-®n-cp∂ \ne-]m-Sn¬ Ipsdshfn®w hoip∂ amXr-I-]-c-amb Hcp kw`-h-am-Wn-Xv.

1530˛¬ t]m¿Øp-Kokv cmPm-hn\v Fgp-Xnb as‰mcp IØn¬tdmam-k- -bpsS BNm-c-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°p-hm≥ k≥a-\- p-≈-hscAh-cpsS iXp-°ƒ ]Xn-_-‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-sh∂pw ]≈n-bpsShmXn-°¬sh®p hnhmlw \S-Øp-∂p-sh∂pw P\-ß-fpsS CS-bn¬ ]ptcm-K-Xn-°p-th-≠n-bp≈ k≥a-\- p-s≠∂pw Ggp- Ip-´n-Isf sIm®n-bn-te°v AhnsS ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Xm≥sIm≠p-h-∂n-´p-s≠∂pw am¿ bmt°m_p ]d-bp-∂p.

t]m¿Øp-K-en¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬ \n∂p e`n®Adn-hns\ B[m-c-am°n _mtdmkv ]d-bp-∂Xv 1504˛se \mepsaXm≥am-cn¬ c≠p-t]¿ tIc-fsØ Xßƒ°mbn `mKn-®p-sh∂pw ]mbw Ipd-™-bmƒ sIm√Øpw ]mbw IqSnb BƒsImSp-ß-√qcpw Xma-kn-®p-sh-∂p-am-Wv. ]mbw IqSnb Bƒ ]W-Øn\p th≠n ssIkvX-h-am¿§w tN¿°p∂ Zp¿\-S-]Sn Ah-km-\n-∏n-®p-sh∂pw, tdma≥ doØnse aX-I¿Ω-ß-tfmSp hfscA\p-`m-h-ap-≈-bm-fm-sW∂pw _mtdmkv ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p. Cu]mbw IqSn-b-bmƒ am¿ bmt°m_p BsW∂p tXm∂p∂p.]mbw Ipd™ Bƒ Bcm-bn-cp∂p? At±lw bYm¿∞-Øn¬1504˛¬ h∂ \mep-t]-cn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cpt∂m? thsd Hcm-fm-bn-cpt∂m? ]mbw Ipd™ Hcmƒ ]mj-WvtUm]-tZ-i-ßƒ kzoI-cn-®n-cps∂∂pw, F∂m¬ ]›-m-Ø-]n®p ]m]-k-¶o¿Ø\wsNbvXp-sh∂pw ^m≥kn-kvI≥amsc klm-b-Øn\p hnfn-®p-sh∂pw ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. s]‚n-tUm-bp-ambn At±lw hg-°n-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. At±-lsØ Hcn-°¬ tKmh-bn-te°p \mSp-I-S-Øn-sb-¶nepw Ahn-sS-\n∂p c£-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn...

t]m¿Øp-K-en¬h®v ]´w kzoI-cn® Hcp tIc-fo-b-\mb atØ-hqkv-U-bkv 1550 P\p-hcn 22˛mw XobXn t]m¿Øp-K¬ cmPm-hn\v Fgp-Xnb IØn¬ _m_n-tem¨ ]mXn -b¿°okv

35

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

saXm≥amsc Ab®n-cp-∂Xp am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-IsfItØm-en°m hnizmkw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn-cp-s∂∂pw, ]am-Z-ßƒ IqSm-sX-b-s√-¶nepw AXv Ah¿ \n¿h-ln-®n-cp-s∂∂pws]‚otUm Ahsc ]cnip≤-am-Xm-hmb k`-bpsS A\p-k-c-W-Øn¬ sIm≠p-h-cn-Ibpw Ah¿°mbn Hcp thX\w kºm-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xp-hsc F√m-°m-cy-ßfpw _m_n-tem-Wnsekº-Zm-b-Øn¬ sNbvXn -cp∂ c≠p-t]¿ (sa-Xm≥am¿)Ds≠∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. A\ym-b-∏-eni hmßp∂ ]m]-Øn¬\n∂vA\p-Xm-]n-Isf tamNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ A[n-Im-chpw atØ-hqkvUbkv Bh-iy-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsSCS-bn¬ CsXmcp ]nSn-°-s∏´ ]m]-am-bn-cp-∂p.

ap´p-Nnd imk\w

tIc-f-Øn¬ ap´p-Nn-d-bn¬ ae-bm-f-Øn-ep≈ Hcp inem-im-k-\-ap-≠v. 1528˛¬ am¿ Xm\mbpw am¿ Bhphpw ^mZ¿ tPm¿PpwIqSn Hcp Ipcnip ÿm]n-®p-sh∂pw ^mZ¿ tPm¿÷v A\-¥n-c-h≥ aØm-bn-tbm-Sp-IqSn t]m¿Øp-K-en\p t]msb∂pw AXn¬]d-bp-∂p. Cu am¿ Xm\m 1504˛se am¿Z-\lm Bbn-cn-°pw.apI-fn¬∏-d™ ]mbw Ipd™ saXm≥ Ct±-l-am-bn-cn-°ptam?BcmWv am¿ Bhp? ItØm-en°m F≥ssk-Ivtfm-]o-Un-bm-bnse (\yq-tbm¿°v 1913) ssaem-∏q¿ (cq-]-X-bn¬) am¿ tXmΩm-«olm F∂ teJ-\Øns‚ I¿Ømhp ]d-bp-∂p-≠v: 1520˛¬Hcp Awt_mkv H.-]n. sImSp-ß-√q-tcbpw ssaem-∏q-tcbpw sUman-\n-°≥ anj-\p-I--fpsS saXm\mbn A`n-tjIw sNø-s∏- p-sh∂v.]e am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-tfbpw tdmam-k- -bp-ambn sFIy-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂ am¿ Bhp Cu Awt_m-km-tWm?imk-\-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂ aØmbn apI-fn¬∏-d™ atØ-hqkvUbkv Bbn-cn-°mw.

Dc- -ep-Iƒ i‡n-s∏-Sp∂p

t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im¿ ]tXy-In®v ^m≥kn-kvI≥amcpw ]n∂oSvsImSp-ß-√q¿ skan-\m-cn-bn¬ Ah-cm¬ in£Ww sNø-s∏´am¿tØmΩm InkvXy≥ sshZn-Icpw (e-Øo≥ A√mØ F¥pwAh¿°p ioivabpw ]mjfiXbpw Bbn-cp∂p).- A-ºXp t\m-ºp hn`qXn _p[-\mgvN Bcw-`n-°p-hm\pw, AºXp t\m-ºn¬a’yw `£n-°p-hm\pw ho™p IpSn-°p-hm\pw, Ip¿_m-\-b°p]pfn-°mØ A∏w amXw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm\pw am¿tØmΩmInkvXym-\n-Isf \n¿_-‘n®p XpS-ßn. hnhm-ln-X-cmb sshZn-I¿, sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ ]tXy-In®pw Ip¿_m\ sNm√p-∂-Xn¬

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

36

Ah¿ XS- -ß-fp-≠m-°n. Cu iey-ß-fpsS e-ambn saXm≥am-cpƒs∏sS ]ecpw sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬\n∂pw (sIm-√-Øp-\n-∂pw)hn´p-t]m-bn. am¿ bmt°m_p 1543˛\-SpØp sImSp-ß-√q¿ hn´p-t]m∂p sIm®n-bn¬ ^m≥knkvI≥am-cpsS IqsS Xma-k-am-°n.hnip≤ ^m≥knkv tkhy¿ Ahn-sS-sh-®mWv At±-lsØI≠-Xv. am¿ bmt°m-_ns‚ Pohn-X-hn-ip≤nsb ]iw-kn®psIm≠pw F√m t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-tZym-K-ÿ≥amcpw At±-lsØ]cn-Xy-Pn-®p-sh∂v ]cm-Xn-s∏´psIm≠pw hnip-≤≥ 1549˛¬t]m¿Øp-K¬ cmPm-hn\v Fgp-Xn. -^m≥kn-kvI≥am¿ amX-amWvam¿ bm-t°m-_ns\ At\z-jn-°p-∂-sX∂pw, am¿ bmt°m-_ns\t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-tZym-K-ÿ≥am¿°p cmPmhp ip]m¿i sNø-W-sa∂pw am¿ bmt°m_v At±-l-Øns‚ hm¿≤-Iy-Im-e-Øp-t]mepw ]cn-ip-≤-am-Xm-hmb tdmam-k-`-bpsS BNm-c-ßƒ°vA\p-k-c-W-ap-≈-h-\m-sW∂pw 45 sIm√-ambn (A-Xm-bXvAt±l-Øns‚ BK-a\w apX¬)- am¿ bmt°m_v ssZh-sØbpwcmPm-hn-s\bpw tkhn-®p-h-cp-∂p-sh∂pw hnip-≤≥ t]m¿Øp-Kokp cmPm-hns\ [cn-∏n-°p-∂p≠v. am¿ bmt°m_v sIm®n-bn¬Xo¿Øpw Zmcn-ZyØn-em-bn-cp-∂p.- X≥aqew ]nbtdm Un skIzo-cm-tbmSv hfscb[nIw e÷-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn, AXym-h-iy-Øn-s‚bpwZmcnZy-Øn-s‚bpw t]cn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ Pohn-°p∂ Hcmƒ°vXm≥ ]Wbw- h-®n-´p-≈ sNt∏-Sp-Iƒ ISw ho´n FSp-°p-∂-Xn-\mbpw X\n°pw sImSp-ß-√q¿ ]´-W-Ønse F√m InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°pambpw 20 Iqk-tZm-bpsS [¿Ωhpw At±lw A`y¿∞n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

sImSp-ß-√q-cn\p Np‰pw kao-]-Øp-ff 60 Kma-ß-fn-embn Xma-kn-°p-∂p-sh∂p hnip-≤≥ ]d-bp∂ am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS `‡n h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn hnip≤ ^m≥knkvtkhy¿ c≠p-X-hW sImSp-ß-√qsc ]f-fn-Iƒ°v ZWvUhntam-N-\-ßƒ A`y¿∞n-®-Imcyw ChnsS kva¿Ø-hy-am -Wv. -am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS CS-bnse ][m-\n-I-fpsS a°-fmb \qdp-Ip-´n-Iƒ sImSp-ß-√qsc ^m≥kn-kvI≥am-cpsS hIskan-\m-cn-bn¬ Ds≠∂p hnip-≤≥ XpS¿∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

Kphbm ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse, eØo≥ doØn¬ ]´-ta‰ apI-fn¬∏d™ sNdp-∏-°m¿, am¿tØmΩm InkvXy≥ tZhm-e-b-ß-fn¬ eØo-\n¬ Ip¿_m\ sNm√p-∂-Xn\v Ah-cpsS kz¥wamXm-]n-Xm-°≥am¿t]mepw A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂n-√.- Kp-hm-bpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬, Cu sNdp-∏-°m-cpsS amXm-]n-Xm-°-≥am¿ Xß-fpsSCu a°ƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ kn≤m-¥-ßƒ Kln-°p-hm≥ CjvS-s∏-

37

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

Sp-Itbm Xß-fpsS kz¥w doØn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw hyXn-bm\whcp-Øp-hm≥ Ahsc A\p-h-Zn-°p-Itbm sNbvXn-cp-∂n-√. hn-hmZ sNdp-∏-°m¿ am¿tØmΩm InkvXy≥tZ-hm-e-b-ß-fn¬ (]u-c-kvXy) kpdn-bm-\n-bnepw sIm®n-bnepw Np‰p-]m-Sp-ff ÿe-ß-fnepw eØo-\nepw Ip¿_m-\ -sNm-√n-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Unkqkm\sΩ a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ ian-°p-∂p. t]m¿Øp-K-en¬sh®p ]´wkzoI-cn® ]d-hqsc c≠p-t]¿ sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ hn-]-hm-kn-I-fmbn Ign-tb-≠n-h-∂p-sh∂pw Ah-cn¬ Hcmƒ 1599 hsc Pohn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Kpshbm ]d-bp∂p. eØo≥ doØn¬ ]´-ta‰am¿tØmΩm InkvXy≥ bphm -°-fn¬ Hcmƒt]mepwam¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ tPmen sNøp-∂n-s√-∂pw ]XypX t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im-tcm-Sp-IqSn Ah¿°p `-£n-°p-hm≥ km[n-®n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah¿ kt¥m-j-]q¿∆w sIm®n-sa-Xm-t\m-Sp-IqSn Xma-kn-®p-sh∂pw 1592 P\p-hcn 2 se Hcp Ipdn-∏n¬ ImWp-∂p. _nj∏v tdmkv Fkv.sP. (apI-fn¬ D≤-cn®)1604˛se At±-l-Øns‚ dnt∏m¿´n¬ ]dbp∂Xv Ah-cn¬ Hcmƒt]mepw C∂p-hsc tIc-f-Øn¬ (A-Xm-bXv am¿tØmΩmInkvXym-\n-I-fp-sS-bn-S-bn¬) tPmen sNbvXn-´n-√m-sb-∂m-Wv.

sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ aq∂p ssZhm-e-b-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp∂am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ ItaW B ÿew hn´p-t]m-I-bm¬ 1601 Bb-t∏m-tg°pw AhnsS ]Xn-\mtdm ]Xn-t\tgmam¿tØmΩm InkvXy≥ IpSpw-_-ßƒ amXta tijn-®n-cp-∂p-f-fq. 1619 Bb-t∏m-tg°pw sImSp-ß-√q-¿ sh≈-°mtcm Idp-Ø-htcm Bb Ccp-]tXm ap∏tXm IpSpw-_-ß-fp-ff Hcp Kma-ambnXo¿∂n-cp-∂p. 1600˛\p tijhpw Ah-cpsS sshZn-I-ta-e-≤y-£≥am¿ sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ Xma-kn®ncp-s∂-¶nepw Ah¿°vHcpImeØv AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp∂ ]mNo-\-]-Z-hnbpw \nebpw]p\xÿm-]n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn-√. 1654˛¬- F-gp-X-s∏´ Nomi diterre e villagi dove stanno le chiese degli christiani di S. TommasoApostolo F∂ tcJ-bn¬ (Jesuit Archives, Rome, Goa, 68ft.63,65) sImSpß-√q-cn¬ GsX-¶nepw ]≈n D≈-Xmbn ]d-bp-∂n-√.

am¿ bmt°m-_ns‚ ac-W-tijw

am¿ bmt°m_p 1550/52-˛¬ \ncym-X-\m-bn.-A-tXØpS¿∂vam¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Ncn-X-Øn¬ Hcp ]pXnbA≤ymbw Bcw-`n-®p. -]-c-ºcm-KXamb- ]mXnbm¿°¬ ]c-º-cbv°v FXn-cmbn 1558-˛¬ kpem-°mbpw At±lØns‚ ]c-º-c-bn¬s∏´ ]mXn-b¿°o-kp-amcpw cwK-Øp-h∂ Imcyw \mw apI-

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

38

fn¬ I≠p-h-t√m.-Im-en-°pØnepw (Calicuth) C≥Uy apgp-h-\n-ep-ap-≈ ÿe-ß-fpsS taepw k\ym-km-i-a-ß-fp-sS-taepw kpem-°m-bv°p-≈ A[n-Imcw 1553-˛¬ aq∂mw Pqen-bkv am¿∏m∏mAwKo-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Cu Ime-am-b-t∏m-tg°pw t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im¿ AXn-i-‡-cm-bn-Øo¿∂p.- A-h-cpsS anj-\dn ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, Cutim-k- -°m-cpsS BK-a-\-tijw ]tXy-In®pw, h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. 1558-˛¬ sIm®n tKmh-bpsS Iogn-ep-ffHcp saXm-k-\-ambn Db¿Ø-s∏-´p.

am¿ bmt°m-_ns‚ ac-Wm-\-¥cw Ipsd sIm√-°metØbv°p am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p Hcp saXm\pw D≠m-bn -cp -∂n -√. sk-eq -°n -b≥ ]mXn -b¿°o-kn¬ \n∂p≈saXm≥amsc ImØn-cp∂p \ncm-i-cmb Ah¿ t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im-tcmSv A\p`mhw ImWn®p XpSßn. ^m≥knkvI≥amcpwtUman-\n-°≥amcpw am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Nne]≈nIƒ Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.- F-∂m¬ CXm! 1556- ¬ HcpsaXm≥ BK-X-\m-Ip-∂p. DSs\ F√m-hcpw At±-l-Øns‚]n∂mse t]mbn. Cu saXm≥ Bcm-bn-cp-s∂∂p \ap°p Xo¿®-bmbn ]d-™p-Iq-Sm. kpem-°m-bpsS FXn-cm-fn-bpsS ]°¬\n∂ph∂-Xm-bn-cn°mw At±lw. Xmsg ]d-bp-hm≥ t]mIp∂ am¿-A_ml-am-bn-cp-∂pthm At±lw?

]pXnb saXm≥am¿: am¿ tPmk^v

1556-˛¬ kpem-°-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-bmb A_vZotim ]mXn-b¿°okv kpem-°m-bpsS ktlm-Z-c-\mb am¿ Gen-bm-kn-t\m-Sp-IqSn tIc-f-Øn-te-bv°-b-®p. amƒ´m-bn¬\n-∂p-ff tUman-\n-°≥ saXm-\mb Awt_mkpw, kpem° Xt∂m-Sp-IqSn tdma-bn-tebv°p sIm≠pt]mbn-cp∂ ^mZ¿ At‚m-Wn-\bpw ChscA\p-K-an-®n-cp-∂p. am¿ Gen-bmkv ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ ]Xn-\n-[nbpw, _nj∏v Awt_mkv ]uc-kvXy-Zn-°nse t]∏¬ \q¨jn-tbmbpw Bbn-cp-∂p. tIc-f-Øn-tebv°p t]mIp-∂-Xn\p apºvam¿ tPmk-^n-t\bpw am¿ Gen-bm-kn-s\bpw tdmam-bn-te°psIm≠p-t]m-Im≥ _nj∏v Awt_mkv Dt±-in-®n-cp-∂-XmbnImWp-∂p. -t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im¿ Ah-sc-sb√mw Ad-k‰v sNbvXv18 amkw XS-hn¬ ]m¿∏n-®p. -tUm-an-\n-°≥amsc tKmh-bnepwa‰p-≈-hsc BZyw samkmw-_n-°nepw ]n∂oSp _mkn-\ (Bascin)-ep-amWv XS-hn-en-´n-cp-∂-Xv. - C≥Uo-knse t]m¿Øp-Kokvsshtkm-bn°p tdmam-bn¬\n∂p kpem°m sIm≠p-h-∂n-cp∂IØp-Iƒ Ch-cpsS ]°¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

39

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

C¥y apgp-h-s‚bpw GI A[n-Imcn Xß-fm-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂pt]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS hnNm-cw. A_vZotim ]mXn-b¿°okvsXt¥m-kp-kq-\-l-tZm-kn-\-b® hnizmk kXy-]-Jym-]-\-Øn¬tKmhbpw sIm®n saXm-s∏m-eo-kpw tImgn-t°mSp cq]-X-bpwIn≥tKmfpw X\n-°-[o-\-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.-F∂m¬ t]m¿Øp-Kokp ]Xn-\n[n AXns\ FXn¿Øp. -C≥Uy-sbm-s°-bp-sSbpw ]oam-kv (totius Indiae Primes) Bb tKmhmsshZn-I-ta-e-≤y-£\p hnt[-b-amb saXm-k-\-ß-fm-Wn-h-sb-∂m-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ hmZw.

]Xns\´p amk-ßƒ°p-tijw am¿ tPmk^pw a‰p≈-hcpwkzX-¥-cm-°-s∏-´p.- tKm-h-bp-sSbpw tIc-f-Øns‚bpw AJn-te-¥ym-bp-sSbpw saXm-\mbv tKmhm saXms‚ A\p-hmZw IqSmsXbmsXmcp AwKo-Im-chpw ]tbm-Kn-°p-I-bn-√ F∂ hyh-ÿ-bn-em-bn-cp∂p Cu tamN-\w. eØo-\n¬ Ip¿_m\ sNm√p-hm≥am¿ tPmk-^n-s\bpw am¿ Gen-bm-kn-s\bpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-I-bpw,t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im-cn¬ \n∂p sX∂n-am-dn -°-gn -bp∂ HcpsaXms\ (ap-I-fn¬ ]d™ Btfm?) Xncn-®-b-bv°-W-sa∂v Ah-tcmSv Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p ]uckvXy kpdn-bm\n saXm≥amsc hfsc Xmev]-cy-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬, (e-Øo≥ doØn-ep-≈) \ΩpsS saXm≥am¿sNøp-∂-Xp-t]mse F√mw sNbvXv Cu c≠p-t]¿ hfsc \≥a]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-sa∂p t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im¿ Icp-Xn. _nj∏vAwt_mkv 1558 P\p-hcn amk-Øn¬ sIm®n-bn¬h®p \ncym-X-\m-bn. am¿ Gen-bm-kv, ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ ASp-°-tebv°pXncn®p t]mIp-Ibpw A\-¥cw tdmam-bn-seØn Hcp dnt∏m¿´pka¿∏n-°pIbpw sNbvXp. B dnt∏m¿´n¬ a‰p Imcy-ß-fpsSIq´-Øn¬ am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p ]uckvXy kpdn-bm\n (I¬Zm-b) saXm≥amsc Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-°-W-sa∂pA`y¿∞n-°p-I-bpw, t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS Bi-¶-Isf ian-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp am¿§w \n¿t±-in-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

am¿ tPmk-^pw, ^mZ¿ Bt‚m-Wn-\kpw tIc-f-Øn¬ hf-sc-tbsd ]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw apI-fn¬∏-d™ saXms\ am\-km-¥-c -s∏-SpØn Xncn -® -b -bv°p -Ibpw At±-l-Øns‚ÿm\Øp kXy-hn-izm-kn-bmb Hcmsf B°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.Cu kXy-hn-izm-kn-bmb Bƒ am¿ tPmk^p Xs∂sbmthsdm-cmtfm? sa¬°n-tbm¿ \yq\kv Fkv.-sP. 1569 Unkw-_¿ 6˛mw XobXn am¿ A_m-l-sØ-∏‰n ]kvXm-hn-°ptºmƒ]d-bp-∂Xv At±lw AXn\p ]Xn-s\m-∂p-sIm√w ap≥]v, AXm-

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

40

bXv 1558˛¬ tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂psh∂m-Wv. BI-bm¬ am\-km-¥-c-s∏-SpØn Xncn-®-b-bv°-s∏-´-bmƒ am¿ A_m-l-am-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°mw. F∂m¬ am¿ A_m-lsØ am\-km-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXp A_vZotim ]mXn-b¿°o-km-sW∂p ImWp-∂p.Ft∏mƒ Fß--s\, CXp kw`-hn-®p-sh∂p \ap-°-dn-™p-Iq-Sm.apI-fn¬∏-d™ kXy-hn-izm-kn-bmb saXms\ ]n∂oSpt]m¿Øp-K-en-te°v \mSp-I-S-Øn-°-f-™p.

am¿ tPmk-^n\pw ^mZ¿ At‚m-Wn-\-kn\pw am¿tØmΩmInkvXym-\n-Iƒ \¬Inb lm¿±-hamb kzmKXw ImWn-°p-∂XvFXn¿ ]mXn-b¿°okpamcpsS AkvXnXzw Ah¿°p _m[-I-am-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂pw, tdmam-bp-ambn kwk¿§-Øn-te¿s∏-´n-cp-∂-h¿ (am¿ tPmk^pw mZ¿ At‚m-Wn-\kpw Xo¿®-bmbpw Aß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂-t√m) Ah¿°p kzoIm-cy-am-bn-cp-s∂-∂p-am-Wv.A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX mZ¿ At‚m-Wn-\kv tdmam-bn-tebv°pXncn-®p-hn-fn-°-s∏- p. 1562˛¬ am¿ tPmk v t]m¿Øp-K-en-tebv°vt]mbn (AYhm ]mj-fiX Btcm-]n-°-s∏´p \mSp IS-Ø-s∏-´p) F√m ÿeØpw At±lw ItØm-en-°-\mbpw hnip-≤-N-cn-X-\mbpw BZ-cn-°-s∏-´p. ]t£, At±lw BK-ln®Xpt]msetdmam-bn-te°p t]mIp-∂-Xn\p At±-lsØ A\p-h-Zn-®n-√.1564˛¬ Hcp t]∏¬ ItØm-Sp-IqSn At±lw Xncn-sI-h-∂p. CuIØn¬ Xncp-knw-lm-k-\-tØm-Sp≈ At±-l-Øns‚ `‡n-sb-∏‰n ]kvXm-hn-°p-I-bpw, \n\-sh-bpsS saXm\pw tIc-f-Øns‚hnkn-‰-dp-sa∂v At±-lsØ hnfn-°pIbpw, A_vZotim ]mXn-b¿°okv tdmam-bn¬ F‰p-]-d™ kn≤m-¥-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm≥Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. F¥p-sIm-≠mWv B IØn¬At±-lsØ \n\-sh-bpsS saXm\pw tIc-f-Øns‚ hnkn-‰-dp-sa∂p ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xv? ]mXn-b¿°okv tdma-bn¬ G‰p-]-d™ kn≤m-¥-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. F¥p-sIm-≠mWv B IØn¬ At±-lsØ \n\-sh-bpsS saXm\pw tIc-f-Øns‚ hnkn-‰-dp-sa∂p ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xv?]mXn-b¿°okv At±-lsØ am¿tØm-Ωm-In-kvXym-\n-I-fpsS`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-´t√ Ab-®Xv? C¥y apgp-h\pw Xßƒ°pamX-ap≈ c-Wm-[n-Im-c-cw-K-ambn Ah-Im-i-s∏- n-cp∂ t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS FXn¿∏ns\ ian-∏n-°p-hm≥ th≠n-bm-bn-cn-°Wwhnhm-Z-ÿm-\-t∏-cp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

am¿ tPmk^pw am¿ A_m-lhpw

am¿ tPmk-^ns‚ Akm-∂n-≤y-Øn¬, sIm®n saXm≥ ]d-hq¿sh®p ]e am¿tØmΩm InkvXy≥ Xo¿∞ k©m-cn-Isf

41

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

ImWp-Ibpw, Xs∂ Ah-cpsS saXm-\mbn kzoI-cn-°p-hm≥Ahsc \n¿_-‘n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. am¿tØmΩm InkvXy≥ssZhm-e-b-ßƒ°p hnIm-cn-amsc \nb-an-°p-∂-Xn\v At±lwA\-¥cw Btem-Nn-®p. tIc-f-Ønse \mSp-hm-gn-I-fpsS CS-bn-ep-≠mb bp≤waqew H∂pw kw`-hn-®n-√. At±lw A\-¥cwNne am¿tØmΩm InkvXy≥ ssZhm-e-b-ßƒ kµ¿in-°p-IbpwAh-cpsS sshZn-I-cp-sSbpw A¬am-b-cp-sSbpw k≥a-t\m-`mhwt\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°pth≠nHcp tImtfPv ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\p πm\n-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. B Ah-k-c-Øn¬ Hcp ]uckvXy kpdn-bm\n saXm≥ BK-X-\m-Ip-Ibpw, am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ DS-\Sn At±-lsØ A\p-K-an-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu saXm≥ apI-fn¬∏d™ am¿butk∏p Xs∂-sbm, AtXm am¿ A_m-ltam? am¿ tPmk-^ns‚ Akm-∂n-≤y-Øn¬ A_vZotim ]mXn-b¿°o-kn-\m¬am¿ A_mlw \nbp‡\mb-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

AsX-ß-s\-bm-bmepw am¿ A_mlw tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im¿ At±-lsØ XS-hn-em-°n, t]m¿Øp-K-en-te°p \mSp IS-Øn. am¿ tPmk^pw ^mZ¿ At‚m-Wn-\kpw am\-km-¥-c-s∏-SpØn Xncn-®-b® saXm≥ am¿ A_m-l-am-sW-¶n¬, Cu \mSp-I-S-Ø¬ kw`-hn-®Xp At±lw Xs‚cmPy-Øn-tebv°p aS-ßn-t∏m-Ip-tºm-tgm, am¿ tPmk-^ns‚Akm-∂n-≤y-Øn¬ A_vZotim ]mXn-b¿°o-kn-\m¬ Ab-bv°-s∏´ ]Imcw tIc-f-Øn-se-Øn-b-t∏mtgm? t]m¿Øp-K-en-te-bv°p≈ bmXmat≤y samkmw-_n-°n¬sh®p At±lw c£-s∏-´-Xm-tbm, Xs‚ cmPy-Øn-tebv°v t]mIp-hm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏- -Xmtbm ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. samkmw-_n-°n¬ \n∂v At±lw tIc-f-Øn¬ Xncn-s®-Øn. Fß-s\-bm-bmepw At±lw t]m¿Øp-K-en¬ t]mbn-√. At±lw A_vZotim ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ ASp-°¬ sN√p-Ibpw, ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ IØp-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn am¿]m-∏m-bpsS ]°¬ FØp-Ibpw sNbvXp. At±-l-tØmSp \√-Xp-t]mse s]cp-am-dp-hm\pw, ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ A[n-Im-csØBZ-cn-°p-hm\pw tKmh-bn-te°pw sIm®n-bn-tebpw sshZn-I-ta-e-≤y-£≥am-tcmSv Bh-iy-s∏-´p-sIm≠v am¿]m∏m At±-lsØtIc-f-Øn-te-°-b-®p.

am¿]m-∏m-bpsS Iev]\ A\p-k-cn®v 1567˛¬ A_vZotim]mXn-b¿°okv A¶-amen knwlm-k\w am¿ A_m-l-Øn\pwKmanem bv°Sp-Øp≈ knwlm-k\w (G-sX∂v C\nbpw hy‡-am-°-s∏-´n-´n-√) am¿ tPmk-^n\pw \n›-bn®p sImSp-Øp. Cu

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

42

c≠p-t]-cn¬ Ahn-ti-jn-°p∂ Bƒ C≥Uy-bn-ep≈ Xs‚ F√mP\-ß-sfbpw `cn-®p-sIm-≈-W-sa∂pw ]mXn-b¿°okv Iev]n-®p. am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Hcp sshZnI tate-≤y-£\v \n›-bn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øn- p≈ Hcp Bÿm\ knwlm-k-\-sØ-∏‰n \mw ChnsS BZy-ambn tIƒ°p-I-bm-Wv. Xs‚ saXm≥amsc\nb-an -°mØ ]tZ-i-ß-fn -tebv°v ]mXn -b¿°o-kn\vsaXm≥amsc \nb-an-°m-sa∂v 1562˛¬ am¿]m∏m DØ-c-hm-bn-cp-∂p. A¶-amen saXms∏meoØm am¿ A_m-l-sØ, F√msaXm≥am-cp-sSbpw saXm-s∏meo-Øm-am-cp-sSbpw kp∏o-cn-b-dmbnA_vZotim ]mXn-b¿°okv \nb-an-®n-cp-∂p.

am¿ A_mlw tdma-bn¬\n∂v tKmh-bn-se-Øn. am¿]m-∏m-bpsS IØp-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-´pw, Xs‚ ]mj-fiX tKm]\wsNøp-∂-Xn-\mbn Zzbm¿∞-ap≈ ]mjfi-]-Z-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®pt]∏¬tIm-S-Xnsb At±lw h©n-®n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂ \mSy-Øn¬t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im¿ At±-lsØ AhnsS XS-¶-en¬sh-®p.]t£, cmXn At±lw AhnsS\n∂p c£-s∏´p Xs‚ knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ FØn-t®¿∂p. Cutim-k-`-°mcpw sIm®n-sa-Xm\pwCu ]mem-b-\-Øn¬ At±-lsØ klm-bn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

]e-t∏mgpw sIm®n-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-I-bpw, Ahn-sSbpw sImSp-ß-√qcpw sIm®n saXm\v A\n-jvS-I-c-amb hn[w Xs‚ A[n-Imcw ]tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX am¿ tPmk-^ns‚ ta¬]mjfiX Btcm-]n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw hnkvXm-c-Øn-\mbn At±-lsØ tdmam-bn-tebv°v sIm≠p-t]m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. At±lw]mjfin-bm-sW∂v Ip‰w hn[n-°-s∏-´n-´n-√. ]t£ 1569˛¬At±lw Ahn-sS-h®v acn-®p. hnip≤ Ip¿_m-\-bpsS A\p-jvTm-\-Øn¬ eØo≥ coXn-bn-ep≈ Xncp-h-kvX-ßfpw ]pfn-°mØ A∏hpw At±lw \S-∏m-°n-sb∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. NneeØo≥ I¿Ωm-\p-jvTm-\-I-a-ßsf At±lw ]uckvXy kpdn-bm-\n-bn-tebv°v ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn.

am¿ tPmk-^ns‚ ac-W-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚AP-K-W-ß-fmbn C≥Uy-bn-ep≈ F√m P\-ß-fp-sSbpw GI`c-Wm-[n-Imcn am¿ A_m-l-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. 1597˛¬ acn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc At±lw Ahsc `cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

tKmhm kq\-l-tZmkv, 1575

am¿ A_mlw At±-l-Øns‚ `cWw kam-[m-\-Øn¬Bcw-`n-®p. 1575˛se tKmh ]mtZ-inI kq\-l-tZm-kn-tebv°pam¿ A_m-lsØ Hcp kma¥ saXm -s\∂ \ne-bn¬

43

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

-(At±lw kma-¥-sa-Xm≥ Bbn-cp-∂n-√) t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im¿£Wn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. At±lw t]mbn-√. ]Icw Xs‚ hnizm-k-kXy ]Jym-]\w tdman-te-bv°-b®p sImSp-Øp. t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im¿ Xs∂ c≠p ]mhiyw XS-hn-em-°n-bn- p-≈-Xm-I-bm¬,Xs‚ kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øn\v am¿∏m∏m Dd∏p \¬Ip-∂-]£w mhn-bn¬ CØcw kq\-l-tZm-kp-I-fn¬ Xm≥ kw_-‘n-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂v At±lw ]kvXm-hn-®n-cp-∂p. am¿ A_m-l-Øns‚km∂n-≤y-an-√msX Xs∂ am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Isf `cn-t°-≠Xp t]m¿Øp-Kokp cmPmhv Ab-bv°p∂ saXm≥am¿Bbn-cn-°-W-sa-∂pw, A√m-Ø-]£w mhn-bnse kq\-l-tZm-kp-I-fn¬ am¿ A_mlw Ahiyw kw_-‘n-°-W-sa∂pw kq\-l-tZmkp Xocp-am\w sNbvXp.

Hcp kq\-l-tZmkv \S-Ø-Ø-°hÆw At±-l-Øn\p k^-K≥am-cn-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠pw, hfsc hnZq-c-ÿ-e-am-I-bm¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ]mXn-b¿°okv hnfn-®p-Iq-´p∂ kq\-l-tZm-kn¬kw_-‘n-°pI km≤y-a-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠pw `mhn-bnse tKmhmkq\-l-tZm-kp-I-fn¬ kw_-‘n-°-W-sa∂pw am¿∏m∏m am¿A_m-l-tØmSv Bh-iy-s∏´p.-am¿ A_m-l-tØmSp Imcp-Wy-]q¿∆w s]cp-am-dp-hm≥ tKmh-bnse sshZnI tae-≤y-£\pam¿]m∏m Fgp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXp. C°m-cy-Øn¬ CS-s]-Sp-hm≥t]m¿Øp-K¬ cmPmhnt\mSpw am¿]m∏m Bh-iy-s∏-´p. CXpcmPmhv Xs‚ sshtkmbn apJm-¥c-amWv sNbvXXv.

am¿ A_m-l-Øns‚ a‰p Nne ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS Zpjn® s]cp-am-‰-ß-fn¬ \n∂p Xs∂c£n-°-W-sa∂v A`y¿∞n®psIm≠v 1578 P\p-hcn 3˛\v am¿A_mlw am¿∏m-∏mbv°v Hcp IØ-b-®p. Xs‚ Iogn¬ tPmensNøp-hm≥ Cutim-k-`-°msc At±lw £Wn-®p. Cutimk`-°m¿ ]≈n-I-fn¬ ]kw-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. am¿ A_m-l-Øns‚ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-\mb (In-kvXp-hn-s‚) Koh¿Ko-kn-s\,knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ Hgn-hp-≠m-Ip∂ ]£w, A¶-am-en-bpsS AUvan-\n-kvtS-‰-dmbn am¿]m∏m ÿnco-I-cn-®p. CtX A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥Xs∂ ]me-bq-cns‚ saXm-\mbn sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. ]t£ A`n-tjIw sNø-s∏-ń-ń-√. A\-[n-Ir-X-\mbnh∂ am¿ sia-tbms\ tdmam hgn t]m¿Øp-K-en-tebv°v \mSp-I-S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ. At±lw ]n∂n¬ hn-ń-´p-t]mb hnImcn P\-dmƒ 1599 hsc Pohn-®n-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. am¿ ina-tbm≥ \nan-Ø-ap-≠mb Ipg-∏-ß-fpsS ImeØp am¿ A_m-l-Øn\pw ]me-bq¿ saXm≥ tPm¿Pn\pw A\p-k-c-W-ap≈hcm-bn-cn-∏m≥

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

44

am¿]m∏m am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Isf DZvt_m-[n-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ hn\-bw-aqew saXm≥ ]´m-`n-tjIwkzoI-cn-°p-hm≥ i¶n-t®-°m-sa∂p Hcp IØn¬ am¿]m∏m kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-s≠-∂Xp ck-I-c-amb Hcp hkvXp-X-bm-Ip-∂p.- am¿A_mlw 1553˛¬ Cutim k`-°m-cpsS klm-b-tØm-Sp-IqSnA¶-am-en-bn¬ Hcp kq\-l-tZmkp hnfn-®p-Iq-´p-Ibpw KŸ-ßƒXncp-Øp-Ibpw sshZn-I¿ hnhmlw sNø-cp-sX∂p hne-°p-Ibpwa‰pw sNbvXp. ssh∏n-t°m´ (tN-t\m´) bn¬ Hcp ]pXnb skan-\mcn Bcw- n-°p-Ibpw AXp Cutim-k- -°msc Gev]n-°p-IbpwsNbvXp. tdmam-bn¬ \n∂p ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-ßƒ e`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. am¿ A_m-l-Øn\p ]menbw sImSp-°p-hm≥ Cutim-k-`-°m¿ A`y¿∞n-®p. F∂m¬ am¿ A_mlw tdmam-bn¬\n∂p t\cn´p \nb-an-®n-´p≈ Hcp saXm-t∏m-eoØm A√m-bvI-bm¬ AXp \¬I-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn-√. CXn-\n-S-bn¬, 1578˛¬am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n -I-fpsS ]Xn-\n -[n -Iƒ Xßƒt]m¿Øp-Kokp sshtkm-bn°p ip]m¿i sNøp-∂-Xn\pwA©p saXm≥amsc Ah¿°-b-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-hm≥ ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ t]cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw am¿∏m-∏m-tbmSp A`y¿∞n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Bcm-[-\-Ia I¿Ω-ß-fn¬ ]uckvXy kpdn-bm-\n-`mj \ne-\n¿Øp∂]£w Iptd-sbms° Xs‚ P\-ßsf eØo-\n-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p am¿ A_mlw Cutim-k-`-°msc A\p-h-Zn-®p. F∂m¬ CtX-∏‰n At±lw ]n∂oSp ]›m-Ø-]n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

tKmhm kq\-l-tZmkv 1585

am¿∏m∏m \n¿t±-in-®-X-\p-k-cn®v am¿ A_mlw 1585˛setKmhm ]mtZ-inI kq\-l-tZm-kn¬ kw_-‘n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.CXn-tebv°pw At±lw Hcp kma-¥-c- sa-Xm-\m-bn-´mWv £Wn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. tKmhm saXm-s∏meo-Ømsb Xs‚ km£n-]-X-ßƒ ImWn-°mØ bmsXmcp sshZn-Im-≤y-£-s\bpw A¶-am-en-bn¬ kzoI-cn-®p-Iq-sS∂p a‰p Imcy-ß-fpsS Iq -Øn¬ kq\-l-tZmkv Xocp-am-\n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Cu km£n-]-X-ßƒ H∂p-In¬ am¿]m∏m-bn¬ \n∂p-≈tXm As√-¶n¬ \memw ]obqkvam¿]m∏m ap≥]p am¿ A_m-lsØ A¶-amen saXm-s∏m-eoØm Bbn \nb-an-®-t∏m-g-sØ-t∏mse ItØm-en-°m-\mb Hcp]mXn-bm¿°o-kn¬ \n∂p-≈tXm Bbn-cn-°-Ww. am¿ A_mlwapX-em-b-h-cpsS D]-tbm-K-Øn-\mbn tdma≥ I¿Ω-kw-ln-Xbpwtdma≥ s]m¥n-^n-°epw (]u-c-kvXy) kpdn-bm\n `mj-bn-tebv°p X¿÷a sNø-W-sa∂pw kq\-l-tZmkv DØ-c-hm-bn.

45

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

Cu X¿÷n-abv°p am¿ A_m-l-Øn\p klm-bn-bmbn ^m.tdmkv Fkv. sP. sb \¬In. am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-sf-∏‰n ap≥ tKmhm kq\-l-tZm-kp-Iƒ sNbvXn- p≈ Xocp-am-\-ßsfCu kq\l-tZmkv ÿnco-I-cn-®p. saXm≥am-cm¬ am¿tØmΩmInkvXym-\n-Iƒ `cn-°-∏-S-W-sa∂pw A√mØ ]£w am¿A_mlw `mhn tKmhm kq\-l-tZm-kp-I-fn¬ kw_-‘n-°-W-sa∂pw 1575-˛se tKmhm kq\-l-tZmkv Xocp-am-\n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn\mw I≠p-h-t√m. tKmh-bnse C≥Izn-kn-js‚ A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bn¬ A¶am-en-tbbpw Dƒ∏-Sp-Øn.

am¿ A_m-l-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb Ip‰m-tcm-]-W-ßƒ

Xm≥ kw_-‘n® tKmhm kq\-l-tZm-kns‚ F√m Xocp-am-\-ß-tfbpw am¿ A_mlw \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-Itbm ASpØ kq\-l-tZm-kn¬ kw_-‘n-°p-Itbm D≠m-bn-√. ]mj-WvU-Xbpwa‰p Ip‰-ßfpw kw_-‘n® Kpcp-X-c-amb Btcm-]-ßƒ am¿A_m-l-Øns‚ta¬ Npa-Ø-s∏-´p. ^mZ¿ tdmkv Fkv.-sPbpw^mZ¿ A_mlw Un tPm¿Pn-tbm Fkv. sPbpw (Pm-Xn-bn¬Hcp amtdm-\o-Øm-°m-c-\mb Ct±lw FtXm-]ym-bn¬ sh®p thZ-km-£n-bmbn acn-®p. Ipsd-°mew Ct±lw tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p) ]tXy-In®pw Cßs\bp≈ Btcm-]Ww \S-Øn. am¿A_mlw Hgn-sI-bp≈ am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ tdma≥ItØm-en°m hnizmkw G‰p-]-d-™n-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw, Ah-cpsSKŸ-ß-fn¬ s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ ]am-Z-ßƒ Dƒs∏-´n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw ]cn-ip≤ I\y-Im-a-dnbw ssZh-am-Xm-hm-sW∂v Ah¿ ]c-ky-ambn ]kw-Kn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw, bma-]m¿∞-\-Iƒ sNm√p-Itbm ]mSp-Itbm sNbvXn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Ah¿ s\kvtXm-dn-b-kn-s‚bpw a‰pw t]cp-Iƒ Dt]-£n-®p-I-f-™n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Ign™A≤ym-b-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n® 1586/7˛se Xs‚ ]_-‘-Øn¬ tdmkvFkv.-sP. ]d-bp-∂-Xmbn \mw I≠p-h-t√m. Im¿Wn-tdm, s^¿Un-\m≥kv ]mkv, \yq\kv kmsd-t‰m, Utbm-\n-jym, tdmkp apX-em-b-h¿ km£o-I-cn-°p-∂- t]mse am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS hnizm-k-sØbpw kwk¿§-sØ-bpw-]‰n Ign™ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ ]d™ Imcy-ßƒ ChnsS A\p-kva-cn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.

c≠p Xncp-sh-gp-Øp-Iƒ

am¿ A_m-l-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Bcw- n-°p-∂-Xn\pwIp‰-°m-cs\∂p I≠m¬ At±-lsØ XS-¶-en¬ hbv°p-∂-Xn-\pw, am¿ A_m-l-Øns‚ XS-¶¬ Ime-tØbv°p Hcp hnImcn

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

46

A∏-kvtXm-en-°sb \nb-an-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, ]mjfiX Ds≠∂pkwi-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cp-s≠-¶n¬ Ah-sc-∏‰n t\cnt´m hnImcnA∏-kvtXm-en-°-h-gntbm At\z-jWw \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw, am¿A_mlw k∂n-ln-X-\m-bn-cp∂ tKmh kq\-l-tZm-kns‚ UnIn-b-\p-k-cn®p Xncp-knw-lm-k-\-Øn¬ \n∂p \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-Sp∂Hcp saXm-\-√msX as‰mcp saXm\pw am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Isf `cn-°p-hm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw (A-ß-s\-sbmcp UnIn D≠m-bn-cpt∂m?) 1595 P\p-hcn 27˛mw XobXnF´mw s¢sa‚ v am¿]m∏m tKmhm saXm-s∏meo-Ømbv°v (A∂ptKmh AXn-sa-Xm-k\w Hgn-hmbn InS-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬Bcp-sSbpw t]cp ]d-™n-ń-√) Hcp Xncp-sh-gp-Ø-b-®p. hnImcnA∏-kvtXm-en° Hcp eØo≥Im-c-\m-bn-cn-°Ww; kpdn-bm\n Adn-bm-hp∂ Bfm-bn-cp-∂m¬ \∂v. At±lw ]´w sImSp-°p-hm≥]mSn-√, tKmhm saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°p DNn-X-sa∂p tXm∂p-tºmƒ B Bsf am‰p-Ibpw ]Icw \nb-an-°p-Ibpw BImw.Cu Xncp-sh-gpØp ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn®v A[nIw Ign-bp-∂-Xn\p apºvtUmw (A-e-Ivkn-kv) sat\-knkv H.-C.-F-kv.F. tKmhm saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn \nb-an-X-\m-bn.

Cu Xncp-sh-gpØp ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ am¿A_mlw Cutim-k- -°m-cp-ambn kulm¿±-Øn-em-bn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. Xs‚ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms\ (ap≥ ]d-™-bm-f-√. At±lwCXn-\Iw acn-®p-t]m-bn. ]£, c≠p t]cp-sSbpw t]cp Koh-dp-Kokv F∂m-bn-cp-∂p.) klmb saXm-\mbn \nb-an-®p-In-´p-∂-Xn\p 1594 Unkw-_¿ 17˛mw Xob-Xn- At±lw Cutim-k`m P\-dm-en\p Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. Xm≥ Xs‚ P\-ßsf Xncp-knw-lm-k-\-Øn-\pw, Cutim-k- -°m¿°pw c-ta-ev]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v BIØn¬ At±lw ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p-≠v. Cu IØn\v bmsXmcpadp-]-Snbpw e`n-®n-√. Cutim-k-`-°m¿ t]∏¬ Xncp-sh-gpØp\S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-∂Xp \oń-h-bv°p-hm≥ tUmw sat\kn-kn-t\mSvA`y¿∞n-®p. F∂m¬ Ipd®p Ime-Xm-a-k-Øn-\p-tijw HcpkzIm-cym-t\z-jWw \SØn AXns‚ êw tdmam-bn-te-°-b®psImSp-Øp. am¿ A_mlw Ip‰-°m-c-\mbn I≠p-sh-∂pw,F∂m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ]mbw ]cn-K-Wn-®pw, At±lw Hcp]¿h-X-]-tZ-i-Øn¬ Pohn-®n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ At±-lsØ ]nSn-°pIkm≤y-a-√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠pw At±lsØ XS-hn-em-°pI D≠m-bn-s√∂pw ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

1597 P\p-hcn 21˛mw XobXn AtX F´mw ¢a‚p am¿∏m-∏m-Xs∂ (CXp it≤-b-am-Wv) tKmhm saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°p

47

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

as‰mcp Xncp-sh-gp-Ø-b-®p. Hcp ]n≥Km-ansb \nb-an-°p-∂-Xn\pap≥]p (CXp ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p) am¿ A_mlw acn-°p-∂-]£w A¶-am-en°p Hcp hnImcn A∏-kvtXm-en-Isb \nb-an-°p-hm-\mWv Cu F-gp-Øn¬ Bh-iy-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hnImcnA∏-kvtXm-en° tbmKy-\mb Hcmƒ Bbn-cn -°-W-sa-∂-Xns\°hn™v (CXpw ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p) At±-l-Øns‚tbmKy-X-I-tfbpw A[n-Im-c-ß-tfbpw ]‰n Xncp-sh-gpØp au\w]men-°p-∂p. am¿ A_m-l-Øn\p Hcp ]n≥Km-ansb \nb-an-°p∂Imcy-Øn¬ tdmam A\-¥cw G¿s∏-´p. ]e t]cp-Ifpw \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-´p. A°m-eØp am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sS-ta¬t]m¿Øp-Kokp cmPm-hn\p bmsXmcp ]Zp-hmtZm A[n-Im-c-hp-an-√m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ At±-l-Øn\v CS-s]-Sm≥ A[n-Im-c-an-s√∂vXocp-am-\n-®p. am¿ A_mlw Pohn-®n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw At±-l-Øns‚ BtcmKyw sa®-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw Adnhp In´p-I-bm¬ 1597 tabv 8˛mw XobXn Cu ]iv\w \o´n-h-®p.

am¿ A_m-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Kman

am¿ A_m-l-Øns‚ ac-W-tijw (1597˛¬ At±lw acn-®p)At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn 1599 \hw-_¿ 5˛mw XobXn tdmkvFkv.sP. \nb-an-X-\m-bn. am¿ A_mlw Hcp ]mj-fin-bmbnacn®p F∂p t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im¿ ]d-bp-∂p. tdmam-bnse \S-]-Sn-Iƒ a‰p hn[-Øn-emWv sXfn-bn-°p-∂-Xv. tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ^m≥kn-kvI≥am¿ am¿ A_m-lsØ A\p-Iq-en-®n-cp-∂p. am¿ A_m-l-Øns‚ kml-kn-I-amb Pohn-X-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ hni-Zmw-i-ßfpw C\nbpw hy‡-am-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-bn-´m-Wn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

A_mlw Un tPym¿Pntbm Fkv.sP. 1593 Unkw-_¿ 15˛mwXobXn Cutim-k`m P\-d-en\v Fgp-Xnb IØn¬, am¿tØmΩmInkvXym-\n-I-fpsS saXm≥ Hcp \√ ItØm-en-°-\pw, Ign-bp-∂n-S-tØmfw Cutim-k- -°m-c\pw Hcp Ic-W-h-imepw t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im-c≥ A√m-Ø-h-\pw, kpdn-bm-\n-tbm, I¬Zm-btbm Adn-bm-hp∂ kndn-bm-bn¬ \n∂p-≈-h-\p-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂p Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. tdmkv Hcp Cutim-k-`-°m-c\pw kvs]bn≥Im-c-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. A°m-eØp t]m¿Øp-Kepw kvs]bn\pw H‰cmPy-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Hcp kvs]bn≥Im-c-\mb tam¨sk-dmsØ Fkv.sP 1579˛¬Cßs\ \n¿t±-in-®n-cp∂p:

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

48

k¿t∆m-]cn ]cn-ip≤ ]nXmhv Hcp \q¨jn-tbmsb Ab-bv°p-∂Xv hen-sbmcp ]Xn-hn-[n-bmbncn°p-sa∂v F\n°ptXm∂p-∂p. Cu \q¨jntbm Cu InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Imcy-ß-fpsS \mUn-kv]-µ-\-ßƒ a\- n-em-°n-b-tijw F√m Imcy-ß-fn-epw, ]tXy-In®v Ah¿ am¿]m-∏mbv°v t\cn-´p≈ Iogn-em-bn-cn-°-Wtam AYhm kndn-bm-bnse ]mXo-b¿°o-kn\p Iogn-em-bn-cn-°-W-tam, AtXm tIc-f-Ønse saXm-∑msc tKmhmsaXms∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS k -K≥am-cm°n tKmh-bnse ]mtZ-inIkq\-l-tZm-kp-I-fn¬ kw_-‘n-°p-hm≥ \n¿_-‘n-°-Wtam F∂Imcy-Øn¬, \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns\ tkhn-°p-∂-Xn\v DØ-a-am-bn-´p-≈-sX-s¥∂v At±lw Xocp-am-\n-°-Ww. F∂m¬ Cu Hmtcm]£m-¥-c-ß-fnepw ]e kwK-Xn-Ifpw Btem-Nn-t°≠-Xm-bp-≠v. Ah-sb√mw ChnsS Fgp-Xm-hp-∂-h-b-√. \q¨jntbm HcpA]-cn-Nn-X\pw t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im-c-\-√m-Ø-h-\p-am-bn-cn-°p-∂Xp\∂m-bn-cn-°pw. Cu hm°p-Iƒ am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsSItØm-en°m kwk¿§sØ amX-a-√, A°m-esØ sshZnIcmPy-X-¥-P-R-X-tbbpw hy‡-am-°p-I-bmWp sNøp-∂-Xv.

tUm sat\-knkv: At±-l-Øns‚ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ

tUmw sat\-kn-kns‚ ]°¬ apI-fn¬∏d™ t]∏¬, Xncp-sh-gp-Øp-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. am¿ A_m-l-Øns‚ ac-W-tijwIogvhg-°-a-\p-k-cn-®pw, am¿ A_mlw \S-Ønb \nb-a-\-Øn\vA\p-kr-X-ambpw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ A¶-am-en-bpsS `c-W-®p-a-Xe Gs‰-Sp-Øp. Hgn-hmb A¶-amen knwlm-k-\-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈Hcp hnh-cWw hØn-°m≥ ]pcm-hkvXp tiJ-c-Øn¬ D≠v.]kvXm-hnX A¶-am-en-∏-´-W-Øn¬ Hcp saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø≥]≈nbpw AXn-s\mcp A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m\pw D≠v. saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø≥ `c-Wm-[n-Imcw km[m-c-W-bmbn A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-\mWvhln-®n-cp-∂Xv F∂v AXn¬ ]d-™n-cp-∂p.

1597 Unkw-_¿ 19˛mw XobXn Pdp-k-te-anse eØo≥ ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\p tUmw sat\-knkv Ab® IØn¬ Xm≥ tIc-f-Øn-tebv°p t]mIp-∂-Xn\pw, ]≈n-Iƒ kµ¿in-°p-∂-Xn\pwHcp kq\-l-tZmkp hnfn®p Iq´p-∂-Xn\pw a‰pw Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xmbn]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. am¿∏m∏m \n¿t±-in-°p∂ saXm≥ Hcp kpdn-bm-\n-°m-c-\m-sW-¶n¬ F¥p \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°-W-sa∂v Btem-Nn-°p-∂-Xn\pw am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Ifpw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m\pw Xocp-am-\n-®n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw At±lw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.(CtX Imcyw tdmkv Fkv.sP Cß-s\-bmWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-

49

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]cn-ip≤ ]nXmhv Xß-fpsS sshZnI tae-≤y-£-\mbn Xß-fpsS A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-s\-b-√msX Hcp eØo≥Im-cs\ Ab-bv°p∂ ]£w Xß-fpsS Imcyw ]cn-ip≤ ]nXm-hns‚ ASp-°¬ hmZn-°p-∂-Xn\p F√m-hcpw i]Yw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p). Hcp ]≈n-bn¬ am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS t]cp ]d-bp-∂-Xns\Hcp sshZn-I≥ ]c-ky-ambn \ntcm-[n-®-Xmbn Xm≥ tI´-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂p tUmw sat\-knkv XpS¿∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Xm≥ Cutimk`-°msc Bi-bn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw Ah-cn¬ Hcmsf Xs‚ k^-K-\mbn am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS saXm-\m-°p-hm≥ Xm≥Dt±-in-°p-∂p-sh∂pw tUmw sat\-knkv ]d-™p. cmPy-Øn¬Xm≥ c≠m-a-\m-sW-∂p≈ Xs‚ i‡n-bnepw tIc-f-ØnsecmPm-°≥am¿ Xs∂ ]n¥m-ßp-sa-∂p-≈-Xnepw At±lw Bi-bn-°p-∂p. ]mXn-b¿°okv At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ Hcp]mj-WvUn-bm-Wv. ]mjvW-UX ]h-ln-°p∂ tkmX- mb kpdn-bm\n `mj \ntcm-[n-°-s∏-S-W-sa∂pw At±lw ]d-bp-∂p.am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Ifpw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m\pw tXmΩm-bpsS \nbaw ˛ Ign™ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse Ah¿°v AXp kpdn-bm\n doØp-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p ˛ImØp-kq-£n-°p-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xmbpw ]d-bp-∂p.

tUmw sat\-knkv tIc-f-Øn¬

apI-fn¬∏-d™ c≠p t]∏¬ Xncp-sh-gp-Øp-I-sfbpw Ing-°ns‚ ss]a‰v F∂ Xs‚ \ne-tbbpw Bi-bn-®p-sIm≠v tUmwsat\-knkv ^mZ¿ tdmkv Fkv.sP sb A¶-am-en-bpsS AUvan-\n-kvtS-‰¿ Bbn (AtXm hnImcn A∏-kvtXm-en-°tbm?) \nb-an-®p. tIc-f-Ønse ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ Adn-™p-sIm≠v Cu \nb-a-\sØ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m\v A\p-Iq-e-ambn At±lw d±v sNbvXp.A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m\v D]-tZ-jvSm-°sf \¬Ip-Ibpw Xm≥ \n›-bn® coXn-bn¬ At±-l-Øn¬ \n∂v Hcp hnizm-k-kXy ]Jym-]\w Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. X\n°p t\csØ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-Xs∂ kzoI-cn-°p-I-bm-sW∂p ]d-™p-sIm≠v A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ \nb-a\w kzoI-cn-®p. F∂m¬ hnizm-k-kXy ]Jym-]\w sNøp∂ Imcyw At±lw \o´n-s°m-≠p-t]m-bn. skep-°n-bm-bn¬ \n∂p≈ Hcp saXms\ ]Xo-£n-®n-cp-∂-Xn-\m-emWvAt±lw Cßs\ sNbvXXv F∂p t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ ]d-bp-∂p. F∂m¬ skeq-°n-bm-bn¬ \n∂v saXm-∑m¿ tIc-f-Øn-te°p hcp-∂-Xns\ XS-bp-∂-Xn-\mbn Xpd-ap-J-ß-fn¬ tat\-knkv Imh¬°msc \n¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. tIc-f-Øn-tebv°v bmXsNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cp∂ Hcp saXms\ Xncn-®-b-®-Xmbpw ]d-b-

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

50

s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. CXn-\n-S-bn¬ sIm®n-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ sshZn-Icpwknhn¬]-c-hp-amb t]m¿Øp-Kokv A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ hnIm-cn-P-\-dm-tfmSpw (sa-Xm≥ sIm®n-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√) A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m\pw IqSn ssh∏n¬ ktΩ-fn®v A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ HcpDØa ItØm-en-°-\m-sW∂p ]Jym-]n-®p. Xs∂ hmbn-®p-tIƒ∏n® Hcp hnizm-k-kXy ]Jym-]-\-Øn\v A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥hmNn-I-amb kΩXw \¬In. ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬\n∂p Hgn-hm°n\n¿Øn-bn-cp∂ Cutim-k-`-°m¿ Cu kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ß-sf-∏‰ntUmw sat\-kn-kn\v Adnhp \¬In. At±lw DS-s\-Xs∂ tIc-f-Øn-te°v bmX-Xn-cn-®p. At±lw sIm®n-bn¬ h∂n-d-ßn-b-t∏mƒ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ S≥am¿ klnXw Ahn-sS-s®∂v At±-lsØ I≠p. am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p th≠n Cutimk -°m¿ skan-\mcn \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ ssh∏n-t°m- -bn-emWv c≠p-t]-cp-sSbpw HutZym-KnI kµ¿i\w \n›-bn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

ssh∏n-t°m-´-bn¬ tUmw sat\-knkv ioivabv°pw skep-°n-b≥am¿°p-sa-Xn-cmbn ]kw-Kn-°p-I-bpw, Ip¿_m-\-bnepw bma-]m¿∞-\-bnepw ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ t]cp-sNm-√-cp-sX∂ al-tdm≥in-£-bn≥ Iogn¬ sshZn-I-tcmSpw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-t\mSpwIev]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aß-s\, Bcw`w sXm´p-Xs∂ tUmwsat\-knkv al-tdm≥ F∂ Bbp[w am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ as‰m∂pw CXn-t\mfw b-s∏- n-cp-∂n√ FSpØp ]tbm-Kn®p XpS-ßn. A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m\pw sshZn-Icpw Iog-S-ßn.

XpS¿∂p tUmw sat\-kn-kv, Cutim-k-`-°m-cm¬ t]cn-X-\m -bn, i‡n-bmb FXn¿∏p -≠m-bn -cp -∂n´pw ]≈n-Iƒkµ¿in®p XpS-ßn. _ew ]tbm-Kn®p ]≈n-Iƒ Xpd-°p-I-bpw,ssÿcy-te-]\w \¬In-sIm≠v Ah-bn¬ A[n-Imcw ]tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kwK-Xn-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw(t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]m-se) ItØm-en°mhnizmkw hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ambn Hcp kq\-l-tZmkp hnfn-®p-Iq-´p-hm≥ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ \n¿t±-in-°p-Ibpw, Hcp hntZ-i-sa-Xm≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬ ]≈n-Iƒ kµ¿in-°p-hm≥ tUmw sat\-kn-kns\ A\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tUmw sat\-knkv kΩ-Xn-®p. F∂m¬ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ kq\-l-tZmkp hnfn-®p-Iq-´n-bn√-∂p≈ Hgn-I-gnhp ]d-™p-sIm≠v ]≈n-I-fp-sS-ta¬ A[n-Imcw ]tbm-Kn-®p-t]m-∂p. A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ Xs∂ al-tdm≥sNm√n-bXv At±lw Iq´m-°n-bn-√. ]≈n-Iƒ kµ¿in-®p-sIm≠paq∂p-X-hW At±lw ]´w sImSp-°p-Ibpw Ipd-™-]£w Hcp

51

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

\qdp-t]sc ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øn-te-bv°p-b¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.At∏mƒ Xs∂ s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ hnizm-ksØ i]n-°p-hm≥Ahsc \n¿_-‘n-®p. Aßs\ ]´w Inń-b-h-scbpw Ah-cpsS_‘p-°-sfbpw X\n°v A\p-Iq-en-I-fmbn At±lw kºm-Zn-®p. tIc-f-Ønse cmPm-°≥amsc ]tXy-In®v sIm®n cmPm-hn-s\, òj-Wn-s∏-SpØn hi-Øm-°n. ]n∂oSp ÿm\-`-jvT-\m°nas‰m-cmsf A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-\m-°p-sa∂ òj-Wn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn,A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-t\mSp Iog-S-ßp-hm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-´p. A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ Iog-S-ßn. (ò-cpXzw sImt≠m? D¬°¿tj—sImt≠m? ioiva `bt∂m?)

tUmw sat\-knkv A\-¥cw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms\ sIm≠p]Øp kwK-Xn-Iƒ H∏p-sh-∏n-®p. Ah:

1. s\kvtXm-dn-b-\n-ksØ i]n-°p-I. s\kvtXm-dn-b-kv, Xnsbm-tUm¿, Zntbm-tUm¿ Ch¿ \c-Im-·n-bn-em-sW∂p AwKo-I-cn-°p-I.

2. tXmΩm-bpsS \nbaw ]tXm-kns‚ \nbaw Xs∂-bm-sW∂pG‰p-]-d-bp-I.

3. Xm≥ \n›-bn-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ hnizm-k-kXy ]Jym-]\w \S-Øp-I.

4. sX‰p Xncp-Øp-∂-Xnt\m IØn-®p-I-f-bp-∂-Xnt\m Bbn F√mKŸ-ßfpw Gev]n®p sImSp-°p-I.

5. am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS ]c-am-[n-Imcw kzoI-cn-°p-I.

6. ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ Hcp ioiva-°m-c\pw ]mjvW-Un-bp-ambnIp‰w hn[n-°p-Ibpw At±-l-hp-ambn _‘w ]pe¿Øp-I-bn-s√∂p ]Xn-⁄-sb-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.

7. tdmΩm Ab-bv°p-Ibpw tdmΩm AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNømØbmsXmcp saXm-t\bpw kzoI-cn-°p-I-bn-s√∂p kXywsNøpI.

8. Hcp ]pXnb saXm≥ hcp-∂-Xp-hsc tUmw sat\-kn-kns\Xs‚ taem-hmbn A\p-k-cn-°p-I.

9. tUmw sat\-knkv \n›-bn-°p∂ ÿeØv Hcp kq\-l-tZmkp hnfn-®p-Iq-´m-sa∂pw AhnsS Xocp-am-\n-°-s∏-Sp-∂hF√mw kzoI-cn®psIm≈m-sa∂pw AXn-tebv°p sshZn-I-tcbpw A¬amb ]Xn-\n-[n-I-sfbpw £Wn-®p-sIm-≈m-sa∂pwhmKvZm\w sNøp-I.

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

52

10. tbm≤m-°-fm¬ ]cn-tk-hn-X-\mbn Hcn-SØpw t]mIm-sX,tUmw sat\-kn-kn-t\m-Sp-IqSn At±-l-Øns‚ hml-\-Øn¬Xs∂ k©-cn-°p-I. Ch-bn-te-sX-¶n-ep-sam∂p kzoI-cn-°p-hm≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-°p-∂Xp F√mw kΩ-Xn-°p-∂-Xn\p Xpey-am-bn-cp-∂p. Chn-sSbpw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ Iog-S-ßn.

DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kq\-l-tZmkv

tUmw sat\-knkv DS-s\-Xs∂ kq\-l-tZm-kn\p th≠ ASn-b-¥c k∂m-l-ßƒ Bcw-`n-®p. AXn-te°p al-tdm≥ in£-bn¬ Iogv F√m sshZn-I-tcbpw a‰p sshZn-I-ÿm-\n-I-tfbpwXm≥ kµ¿in-®n-´n-√m-Øh Dƒs∏sS F√m ]≈n-I-fn¬ \n∂pwXnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ \mep A¬ta-\n-I-sfbpw £Wn-®p. sIm®ncmPm-hns‚ kwÿm-\-Øn¬s]´ DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ F∂ ÿeØpF√m-h-cpw, 130 sshZn-Icpw 660 A¬ta-\n-Ifpw (Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-hcpw ]tXyIw £Wn-°-s∏-´-h-cpw) ktΩ-fn-®p. 1599 Pq¨a≤y-Øn¬ \S-Ø-s∏´ DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kq\-l-tZmkv CXm-Wv.ChnsS h®v ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ Hcp ioiva-°m-c\pw ]mjvW-Un-bp-ambn Ip‰w-hn-[n-°p-∂-Xn\pw tdma-bn¬\n∂p t\cn´p \nb-an-°p∂ saXm-s\-b-√msX a‰m-scbpw kzoI-cn-°p-∂-X-s√∂p]Xn⁄ sNøp-∂-Xn\pw am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sS-ta¬kΩ¿±w sNep-Ø-s∏-´p. t\cn´v F∂ ]Zw i≤n-°p-I. hnip≤]men-bw-hgn _lp-am-\n-X-\m-bn, tdmam-bp-ambn ]I-S-ambkwk¿§-Øn-em-bn-cp∂ Z\-lm-˛-in-a-tbm≥ BWv Cßs\ i]n-°-s∏´ ]mXn-b¿°o-kv.

kq\-l-tZmkv am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS sshZn-I-\n-b-a-ß-fnepw doØnepw auen-I-amb am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. aX-hn-izm-kw, k≥am¿§w in£-Ww, Zpcp-]-tbm-K-ßƒ,A‘-hn-izm-k-ßƒ, BNm-c-ßƒ apX-em-b-h-sb-∏‰n Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-Øp. am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ Ah-bpsS A¿∞hpw ]tbm-Khpw kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw tUmwsat\-kn -kns‚ Bi-b-ßƒ°-\p -cq -] -am -bn -´mWv AhssIImcyw sNø-s∏-´-Xv. Nne UnIn-Iƒ ]c-kv]c hncp-≤-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p; a‰p NneXv hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn icn-bm-bn-cp-∂n√;]e-Xnepw ImW-s∏´ AXn-h¿Æ-\-Ifpw kmam-\y-h¬°-c-W-ßfpw ]d-bm-\n-√. F∂m¬ ]e UnIn-Ifpw \√Xpw D]-tbm-K-]-Z-ß-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

]cn-ip≤ Imt\m-\-Iƒ A\p-k-cn-®p≈ Hcp cq]Xm kq\-l-tZmkv F∂v At±lw Xs∂ hnti-jn-∏n® Cu kq\-l-tZmkv

53

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

\S-Øp-∂-Xn\pw tUmw sat\-kn-kn\v Fs¥-¶nepw A¿lXD≠m-bn-cpt∂m F∂-XmWv ]iv\w. kq\-l-tZm-kn-\p≈ At±-l-Øns‚ £W-°-Ø-\p-k-cn®p Cu kq\-l-tZmkv \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v At±-l-Øn-\p≈ B[mcw F´mw ¢a‚p am¿∏m-∏m-bpsSc≠p Xncp-sh-gp-Øp-Ifpw ]uc-kvXy-Zn-°ns‚ ss]a‰v F∂ Xs‚kz¥w \ne-bpw, Hgn-hm-bn-°n-S-°p∂ A¶-amen `Zm-k-\-Øn\pHcp IØo-U¬ Nm∏¬ Cs√-∂p≈ hkvXp-X-bp-am-Wv. kq\-l-tZmkp \S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ A¶-amen Xs‚ Hcp k^-K≥ `Zm-k-\-a-√m-Xn-cp∂ A¶-amen saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø≥ F∏m¿°n-bn¬ Hcpcq]Xm kq\-l-tZmkp \S-Øp-∂-Xn\p apI-fn¬∏-d™ kwK-Xn-Iƒ bmsXm∂pw, Ah F√mw IqSn-bm-bm-epw, tUmw sat\-kn-kn\p Fs¥-¶nepw A[n-Imcw \¬Ip-hm≥ ]cym-]vX-am-Ip-∂n-√. A°m-eØv A¶-amen t]m¿Øp-K¬ cmPm-hns‚ ]Zp-hm-tZm-bpsS Iogn-ep-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. A°m-esØ eØo≥ lb-cm¿°n-bnepw A¶-amen Dƒs∏-´n-cp-∂n-√.

kq\-l-tZm-kn¬ k∂n-ln-X-cm-bn-cp∂ tdmkv Fkv.-sPbpwIymw t]mdn Fkv.-sPbpw Cutim k`m P\-d-en\pw t]m¿Øp-K-en-ep≈ At±-l-Øns‚ Akn-Ã‚n\pw Ab® IØp-I-fn¬kq\-l-tZmkv hyh-ÿm-]n-X-amb coXn-bn¬ Bbn-cp-∂n-s√∂phy‡-ambn ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p-≠v. Cu IØpIƒ A\p-k-cn®v:

1. kq\-l-tZm-kn¬ am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS A`n-]mbwBcm-™n-cp-∂n-√.

2. AhnsS Xocp-am-\n-°-s∏-´h bmsXm∂pw Ah¿°p a\- n-em-bn-cp-∂n-√.

3. bmsXmcp kq\-l-tZmkpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√; _‘-s∏-´-h¿°pbmsXm∂pw a\- n-em-Im-Xn-cp∂ \nb-a-ß-fpsS hmb\ amX-amWp AhnsS \S-∂-Xv.

4. k∂n-ln-X-cm-b-h¿°p c£m-am¿§w bmsXmcp ]Xn-_-‘hpwIqSmsX ImWn®p sImSp-°p∂Xn\p amX-amWv Xm≥Aßs\ sNbvX-sX∂p sat\-knkv ]d™p.

5. am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p ]n¥m-ßpI km≤y-a-√mØ]e Imcy-ßfpw UnIn-I-fn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

6. tdmkv Fkv.sP bpsS \n¿_‘wsIm≠p amX-amWv k∂n-ln-X-cm-bn-cp-∂-h¿ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°v H∏p-h-®-Xv.

7. tUmw sat\-kn-kns‚ ipjvIm¥n bp‡n iq\y-am-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

54

8. kq\-l-tZmkp Ign-™-Xn-\p-tijw tUmw sat\-knkv \S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ ]eXpw Iq´n-t®¿Øp.

9. k∂n-ln-X-cm-bn-cp-∂-h-cpsS H∏v aqe-tc-J-bn¬\n∂v tdmkvFkv. sP. sbs°m≠p th¿s]-SpØn hmßn, tUmw sat\-kn-kv, AwKo-Im-c-Øn-\mbn tdmam-bn-tebv°v Ab-bv°p-hm≥Xm≥ Xøm-dm-°nb ]Xn-bn¬ Iq´n-t®¿Øp.

10. Cu kq\-l-tZmkv am¿∏m∏m AwKo-I-cn-°-cp-sX∂pw Fgp-Øp-I-fpsS I¿Øm-°ƒ A`y¿∞n-°p-∂p. AXnse sX‰pXncp-Øp-∂-Xmbn tdmkv Fkv. sP. (sa-Xm-s\∂ \ne-bn¬)F√m-h¿°pw Xr]vXn-I-c-amb hn[w A¶-am-en-bn¬ \nb-am-\p-krXw Hcp kq\-l-tZm-kp-IqSnsb∂pw DZ-bw-t]-cq¿sh®ptUmw sat\-knkv Iev]n® Nne Imcy-ßƒ d±m-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂pw hy‡-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

11. tUmw sat\-knkv \S-Øn-bX-√, Xm≥ \S-Ønb kq\-l-tZmkp am¿∏m∏m AwKo-I-cn-°-W-sa∂p tdmkv Fkv. sPAt]-£n-°p-∂p.

CXmWv DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kq\-l-tZmkv AI-I-tØm-en°mam¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS ]p\-ssc-Iy-Øn\v Hcp hyh-ÿ-bmbn. ]n¬°m-eØv CXns‚ kzoI-cWw \n¿_-‘n-X-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kq\-l-tZmkv Fs∂-¶nepw Xncp-knw-lm-k\wAwKo-I-cn-®p-sh∂p ]d-bp∂ bmsXmcp tcJbpw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂n-√. Xncp-knw-lm-k\w AXv AwKo-I-cn-®p-sh∂p k¶-ev]n-®m¬X-s∂, Xncp-knw-lm-k\w AXnse Ia-t°-Sp-I-sf√mw Xncp-Øp-Ibpw \nb-am-\p-kr-X-am-°p-Ibpw sNøm-sX, AØ-c-samcpkq\-l-tZm-kn\p Fs¥mcp _‘-\-i-‡n-bm-Wp-≠m-Ip-I-sb∂ptNmZn-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂p. kq\-l-tZm-kns‚ Ia-t°-Sp-Iƒ°pwAXn¬ sNbvXn-´p≈ ab-Ø-c-ßƒ°pw ]pd-sa, 1606˛se \nb-a-kw-ln-X-bn¬ \n∂p ImWm-hp-∂-Xp-t]mse eØo-\n-I-c-Whpwa‰p Nne Imcy-ßfpw kw_-‘n® kq\-l-tZmkp \S-]-Sn-I-fn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-h-bvs°√mw tdmkv Fkv. sP s]mXpth A\p-Iq-en-bm-bn-cp-∂p. cq]-Xm-kq-\-l-tZm-kp-Iƒ°p tdmam-bpsS AwKo-ImcwBh-iy-an-√m-Xn-cn-t°, B AwKo-Imcw e`n-°p-hm≥ tUmw sat\-knkv ian-®-sX-¥p-sIm-≠mWv? tdmkv Fkv. sP F¥p-sIm-≠mWv AXn\v FXn-cmb \ne-]mSv FSp-ØXv? Xs‚ kq\-l-tZm-kn\p tdmkv Fkv. sP. bpw tdmam-bpsS AwKo-Imcw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn.

55

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

1606˛¬ Kphbm ]kn--≤-s∏-Sp-Ønb coXn-bn-ep≈ Cu kq\-l-tZm-kns‚ IYbpw \S-]-Sn-Ifpw aptJ\ DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kq\-l-tZm-kn¬ ht®m AXn-\ev]w ap≥t]m, Xßƒ am¿tØmΩmInkvXym-\n-Isf ioiva-bn¬ \n∂pw ]mjvW-U-X-bn¬ \n∂pwam\-km-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb∂ Bibw F√m-bn-SØpw, tdmam-bn¬t∏mepw t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im¿ ]N-cn -∏n -®p. F∂m¬am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS KŸ-ß-fn¬ ]am-Z-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw Ah¿ ioiva-°m-tcm, ]mj-WvUn-Itfm A√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬, AXn\p ap≥]v Fs∂-¶nepw Ah¿ Aß-s\-bm-bn-cp-s∂∂p ]d-bm-h-X-√. F∂n-cp-∂mepw t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS ]nb-s∏´ ]kvXm-h-a-\p-k-cn®p DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ht®m AXn-\ev]w ap≥t]m Ahsc (a¿tØmΩm InkvXym\n-I-sf) tdmam-bpsS A\p-k-c-W-Øn-tebv°p sIm≠p-h-∂n-cn-°p-∂p. t]m¿Øp-Kokv cmPmhv \n¿t±-in-°p-Ibpw am¿]m∏m t\cn´p \nb-an-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ saXm≥am-cpsS Iogn¬ sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn-\mbnAhsc ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ `c-Wm-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ \n∂p th¿s]-Sp-Øn-sb∂pw Ahsc eØo-\n-I-cn-®p-sh∂pw Ah-cpsS KŸ-ß-fnse ]am-Z-ßƒ Xncp-Øn-sb∂pw a‰p-amWv Cu ]kvXmhwAXns‚ B¥-cn-I-`m-h-Øn¬, A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv.

A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m\pw kq\-l-tZmkpw

kq\-l-tZmkp Ign-™-t∏mƒ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ am¿∏m-∏mbv°p eØo-\n¬ cNn-°-s∏´ Hcp Fgp-Øn¬ H∏p-h®p AYhmH∏p-h-bv°p-hm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-\m-bn. am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ ioiva-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw tUmw sat\-knkv Ahsc am\-km-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb∂pw BZy-sams° Ah¿ AXns\ FXn¿Øn-cp-s∂∂pw a‰pw B Fgp-Øn¬ At±lw (A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥)]d-bp-Ibpw Bh-iy-amb t`Z-K-Xn-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn DZbwt]cq¿ kq-\-l-tZmkv am¿∏m∏m AwKo-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v At]-£n-°p-IbpwsNøp-∂p. B IØn¬ Xs∂ tUmw sat\-kn-kn-s\-tbm, tdmkvFkv.sPtbm am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS saXm-\mbn \nb-an-°-W-sa∂v At±lw At]-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v. kq\-l-tZmkv Ign™p \mep amk-Øn-\p-tijw A¶-amen cq]-X-bpsShnImcn A∏-kvtXm-en-°bpw Kh¿W-cp-ap≠mbn. A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms‚ ssIb-£-c-Øn¬ D≈ kpdn-bm-\n-bn-em-Is´ At±lwC≥Uy-bpsS Kh¿Æ-cmb A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-\m-Wv. Cu IØn¬H∏p-h-bv°p-hm≥ At±lw \n¿_-‘n-X-\m-b-Xm-sW-∂p-≈Xphy‡-a-sX. Kphm-bpsS ap≥]-d™ ]pkvX-IsØ∏‰n ]n∂oSvAdn-™-t∏mƒ 1624 Unkw-_¿ amk-Øn¬ At±lw AXns\

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

56

]Xn-tj-[n®p ]d™p: ]am-Z-ßƒ Hcp-]t£ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°mw. Zp»m-Ty-tØm-Sp-IqSn ÿocn-I-cn-®n-cp∂ ]mj-WvU-X-IƒD≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Cu k` ]mjvW-U-X-bm¬ Kkn-°-s∏- -Xm-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Cutimk`m sshZn-Icpw a‰p ItØm-en°m k\ymksshZn-Icpw AXn¬ kzoI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.

_nj∏v tdmkv Fkv. sP. eØo≥ `cWw

tIc-f-Øn¬ tUmw sat\-knkv km[n-®-Xn-s\-∏‰n tdmamFs¥-¶nepw Adn-bp-∂-Xn\p ap≥]v tdmkv Fkv.sP. 1599 \hw-_¿ 5˛mw Xob-Xn, am¿ A_m-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn A¶-amen `Zm-k-\-Øn-tebv°p \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-´p. 1599 Unkw-_¿20˛mw XobXn At±lw tKmh-bpsS k^-K-\mbn \nbanX\m-bn. Aßs\ A¶-am-en-bpsS saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø≥ ]Zhn XS-bp-Ibpw \n¿Ø-em-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1600 BKÃv 4˛mw XobXnt]m¿Øp-Kokp cmPm-hns‚ ]mZp-hmtZm A¶-am-en-bpsStaepw_m[-I-am-°n. Aßs\ (]u-c-kvXy) kpdn-bm\n `mj \n¿Øm-em-°p-Ibpw am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Bcm-[-\-IadoØp ]q¿Æ-ambn eØo-\n-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-sXm-gn®v t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im¿ F¥n-s\√mwth≠n ]cn-i-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-t∂m, Ah-sb√mw Ah¿ t\Sn. km[p-°-fmb am¿tØmΩmInkvXym-\n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS Zp¿∫-e-kzcw tdmam-bn¬ tIƒ∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v am¿§-sam∂pw Ah¿°n-√m-bn-cp-∂p.

t]m¿Øp-Kokv eØo≥ `cWw: Akz-ÿX, \nb-a-ew-L-\w, ioiva (17˛mw \q‰m-≠v)

tdmkv (^m≥kn-kv) Fkv.-sP. (1599-˛1624)

am¿ A_m-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn tdmkv Fkv.-sP. 1599\hw-_¿ 5˛mw XobXn \ma-\n¿t±iw sNø-s∏´p. 1599 Unkw-_¿ 20-˛mw XobXn Hcp saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS (ss]-a-‰n-s‚)`Zm-k-\-amb A¶-am-en, tKmh-bpsS Hcp kma¥-c-cq-]-X-bmbnXcw-Xm-gvØ-s∏´p; 1600 BKÃv 4˛mw XobXn AXns\ t]m¿Øp-Kokp cmPm-hns‚ ]Zp-hmtZm A[n-Im-c-Øn≥ Iogn-em-°n. 1601P\p-hcn 25˛mw XobXn tdmkv Fkv.-sP. saXm-\mbn A`n-tj-Nn-°-s∏- p.

Hcp kma-¥- cq-]-X-bpsS ]Z-hn-bn-te°p A¶-amen Xcw-Xm-gvØ-s∏-´p-sh∂ hm¿Ø am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ henb Akz-ÿ-Xbv°p Imc-W-am-bn. Xs‚ `Zm-k\wC¥y-bn¬ H∂m-a-tØ-Xm°n Xo¿°p-hm≥ BK-ln-®n-cp∂

57

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

tUmw sat\-kn-kns‚ ]Wn-bm-Wn-sX∂v Ah¿ ]d-™p.XßfpsS `Zm-k-\-Øns‚ \jvS-s∏´ ]Zhn ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°-W-sa∂p IÆp-\o¿ hm¿Øp-sIm≠p Ah¿ apd-hnfn Iqń. tdmkvFkv.-sP. Ah¿°p-th≠n hmZn-®p. sImSp-ß√q¿ F∂ ÿm\-t∏-tcm-Sp-IqSn Xs‚ Bÿm\w sImSp-ß-√q¿°p am‰n-°n- p-hm≥At±lw ]cn-i-an-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ÿm\-t∏-cnepw Bÿm-\-Øn-ep-ap≈ Cu am‰w Bh-iy-s∏-´p-sIm≠p am¿tØmΩmInkvXym-\n-Iƒ (A-¶-am-en-bn-ep-≈-h¿t]m-epw) eØo-\n¬FgpXn-bn-´p≈ l¿Pn-Iƒ°v H∏p-sh-®p. Cu l¿Pn-I-fn¬ Nne-Xn¬ am¿ A_mlw Hcp s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ Bbn-cp-s∂∂p ]d-™n- p-≠v. tdmkv. Fkv.-sP. CXn-\Iw sImSp-ß-√q¿ Xs∂ Xma-k-am-°n-°-gn™ncp∂p. sImSp-ß-√q¿ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Nne ]tZ-i-ß-fpsS taep≈ A[n-Im-csØ ]Xn tdmkv Fkv.-sP.bpwsIm®n-bnse ^m≥kn-kvI≥ saXm\pw XΩn¬ X¿°-ap-¤-hn-®p. sIm®n saXm≥, sIm®n-bn-tebpw a´m-t©-cn-bn-tebpw (sIm-®n-bn-te-Xn\p ]I-c-ambn \n¿Ωn-®-Xv) ]≈p-cp-Øn-bn-tebpwam¿tØmΩm InkvXy≥ ]≈n-Iƒ t]mse-bp≈ Nne ]≈n-Iƒ _e-ambn ]nSn-®-S-°n. sIm®n saXm≥ Bbp-[-ß-sf-Sp-°p-hm≥ IqSn aSn-®n-√.

Hcn-°epw \n¿Ø-em-°-s∏-ń-bn-cp-∂n-√m-sb-∂-t]m-se, 1608Unkw-_¿ 22-˛mw XobXn A¶-am-en-bpsS saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø≥]Zhn ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´p. F∂m¬ 1609 Unkw-_¿ 3˛mwXobXn A¶-amen F∂ ÿm\-t∏cp sImSp-ß-√q¿ F∂mbnam‰-s∏-´p. sImSp-ß-√qcpw t]m¿Øp-K¬ cmPm-hns‚ ]Zp-hmtZmA[n-Im-c-Øn≥ Iogn-em-bn-cp-∂p. tdmkv. Fkv.-sP.°p 1609 P\p-hcn 26-˛mw XobXn hnip≤ ]menbw \¬I-s∏-´p. AXv At±-lsØ [cn-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ _lp-aXn \¬I-s∏-´Xp A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-\m-bn-cp-∂p. 1610 Unkw-_¿ 22- mw XobXn sIm®n, sImSp-ß-√q¿, ssaem-∏q¿ (C-sXmcp ]Zp-hmtZm Zm-k-\-ambn 1606˛¬-ÿm]n-°-s∏- p) F∂n-h-bpsS AXn¿Øn-Iƒ tUmw sat\-knkv\n¿Æ-bn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. At±-l-sØ-bm-bn-cp∂p AXn-tebv°v\ntbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. tImgn-t°m-Sv, sImSp-ß-√q¿, ]≈n-∏pdwXpSßn Npcp°w eØo≥]-≈n-Iƒ sImSp-ß-√q-cn\p Inń; sIm®n,a´m-t©-cn, ]≈p-cp-Øn, ]pd-°mSv F∂o am¿tØmΩm InkvXy≥]≈n-Iƒ \jvS-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. bmsXmcp doØp hyXym-khpw IqSmsX Ch sIm®n°p e`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu ]cn[n\n¿Æbwaqew sImSp-ß-√q¿ sshZnI kwÿm\-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ GXm\pw mK-ßfpw tIc-f-Øn\p ]pdØv (ssa-kq-cnepw

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

58

a[p-c-bn-epw) H‰-s∏´ Nne ]≈n-Ifpw ÿe-ßfpw amX-am-bn.Cu ]cn-[n°p ]pd-Øp≈ am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-IƒAXmXp ÿesØ saXm-∑m-cpsS Iogn-em-bn. BI-bm¬am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Cu sImSp-ß-√q¿ (A-Xns‚Iogn¬ Npcp°w eØo≥Im-tcm-Sp-IqSn) ap≥]n-esØ A¶-am-en-bn¬\n∂pw XnI®pw `n∂-am-bn-cp-∂p. B A¶-am-en-bpsS A[n-Imcw C¥y apgp-h-\n-ep≈ F√m am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsStaep-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂pXs∂-b-√, sImSp-ß-√q¿ an°-hmdpwHcp eØo≥ cq]-X-bm-bn-´mWv t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im¿ KWn-®p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xv. AXp ]q¿Æ-ambn am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°pamX-ap-≈-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Cu hn[-Øn¬ am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS sshZn-I-ta-e-≤y-£-∑m¿°p Ah-Im-i-s∏- n-cp∂ AJn-te¥ym ]Zhn \ne-hn-en-√m-ØXpw A¿∞-iq-\y-hp-am-bn-Øo¿∂p.C¥y apgp-h≥ hnhn[ ]Zp-hmtZm cq]-X-Iƒ°mbn ]¶p-h-bv°-s∏-´p. sIm®n saXm\pw tdmkv Fkv.-sP.bpw XΩn-ep≈ iWvT-Iƒ XpS¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. F√m-bn-SØpw F√m Imcy-ß-fnepwCutimk -°mcpw ^m≥kn-kvI≥amcpw ]c-kv]cw s]mcp-Xp∂Hcp ]Xo-Xn-bp-f-hm-bn.

tdmkv Fkv.-sP. Hcp eØo-\o-I-c-W-°m-c≥ Bbn-cp-∂p.Ip¿_m\ Bcm-[-\m-I-aw, bma-]m¿∞-\-I-fpsS Nne mK-ßƒCh-sb√mw At±lw eØo-\o-I-cn-®p. ]mNo\ Bcm-[-\m-I-a-Øn\p ]I-cw, _mKm (t]m¿Øp-K¬) cq]-X-bn¬ \S-∏n-en-cp∂Xc-Øn-ep≈ tdma≥ Bcm-[-\m-I-a-Øns‚ ]cn-`mj \S∏m-°n.tdmkv. Fkv.-sP. InkvXob kn≤m-¥-ß-sf-∏‰n ae-bm-f-Øn¬Hcp KŸ-sa-gp-Xn. eØo≥ (tdm-a≥) s]m¥n-^n-°-ens‚ `K-ßƒ (]u-ckvXy) kpdn-bm\n `mj-bn-te°p X¿÷a sNbvXp.tdma≥ XIvkm-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ XIvkm-bpsS D≈-S-°-ßƒ Iao-I-cn-®p. At±lw ]≈n-Iƒ kµ¿in-°p-Ibpw, a‰p-≈-h¿ kµ¿in-°p-hm≥ t]cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1603-˛¬ A¶-am-en-bn¬ Hcp kq\-l-tZmkp hnfn-®p-Iq-´n, DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ \S-]-Sn-I-fnse sX‰p-Iƒ Xncp-Øp-Ibpw 1606-˛¬ Xs‚ cq]Xm \nb-a-kw-lnX tImUo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms‚A[n-Im-c-ßƒ an°-hmdpw C√m-Xm-°n-s°m≠v F√m A[n-Im-c-ßfpw X∂n-te°p tIµo-I-cn-®p. CsX√mw At±-lhpw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m\pw XΩn¬ Atem-k-c-ßƒ°v hgn sXfnbn®p. CXn¬sIm®n saXm\pw ^m≥kn-kvI∑mcpw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms\ ]e-t∏mgpw klm-bn-°m-Xn-cp-∂n-´n-√. 1608-˛¬ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥Xs‚ ]cm-Xn-Iƒ enkv_-Wn-ep≈ t]∏¬ \q¨jn-tbmsbFgpXn Adn-bn-®p. ]t£, AXn\p bmsXmcp adp-]-Snbpw D≠m-

59

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

bn-√. A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms\ al-tdm≥ sNm√p-I-t]mepw sNbvXp.F∂m¬ 1615-˛¬ At±-lsØ AXn¬\n∂p tamNn-∏n-®p. CXn-\n-S-bn¬ as‰m-cmƒ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-\mbn \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-´p.tdmkv Fkv.-sP. tKmh-bn-tebv°p t]mb Ah-k-c-Øn¬ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms\ AUvan-\n-kvtS-‰¿ Bbn \nb-an-°m-ØXpaqe-am-sW∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p, 1618-˛¬ ho≠pw iWvT s]mń-∏p-d-s∏-´p.A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms‚ sNbvXn-Iƒ \ntcm-[n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn tdmkvFkv.sP. Bbp-[-k-lmbwt]mepw Bi-bn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.tdmkv Fkv. sPbpambn _‘-s∏-ń-cp∂ s^\otNym Fkv.-sP.tdmkns‚ hnip-≤nsb A`n-\-µn-s°-Øs∂ At±-l-Øn\vCßs\ Fgp-Xn: “P\-ßƒ \sΩ ]cn-l-kn-°p-∂p.... Cu cq]-X-bmWv C¥y-bn¬ G‰hpw tami-ambn `cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sX∂vAh¿ ]d-bp-∂p. am¿tØmΩm sshZn-I¿°v Cutim k`-°mscAh-cpsS ]≈n-I-fn¬ Bh-iy-an-√... Xßƒ C\n Hcn-°epwHcp Cutim-k`m saXm\v hnt[-b-cm-I-bn-s√∂v Ah¿ ]Xn-⁄-sb-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-]-[m-\-amb Imcy-ßƒ saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ssIbn¬Øs∂ Ccp-∂p-sIm-≈-s´. _m°n-bp-≈-h A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms‚ ssIbn-epw...” am¿ A_mlw Xs‚]n≥Km-an-bmbn \n¿t±-in-®n-cp-∂-bmfpw ]me-bqsc \nbp‡saXm-\p-am-bn-cp∂ (Cu-tim-bp-sS) Koh-dp-Kokv A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms‚ A\-¥n-c-h-\mb (Ip-cn-in-s‚) Koh¿Ko-km-bn-cp∂p CuA¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥. Ct±lw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kq\-l-tZm-kn¬ Xs‚ `mKw A`n-\-bn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

tdmkv Fkv.-sP. 1624 s^_p-hcn 16-˛mw XobXn \ncym-X-\m-bn. Ão^≥ _nt´m Fkv.-sP. At±-l-Øns‚ A\-¥-co-b-\mbn.

_nt´m (Ão-^≥) Fkv.-sP. (1624-˛1641)

Bcw-`-Øn¬ _nt´m Fkv.-sPbpw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m\pwkplr-Øp-°-fm-bn-cp∂p; ]t£ hf-sc-thKw Ah¿ iXp-°-fm-bn-Øo¿∂p. _nt´m Fkv.-sP. 1627-˛¬ CS-∏-≈n-bn¬ Hcp ktΩ-f\w \S-Øp-I-bpw, ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øn-tebv°p kzoI-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂Ipń-Isf kw_-‘n® N´-ß-fp-≠m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1628-˛¬Xs∂ tUman-\n-°-∑m¿ ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bn¬ Hcp skan-\mcn Bcw-`n-®p. Xs‚ cq]Xbn¬ Ah-cpsS km∂n≤yw _nt´m Fkv.-sP.CjvS-s∏-ń-cp-∂n-s√-¶n-epw, Ah¿ am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fp-ambn CjvS-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. 1608-˛se Xs‚ At]-£bv°pbmsXmcp adp-]-Snbpw e`n-®n-ń-√m-sb∂p ]cm-Xn-s∏-´p-sIm≠vA¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ ho≠pw enkv_-Wnse t]∏¬ \q¨jn-tbm-bvs°-gp-Xn. a‰p k\ym-k-k-`-°m¿ tIc-f-Øn¬ ]th-in-°p-∂-

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

60

Xn\p Cutim-k-`-°m¿ XS- -am-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw Cutim-k-`-°m¿°p c‡-km-£n-I-fm-cp-an-s√-∂pw, Ah¿°v AssI-kvX-hsc am\-km-¥-c-s∏-Sp-ØpI km≤y-a-s√∂pw tUman-\n-°≥k`mw-K-amb sUm\m-tØmsb _nt´m Fkv.-sP.-bpsS klmbsaXm-\mbn \nb-an-°-W-sa∂pw B IØn¬ At±lw \n¿t±-in-®n-cp-∂p. \q¨jntbm Cu At]-£sb ip]m¿i sNøp-Ibpwtdmam sUm\m-tØmsb _nt´m Fkv.-sPbpsS klmb--sa-Xm-\mbn \ma-\n¿t±iw sNøp-Ibpw D≠m-bn. ]t£ tIc-f-Øn-te-°p≈ bmXm-at≤y IS¬°-≈-∑m-cm¬ sUmt\mtØm h[n-°-s∏-´p. am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS k\ym-k-k` F∂-t]-cn¬sshZn-I¿°mbn _nt´m Fkv.-sP. CS-∏-≈n¬ Hcp k\ym-km-iaw ÿm]n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. AXnse AwK-ßƒ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms‚ ]£w tNcp-Ibpw N´-ß-f-\p-k-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ IWn-i-an-√m-Ø-h-cm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. _nt´m-bpsS kpdn-bm\n`mjm-⁄-X-aqew Xß-fpsS doØn¬ ]am-Z-ßƒ IS-∂p-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw Hcp (]u-c-kvXy) kpdn-bm\n saXm-\m¬`cn-°-s∏-S-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p DZ-bw-t]-cq-scbpw A¶-am-en-bn-sebpw Xß-fpsS A`y¿∞-\-sb∂pw, Ah¿°v CjvS-s∏´ ÿe-ß-fn-e-√msX Cutim-k- -°m¿ kpdn-bm-\n- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂n-s√-∂pw,cmPmhv sshZn-I¿°p Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-Øn-cp∂ Ip¿_m-\-∏Ww apgp-h-\mbn Cutim-k-`-°m¿ Ah¿°p \¬Ip-∂n-s√∂pw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-t\mSv Btem-Nn-°msX _nt´m ]≈n-Iƒ°p hnIm-cn-amsc \nb-an-®p-h-cp-s∂∂pw, 1632-˛¬ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥t]m¿Øp-K¬ cmPm--hn-t\mSp ]cm-Xn-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. 1636˛\pw1637˛\panSbv°p tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ I¿Ω-eoØm kp∏o-cn-b¿ km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv, AXp kpdn-bm\n doØns\ \njvTq-c-am-b-hn[w eØo-\nI-cn-°p∂ Hcp Ime-L-´-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv. ]£p-_m-[m-hÿ h¿≤n-®p. A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms‚ kΩ-Xw-Iq-SmsX GsX-¶nepw hnIm-cnsb \nb-an-°p-Itbm \o°w sNøp-I-tbm, kkvs]≥Up sNøp-I-tbm, Bsc-sb-¶nepw al-tdm≥sNm√p-Itbm sNøp-∂-X-s√∂p Hcp tcJ-bn¬ _nt´m Fkv.-sP. H∏p-h-bvt°≠n h∂p. Cu tcJ am‰n-s°m-Sp-°p-hm≥ 1636˛¬-t]m¿Øp-Kokv shtkm-bn, \n¿_-‘n®p t\m°n-sb-¶nepwA¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ Iui-e-Øn¬ AXp Hfn-®p-sh-®-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ (Ip-cn-in-s‚) Koh-dp-Kokv 1637-˛¬ \ncym-X-\m-bn. tXmΩm A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bm-bn. _nt´m Fkv.-sP. 1641˛¬ acWw ]m]n-®p. ^m≥knkv

61

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

Km¿kym Fkv.-sP. At±-lsØ ]n¥p-S¿∂p. _nt´m Fkv.sP.C¥y-bpsS saXm-t∏m-eoØm F∂mWv H∏p-h-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

Km¿kym (^m≥ko-kv) Fkv.-sP. (1641˛1659)

]pXnb saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw (Km¿kym Fkv.-sP. bpw)]pXnb A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m\pw (tXm-Ωm-bpw) XΩn¬ icn-bmbHcp kacw Xs∂ Bcw-`n-®p. Xs‚ kΩXw IqSmsX saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°p bmsXm∂pw sNøm-\mhn-s√∂pw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ h≥]p-]-d-™n-cp-∂p. ]e Imcy-ß-fnepw Km¿kym Fkv.-sP. A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m\p Iog-S-tß-≠n-h∂p. s\kvtXm-dn-b≥,tIm]vSn-Iv XpS-ßnb ]mXn-b¿°o-kp-am-cp-ambn A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m\p cl-ky IØn-S-]m-Sp-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂m¬ Nne-cpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ At±lw (I-tØmen-°) ]uckvXy kpdn-bm\n (I¬Zm-b) ]mX-b¿°o-kn\p amXtaFgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. 1656˛¬ t]m¿Øp-K-en-tebv°v At±lwAb® IØn¬ Ign™ A≥]XpsIm√-ambn Xm≥ _m_n-tem-Wn-tebvt°m at‰-sX-¶nepw ÿe-tØt°m Fgp-Xn-bn-´n-s√∂vA¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ ]d™n´p≠v. CXp \mw ]n∂mse ]d-bm≥t]mIp∂ At± -l-Øns‚ saXm -t∏m -eo -Øm -bm -bp≈I]Sm`ntj-I -Øn\ptij-am -Wv . AXn -\m¬ ]Xy -£-Øn¬Xs∂ AXp Akzo-Im-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p. tdmam-bnse s]m∏-Km¥m Xncp-kw-LØns‚ ]pcm-hkvXp tiJ-c-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Cu Ime-L-´Ønse tcJ-Iƒ sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xp Xncp-knw-lm-k-\-hp-ambn CS-]mSp \S-Øp-∂-Xn\p Xs‚ s]m°p-td-‰¿ Bbn tdmam-bnse km¥m adnbm sU√m kvImf \njv]m-ZpI I¿Ω-eoØm Bi-a-Øns‚ ]ntbmsc A¿°-Zn-bmt°m≥\nban®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv.

am¿ Al-Ø≈m

1652˛¬ Hcp Al-Ø≈m ssaem-∏-qcn-seØn. h∂-bp-Ss\Xm≥ “AJn-te-¥ym-bp-sSbpw ssN\m-bpsSbpw ]mXn-bm¿°o-km-sW”∂pw “\ΩpsS \mY-\mb am¿∏m-∏m-bn¬\n∂pw F√mA[n -Im -c -ßfpw X\n°p e`n -®n -´p -s≠”∂pw At±lwam¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Isf Adn-bn-®p. X\n-°p-Np‰pw AWn-\n-c-°p-hm≥ “ssZh-am-Xm-hmb I\ym-a-dn-b-Øns‚ \ma-Øn¬”At±lw am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Isf £Wn-®p. am¿tØmΩmInkvXy≥ kap-Zmbw H∂msI DtØ-Pn-X-ambn; F√m ÿeØpwa’-c-ß-ƒ s]m´n-∏p-d-s∏-´p. Al-Ø-≈m-bpsS KXn-hn-K-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn®p ssaem-∏q-cn¬\n∂p ^mZ¿ am\p-h¬ Un eodm Fkv.-

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

62

sP. t]m¿Øp-Kokv A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°p clky Adnhp \¬In.t]m¿Øp-Kokv A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Ime-hn-fw-_-sat\y At±-lsØsIm®n-hgn tKmh-bn-te°p \mSp-I-S-Øn.

Iq\≥Ip-cn-ip- kXyw

A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ Hcp kwLw ]S-bm-fn-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn sIm®n-bn-seØn ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ (A-l-Ø-≈m-sb) ImW-W-sa∂pw At±-l-Øns‚ km£y-]-X-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°-W-sa∂pwBh-iy-s∏-´p. km£y-]-X-ßƒ IrXn-a-ß-fm-sW∂p sXfn-™m¬ ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ tamNn-∏n-°-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-I-bn-s√∂p At±lw ]d-™p. t]m¿ØpKo-kp-Im¿ BZyw kΩ-Xn-®p. F∂m¬ DS-s\-Xs∂ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-s\tbm At±-l-Øns‚ A\p-Km-an-I-sftbm, At±-l-sØ-tbm, At±-l-Øns‚A[n-Im-c-]-X-ßtfm ImWn-°msX Al-Ø-≈msb tKmh-bn-te°p \mSp-I-S-Øn. saXm-t∏m-eoØm Km¿kym Fkv.-sP.-bpsSs]cp-am‰w [n°m-c-]-c-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. t]m¿Øp-Kokv cmP-ÿm-\-Øns‚ Adnhp IqSmsX bmsXmcp saXm\pw\nb-am-\p-kr-X-ambn am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS ]°¬hcnI km≤y-a-s√-∂m-bn-cp∂p t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS hmZw.

sIm®n IS¬Xo-cØp t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im¿ Al-Ø-≈sbap°n-s°m-∂p-sh∂ sX‰mb Hcp Inwh-Z¥n ]c-∂p. At∏mƒA¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ t]m¿Øp-Kokv I∏n-Øm\v Cßs\ FgpXn:F∂p-am-X-a-√, I∏n-Øm-t\, ]ueo-kvX-cmb ]mXn-cn-am¿(Cutim-k-`-°m¿) Rß-fn¬\n∂p FSpØpIf™ ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\, kXy-sa-s¥-∂-dn-bp-∂-Xn\pw, Cu InkvXob kap-Zmbw apgp-h≥ AXp A\p-k-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw th≠n, XncnsIsIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn\p Xo£vW-ambn ]cn-i-an-°-W-sa∂p ssZh-kvt\-l-sØ-]-Xnbpw, InkvXob kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ tkh-\-sØ-]-Xnbpw Atß _lp-am-\y-X-tbmSp Rm≥ A`y¿∞n-°p-∂p.F∂m¬ ]ueo-kvXy-cm¬ h[n-°-s∏-Sp-I-aqew ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ lmP-cm-°pI km[y-a-s√-¶n¬ (tUm-an-\n-°≥, AK-kvXo-\n-b≥. ]m≥kn-kvI≥, I¿Ω-eoØm F∂) \mep k\ymkk`-bn¬s]´ a‰m-sc-¶nepw am¿]m-∏m-bpsS Iev]\]ImcwChnsS hc-s´, kpdn-bm\n `mjm-⁄m-\hpw Rßsf ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm\pw klm-bn-°p-hm\pw Ign-hp-ap≈ Hcmƒ Bbn-cn-°Ww.F∂m¬ ]ueo-kvX¿ th≠m. Ahsc Rßƒ Aev]hpw BK-ln-°p-∂n-√. ImcWw Ah¿ Rß-fp-sSbpw ]cn-ip-≤-am-Xm-hmbtdmam-k- -bp-sSbpw iXp-°-fm-Ip-∂p. Ch-scm-gnsI a‰m-sc-¶nepw

63

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

hc-t´, bmsXmcp Bi-¶bpw IqSmsX Ahsc A\p-k-cn-°p-hm≥ Rßƒ Xøm-dm-Wv.

]n∂oSv k∂n-ln-X-cm-bn-cp-∂-h-sc√mw sIm®n-°-Sp-Øp≈ a´m-t©-cn-bn-te-bv°p \oßn. AhnsS ]mc-ºcyw ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mseshfnº--tZ-i-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ Iq\≥Ip-cniv F∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂Ipcn-in¬ \of-ap≈ Hcp Ib¿sI-ń, Ib-dn¬ ]nSn-®p-sIm-≠v,taem¬ Hcn-°epw ]ueo-kvXy-cpsS (A-Xm-bXv Cutim-k-`-°m-cp-sS) Iogn¬ Bbn-cn-°p-∂-X-s√∂p kXyw sNbvXp. 1653P\p-hcn 3˛mw XobXn \S∂ Cu kXy-]-Xn-⁄-tbmSp Npcp°wNne-scm-gnsI (400-˛Hm. 500-˛Hm 4000 Hm?) F√m am¿tØmΩmInkvXym-\n-Ifpw tbmPn®p\n∂p. Cu kXyw doØns\ kw_-‘n-°p∂ Hcp ]iv\-Øn¬ \n∂p-amXw cq]w ]q≠-X-√. ]XypX]mtZ-inI kzbw- -c-W-Øn\v A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ Ah-Imiw Xnc-kvIr-X-am-bn -cn -°p-∂p-sh-∂p≈ ZrV-t_m-[y-Øn¬\n∂p IqSn-bm-Wv.

A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥, I]S saXm-t∏m-eoØm

AkwXr]vX¿ CS-∏-≈n-bn¬ Hcp tbmKw IqSn. A\-¥cw1653 tabv 22-˛mw XobXn Be-tßm´p ktΩ-fn®v Km¿kym Fkv.-sP.sb A\p-k-cn-°p∂Xs√∂p kphn-tijw ]nSn®p kXywsNbvXp. ]¥≠p sshZn-I¿ tXmΩm A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms‚ Xe-bn¬ ssIh®p At±-lsØ H∂mw am¿tØmΩm saXmt∏m-eoØm F∂p hnfn-®p. Al-Ø-≈m-bpsS Iev]\ A\p-k-cn®vXßƒ CXn\p A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-ń-´p-s≠∂p k∂n-ln-X-cm-b-hsc hniz-kn-∏n-®p. Al-Ø-≈m-bpsS IØv (AXp IrXn-a-am-bn-cp-∂p) Dds° hmbn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ipd-hn-e-ßm- p-°m-c≥ ]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n (Un Iymw t]m F∂p bqtdm-]y≥am¿ At±-lsØ hnfn-°p-∂p) ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-°m-c≥ IS-hn¬ Nm≠n, A¶-am-en-°m-c≥ sh≠q¿ Koh-dp-Ko-kv, I√n-t»-cn-°m-c≥ B™n-en-aq-ń¬ Cń-sØm-Ω≥ F∂n \mep sshZn-Isc Cu I]S saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°p D]-tZ-jvSm-°-fmbn \¬I-s∏-´p. I]S saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS skI-´dn Ubmkv Fs∂mcp eØo≥ sshZn-I\pw \nb-an-X-\m-bn. B ]¥≠p sshZn-I¿ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms‚ ta¬ Xß-fpsS ssIIƒ h®-t∏mƒ Ah-cpsS Dt±iywbYm¿∞ A`n-tj-I-am-bn-cpt∂m F∂p ChnsS Hcp tNmZy-ap-≠m-Imw. AsX-ß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂mepw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥, \nb-am-\p-kr-X-amb saXm≥ ]´m-`n-tjIw e`n-°p-hm≥ ]c-ky-ambnian-®n-cp-s∂-¶nepw saXm-\-SpØ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ ]tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

64

]ecpw Cu \S-]-Snsb AwKo-I-cn-®n-√. Ah-cpsS A`n-]mbwtdmam-bpsS Xocp-am-\-a-\p-k-cn®p ]h¿Øn-°m-sa-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.AXr-]vX-∑m-cpsS t\Xm-°-∑m¿ Hcp am\n-s^-tÃm-bn¬ F√mw\nb-am-\p-kr-X-am-bn-cp-s∂∂p ]Jym-]n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. B am\n-s^-tÃm- ]d-bp∂p: “km≥tXm-an-te°p t]mIp-Ibpw ]kvXpX]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ kµ¿in-°p-Ibpw sNbvX \ΩpsS Bfp-Iƒ (A-h-cn¬ c≠p t]¿ ssaem-∏qsc km≥tXm-an¬ h®v Al-Øp-≈msb kµ¿in-°p-I-bpw, apI-fn¬ ]d™ At±-l-Øns‚IØv At±-l-Øn¬ \n∂p kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.) At±-l-Øn¬\n∂v Hcp IØpw A[n-Im-c-]-Xhpw kzoI-cn®p \ΩpsS]°-tebv°p sIm≠ph∂n-cp-∂p. Ah-bmWv \sΩ \bn-°p-∂-Xv. BI-bm¬ am¿∏m-∏m-bp-sSbpw ]cn-ip≤ amXm-hmb tdmamk -bp-sSbpw Iev]\ A\p-k-cn®ph∂ ]mXo-b¿°o-kns‚ DØ-chpw Iev]-\bpw ASn-ÿm-\-am°n \mw Hcp saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb Ah-tcm-[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-s\-∏‰n ]ueo-kvX-cmb]mXn-cn-am¿ Ah-cpsS ]kw-K-]o-T-ß-fn¬\n∂p ]kw-Kn-°p-Ibpw \mw ioiva-°m-cm-sW∂p ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXmepw \mw]kvXpX saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-tbm-Sp-IqSn Pohn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. sIm®n-bn¬ sh®p Xßƒ D∂-bn® ]cm-Xn-Iƒ tIƒ°-s∏-ń-√m-sb∂p]d-™-tijw am\n-s^tÃm XpS-cp∂p: “BI-bm¬, Ah¿ ]cn-ip≤ ]nXm-hn-s‚bpw ]cn-ip≤ amXm-hmb tdmam-k`bpsSbpwimk\ßƒ°v bmsXmcp ]cn-K-W\bpw \¬ImØXn\mepw,]ueo-kvX-cmb ]mXn-cn-am¿ (= Cutim k`m sshZn-I¿) \Ωp-sSbpw ]cn-ip≤ amXm-hmb tdmam- k-`-bp-sSbpw iXp-°-fm-I-bm-epw, ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ \mw \ΩpsS IÆp-sIm≠p ImWp-∂Xphsc, Ah-cp-ambn \ap°v bmsXmcp kulm¿±-_-‘hpwD≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-X-s√∂pw B k\ymk k`-bn¬s∏´ saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb Hcp hn[-Ønepw A\p-k-cn-°p-∂-X-s√∂pwChnsS k∂n-ln-X-cm-bn-cn-°p∂ \mw Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p.

]ecpw thKw I]-S-sa-Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb hn´pt]mbn. A°q-´-Øn¬ B™n-en-aq-ń¬ Cń-sØm-Ω≥ IØ-\m-scm-gn-sI-bp≈F√m D]-tZ-jvSm-°fpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. Cń-sØm-Ω≥ IØ-\m¿Hcp a¥-hm-Znbpw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms‚ saXm≥ ÿm\m`n-tjIwam¿∏m∏m AwKo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂p P\-ßsf hniz-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn t]∏¬ tcJ-Iƒ IrXn-a-ambn D≠m-°p-∂-Xn¬G¿s∏- n-cp-∂-bm-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ ssII-fn¬ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ shdp-samcp ]mh amX-am-bn-cp-∂p.

65

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

I¿Ω-eoØm IΩn- -dn-am¿

\njv]m-ZpI I¿Ω-eo-Øm-°m¿ CXn\p ap≥]p-Xs∂am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v Adn-b-s∏- n-cp-∂p. I]S saXm-t∏m-eoØm BIp-∂-Xn\p ap≥]pw ]n≥]pw, A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥tdmam-bnse km¥m adnb sU√m-kvIme \njv]m-ZpII¿ΩeoØm k\ym-km-i-a-Øns‚ ]otbm-cp-ambn Fgp-Øp-Ip-Øn-te¿s∏-´n-cp-∂p. Xncp-knw-lm-k-\-hp-ambn CS-s]-Sp-∂-Xn\pAt±-lsØ Xs‚ s]m°p-td-‰¿ Bbn, apI-fn¬ ]d-™-Xp-t]mse A¿°-Zn -bm -t°m≥ \nb-an -®n -cp -∂p. BI-bm¬am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ, Xßsf klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn\pI¿Ω-eo-Øm-°msc Ab-®p-X-cp-hm≥ ]otbm¿ hgn am¿]m-∏m-tbmSp A`y¿∞n-®p. Chn-SsØ ]cnXxÿnXn-I-sf-°p-dn®v Cutimk -°mcpw t]m¿Øp-Kokv Kh¨sa‚pw tdmamsb Adn-bn-®n- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

s]m∏-Km¥m Xncp-kw-L-Øns‚ Iogn¬, tPmk^v adnbmsk_-kvXym-\n-bp-sSbpw ^bm-kn¥v Hm^v sk‚ v hn≥sk‚n-s‚bpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Ch¿ c≠p-t]cpw IΩn-kdn A∏-kvtXm-en-°p-am-cm-bn-cp∂p ˛ c≠p Kq∏p-I-fmbn I¿Ω-eo-Øm-°mscam¿∏m∏m tIc-f-Øn-te-°-b-®p. BZy-ambn 1655˛¬ sk_-kvXym\n FØn-t®¿∂p. At±lw Xt∂m-Sp-IqSn tKmh-bn¬\n∂p aØtbm F∂ Hcp I¿Ω-eo-Øm-°m-c-s\bpw sIm≠p-h-∂n-cp-∂p. At±lw, K¿kym Fkv. sP. bpambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn-°msX A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-\p-ambn t\cn v CS-s]´p XpS-ßn. am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS \n¿t±iw Ahsc ]c-kv]cw cRvPn-∏n-°p-hm-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Al-Ø-≈msb am¿∏m∏m Ab-®-Xm-sW∂p hniz-kn-®-Xn¬ Ah¿°p sX‰n-t∏m-sb∂pw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms‚ \ne-]m-Sns\ tdmam AwKo-I-cn-®n-´n-s√∂pw P\-ßsf a\- n-em-°pIamXta At±-lw sNtø-≠n-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. I¿Ω-eo-Øm-°m¿I¿Ω-eoØm thj-a-Wn-™n-´p≈ Cutim-k-`-°m-cm-sW-∂p≈]Nm-cWw aqe-hpw, A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms‚ I£n-°m-cn¬ Nne¿CXn-\Iw aX-`m-¥-cmbn Xo¿∂n-cp-∂-Xn-\mepw At±-l-Øns‚bXv\w Nne-t∏m-sgs° AXy¥w ]bm-k-I-c-ambn Xo¿∂n-cp-∂p. ]ecptSbpw ]tXy-In®p ]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n-bp-tSbpw IS-hn¬Nm≠n-bp-tSbpw ap´w ]≈n hnIm-cn-bp-sSbpw kºq¿Æ ]n¥p-W-aqew At\-Isc XncnsI sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn\p sk_-kvXym-\n°p km[n-®p. A\-¥cw atØ-tbmsb ChnsS \n¿Øn-s°m≠v Xs‚ dnt∏m¿´p ka¿∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn sk_-kvXym\ntdman-te°p t]mbn. At±-l-Øns‚ Akm-∂n-≤y-Øn¬, lbm-

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

66

kn¥v Hm^v sk‚ v hn≥sk‚ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ at‰ Kq∏vChnsSsbØn A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-\p-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-N\ \S-Øn.A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ Xs‚ hSnbpw apSnbpw t]mepw Dt]-£n-®p.F∂m¬ K¿kym Fkv.sP. \nb-an-®n-cp∂ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥Xs‚ ÿm\w Dt]-£n-°p-hm≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-°p-Ibm¬ At±lw(A-t±lw I]S saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm) Xs‚ ]gb \ne-bn-tebv°p]n¥n-cn-™p.

sk_-kvXym\n 1661˛¬ lotdm-t∏m-eo-kns‚ ÿm\nIsaXm\pw sImSp-ß-√q-cns‚ A∏-kvtXm-enIv AUvan-\n-kvtS-‰-cp-ambn Xncn-s®-Øn. 1659˛¬ Km¿kym Fkv. sP \ncym-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

]d-ºn¬ am¿ Nm≠n saXm≥

1662˛¬ U®p-Im¿ t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Imsc tXm¬]n®p sIm®n]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp. as‰√m bqtdm-]y≥amcpw tIcfw hn´p-t]m-Ip-hm≥Ah¿ \n¿_-‘n-®p. sk_-kvXym\n At∏mƒ ]d-ºn¬Nm≠nsb saKm-dm -bpsS ÿm\nI saXm\pw ae-_m¿s]mhn≥kns‚ hnImcn A∏-kvtXm-en-°-bp-ambn (A-t±-l-Øn\vHcp klmb saXms\ \nb-an-°p-∂Xp kw_‘n® _qf-bn¬]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse “Commissario (Commissarius) seuVicario (Vicarius) Apostolico (Apostolicus) Provinciae SerraeMalabariae seu. S. Thomae” hmgn-®p. Cu am¿ Nm≠n I]SsaXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Btem-N-\-°m-cn¬ Hcmfpw At±-l-hp-ambn ASpØ c‡-_-‘-ap-≈-bm-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p. I]S saXm-t∏m-eoØm ]c-ky-ambn al-tdm≥ sNm√-s∏-´p.

Hcp kkyimkvX-⁄-\m-bn-cp∂ ^mZ¿ atØtbm U®pKh¿W-dpsS ]oXn kºm-Zn-°p-Ibpw, tIc-f-Øn¬Xs∂ \n¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1673˛¬ At±lw NmXymØv Hcp ]≈n ]Wn-Xp.hfsc thKw Xncn-®p-h-cp-sa∂ ]Xo-£n-°-s∏-´n-cp∂ I¿Ω-eo-Øm-°m¿°p-th≠n Nm≠n saXm≥ B ]≈nsb saXms‚`c-Wm-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ \n∂v Hgn-hm-°n. Cu Hgn-hm-°¬ A\p-h-Zn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ tcJ-bn¬ am¿ Nm≠n Xs∂-∏‰n ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xv AJn-te-¥ym-bpsS saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-sb-∂mWv. At\IwAkw-Xy-]vXsc At±lw Xs‚ ]£-tØbv°p sIm≠ph∂p.

]pØ≥Iq-‰p-Imcpw ]g-b-Iq-‰p-Imcpw

I]S saXmt∏meoØm Xs‚ \ne Zp¿_-e-s∏-´p-h-cp-∂p-sh∂p I≠p-sIm≠v 1665˛¬ am¿ KntKm-dn-tbmkv F∂p

67

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

t]cmb Hcp hntZi bmt°m-_mb saXm-s\, \nb-am-\p-kr-X-amb saXm≥ ]´m-`n-tjIw At±-l-Øn¬ \n∂p kzoI-cn-°m-sa-∂p≈ Dt±-iy-tØm-Sp-IqSn tIc-f-Øn-tebv°p hcp-Øn. am¿KntKm-dn-tbmkv Ft∏m-sg-¶nepw At±-l-Øn\v A`n-tjIw\¬In-tbm-sb∂ Imcyw kwi-bm-kv]-Z-am-Wv. am¿ KntKm-dn-tbm-kv, t\scadn-®v, Akw-Xy-]vXsc bmt°m-_mb hnizmkw]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw, tdma≥ ]c-am-[n-]Xyw \ntj-[n-°p-hm≥ Ahsct]cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]t£ Bcw-`-L-´-Øn¬ HcpItØm-en-°-s\-t∏mse h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ At±lw \n¿_-‘n-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

]pXnb hnizmkw (bm-t°m-_mb hnizm-kw) kzoI-cn-®-hsc]pØ≥Iq-‰p-Im¿ (]p-Xnb I£n-°m¿) F∂p hnfn-®n-cp-∂p.C∂pw Aß-s\-Xs∂ hnfn-°p-∂p. \mw CXn-\p-ap≥]p apI-fn¬kqNn-∏n® ]ueo-t\mkv Hm^v sk‚ v _¿Ø-tem-aym, At±-l-Øns‚ A]-Im-inX ssIsb-gpØp ]Xn-I-fn¬ H∂n¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv B c≠p-t]-cp-Ifpw am¿ KntKm-cn-tbm-kns‚ BK-a-\-Øn\pap≥]p-Xs∂ D¤-hn®psh∂pw, tdmam-bn-tebv°p AXn\p ap≥]p-Xs∂ \nth-Z-\-ß-f-b-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw, tdmambpsS Xocp-am-\-ß-f-\p-k-cn®p ]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®-hsc ]g-b-Iq-‰p-Im¿F∂pw A√m-Ø-hsc ]pØ≥Iq-‰p-Im-sc∂pw hnfn-®p-h∂p F∂p-am-Wv.

d^m-tb¬ ^nKz-tdtZm

]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n saXm≥ Hcp klmb saXms\ Bh-iy-s∏-´p. Xs‚ A\-¥n-c-h≥ aØm-bnsb B ÿm\-tØbv°p\n¿t±-in-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. U®p-Im-cpsS ]tXyI ]mkvt]m¿´phgn 1676˛¬ tIc-f-Øn-se-Øn-t®¿∂n-cp∂ I¿Ω-eo-Øm-°m-sc,Hcp klmb saXms\ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\p tdmam A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øn. Ign-bp-∂X Hcp C≥Uym-°m-c-s\-Øs∂ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-hm≥ Ah-tcmSv Bh-iy-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. Cu Iev]-\sb A£-cm¿∞w kzoI-cn-®p-sIm≠v Xnc-s™-Sp-∏p-Im¿ 1677˛¬ C≥Uy-bn¬ P\n® ˛ Hcp t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im-c\v C≥Uy≥ kvXobn¬P\n® ˛ Hcp d^m-tb¬ ^nKz-td-tZmsb Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp.Aßs\ sNøp-∂-Xn\p Ah¿°v Ah-cpsS kz¥-amb Imc-W-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°mw. Cu klmb saXm≥ am¿ Nm≠nsbA\p-k-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I-bpw, At±-lsØ Xncs™ SpØ I¿Ω-eo-Øm-°m¿°p Xs∂bpw hf-sc-tbsd k¶-S-ß-fp-≠m-°n-Øo¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. d^m-tb¬ nKz-td-tZm-bpsS Xnc-s™-

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

68

Sp-∏p-aqew am¿ Nm≠n-bpsS ]p\-sscIyia-ßƒ ]Xn-_-‘n-°-s∏-´p. 1687˛¬ ]t£ At±lw \ncym-X-\m-bn. d^m-tb¬ ^nKz-td-tZm-bpsS Imcyw tdmam-bn-te°p dnt∏m¿´p sNø-s∏-´p.am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p I¿Ω-eo-Øm-°m-cn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ hnizm-ksØ At±-l-Øns‚ Xnc-s™-Sp∏v Xmdp-am-dm-°n.

ItÃm-Un-bkv Un ]nt™m

d^m-tb¬ ^nKz-td-tZm-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ At\z-jWw \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn Hcp bYm¿∞ C≥Uy-°m-c\pw (s]m-∏-Km¥mXncp-kw-L-Øns‚ Iogn¬) henb apK-fns‚ hnImcn A∏-kvtXm-en-°-bp-am-bn-cp∂ ItÃm-Un-bkv Un ]n™msb tdman¬ \n∂p\ntbm-Kn-®p. At\z-j-W-tijw ^nKz-td-tZmsb kkvs]≥UvsNbvXp. At±-l-Øns‚ ÿm\Øp hnImcn A∏-kvtXm-en-°-bmbn ItÃm-Un-bkv Un ]nt™m \nb-an-X-\m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.]pXnb hnImcn A∏-kvtXm-en° tIc-f-Øn-tebv°p hcnI D≠m-bn-√. kkvs]≥j≥ DØ-chp \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\p ap≥]v 1695-˛¬d^m-tb¬ ^nKz-tdtZm \ncym-X-\mbn ]≈n-∏pdw ]≈n-bn¬kwkvI-cn-°-s∏-´p.

Nne hnh-c-W-ß-f-\p-k-cn®p henb apK-fns‚ hnImcn A∏-kvtXm-en-°-bm-bn-cp∂ ]o‰¿ t]mƒ H.-kn.-Un. 1696 apX¬ 1700hsc tIc-f-Ønse hnImcn A∏-kvtXm-en°m IqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

K¿kym-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-Iƒ: aØmbn A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥

(]-Zp-hmtZm Iogn¬s∏-´) sImSp-ß-√q¿ AXn-cq-]X \n¿Ø-em-°-s∏-´n-´n-√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬, K¿kym Fkv.sPbpsS ac-W-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v t]m¿Øp-Kokv Kh¨sa‚ v B `Zm-k-\-Øn-tebv°v ÿm\n-Isf \n¿t±-in-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. Aßs\ \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-´-h¿ H∂p-In¬ B ÿm\w \ntj-[n-®p. As√-¶n¬AXv kzoI-cn-°p-hm≥ Ah¿°p km≤y-a-√msX h∂p. Ah-km\w ZnZm-°qkv F∂p t]cmb Hcp Hmd-t´m-dn-b≥ B ÿm\wkzoI-cn-®p. t]m¿Øp-K-en¬ Xs∂ Xma-kn-®p-sIm≠v Nm≠n -sa-Xms‚ Hcp A\-¥n-c-h-\mb aØm-bnsb 1694˛¬ Xs‚ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-\mbn \nb-an-®p. ZnZm-°qkv 1701˛¬ \ncym-X-\m-bn. am¿Nm≠n saXms‚ Nc-a-Øn-\p-tijw hnImcn A∏-kvtXm-en-°-∑m¿ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n´pw am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS klm-\p- qXn aØmbn A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-t\mSp IqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xpkz`m-hnIw amX-am-W-t√m. At±lw `cWI¿Øm-hm-bn-cp∂sImSp-ß-√q-cns‚ Iognepw am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

69

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

]Zp-hm-tZm, ]m∏-K¥m A[n-Im-c-ßƒ

sImSp-ß-√q-cns‚ Iogn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ ]Zp-hmtZm A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ Iogn-em-bn-cp-∂p. sk_-kvXym-\n, am¿ Nm≠n, d^m-tb¬ ^nKz-td-tZm, ItÃm-Un-bkv Un]nt™m, (]o-‰¿ t]mƒ H. kn. Un) F∂n-hsc s]m∏-Km¥mXncp-kwLw \nb-an-®n- p-≈-Xm-I-bm¬ Ah¿°p Iogp-≠m-bn-cp∂am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ s]m∏-Km¥m A[n-Im-c-Øn¬Iogn-em-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ `cn-®n-cp∂ `q`mKw sImSp-ß-√q¿ AXn-cq-]-X-bn¬ s]´ `q`mKw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXns\ kodm(Serra) (ae-_m¿, tIc-fw) F∂p IqSn hnfn-®n-cp-∂p.

skan-\m-cn-Iƒ

ssh∏n-t°m-´-bn¬ Cutim-k-`-°m¿ \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ skan-\m-cn, U®p kzm[o\ taJ-ebv°p ]pdØp Aº-g-°m-t´bv°pam‰n ÿm]n-®p. AhnsS Cutim k -°m¿ Xs∂ AXp XpS¿∂p\S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p.

1673˛¬ I¿Ω-eo-Øm-°m¿ hcm-∏pg Hcp ]≈n ÿm]n-®p.1682˛¬ AXn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®p Hcp-Xcw skan-\m-cnbpw XpS-ßn.am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Isf Dt±-in®p ÿm]n-®-Xm-bn-cp∂pAXv. I¿Ω-eo-Øm-°m-tcmSp IqSn h∂n-cp∂ Ben-t∏m-bn¬\n∂p≈ ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n°mc-\mb Hcp _¿Ø-temaypl∂m Cu skan-\mcnbn¬ kpdn-bm\n aev]m-\mbn \nb-an-°-s∏-´p. ]uckvXy kpdn-bm\n Bcm-[-\-I-a-`m-j-bmbn kzoI-cn-®n-cp∂ am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Cu aev]ms\ CjvS-s∏-´n-cp-∂n-√.

I¿Ω-eo-Øm-°m¿

\b-X¥ am¿§-ß-fn-eqsS / tIc-f-Øn¬ ]th-i\w e`n-°p-hm≥ I¿Ω-eo-Øm-°m¿ ]cn-i-an-®p. C‰m-en-b≥am-tcm, _¬Pn-bw-Im-tcm, P¿Ω≥Imtcm, Bbn-cn-°p∂ ]£w Hcp I¿Ω-eoØmsaXm\pw ]¥≠p anj-\-dn-amcpw tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂p sIm≈p-∂-Xn\p 1698˛¬ U®p Kh¨sa‚ v Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ambn A\p-hmZw\¬In.

ioiva1653˛se Iq\≥Ip-cnip kXyw ÿesØ saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-

bmb Km¿kym Fkv. sP bv°pw Cutim-k-`-°p-sa-Xn-cmb HcpA\p-k-c-W-t°Sv AYhm FXn¿∏v Bbn-cp-∂p. BI-bm¬ AXv

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

70

]Z-Øns‚ thZ-im-kvX-]-c-amb A¿∞-Øn¬ Hcp ioiva Bbn-cp-∂n-√. F∂p-X-s∂-b√ P\-ß-fnepw sshZn-I-cnepw alm-`q-cn-]-£hpw Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂Xv Al-Ø≈m am¿]m-∏m-bm¬ Ab-bv°-s∏-´-Xm-sW-∂m-bn-cp-∂p. BI-bm¬ Al-Ø-≈m, IrXn-a-amb Hcp A∏kvtXmen°v ZuXyw hgn Ah-cpsS kc-f-kz-`m-hsØ h©n-°p-I-bm-bn -cps∂∂p sk_-kvXym\n hgnam¿]m∏mbv°v Ahsc t_m[ys∏SptØ≠nh∂p. tXmΩmA¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-s\, At±-l-Øns‚ I]-Sm-`n-tj-I-Øn-\p-ti-j-hpw, A\p-Iq-en-®n-cp∂ am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fnepw sshZn-I-cnepw alm-`q-cn-]-£hpw Aßs\ sNbvXn-cp-∂Xp Xßfpwam¿∏m-∏m-bpsS Iogn-em-sW-∂p≈ DØ-a-hn-izm-k-Øn-em-Wv. Ah-cpsS t\Xm-°≥am¿ I]Shnizm-k-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. F√m-‰n\pwam¿]m-∏m-bpsS AwKo-Im-c-ap-s≠∂p Dd-s°-∏-d-™p-sIm≠v BI]-S-Xsb Ah¿ tKm]\w sNbvXn-cp-∂p. 1659 P\p-hcn 3˛mwXobXn Km¿kym Fkv.sP. Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≈ Hcp IØn¬ \n∂vCsX√mw hy‡-am-Wv. t\Xm-°≥am-cpsS h©\ Adn-bm-Xn-cp∂ P\-km-am\yw (Vulgus tamen plerique sacerdotum etChristianorum doli ignariî) aq∂p KW-ambn Xncn-™n-cn-°p-I-bm-sW∂pw Ah-cn¬ Hcp mKw Xt∂m-Sp-Iq-sSbpw as‰mcp mKwBscbpw A\p-k-cn-°m-sXbpw aq∂m-asØ `mKw I]S saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS IqsS-bp-am-sW∂pw B IØn¬ At±lw ]d-bp-∂p. 1599˛\p-tijw Ie-l-°m-cpsS t\Xm-°≥am¿ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ am¿]m-∏mbv°v FXn-cmbnFt∏m-sg-¶nepw Fs¥-¶nepw ]d-bp-Itbm ]h¿Øn-°p-ItbmsNbvXn-´n-s√∂pw Ah¿ Ft∏mgpw am¿]m-∏mbv°v A\p-k-c-W-bp≈hcm-bn-cp-s∂∂pw (ì....usque ad presentem diem summopontifical semper obedientes se perhibuere, neque unquamquidquam Scriptis, verbis, aut operibus contraistum... molitosfuisseî) t\Xm-°≥am¿ sNbvXn-cp-∂-sX√mw am¿]m-∏m-bpsSAwKo-Im-c-ap-s≠-∂p≈ \mSy-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw At±lw]d-bp-∂p. (Quinimo ipse archidiaconus qui nunc falso et instlentoromina perurbando pontificia munera exercet, fatetur sibi hancdignitatem collatam auctoritate summi pontificis, cujus diplomaei tradita fuisse ab Adeodato Armeno (Ahatallah) ab eodemsummo pontifice, ut hic dictitavit et aliis ficte suasit, misso adhanc provinciam Christianorum S.Thommae moderandamî)am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ am¿]m∏msb A\p-k-cn-®p-Xp-S-ßn-bXv 1599˛em-sW-∂p≈ Xs‚ sX‰mb t_m≤yw Km¿kym

71

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

Fkv.sP. Xs‚ IØn¬ ]I-S-am-°p-∂p-≠v. tdma-bn¬ s]m∏-Km¥m Xncp-kw-L-Øns‚ ]pcm-h-kvXp-ti-J-c-Øn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ IØp ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. (Scritii ri-feriti Congr. Gen-eral Vol. 232, fol 297 sq)

hntZi bmt°m-_mb saXm-\mb am¿ KnK-dn-tbmkv 1664˛\ptijw I]SsaXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS A\p-Km-an-I-sf IpØn-Øn-cp-Ip-I-bp-≠m-bn. sk_-kvXym-\n-bpsS c≠m-asØ hc-hn-\p-tijw I]-S-sa-Xm-t∏m-eoØm ]c-ky-ambn al-tdm≥ sNm√-s∏-´-tXmsS Ah-cpsS DØa hnizm-k-Øn\p Cf°w X´n-bn-cp-∂p. Cß-s\-bmWv 1653˛se hnπ-hw, I]-S-sa-Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb]cn-Xy-Pn-°m-Ø-hsc kw_-‘n-®nStØmfw AXv ioiva-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. Ah¿ am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ Hcp\yq\-]-£-am-bn-cp∂p. qcn-]-£-am-Is´ ]g-b-Ip-‰p-Im-cmbn ItØm-en -°m-k-` -bn¬Øs∂ \ne-\n -∂p. Iq\≥IpcnipkXywam¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Isf hnLS\hmZnI-fm-°n-sb∂pwsk_-kvXym-\nbpw kplr-Øp-°fpw Ahsc ioiva-bn¬\n∂pc£n-®p-sh∂pw ]d-bp-∂Xv (A-ß-s\-bmWp km[m-cW ]d-™p-sh-∂Xpw hcp-∂-Xpw). sX‰m-sW∂v CXn¬\n∂p hy‡-am-Wv.sk_-kvXym-\n-bp-tSbpw a‰pw BK-a-\-Øn¬ ap≥]p-Xs∂ I]SsaXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS aq∂p D]-tZ-jvSm-°ƒ Dƒs∏sS At\-I¿ Km¿kym Fkv. sPbp-ambn cRvPn-∏n-em-sb∂pw sk_-kvXym-\nbpw Iq´cpw Km¿kym Fkv. sPbp-ambn tbmPn-®p-sIm≠p]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Imcy-ßƒ°p IqSp-X¬ sa®-amb Hcpam‰-ap-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-s∂∂pw Cutim-k-`-°m-cpsS hnh-c-W-ßƒXs∂ hy‡-ambn ImWn-°p-∂p. apI-fn¬ D≤-cn® Km¿kym-bpsS IØnepw Cu Bibw AS-ßn-bn-´p-≠v. Al-Ø≈mHcp I]S A∏-kvtXm-en°v ZuXy-hp-ambn hcn-I-bm-bn-cp-s∂∂pwI¿Ω-eoØm IΩo-k-dn -am¿ ]Jym -]n -®n -cp -∂p -sh-¶n¬am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS sX‰n-≤m-c-W-Iƒ \oßp-am-bn-cp-s∂-∂p-IqSn Km¿ky Fkv.sP (Ibid) ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.... (“..Ex quopatet quod si Comissari (Carmelitani) declararent Armenum(Ahatallah) falso dictitasse quod a Roma missus fuerat, Certumest eorum falsam opinionem obliterandam...”).


C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

72

eØo≥ k`bpsS Bhn¿`mhw

`mcXØn¬

04

CuÃv C≥Uokv (East Indies) F∂ A]c\maØn¬ Adnbs∏´ncp∂ C¥y≥ D]`qLWvUØns‚ hnhn[ `mKßfn¬hyXyÿImeßfnepw kmlNcyßfnepamWv eØo≥k` DSseSpØ sX∂ hkvXpXBZyta i≤nt°≠nbncn°p∂p. Hmtcm]tZißfnepw \S∂ anj\dn ]h¿Ø\ßsf]‰nbpw kphntijhXvIcW ]Inbsb∏‰nbpw ChnsS ]Xn]mZn°pI km≤ya√.`mcXØnse eØo≥ k`bpsS BZyDdhnSßsf ]cnKW\mhnjbam°nbtijwAXns‚ hf¿®bpsS s]mXphmb HcpNnXw\evIm≥ amXta ChnsS Dt±iap≈q.t]m¿®pKokv ]sZm hmtZm (portugeusepad roado ) , tdma≥ Xnc pkwLambs]m∏Km¥ ^otZ (Propaganda Fide) F∂oÿm]\ßfpambn At`Zyw _‘s∏´ XmWv`mcXØnse eØo≥k`bpsS NcnXw. X∑qew Cu c≠p anj\dn GP≥knIfpsS kz`mhw,

73

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

]h¿Ø\ssien F∂nhbpw AhXΩnep≈ ]ckv]c CSs]SepIfpw A[nImchSwhenIfpw hy‡am°pI BhiyamWv.ImcWw Cu ÿm]\ßsf icn°p a\ nem°msX`mcXØnse eØo≥k`bpsS D¤hhpw ]ptcmKXnbpwa\ nem°m≥ IgnbpIbn√. XpS¿∂v s]m∏Km¥m otZbpsSIogn¬ C¥ybnse eØo≥ lbcm°nÿm]nXamb ]›mØehpw kmlNcyßfpw Npcp°ambn hniIe\w sNbvXtijw\mfnXphscbp≈ `mcXeØo≥ k`bpsS ]ptcKXnsb \mw]cnKW\m hnjbam°pw.

1 t]m¿®pKokv kwc£Wm[nImchpw (Patronage)`mcXØnse eØo≥k`bpsS D¤hhpw

t]m¿®pKokv kwc£Wm[nImcw \nehn¬ h∂Xv 15˛mw\q‰m≠nemWv 15˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ Bcw`w apXep≈ Nne t]∏¬tcJIfn¬ CXns\°pdn®p≈ Nne kqN\Iƒ ImWmsa¶nepw\ns°mfmkv A©ma≥ am¿∏m∏bpsS ImeØmWv (1447˛1455)CXn\v k`m]camb kmtLmj ÿncoIcWw e`n°p∂Xv. 1452¬ Pq¨ 18 \v At±lw ]pds∏Sphn® ]Jym]\Øn¬hgn,AhnizmknIfpsS F√m cmPyßsfbpw ]tZißsfbpwBIan®p IogS°m\pw kz¥w A[o\Xbnem°m\pw,ItØmen°m hnizmkØns‚ hnPbØns‚ ASbmfsa∂\nebn¬ Cu P\XIsfsb√mw imizXamb A[o\Xbn¬\ne\ndpØm\pw t]m¿®pK¬ cmPmhn\pw At±lØns‚]n≥KmanIƒ°pw ]m∏m kºq¿Æ A[nImcw \evIn. 1

\ns°mfmkv v˛mw a≥ am¿∏m∏bpsSXs∂ “Romanus Pontifix”F∂ _qfbpw IenÃkv aq∂ma≥ am¿∏m∏bpsS (1455˛1458)“Inter Caetera” F∂ _qfbpw Cu kwc£Wm[nImcØn\vk`sb kw_‘n®p≈ \n›nXamb A¿∞w Fs¥∂p hy‡am°n. hmkvXhØn¬, IogS°n°gn™Xpw IogS°m\ncn°p∂Xpamb F√m cmPyßfptSbpwta¬ k`mflIA[nImcw (Ecclesiast ical Juridict ion) t]m¿®pK¬cmPm°∑m¿°v Cu am¿∏m∏am¿ \evIn.2 knIvÃkv \mema≥am¿∏m∏ (1471˛1484) 1481 Pq¨ 21˛mw XnøXn ]pds∏Sphn®“Aeterma Regis” F∂ _qfbn¬, t_mPtZm¿ (Bojador), \mw(Nam) ap\ºpIƒ apX¬ CUokv ( Indies) hscbp≈]tZißfpsSta¬ t]m¿®pK¬ cmPmhn\p≈ km[mcWk`mflIm[nImcw kwibmXoXamw hn[w Dd∏n®p ]Jym]n®p.]≈nIƒ XpSßm\pw Biaßƒ ÿm]n°m\pw a‰p k`mÿm]\ßƒ ]SpØpb¿Øm\pw ipiqjnIsf \nban°m\pw

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

74

a‰pap≈ AhImihpw t]m¿®pKokv cWm[nIƒ°p \evIs∏´Bflob[nImcØns‚ `mKambncp∂p.3

t]m¿®pK¬ cmPmhmbncp∂ Un\nkv(Dimiz) 1317¬ÿm]n°pIbpw 1319 am¿®v 15˛mw XnøXn tPm¨ Ccp]Ønc≠ma≥ am¿∏m∏ AwKoIcn°pIbpw sNbvX InkvXphns‚ssk\nI k\ymk kaqlØns‚ (Militiae Jesu Christi ) Xeh≥(Grand Master) Bbncp∂p Cu A[nImcw Bcw`Øn¬ssIImcyw sNbvXncp∂Xv. Cu ssk\nI k\ymk kaqlØns‚ Bÿm\w tXmam¿ (Tomar) Bbncp∂p. FΩm\ph¬H∂ma≥ cmPmhns‚ A`y¿∞\b\pkcn®v setbm ]Øma≥am¿∏m∏ (1513˛1521) 1514 Pq¨ 7˛mw XnbXn Dum Fidei F∂_qfhgn Cu A[nImcw t\cn´p ssIImcyw sNøm\p≈AhImiw cmPmhn\pw At±lØns‚ ]n≥KmanIƒ°pw \evIn.4

CtXmsS, IogS°n°gn™Xpw IogS°m\ncn°p∂XpambF√m t]m¿´pKokv ]tZißfpsS taepw t]m¿®pK¬ cmPmhvk`m]camb A[nImcw (Ecclesiast ical Jurisdict ion)\S∏nem°m≥ XpSßn.

Cu AhImim[nImcßfpsS ]cnWnX^eßƒ hepXmbncp∂p. CXphgn Gjy≥ ˛ B^n°≥ cmPyßfn¬ t]m¿®pKen\v aXmflIamb HcpXcw IpØhImiw ssIh∂p. t]m®pKen\m¬ Ab°s∏SmØ, a‰pcmPyßfn¬\n∂p≈, anj\dnam¿°v Cu ]tZißfnte°v ]thi\w \ntj[n°s∏´p.Gjybnte°pw B^n°bnte°pap≈ anj\dnam¿t]m¿®pK√ns‚ Xeÿm\amb enkv_Wn¬ \n∂v I∏¬ IbdWsa∂ hyhÿt]mepw s¢a‚ v F´ma≥ am¿∏m∏ (1592˛1605)AwKoIcn®p sImSpØp. Atacn°bn¬ \nt∂m nen∏n≥kn¬\nt∂m P∏m≥, ssN\, C¥y F∂nhnSßfnte°p t\cn´p]thin°m≥ ian°p∂ anj\dnamsc k`bn¬ \n∂p ]pdØm°m\p≈ ap≥ IcpXepIƒ hsc sNbvXncp∂p.5 ]nev°meØvanj\dnam¿ Xmsg ]dbp∂ Imcyßƒ Dƒs°m≈p∂ Hcp kXy]Xn⁄ sNøm≥ t]mepw \n¿_‘n°s∏´p:

(1) t]m¿®pKn\m¬ I≠p]nSn°s∏´tXm I≠p]nSn°s∏Sm\ncn°p∂tXm Bb F√m cmPyßfnepw t]m¿®pKent\mSp hnizkvXX ]pe¿ØpI.

(2) t]m¿®pKens\Xnsc Bsc¶nepw \SØm\mtemNn°p∂cmjvSobtam A√mØtXm Bb GsXmcp ]h¿Ønsb°pdn®pw `cWm[nImcnIƒ°p ap∂dnbn∏p \evIpI.

75

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

(3) am¿∏m∏am¿ t]m¿®pKen\p \evInbn´p≈ AhImißsfbpw CfhpIsfbpw khntijm[nImcßsfbpw]n≥XmßpI.

(4) cmPmhns‚ \ma\n¿t±isØ XpS¿∂pamXw am¿∏m∏bm¬ Xncs™Sp°s∏Sp∂ ]mXnb¿°mam¿, saXm∑m¿,k`mtae[nImcnIƒ F∂nhsc AwKoIcn°pI.

(5) ]sZmhmtZmbpsS AhImißƒ DƒsIm≈p∂ F√mA∏kvtXmenI teJ\ßfpw kzoIcn°pI.6

Npcp°Øn¬, anj\dnamcpsS sXscs™Sp∏v, bmX,P\XIfpsS kphntijhXvIcWw, ssIkvXhhXvIcWwF∂o Imcyßfnse∂t]mse ]≈nIfpsS ]SpØpb¿Ø¬cq]XIfpsS ÿm]\w F∂nhbnepw am¿∏m∏am¿ t]¿®pKen\vAanXamb B\pIqeyßfpw IpØImhImißfpw \evIn.

Nne ]m›mXy anj\dnamcpsS H‰s∏´ kµ¿i\ßƒ 13˛mw\q‰m≠papXte \S∂n´ps≠¶nepw eØo≥ k`bpsSkwLSnXamb anj≥ ]h¿Ø\w Bcw`n°p∂Xv t]m¿®pKokvtImf\nIfpsS ÿm]\tØmSpIqsSbmWv.7 C¥ybnte°p ≈I∏¬am¿Kw I≠p]nSn® hmkvtImUKma (Vasco da Gama)1498 sabv 21˛mw XnbXn tImgnt°mSv XpdapJØv FØnt®cp∂tXmsS C¥ybnse t]m¿®pKokv kwcw`w Bcw`n®p.tImgnt°mSp cmPmhpambn kulrZ_‘ßƒ ÿm]n®tijwAt±lw Im¶∂q¿°p(Cranganore) t]mhpIbpw AhnSsØcmPmhpambn kam[m\ DSºSnbn¬ G¿s∏SpIbpw sNbvXp.1498 \hw_¿ 20˛mw XobXn At±lw Im¶∂q¿ hnSpIbpw1499 Pqembv 10˛mw XnbXn enkv_¶n¬ FØnt®cpIbpwsNbvXp. Cu BZy]cyS\Øns‚ e£yw kphntijhXvIcWwBbncp∂n√; ]XypX C¥ysb I≠p]nSn°epw t]mepKens‚hym]mchyhkmb Xmev]cyßsf ]cnt]mjn∏n°epambncp∂p.8 hmkvtImU Kmasb XpS¿∂v t]tSm A¬hmdkvI_mepw ( Pedro Alvarez Cabral) kwLhpw 1500 HmKÃv 30˛mwXnbXn tImgnt°m´v FØnt®¿∂p. F´v ^m≥knkvI≥ktlmZc∑mcpw ( Friars ) F´v Nmsπbv≥amcpw Hcp Nmsπbn≥P\depw I_mfns\ A\pKan®p. I_mfnt\msSm∏wD≠mbncp∂ ^m≥knkvI≥ k`mwKßƒ XmaknbmsXXs∂kphntijthe Bcw`n°pIbpw \nch[n lnµp°sfam\km¥cs∏SpØpIbpw sNbvXp. tImgnt°mSp cmPmhpambnD≠mb Hcp IelsØ XpS¿∂v I_mfpw At±lØns‚

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

76

]SbmfnIfpw sIm®nbnte°p I∏¬ Ibdn Unkw_¿ 24˛mwXnbXn AhnsS FØn. DS≥Xs∂ anj\dnam¿ AhcpsS]h¿Ø\w sIm®nbn¬ Bcw`n®p. 1501 ¬ tPmtkm Z t\mh(Joso da Nova) I_mfns\ ]n≥XpScpIbpw IqSpX¬ ^m≥knkvI¬ anj\dnamsc IqsS sIm≠phcnIbpw sNbvXp. kphntijhXvIcW kuIcym¿∞w Ahcn¬ Ipsdt∏¿ sIm®nbnepwtijn®h¿ Im¶∂qcpambn hmkapd∏n®p. 1502 ¬ \S∂hmkvtImU KmabpsS c≠mw BKa\hpw 1503 se^m≥sNkvtIm A¬_¿sIz¿°ns‚ (Francesco Alburguerue)hchpw anj\dn ]h¿Ø\ßƒ°v B°w Iqń. CuImeL´wapX¬ Hcp t]m¿®pKokv I∏¬ hyqlw (Fleet) h¿jwtXmdpw C¥ybnte°v bmX Xncn®ncp∂p.

1503 ¬ t]m¿®pKokpIm¿ sIm®nbn¬ Hcp tIm´ \n¿Ωn®p.C¥ybnse BZysØ bqtdm]y≥ tIm´bmWv CXv. 1504 ¬Ah¿ Im¶∂q¿ ssIhis∏SpØpIbpw ]n∂oSv AhnsS HcptIm´ \n¿Ωn°pIbpw sNbvXp. 1513 ¬ tImgnt°m´pw Hcpt]m¿®pKokv tIm´ \n¿Ωn°s∏´p. ]n∂oSv 1531 ¬ AXvtImgnt°mSn\v ASpØ Hcp ]´Wamb NmenbtØ°pam‰n.tIcfØnse t]m¿®pKokv ]h¿Ø\ßfpsSsb√mw tIµhpw1503 apX¬ 1530 ¬ tKmhbnte°p am‰s∏Sp∂Xphsc t]m¿®pKokv sshkvtdmbnbpsS Bÿm\hpw sIm®n Bbncp∂p.AssIkvXhcpsS am\km¥chpw anihnhmlhpw hgnsIm®nbnepw Im¶∂qcpw kao] ]tZißfnepw eØo≥InkvXym\nIfpsS FÆw Iram\pKXambn h¿≤n®psIm≠ncp∂p. PohImcpWy ÿm]\ßfpw k\ymkiaßfpw ]ffnIfpw\n¿Ωn°s∏´p. Aßs\ aq∂p ZiIßtfmfw t]m¿®pKokv`cW tIµambncp∂ sIm®nbnepw I¶∂q¿, tImgnt°mSv,sIm√w Xpßnb a‰pÿeßfnepambn tIcfØnse eØo≥InkvXym\nIfpsS BZy \yq¢nbkv cq]saSpØp.

Xangv\mńse ssaem∏qcnte°p≈ (Meliapore) t]m¿®pKokpImcpsS tcJ∏SpØs∏´ BZy kµ¿i\w 1517 ¬Bbncp∂p. Cu ImebfhpapX¬ i‡amb t]m¿®pKokvkm∂n≤yw Ing°≥ XocØp \nehn¬ h∂p. AhnSpsØImcyßƒ t\m°m\mbn Hcp ]tXyI Iym]v‰≥ \nban°s∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. ItaW ssaem∏qcnepw ]cnkc ]tZißfnepambn Hcp t]m¿®pKokv tImf\n cq]saSp°pIbpw Ht´sdAssIÿh¿ am\km¥cs∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. 1536/37 ¬ t]ƒ^nj\dn (Pearl Fishery) XocØv ap°phcpsS Hcp Iqám\km

77

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

¥cw \S∂p.9 Bbnc°W°n\v BfpIƒ amtΩmZnkkzoIcn®p. 16˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ Bcw`Øn¬ anj≥ cwKØvt]m¿®pKokpIm¿ ssIhcn® G‰hpw henb t\ámbncp∂pCXv. ta¬]d™ ssIkvXhcpw Xncph\¥]pcw apX¬sImtdmam≥U¬ (Coromandel) hscbp≈ Xoc]tZißfn¬\n∂p am\km¥cs∏SpØs∏´ ap°phcpw tN¿∂ kaqlw16˛mw \q‰m≠nse Xangv ssIkvXhnIXbpsS \s´√msW∂p]dbmw. Cu ImeL´Øn¬ Xangv\mńse apJy ssIkvXhkaqlw ssaem∏qcn¬ Bbncp∂p.10

ImeItaW ^m≥knkvI≥kv A√mØ a‰p ][m\k\ymk kÌfnse AwKßfpw˛Cutim k`°m¿ (1542 apX¬)sUman\nIv≥kv (BZy Biaw 1548), AKÃo\nb≥kv (1572apX¬) ˛ C¥ybn¬ FØpIbpw AhcpsS `h\ßfpwt]mhn≥kpIfpw ÿm]n°pIbpw sNbvXp. CXv kphntijhXvIcWØn\v B°wIqń.11 I\ymIpamcn apX¬ (CapeComerin) ]º≥ AYhm cmtaizcw Zzo]phsc \o≠pInS°p∂t]ƒ ^njdn (Pearl Fishery) XocsØ InkvXym\nIƒ hn.^m≥knkv tkhydns‚ \nkzm¿∞ tkh\ßƒ hgn[\ycm°s∏´p. (1542 sabv Bcw`ØnemWv At±lw tKmhbn¬FØnt®¿∂Xv.) 1542 HIvtSm_dn¬ At±lw ^njdnXocØp≈ aÆ∏m´v (Mannappad) FØnt®cpIbpw, NneCSthfItfmSpIqSnbmsW¶nepw, 1544 Ahkm\w hsc AhnsS]h¿Øn°pIbpw sNbvXp. amtΩmZnk kzoIcn®hsc At±lwhnizmkØn¬Dd∏n®p; \nch[n Bbncßsf am\km¥cs∏SpØpIbpw sNbvXp. At±lw Xangv mj ]Tn°pIbpw Nnekl]h¿ØIcpsS klmbtØmsS aXt_m[\KŸßfpsS]m¿∞\m ]pkvXIßfpw Xangntebv°v hnh¿Ø\wsNøpIbpw sNbvXp.12

1544 ¬ ^m≥knkn tkhy¿ A∂v XncphnXmwIq¿ XocwF∂dnbs∏Sp∂ I\ymIpamcn Pn√ kµ¿in®p. ]qhm¿,sIm√t¶mSv, h√hnfbv, XpØq¿, ]qØq¿Xpssd, sXß]´Ww,G\bw, anZfw, hmWnb°pSn, sImft®¬, IUnb]´Ww, ap´w,]≈w, a\°pSn XpSßnb \nch[n Kmaßƒ ]q¿ÆambpwInkvXob hnizmkw kzoIcn®p13 shdpw Hcpamk°mew sIm≠v(\hw_¿˛Unkw_¿ 1544) XncphnXmwIqdn¬ ]Xn\mbncØne[nIw hy‡nIsf At±lw am\km¥cs∏Sp Øn. BZysØaq∂ph¿jßƒ°ptijw (sabv 1542˛sabv 1545) ^m≥knkvtkhy¿ 1548 P\phcn apX¬ 1549 G]n¬hscbpw ]n∂oSv 1553

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

78

P\phcn apX¬ G]n¬hscbpw amXta C¥ybn¬sNehgn®p≈q. ta¬]d™ ÿeßƒ°p ]pdta, tKmh,sIm®n, sIm√w, ssaem∏q¿, _mss ≥ F∂nhnSßfnepwC¥ybnembncns° At±lw tPmensNbvXp.

alØmb apK¬ kmamPyØnte°p≈ Cutimk`°mcpsS]thi\hpw ]h¿Ø\ßfpamWv 16˛mw \q‰m≠nse as‰mcp][m\ kw`hw. AIv_¿ NIhIh¿ØnbpsS £WsØXpS¿∂v (1556˛1605) Cutimk`°mcpsS aq∂p ZuXykwLßƒXmPIobm¶WØnte°p t]mhpIbp≠mbn. ^m. dptUmƒ^vAIzmhnh (Rudolf Aequaviva)bpsS t\XrXzØn¬ aq∂pt]cSßp∂ Hcp kwLambncp∂p BZyambn Abbv°s∏´Xv.1580 ¬ Ah¿ Xeÿm\ \Kcnbmb ^tØ∏q¿ knInbn¬(Fathepur Sikri) FØnt®cpIbpw aq∂ph¿j°metØ°vsIm´mc¶WØn¬ Xmakn°pIbpw sNbvXp. c≠masØZuXyw GXm\pw amkßƒ amXta Zo¿Ln®p≈q. 1595 ¬ ^m.sPtdmw tkhydns‚ t\XrXzØnep≈ aq∂mwanj≥Ccp]XpsIm√w Zo¿Ln®p. Cu Imebfhn¬ ]ecpw am\km¥cs∏SpIbp≠mbn. BK, U¬ln, emtlm¿, ]m‰v\ F∂nhnSßfn¬ Cutimk`°m¿ ]≈nIƒ \n¿Ωn®p.15

1510 apX¬ 1961 hsc tKmh Hcp t]m¿®pKokv tImf\n Bbncp∂p. 1510 ¬ At^m≥tkm Zv B¬_psIz¿°v (Anonso deAllurguergue) tKmh IogS°n. 1529 apX¬ 1538 hsc Kh¿W¿Bbncp∂ \qt\m Z °p™ (Nuno da Cunha) 1530 ¬ t]m¿®pKokv cW Xeÿm\w sIm®nbn¬\n∂p tKmhbnte°p am‰n.A∂papX¬ sshkvtdmbn AYhm Kh¿W¿, Nm≥ke¿,skI´dn, ][m\PUvPn F∂nhcSßp∂ tIµ`cWIqSwtKmhbn¬ BbnØo¿∂p. anihnhmlØns‚ t]m’ml\whgnbpw [m¿ΩnI kzm[o\w hgnbpw ^e]Zamb PohImcpWy˛kmaqlnI]h¿Ø\ßƒ aqeap≠mb AssIkvXhcpsS am\km¥cw hgnbpw InkvXym\nIfpsS FÆwZn\w]Xn h¿≤n®psIm≠ncp∂p.16 ItaW I¿WmSIXocw,Nmhpƒ (Chaul), Unbp, Uma≥ F∂nhbSßp∂ kao]]tZißfnte°pw InkvXpaXw hym]n®p. kmhImiw C¥ybpsSamXa√, t]m¿®pKokv ]uckvXytZiØns‚ apgph≥ k`mflItIµambn tKmh ]cnWan®p.

Xangv\m´nse Db¿∂ PmXnbn¬s]´ ]e sslµhcpsSbpwa‰p]ecpsSbpw am\km¥cØn\phgnsXfnbn® as‰mcp][m\anj\dnkwcw`w 17˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ Bcw`n® a[pcbvanj≥

79

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

(Madurai Mission)Bbncp∂p. 1606 ¬ a[pcbnseØnb Cutimk`mwKamb tdm_¿´v Unt\m_nenbmbncp∂p (Robert deNobili) CXns‚ Xeh≥. B ImeL´Ønse anj≥ ]h¿Ø\ssienbn¬ AkwXr]vX\mb At±lw Hcp sNdnbBiaØn¬ Xmakam°n. cmPh¿§Ønse (Rajah Carte)HcwKsØt∏mse At±lw NcSv, IpSpan (kudumi) apXembh[cn°pIbpw AhcpsS s]cpam‰ssien A\pIcn°pIbpwsNbvXp. C¥y≥ `mjIfmb Xangpw sXep¶pw kwkvIrXhpwAt≤lw ]Tn®p. cmPyØns‚ X\Xmb ssNX\ytØmSpIqSpX¬ tbmPn® ssienbnepw Nn¥mcq]ßfnepw At≤lwInkvXpaXsØ AhXcn∏n°pIbpw At\ImbncßsfInkvXphnte°p \bn°pIbpw sNbvXp. a[pscanj\n¬\n∂pwXncp®nd∏≈n, tkew, X©mhq¿, kXyawKew ˛ [¿Ω]pcn]tZißƒ, PnwKo cmPyw (the kingdom of Gingee) XpSßnbXangv\mSns‚ a‰p`mKßfnte°pw InkvXpaXw hym]n®p.17

Npcp°Øn¬, ]etIµßfn¬\n∂pw hna¿i\ßƒDb¿∂phs∂¶nepw Unt\m_nenbpsS ssien hfsc ^e]Zhpw hnPbIchpambncp∂p.

2. eØo≥ lbcm¿°n t]m¿®pKokv kwc£Wm[nImcØn≥ Iogn¬ (Portugese Patronage)

C¥ybnse eØo≥k`bpsS XpS°sØ°pdn®v Npcp°Øn¬ ]Xn]mZn®tijw t]m¿®pKokv ]sZmhmtZmbpsSIogn¬ k`bv°p≠mb lbcm¿°¬ IaoIcWØnte°v \mwi≤Xncn°pIbmWv. Cu Imebfhn¬ C¥ybn¬ eØo≥cq]Xtbm eØo≥ saXmt\m C√mXncp∂XpsIm≠v, Dumfidei Confantiam F∂ _qfhgn 1514 Pq¨ 7˛mw XobXn setbmH≥]Xma≥ am¿]m∏ (1513˛1521) C¥ysb tXmamdnse (Tomar)hnImcnbpsS A[nImcØn¬ Iogm°pIbpw F√m ]ffnIfpwk`mÿm]\ßfpw t]m¿®pK¬ cmPmhns‚ \nb¥WØn≥Iognem°pIbpw sNbvXp.18 F¶nepw 1514 Pq¨ 12˛mw XobXn(Pro-Exeellenti) F∂ as‰mcp A∏kvtXmenI teJ\whgn CtXam¿]m∏ Xs∂ enkv_¨ AXncq]XbpsS kam¥ccq]Xbmbn sasZbvcm Zzo]nse (Protugal) ^p©¬ (Funchal)tIµam°n Hcp cq]X ÿm]n°pIbpw C¥yapgph≥^p©ense saXms‚ A[nImcØn≥ Iogn¬ sIm≠phcpIbpwsNbvXp. hmkvXhØn¬ C¥yamXa√, t]m¿®pKokvkwc£Wm[nImcØn≥ Iognepff a‰v B^n°≥, Gjy≥]tZißfpw ^p©¬ cq]XbpsS `mKambncp∂p. 19

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

80

]pXnbcq]Xmÿm]\tØmsS ta¬]d™]tZißfn¬tXmam¿ hnImcnbmØn\v D≠mbncp∂ A[nImcw d±m°s∏´p.apºv tXmamdnse hnImcnbmbncp∂ tUm¨ ZntbmtKm]nt™bvtcm (Don Diogo Pinheiro) Bbncp∂ ^p©enseBZysaXm≥. (1514-˛1526) CXhnime amb Hcp `q]tZisØ^e]Zambn `cn°m≥ Hcp saXm\pamXw Ignbpambncp∂n√.AXpsIm≠v t]m¿®pK¬ cmPmhv sshZnIcn¬ HcmsfhnImcnP\dmfmbn \nban°pI ]Xnhmbncp∂p. At±lwÿesØ Ordinary Bbn ]h¿Øn°pIbpw C¥ybnepffeØo≥ ssIkvXhcpsSta¬ A[nImcw IømfpIbpwsNbvXpt]m∂p.

tKmh cq]XbpsS ÿm]\w

1533 P\phcn 31-˛mw XobXn s¢a‚ v Ggma≥ am¿]m∏(1523˛1534) ^p©¬ cq]Xsb AXncq]XbpsS ]Zhnbnte°vDb¿ØpIbpw AXns‚ kam¥cq]Xbpw C¥ybnse BZysØeØo≥cq]Xbpambn tKmhcq]X ÿm]n°m≥ \n›bn°pIbpw sNbvXp. Cu Xocpam\w ]kn≤oIcn°p∂Xn\paptºam¿]m∏ Imew sNbvXXn\m¬ tKmh cq]X ÿm]n®psIm≠pff Aeguum reputamus F∂ A∏kvtXmenIteJ\w 1534\hw_¿ 3˛mw XobXn, At±lØns‚ ]n≥Kmanbmb t]mƒaq∂ma≥ am¿]m∏ (1534˛1549) bmWv ]kn≤oIcn®Xv. F¶nepwtKmhcq]XbpsS ÿm]\ XoøXn Xs‚ ap≥Kman Xocpam\n®ncp∂Xpt]mse 1533 P\phcn 31 Xs∂ Bbncn°psa∂vAt±lw hy‡am°n. t]m¿®pKokv cmPmhmb tPm¨ aq∂mas‚ BKla\pkcn®mWv tKmhcq]X ÿm]nXambXv. cq]Xmÿm]\Øns‚ kmlNcyßfpw e£yhpw(Aeguum repratamo) F∂ A∏kvtXmenIteJ\w hy‡am°p∂p≠v.20

tKmhcq]XbpsS AXn¿ØnIƒ kuØv B^n°bnseKpUv tlm∏v ap\ºpapX¬ (Cape of Good hope) Ing°≥Gjybnse ssN\, P∏m≥ F∂nhnSßƒhsc hym]n®pInS∂ncp∂p.21 Cu ]tZißfpsSta¬ apgph≥ ^p©¬saXmt∏meoØbv°v saXmt∏meoØmbv°SpØ A[nImcap≠mbncp∂p. tUm¨ ^m≥NnkvtIm Un sat√m BWvtKmhbpsS BZysØ saXm\mbn sXsc™Sp°s∏´Xv.F∂m¬ C¥ybnte°p bmX Xncn°pw aptº 1536 ¬ At±lwacWaS™p. AXn\m¬ tPm¨ aq∂ma≥ cmPmhns‚Ipºkmc°mc\mbncp∂p tUm≥ tPm¨ Zn A¬_ypsIz¿°v(Don John de Albu fuergue) 1537 G]n¬ 22˛mw XobXn tKmh

81

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

saXm\mbn \ma\n¿t±iw sNøs∏´p. 1538 P\phcn 13˛mwXobXn At±lw saXm≥]´w kzoIcn°pIbpw 1539PqämkØn¬ kmtLmjw tKmhbnse IØoUen¬Aht\[n°s∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. Ing°≥ B^n°, aem°,samfp°mkv (indomeria), ssN\, P∏m≥ F∂o ]tZißfSßp∂ hnimeamb Hcp cq]Xsb ]SpØpb¿ØpIbmbncp∂p At±lØns‚ ZuXyw. 1553 s^_phcn 23˛mw XobXnacWaSbp∂Xphsc B¬_ypsIz¿°v cq]Xsb `cn®p.22

tKmh k`bpsS Hcp s]mhn≥kmbn ÿm]n°s∏Sp∂p

B¬_psIz¿°v saXms‚ acWtijw tKmhknwlmk\wZo¿LImetØ°v Hgnhmbn InS∂p. Cu Imebfhn¬ 1558s^_phcn 4˛mw XobXn Etsisaneta F∂ A∏kvtXmenIteJ\whgn t]mƒ Ggma≥ am¿]m∏ tKmhsb Hcp k`ms]mhn≥kmbn ]Jym]n°pIbpw tKmh cq]Xsb Hcp satSmt]mfnØ≥ AXncq]XbpsS ]Zhnbnte°v Db¿ØpIbpwsNbvXp. kma¥cq]XIfmbn C¥ybn¬ sIm®ncq]Xbpwatejybn¬ aem° (Malacca) cq]Xbpw ÿm]n®p.23

t]m¿®pKense sk_mÃy≥ cmPmhns‚ \nc¥chpwê]Zhpamb At]£sb am\n®mbncp∂p Cu \S]Sn.24

ae_m¿ Xocw (am¿tØmΩm InkvXym\nIfpsS ]tZißsfmgnsI) sImtdmam≥U¬Xocw, a[pcanj≥, I¿ÆmSIanj≥F∂nhbv°p]pdta _¿Ωm kntem¨ F∂o]tZißfpwsIm®ncq]XbpsS `mKambncp∂p. Ct¥mt\jybnsesamfp°mkv (Molucas), ssN\,P∏m≥F∂nh DƒsImffp∂hbmbncp∂p aem° (Malacca) cq]X. tKmhbnse BZysØsaXmt∏meoØ tUm≥ Kmkv]¿ Zv sebmthm s]tcbvc (DonGasper de Leao Pereira). Bbn-cp-∂p. 1560 Unkw-_¿ 1˛mw XnbXnAt±lw tKmh-bn¬ FØn. tUm≥ tPm¿÷v sXaqtZm (DonJorge Temudo) Bbn-cp∂p sIm®n-bnse BZy saXm≥. 1567˛¬tKmh-bn-te°v ÿew amdn-t]m-Ip-∂-Xp-hsc At±lw sIm®ncq]-Xsb `cn-®p.

cq]-X-bpsS hyXyÿ `mK-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ henb AIewaqew F√m-bn-S-Øp-ap≈ hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v ê-]-Z-amb AP-]m-e\ ipiqj \evIm≥ sIm®n saXm\p Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.AXn-\m¬ t]m¿®p t]m¿®p-K-ense ^nen∏v cmPm-hns‚ip]m¿i ]Imcw t]mƒ V-˛m- a≥ am¿∏m∏ (1605˛1625) sIm®n-cq-]X hn`-Pn®v ssaem-∏q¿ cq]-Xbv°p cq]w \¬In. 25 sImtdm-am≥U¬ Xocw, Hdok, _wKmƒ, s]Kp AYhm _¿Ω F∂o

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

82

]tZ-i-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p ]pXnb cq]X26 Cu cq]-X-sbbpw sshZn-I-hr-µ-sØbpw hnizm-kn-I-sfbpw am¿∏m∏mtKmh-sa-Xm-t∏m-en-Ø-bpsS saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bv°-SpØ A[n-Im-c-Øn≥ Iogn-em-°n. 1886 sk]v‰w-_¿ 1˛mw Xnb-Xn-hsc C¥y-bn¬ aq∂p eØo≥ cq]-X-Itf D≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q ˛ tKmh-A-Xn-cq-]-Xbpw AXns‚ kam¥ cq]-X-I-fmb sIm®nbpw ssaem-∏p-cpw. F¶nepw 18˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw`w apX¬ s]m∏-Km¥^otZ (Propaganda Fide) Xncp kwL-Øns‚ Iogn¬ Iqsd A∏-kvtXm-eI hnIm-cn-bm-Øp-Iƒ ÿm]n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. CtX-°p-dn®v \mw ]n∂oSv ]Xn-]m-Zn-°pw.

Ing-°p≈ t]m¿®p-Kokv kmam-Py-Øns‚ cmjvSo-bhpw k`m-]-c-hp-amb Xe-ÿm\w tKmh Bbn-cp-∂p. \mw apI-fn¬I≠Xpt]mse tKmh AXn-cq-]-X-bpsS A[n-Imc hym]XnGjy-bnepw B^n-°-bnepw t]m¿®p-Kn-kp-Im¿ Iog-S-°nb ]tZ-i-ß-sf√mw Dƒs°m-≠n-cp-∂p. Ime-I-a-Øn¬ ate-jy-bnseaem° cq]X (1558) IqSm-sX, tlmt¶m-ßn\v ASp-Øp≈ a°m∆v(Macau) (1576), P∏m-\nse ^qWbv (Funay) (1588), Ing-°≥B^n-°-bnse samkm-ºn°v (1612), F∂n-h-tbm-sSm∏w ssN\-bnse \m¶nßv (Nanking), ]o°nßv (Peking) (1690), F∂ocq]-X-Ifpw tKmh AXn-cq-]-X-bpsS kma-¥-cq-]-X-I-fmbnC¥y°p ]pdta ÿm]n-°-s∏-´p. c≠p `qJ-≠-ß-fn-embnhym]n®p IpS-°p∂ Cu ]tZ-i-ß-fpsS tase√mw tKmhmsaXm-t∏m-en-Øbv°v saXm-t∏m-en-Øbv°-SpØ A[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

kwc-£-Wm-[n-Im-c-Øns‚ (Patronage) Ah-Im-i-ßfpw Npa-X-e-I-fpw

tKmh, sIm®n, ssaem-∏q¿ F∂o cq]-X-Iƒ ÿm]n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ ]am-W-tc-J-I-fn¬ C¥y-bnepw a‰p t]m¿®p-Kokv ]tZ-i-ß-fnepw t]m¿®p-Kokv cmPm-hn-\p≈ k`m-]-c-amb A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ kz`m-hhpw hym]-Xnbpw hy‡-ambn \n¿∆-Nn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. Cu tcJ-I-f-\p-k-cn®v kwc-£-Wm-[n-Imcw (Jus Patronatus)kzoI-cn-®n´p≈ t]m¿®p-K¬ cmPm-hns‚ Ah-Im-i-ß-fpw, ]tXy-Im-\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw IS-a-Ifpw Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.

1. ]pXnb cq]-X-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-ep≈ ]tbm-P-\hpwHuNn-Xyhpw \n›-bn®v A°mcyw tdmam am¿∏m-∏sb [cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw. cmPm-hns‚ kΩXw IqSmsX t]m¿®p-

83

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

Kokv ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ cq]-X- ÿm-]n-°m≥ am¿∏m-∏bv°v Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.

2. t]m¿®p-Kokv B[n-]-Xy-Øn≥ Iogn-ep≈ ÿe-ß-fn¬cq]Xm ÿm]\ thf-bnepw saXms‚ knwlm\w Hgn-™p-In-S-°p∂ Ah-k-c-ß-fnepw saXm-∑m-cmbn \nb-an-°-s∏-Sm≥tbmKy-cmb hy‡n-Isf tdmam -am¿∏m-∏-bpsS apºn¬ \nb-a-\-Øn-\m-bn ka¿∏n-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw. Cßs\ ka¿∏n-°-s∏-Sm-Ø hy‡n-Isf t]m¿®p-Kokv ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \nb-an-°m≥]m∏mbv°p Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.

3. C]-Imcw \nb-an-°-s∏-Sp∂ saX-∑m-cpsS apºn¬, ]hn-iym-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ (deans), Im\-∑m¿ (Canons) _lp-am-\-kq-N-I-ambn Im\≥ ]Z-hn-bp-≈-h¿ (honarary canons), tijvS-∑m¿(dignitaries), Poh-\mw-i-Øn\v Ah-Im-in-Iƒ (beneficiaries), CS-h-I-hn-Im-cn-am¿, Nmsπ-bv≥am¿, anj-\-dn-am¿ F∂n-h¿°p-]p-dtak`m-]-c-amb Dt±ymKw hln-°p∂ as‰-√m-h-scbpw \nb-a-\-Øn-\mbn ka¿∏n-°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw. Cu hIp∏v C¥y-bn¬ Hcp-Xcw t]m¿®p-Kokv IpØ-Ibv°p hgn-sX-fn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.ImcWw Cu A[n-Im-cÿm-\-ß-fn-te°v cmPmhv \ma \n¿t±iwsNbvXXv ][m-\-ambpw t]m¿®p-Kokv ]uc-∑m-sctbm t]m¿®p-K-ens‚ cmjvSo-bhpw hym]m-c-hp-amb Xmev]-cy-ß-ƒ kwc-£n-°p-sa∂v Dd-∏p-≈-h-sctbm Bbn-cp-∂p.

4. IØo-Zn-ep-Iƒ, ]≈n-Iƒ, k\ym-k-`-h-\-ß¬, aT-ßƒ,Hmd-‰-dn-Iƒ (Orataries) hnZym-e-b-ßƒ, A`-b-tIm-µ-ßƒ (hos-pices) F∂n-h-tbm-sSm∏w Poh-Im-cp-Wy-]-chpw k`m-]-c-hp-ambas‰-√m-ÿm-]-\-ßfpw ÿm]n-°m\pw kwc-£n-°m\pw tISp-]m-Sp-Iƒ Xo¿°m-\p-ap≈ IS-a.

5. IØo-Z-ep-Iƒ, ]≈n-Iƒ It∏fIƒ F∂n-hbv°v Xncp-h-kvX-ßƒ, Ae-¶mchkvXp-°ƒ, Imk-Iƒ, ]oem-k-Iƒ, ]mX-ßƒ, ]pkvX-I-ßƒ, hnf-°p-Iƒ, kwKo-tXm-]-I-c-W-ßƒ, aWn-Iƒ, Ip¿∫m-\-bv°p≈ ho™v, HmkvXn-°p≈ amhv F∂n-ßs\ssZhm-cm-[-\bv°v Bh-iy-am-b-h-sb√mw Hcp-°n-s°m-Sp-°m-\p≈IS-a.

6.saXm-∑m¿, Im\-∑m¿, ]hn-iym-ta-[m-hn-Iƒ, CS-h-I-hn-Im-cn-am¿, A≤ym-]-I¿ XpSßn k`m-]-c-amb Dt±ym-K-ßƒ hln-°p∂ F√m-h¿°pw th≠ iº-fhpw Ae-h≥kpw CuÃv C≥Un-kn¬\n∂pw cmPm-hn\p In´p∂ hcp-am-\-Øn¬ \n∂p sImSp-°p-I.

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

84

7. t]m¿®p-K¬ cmPm-hn\p \¬Is∏´ k`m-fl-Im-[n-Im-c-ambJus Patronatus ]n≥h-en-°mt\m AXn¬ am‰w hcp-Ømt\m At±-l-Øns‚ hy‡amb kΩXw IqSmsX tdma≥ am¿∏m-∏bv°pIgn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√v.27

t]m¿®p-Kokv ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ t]m¿®p-K¬ cmPmhv Hcp cmjvSo-b-[n-Imcn amX-am-bn-cp-∂n-√, ]XypX k`m-Im-cy-ß-fnse ]c-am-[n-Imcn IqSn Bbn-cp∂p F∂v hy‡-am-Wv. -A-t±-l-Øns‚ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ A[n-hn-]p-ehpw A]-cn-an-X-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. cq]-X-I-fpsSÿm]-\w, saXm-∑m-cpsS \nb-a-\w, hnI-cn-am-scbpw anj-\-dn-am-scbpw \ma-\n¿t±iw sNø¬ F∂n-ßs\ k`m-`-c-W-]-c-ambImcy-ßƒ apgp-h≥ A¥naambn At±-l-sØ-bmWv Bi-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

3. tdmanse s]m∏-Km¥ ntZ Xncp-kwLhpw C¥y-bnseeØn≥k- bpw

AssIkvXh temIØv anj≥]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-Øm-\p≈ kwhn-[m-\tam hn`-h-ti-jntbm ]cn-ip≤ knwlm-k-\-Øn\v C√m-Xn-cp∂ ImeØmWv am¿∏m-∏-am¿ t]m¿®p-K¬ cmPm-hn\v kwc-£-Wm-[n-Imcw (Jus Patronatus) \evIn-b-Xv. 16˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-ap-X¬, ]pXp-Xmbn “I≠p-]n-Sn-°-s∏´”cmPy-ß-fnse hnizm-k-]-N-mc-W-Øn-\p-th≠n Hcp tIµ Hm^o-tkm, Hcp kwL-S-\ -X-s∂tbm Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n ]ecpwNn¥n®p XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. hnhn[ k\ymk kaq-l-ßfpw cq]-Xm-ssh-Zn-Icpw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ anj≥ ]h¿Ø-\-ßsf GtIm-]n-∏n-°pI Bh-iy-am-bn-cp∂p. ImcWw Ah¿ ]e-t∏mgpw ]c-kv]-c-kw-L-´-\-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. shem-kn-tbmav ]mshm-fnkv(Velasio de Paolis) \nco-£n-®-Xp-t]mse, k` Cu ImeL-´-Øn¬ ]pXnb P\-ß-fpsS kphn-ti-j-h-Xv°-c-W-Øn-te°v i≤Xncn-®p. ]pXnb cmPy-ß-fpsS kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-W-Øn¬kvs]bn-\n-sebpw t]m¿®p-K-en-sebpw cmPm-°-∑m¿ Ahw-e- n®hnhm-Z-]-c-amb coXn-Isf Xncp-Øm-\p≈ BK-lhpw CXn-\p-]n-∂n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.28

kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-W-Øn\v Hcp tIµ-kw-hn-[m\w thW-sa∂ \nc-h[n t]cpsS BKlw 1622 Pq¨ 22˛mw XnbXnsKlcn XV-˛mw a≥ am¿]m∏ Inscrutalili dirinae F∂ ]amWtcJ-hgn hnizmk ]Nm-c-W-Øn\p th≠n-bp≈ XncpkvLw(Congregatio de propaganda tide) ÿm]n-®-tXmsS \nd-th-dn.29

temIw apgp-h-\n-ep-ap≈ anj-\-dn-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ta¬t\m´w

85

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

hln®v am¿§\n¿t±iw \¬Ip-I, anj≥]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ kphn-tijw ]kw-Kn-°m\pw ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm-\p-ambn ipiq-jn-Isf\ntbm-Kn-°pI, ItØm-en°m hnizmkkXy-ßƒ kwc-£n-°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂v Dd∏phcpØpI F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ Xncp-kw-L-Øns‚ ZuXyw. Xßsf `c-ta¬]n-®n-cn-°p∂ ZuXyw \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂-Xn\v ˛ AXm-b-Xv, temIw apgp-h-\n-ep-ap≈ kphn-ti-j-]-h¿Ø-\-ßsf kw_-‘n®v ˛ Bh-iy-amb F√m Xocp-am-\-ßfpw FSp-°m-\p≈ kºq¿Æ A[n-ImcwC°m-e-b-f-hn¬ Xncp-kw-L-Øn-\v D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.30 AXp-sIm≠vkm[m-cW kwkmc `mj-bn¬ CXns\ “k¿∆-i-‡≥”(omnipotant) F∂mWv hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

s]m∏-Km¥ ^ntZ-bpsS ÿm]-\w-hsc C¥y-bnse kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-cW ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ t]m¿®p-Kokv ]sZm-hm-tZm-bpsS IpØ-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ cmjvSob i‡n-bpsSXf¿®bpw kmº-ØnI hn`-h-ti-jn-bpsS A`m-hhpw aqew ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZywL´w apX¬, C¥y-t]mse hnim-e-amb Hcp cmPy-Øns‚ ssIkvXh hXvI-cWw \n¿∆-ln-°m-t\m, k`-sbbpw k`m-ÿm-]-\-ß-sfbpw th≠-hn[w kwc-£n-°m-t\m, t]m¿®p-K-en\v Ign-bm-Xm-bn. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬t]m¿®p-K-ens‚ CS-s]-S¬ IqSmsX, tdman¬ \n∂p t\cn- v, anj-\-dn-amsc Ab-°m-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ s]m∏-Km¥ ôtZ kzoI-cn-®p. 1622 apX¬ t]m¿®p-Kokv `c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s‚tbm, tKmh-bnse k`m˛cmjvSob A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsStbm ap≥Iq-ń-bp-≈- A-\p-a-Xn-Iq-SmsX C¥y-bn¬ ]h¿Øn-°m≥ F√m k\ymk k`-I-sfbpw kaq-l-ß-sfbpw s]m∏-Km¥ ntZ A\p-h-Zn®p.31 1633¬ D¿_≥ VIII -˛mw a≥ (UrbanVIII) am¿]m∏m Ex debito pastoralisF∂ teJ\w hgn t]m¿®p-K-ens‚ aX-]-c-amb IpØ-Im-h-ImiwHutZym-Kn-I-ambn Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-Ibpw Xßƒ°v bp‡-sa∂ptXm∂p∂ GXp am¿§Øn-eq-sSbpw anj≥ ]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°pt]mIm≥ kphn-ti-j-]-tLm-j-I¿°v kºq¿Æ kzmX¥yw\¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ahsc XS-bp-∂-hsc k`-bn¬ \n∂p]pd-Øm-°pw- F∂ ap∂-dn-bn∏pw \¬In.32 C¥y-bn¬ \ne-\n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ k\ymk k`-Iƒ°p-]p-d-sa, 17˛mw \q‰m-≠p-Im-e-Øv, \njv]m-Zp-I-I¿Ω-eo-Ø¿, I∏p-®n≥Im¿, sXbm-‰n≥Im¿(Theatins) F∂n-h-cpw, ]n∂oSv ]mcokv hntZi anj-\dn kaq-lhpw C¥y-bn-se-Øn. Cu anj-\-dn-am-cn¬ an°-hcpw s]m∏-Km¥ ôtZ-bpsS Iogn¬ tPmen-sN-bvXp. c≠p kphn-ti-j-h-Xv-IcW GP≥kn-Ifpw XΩn¬ ISpØp kwL-´-\-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

86

s∂-¶nepw s]m∏-Km¥ ^ntZ-bpsS ta¬ t\m´-Øn¬ C¥y-bpsS hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-W-Øn\p ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-≠mbn.33

Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ CuÃv-C≥Uo-knse (East Indies) `q]-tZ-i-ßƒ apgp-h≥ t]m¿®p-Kokv ]sZm-hm-tZm-bpsS Iogn-ep≈tKmh AXn-cq-]X, kma-¥-cq-]-X-I-fmb sIm®n, ssaem-∏q¿,am¿tXmam InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p-th-≠o-bp≈ A¶-amen ˛ Im¶-∂q¿ F∂o \mep cq]-X-I-fmbn hn`Pn-°-s∏´p InS-∂n-cp∂p. 34

Imt\m-\n-I-ambn CuÃv C≥Uo-knse `q]-tZiw apgp-h≥ Cu\mep t]m¿®p-Kokv cq]X A[n-Im-c-Øn≥ Iogv Bbn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Npcp°w tIµ-ßƒ amXta t]m¿®p-Kokv k`m cmjvSo-bm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS ^e-]-Z-amb A[o-\-X-bnepw \nb-¥-W-Ønepw Bbn-cp -∂p-≈q. kwc-£-Wm-[n-Im-c-Øns‚ (JusPatronatus) hyh-ÿ-I-f-\p-k-cn®v ]pXn-b-Xmbn ‘I≠p-]n-Sn-°-s∏´’ ]tZ-i-ß-en¬ cq]-X-Iƒ ÿm]n-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-I,Cu cq]-X-I-fn-te°pw Hgn-hm-bn-In-S-°p∂ saXm-k-\-ß-fn-te°pwsaX-∑m-cmbn \nb-an-°-s∏-Sm≥ A\p-tbm-Py-cmb hy‡n-Isf\nb-a-\-Øn-\mbn am¿∏m-∏-bpsS apºn¬ ka¿∏n-°pI F∂oImcy-ßƒ t]m¿®p-Kokv cmPm-hn-s‚-amXw Ah-Im-i-am-bn-cp-∂p.CuÃv Cu≥Uokv apgp-h≥ ta¬]-d™ \mep t]m¿®p-Kokvcq]-X-I-fpsS Iogvem-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ t]m¿®p-Kokv `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ kΩ-Xhpw tKmh-tam-Xm-t∏m-eoØbpsS Adn-hpwIqSmsX C¥y-bn¬ cq]-X-Iƒ ÿm]n-°m-t\m, saXm-∑msc\nb-an-°mt\m ]cn-ip-≤-knw-lm-k-\-Øn\p Ign-bp-am-bncp-∂n-√.

Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ t]m¿®p-Kokv cmPm-hn-\p≈ kwc-£-Wm-[n-Imcw ]n≥]-en-°msX Xs∂, am¿∏m-∏-bpsS t\cn-´p≈A[n-Im-c-Øn≥Io-gn¬ A∏-kvtXm-enI hnIm-cn-b-Øp-Iƒÿm]n®v Ah-bpsS `cWw A∏-kvtXm-enIv hnIm-cn-amsc `c-ta¬]n-°pI F∂ `c-W-]-c-amb Xm¬Im-enI \S-]Sn ]cn-ip-≤-knw-lm-k\w kzoI-cn-®p. \ne-hn-ep≈ ]sZm-hmtZm cq]-X-Iƒ°p-≈n-ep≈ Nne ]h-iy-I-fn¬ ]h¿Øn-°m≥ ]cn-ip≤knwlmk-\-Øn¬ \n∂v t\cn´v A[n-Imcw e`n® ÿm\obsaXm-∑m¿ (Titular Bishops) Bbn-cp-∂p A∏-kvtXm-en-Izn-Im-cn-am¿. Aßns\ C¥y-bnepw sX°≥ Gjy-bnepw tdman¬ \n∂p\nb-a\w e`n® A∏-kvtXm-enIv hnIm-cn-am¿ Xßsf c-ta¬]n®]tZ-i-ß-fnse AP-]m-e\ ˛ anj≥]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ]q¿ÆDØ-c-hm-ZnXzw Gs‰-Sp-Øp, Imt\m-\n-I-ambn Cu]-tZ-i-ßƒAt∏mgpw ]sZm-hm-tZm-bpsS Iogn¬ Bbn-cp-s∂-¶nepw35

87

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

s]m∏Km¥ ^ntZ BZyw ÿm]n® A∏-kvtXm-enI hnIm-cn-bØv _oPm-]q¿ (Bijapur) AYhm CU¬I≥ (Idalcan) Bbn-cp-∂p (1637). 1669 ¬ AXv sIm¬sIm≠ (Colconda), s]Kp(Pegu) F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-te-°pw. 1696 ¬ apKƒ kmamPyw apgp-h-\n-te°pw hym]n-∏n-®p.36 ]n∂oSv 1700 ¬ ae-_m¿ A∏-kvtXm-enIv hnIm-cn-bmØv (]n-∂oSv shcm-s]m-fn) ÿm]n-°-s∏-´p.]tXy-In®v am¿tXΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p-th≠n Bbn-cp∂pCXv.37

s]m∏-Km¥ co-Z-bpsS C¥y-bnse CS-s]-S¬, ]tXy-In®vhnIm-cn-bm-Øp-I-fpsS ÿm]-\w, Zo¿L-amb Hcp A[n-Im-c-bp-≤-Øn\p If-sam-cp-°n. s]m∏-Km¥ ^nsZ-bpsS anj\-dn-amcpwA∏-kvtXm-enIv hnIm-cn-amcpw Hcp-h-iØpw t]m¿®p-Kokv ]sZm-hm-tZm-bpsS anj-\-dn-amcpw saXm-∑mcpw adp-h-iØpw AWn-\n-c-∂p. ]e tdma≥ am¿∏m-∏-amcpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw ÿnco-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX t]m¿®p-Kokv cmPm-hns‚ Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsSta¬ ]cn ˛ knwlm-k\w GI-]-£o-b-ambpw A\o-Xn-]-c-ambpwItø-‰w-\-S-Øp-∂-Xmbn t]m¿®p-Kokv ]£w Btcm-]n-®p. tUman-\n°v ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se, “hnIm-cn-b”-Øp-I-fpsS ÿm]-\sØ kw_-‘n®v tdmapw t]m¿®p-Kepw XΩn-ep-≠mb hntbm-Pn∏v, hnIm-cn-bmeØp-I-fpsS Xm¬°m-enI kz`mhw, A∏-kvtXm-enI hnIm-cn-am-cpsS A[n-Im-csØ kw_-‘n® Ahy-‡X,adp-i-‡n-Iƒ Nne-t∏mƒ \S-Ønb CS-s]-S-ep-I-ƒ, Ch-sb√mw]qc-I-kz-`m-h-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb s]m∏-Km-¥-bpsS CS-s]-S-ens\]sZm-hm-tZm-bp-am-bp≈ Hcp Xcw ÿnc kwL-´-\-am-°n-am-‰m≥t]c-I-am-bn-´p≠v.38 C¥y-bnse eØo≥ k`-bpsS Hcp Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb s]m^. G.M. -tam-sdkv (Moraes) Cukw-L-´-\sØ,Htc-k-`-bn-ep≈ c≠p ]m¿´n-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈, AYhm k`m-]-c-amb sImtfm-Wn-b-en-k-Øns‚ c≠p kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈(t]m-cv®p-Kokv ]sZm-]m-tZ-bpw s]m∏-Km-¥-bpsS ]n≥_-e-ap≈C‰-en-°mcpw XΩn-ep-≈) \ne-bv°mØ Hcp B`y-¥-c-bp-≤-ambnNnXo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. 1637 ¬ BZy-hn-Im-cn-bm-Øns‚ ÿm]-\-tØmsS XpS-ßnb Cu B`y-¥-c-bp≤w 1953 ¬ amX-amWv Ah-km-\n-°p-∂Xv.39

]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-ap-X¬ a‰p-bp-tdm-]y≥sImtfm-Wn-b¬ i‡n-I-fmb U®p-Im¿, CwKo-jp-Im¿, ^©p-Im¿, Um\n-jp-Im¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ C¥y-bnse ][m-\-tI-µ-ßƒIø-S-°n-b-tXmsS t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS C¥y-bnse i‡n IqSp-X¬ £bn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. a‰p sImtfm-Wn-b¬ i‡n-I-fpsS

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

88

A[o-\-X-bn-ep≈ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ kwc-£-Wm-[n-Imcw \¬Ip∂Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \S-∏n-em-°m≥ t]m¿®p-K-en\p Ign-bm-sX-h-∂p.I¬°-Ø, t_ms_, aZmkv XpS-ßnb \K-c-ßsf tIµo-I-cn®v C¥y-bn¬ _n´ojv BZn-]Xyw ÿm]n-X-am-b-tXmsS,]sØm≥ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw`w apX¬, t]m¿®p-KokvcmjvSob i‡n tKmh, Uma≥, Unbp XpS-ßnb GXm\pwÿe-ß-fn-te°p Npcp-ßn. cmjvSo-b-cw-KsØ Xf¿®bpw kmº-ØnI _p≤n-ap- p-Ifpw aqew C¥y-t]mse hnim-e-amb Hcp ]tZ-i-Øns‚ kphn-ti-j-h-Xv°-cWw \S-Ømt\m k`-sbbpw k`m-ÿm-]-\-ß-sfbpw kwc-£n-®p-\-S-Ømt\m t]m¿®p-K-en\p Ign-bmsX h∂p. amX-a-√, t]m¿®p-K-ense cmjvSo-bm-¥-co£w aX-hn-cp-≤-ambn amdn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ anj≥]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-ep≈ XmXv]-cyhpw Ipd-™p-h--∂p. 1833 ¬ ]cn-ip-≤-knw-lm-k-\-hp-am-bp≈ \b-X-¥-_‘w t]m¿®p-K¬ hntOZn-®p. hnc-f-ambn tijn® anj≥ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, 1833 tabv 30˛mw XobXnt]m¿®p-Kokv kmamPyw apgp-h-\n-ep-ap≈ k\ymk k`-I-sf-sb√mw \ntcm-[n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ UnIn ]pd-Øp-h-∂-tXmsS \ne-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.40 C¥y-bnse \mep t]m¿®p-Kokv cq]-X-Isf kw_-‘n-®p-t]mepw kwc-£-Wm-[n-Im-c-Øns‚ IS-a-Iƒ\n¿∆-ln-°p-∂-Xn¬ t]m¿®p-Kokv A[n-Imcw ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p.Zo¿L-Im-e-tØ°v Ah Hgn-hm-bn-In-S-∂p.

C¥y-bnse k` ]cn-Xm-]-I-chpw A]-e-\o-b-hp-amb Hcp Ah-ÿ-bn-em-bn-cp∂p. ]cn-ip-≤-knw-lm-k\w CS-s]- n-s√-¶n¬ AXp\mam-h-ti-j-amIpw F∂p t]mepw s]mXp-th-I-cp-X-∏øp.41 AXn-\m¬ t]m¿®p-Kokv c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s‚bpw k`m-Xn-Im-cn-I-fp-sSbpwi‡-amb ]Xn-tj-[sØ Ah-K-Wn®v a‰p \nc-h[n hnIm-cn-bm-Øp-Iƒ ÿm]n-°-s∏- p. Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n-\p-apºv s]m∏-Km¥ nsZ-bpsS Xe-h-\m-bn-cp∂ KnKcn XVI -˛m-a≥ am¿∏m∏m (1831˛1846)Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ hnIm-cn-bm-Øp-Iƒ ÿm]n-®p. sI¬s°m≠(Calconda)-bpsS an°-`m-K-ßfpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ aZmkv hnIm-cn-bmØv (1832), henb samKp-fns‚ (Great Mogul) Hcp `mKwDƒs°m-≈p∂ _wKmƒ hnIm-cn-bmØv (1834), ioe-¶-bnsekntem¨ hnIm-cn-bmØv (1834), sIdm-am-≠¬ hnIm-cn-bmØv(1834), F∂n-h-bmWv Ah. henb samKp-fns‚ tijn-®-`mKw1832 apX¬ t_ms_ hnIm-cn-bmØv F∂v Adn-b-s∏-´p.42 CuhnIm-cn-bm-Øp-I-sf√mw \ne-hn-ep≈ ]sZm-hmtZm cq]-X-Iƒ°vD≈n-emWv ÿm]n-°-s∏-´sX∂v ]d-tb-≠-Xn√tem. Ch-bpsSta¬ ]sZm-hm-tZm-°p≈ A[n-Imcw ]I-S-ambn ]n≥h-en-®n-cp-∂p-an-√.

89

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

4. t]m¿®p-Kokv kwc-£-Wm-[n-Im-c-Øns‚ `mKn-I-ambXm¬°m-enI \ntcm-[-\hpw AXns‚ ]p\:ÿm]-\-hpw

]cn-ip≤ knwlm-k\w t\cn´p \nb-an® A∏-kvtXm-enIvhnIm-cn-amcpw t]m¿®p-Kokv k`m ˛ cmjvSob A[n-Im-cn-IfpwXΩn-ep-≠mb hn\m-i-I-chpw Bt£-]m¿l-hp-amb A[n-Im-c-kw -L-´ -\ -ßƒ C¥y-bnse ItØm-en -°m -k-` -bpsS]ptcmKXnsb kmcambn _m[n-®p. Ah-km\w ]e N¿®-Iƒ°p-tijw (t]m¿®p-Kokv cmPm-[n-Im-c-hp-ambn Btem-Nn-°m-sX-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu N¿®-Iƒ) 1838 G]n¬ 24˛mw XnbXn, KnKcn XVI-˛m-a≥ ]m∏m Multa Praeclare-F∂ A∏-kvtXm-enI teJ\w hgn,tKmh AXn-cq-]-X-sbmgnsI C¥y-bnse a‰p-ÿ-e-ß-fn-t∑-ep≈]sZm-hmtZm Ppdn-kvUn-£≥ \o°w sNbvXp.43 hnIm-cn-bm-Øp-I-fpsS ÿm]-\-sØbpw Bflm-°-fpsS \∑-°p-th-≠n-sNbvXa‰p-Im-cy-ß-sfbpw Ipdn®v ]Xn-]m-Zn-®- tijw am¿]m∏mXpS¿∂p:

C≥Uokv ]tZißsf]‰n \mw CXphsc ]Jym]n®Imcyßƒ hgn B D]`qJWvUØns‚ an° `mKßfpsSbpwaX]camb \ap°v Bhiyambh \n¿∆ln°s∏Sp∂p F∂v\mw a\ nem°p∂p. F∂mcp∂mepw, CXnt\mSIw `cWØn\mbn A∏kvtXmenIv hnImcnam¿°v Gev]n®p sImSpØÿeßƒ°p ]pdta Bflob kpÿnXn°v BhiyambhsNbvXpsImSpt°≠ a‰p ]e ÿeßfpw Im¶∂q¿, sIm®n≥,ssaem∏q¿ AYhm amtØmΩ F∂o cq]XmXn¿Øn°p≈nep≠v Zo¿LImetØbv°v Hcp CSbs‚ km∂n≤ywC√mXncp∂ ÿeßfn¬ k`m]camb A®S°w, P\ßfpsS[m¿ΩnI PohnXw, ItØmen°m hnizmkw XpSßnbtaJeIfnse√mw henb hogvNIƒ D≠mbn´p≠v F∂v \mwAdnbp∂p. AXpt]mseXs∂, cq]XIfpsS AhImißsfkwc£n°ms\∂ `mth\, ]cn. knwlmk\w \nban®vA∏kvtXmenIv hnImcnamsc FXn¿°pIbpw AhcpsSA[nImcsØ tNmZyw sNøpIbpw k`bn¬ hn\miIcamb]nf¿∏n\p hgnsXfnbn°pIbpw sNøp∂ ]ecpw Ds≠∂Imcyhpw \ap°v Adnbmw. ]tXmkns‚ ]n≥Kman F∂\nebn¬ ssZhw \sΩ `ctaev]n®ncn°p∂ DØchmZnXzØns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬, hnZqctZißfnemsW¶nepwk`mImcyßƒ IaoIcn°m\pw AXns‚ \∑bv°pBhiysa∂p tXm∂p∂ Iev]\Iƒ ]pds∏Sphn°m\pw \mwISs∏´ncn°p∂p F∂ DØat_m[yhpw \ap°p≠v. AXn\m¬,

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

90

s]m∏Km¥ ^qsZbpsS Imcyßƒ t\m°m\mbn \nbp‡cpw\ΩpsS hµyktlmZc∑mcpamb, tdma≥ ItØmen°mk`bpsSI¿±n\mfamcpsS A`n]mbw BcmbpIbpw ]IzambhnNn¥\ßƒ \SØpIbpw sNbvXtijw, A∏kvtXmenIm[nImcØns‚ ]q¿ÆX D]tbmKn®v Xmsg ]dbp∂Imcyßƒ Iev]n®p \evtI≠XmsW∂v \mw Xocpam\n®p.AXmbXv, Hcp XmevImenI \S]Sn F∂ \vebnepw A∏kvtXmenI knwlmk\w ]pXnb Hcp Xocpam\w ssIs°m≈p∂hscbpw ssaem∏q¿ AYhm am¿tXΩm cq]XbpsS AXn¿ØnIƒ°p≈nep≈Xpw CXphsc Hcp A∏kvtXmenIv hnImcnIƒ°v ctaev]n°s∏Sp∂Xpamb ]tZißsf√mw aZmknseA∏kvtXmenIv hnImcnbmØn t\mSp tN¿°s∏SWw. Cu]tZißfnt∑ep≈ k`m]ctam Bflobtam BbA[nImcmhImißƒ (Inrirdition and authority) km¬UnØm\nse (Salditan) saXm\pw aZm-kns‚ A∏-kvtXm-en-Iv hn-Im-cn-bp-amb \ΩpsS hµy-k-tlm-Z-c≥ Zm\n-tb-en-s‚bpw (Daniel)At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-I-fp-tSXpw Bbn-cn-°pw. CtX-Im-c-W-Øm¬ \mw I¬]n-°p-∂p: Im¶-∂-q¿,sIm®n≥ F∂o cq]-X-I-fpsS AXn¿Øn-Iƒ°p-≈n-ep-≈Xpw CXp-hsc Hcp A∏-kvtXm-enIv hnIm-cn°p `c--ta¬]n-°-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xp-amb ]tZ-i-ßƒ, ae-_m-dn¬ evYm]n-°-s∏-´-Xpw, shcm-s]mfn (Verapoly) ]´WwAÿm-\-am-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xp-amb A∏-kvtXm-enI hnIm-cn-bm-Øn-t\mSv tN¿°-s∏-S-Ww. Cu ]tZ-i-ß-fnt∑-ep≈ k`m-]-chpwBflo-b-hp-amb F√m A[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i-ßfpw (Jurirdiction andAuthority) A¬am-S-bnse (Almata) saXm-\pw shcm-s]m-fn-bn¬Bÿm-\-ap-d-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂ A∏-kvtXm-enI hnIm-cn-bp-amb\ΩpsS hµy-k-tlm-Z-c≥ ^m≥knkv tkhy-dn-s‚bpw At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-I-fp-tSXpw Bbn-cn-°pw. AXp-t]mse, aem-°bv°pw KwKbv°pw A∏p-d-ap≈ ]tZ-i-ßƒ°pw \ΩpsS A∏-kvtXm-enI D’p-I-X-bpsS KpW-^-e-ßƒ e`n-°m\pw Ahn-SsØ aX-]-c-amb kpÿn-Xn°pw hf¿®°pw th≠n, ap≥]-d™ AtX Xm¬Im-en-I-kz- m-h-tØmsS, B]-tZ-isØ, kmam-bpsS (Zama) saXm\pw Bh (Ava), s]Kp (Pegu) F∂n-hn-S-ß-fpsS A∏-kvtXm-enIv hnIm-cn-bp-amb \ΩpsS hµy-k-tlm-Z-c≥ s^Z-cn®n Imthm (Federiei Cao) bpsS c-Wm-[n-Im-c-Øn\pIogn-em-°p-∂p. Cu ]tZ-i-ß-fpsS k`m-]-chpw Bflo-b-hp-amb`cWsØ kw_‘n ®nStØmfw A∏kvtXmenIv hnImcnam¿t\cn´v Bibn °p∂Xv \sΩbpw A∏-kvtXm-enI knwlm-k-\-sØbpw amX-am-sW∂v \mw ]Jym-]n-°p-∂p. Cu ]tZ-i-ß-

91

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

fnse k`-bpsS Xe-h-∑m-cmbn (Ordimaries). F√m-hcpw Ahsc(A-∏-kvtXm-enI hnIm-cn-amsc) amXw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-Ibpw k`m-]-c-amb A[n-Imc ]X-ßfpw a‰qw Ah-cn¬\n∂p kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv. C°m-c-W-Øm¬ Im¶-∂q¿, sIm®n≥,ssaem-∏q¿ AYhm am¿tXmΩm F∂o cq]-X-I-fpsS ÿm]-\-sØbpw AXn¿Øn \n¿Æ-b-sØbpw kw_-‘n®v \ΩpsSap≥Km-an-I-sf-gp-Xnb ta¬]d™ A∏-kvtXm-enI teJ-\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw ae°m cq]-X-bpsS ÿm]-\sØ kw_-∑-[n®v 1558s^_p-hcn 4˛mw XnbXn t]mƒ IV -˛m-a≥ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® ProExcellenti F∂ A∏-kvtXm-enI teJ-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]k-‡-`m-K-ßƒ \mw Akm-[p-hm-°p-∂p, IqSm-sX, mly-kva-c-Wm¿l-\mb \ΩpsS ap≥Kman t]mƒ IV-m -a≥ ]m∏m 1558 s^_phcn4˛mw XnbXn tKmh AXncq]X ÿm]n®psIm≠p ]pds∏Sphn®Etsi Sancta F∂ A∏kvtXmenI teJ\Øn¬\n∂pw ]k‡`mKßƒ \mw ]n≥hen°p∂p. `mhnbn¬ ta¬]d™]tZißfpsSta¬ Hcp ÿm\t∏cns‚ ASnÿm\ØnepwHc[nImchpw (Juridiction) ]tbmKn°m≥ tKmh saXms∏meoØmbv°v Ignbp∂X√.44

tKmh, sIm®n≥, ssaem∏q¿, Im¶∂q¿ F∂o cq]XIfpsSÿm]\sØbpw AhbpsS AXn¿Øn \n¿ÆbtØbpwkw_‘n®v Xs‚ ap≥KmanIsfgpXnb A∏kvtXmenIteJ\ßfn¬\n∂v ]k‡`mKßƒ am¿]m∏m hy‡ambnXs∂ \o°w sNbvXp. t]m¿®pKokv cq]Xbmb ssaem∏q¿\n¿Øem°n B ]tZiw aZmkv A∏kvtXmenIvhnImcnbmØns‚ `mKam°n. t]m¿®pKokv ]sZmhmtZcq]XIfmb Im¶∂q¿ (am¿tXmΩm InkvXym\nIƒ),sIm®n≥ cq]XIfpsS ]tZißƒ shcms]mfn hnImcnbmØnt\mSp tN¿Øp. aem°bpsS Iognep≈ ]tZißƒB¬hm˛s]Kp A∏kvtXmenI hnImcnbmØn\p \evIn.]sZmhmtZmbpsS A[nImc]cn[n tKmh AXncq]X bnte°vHXp°s∏´p. tKmhsb k`m t]mhn≥kv Bbn ÿm]n°p∂Etsi Sancta F∂ A∏kvtXmenI teJ\w ]n≥hen°s∏SpIbpw C¥ybnepw ]pdØpw tKmh saXms∏meoØmbv°vD≠mbncp∂ saXms∏meoØmbv°Sp Ø AhImißƒam‰s∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. Cu ]tZißfpsS taep≈ k`m`cWA[nImcnIƒ A∏kvtXmenI hnImcnam¿ amXambnØo¿∂p.

Cu A∏kvtXmenI teJ\w kmlNcyw IqSpX¬hjfm°m\pw, Nne KŸImc∑m¿ “tKmh≥ ioiva” F∂p

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

92

hnfn°p∂ Ahÿ kwPmXam°m\pta D]Icn®p≈p.45 ]cn.knwlmk\w \nban® A∏kvtXmenI hnImcnam¿A∏kvtXmenI teJ\w k¿∆mfl\m kzoIcn®p. t]m¿®pKokv`cWIqShpw t]m¿®pKokv saXm∑mcpw sshZnIcpw MultaPraeelara F∂ Cu teJ\sØ ZrV\n›btØmsSXnckvIcn°pIbpw Xßƒ°p \evIs∏´ AhImißfpsSta¬ AImcWambn \SØnb Itø‰ambn IcpXpIbpw sNbvXp.t]m¿®pKokv saX∑mcpw, sshZnIcpw k\yÿcpw AhcpsSIognep≈ InkvXob hnizmknIfpw ZrV\n›btØmsSA∏kvtXmenIteJ\sØ [n°cn®p ]h¿Øn°m≥XpSßn.46 am¿]m∏mbpsS ]cam[nImcsØ [n°cn®Xn\m¬]sZmhmtZmbpsS A\pbmbnIsf ioiva°mcmbn s]m∏Km¥^ntZ apZIpØn. ]sZmhmtZm hn`mKamIs´, s]m∏Km¥anj\dnamscbpw A∏kvtXmenIv hnImcnamtcbpw Itø‰°mcmbn NnXoIcn®p. Kuchtadnb Cu kmlNcyØns‚ HcpkPohNnXw s]m^k¿ tamsckv hc®pIm´p∂p≠v.

“]sZmhmtZm A\pbmbnIsf hnaXcpw ioiva°mcpambns]m∏Km¥ apZIpØn. ]sZmhmtZm ]£amIs´ AhcpsSA`n]mbØn¬ Dd®p \n¬°pIbpw s]m∏Km¥ GP‚pamsc[n°mcnIfmb IS∂pIb‰°mcmbn ]cnKWn°pIbpw sNbvXp.Cu ImebfhpapX¬ Zo¿LImetØ°v t]m∏Km¥anj\dnamcpsS apJytPmen P\ßsf hnizmkØnte°p\bn°pI F∂Xnt\°mƒ ]pXnb A[nImckwhn[m\Øn≥Iognte°v hnizmknIsf sIm≠phcnI F∂Xmbncp∂p. CutPmen°v Hcp hnip≤ I¿ΩØns‚ ]cnthjhpw D≠mbncp∂p.hnaXsc tdman\p Iogn¬ sIm≠phcnI F∂ ]hnXamb Hcp]h¿Ønbmbn Ah¿ CXns\ IcpXn. F¶nepw ItØmen°sc ho≠pw ItØmen°cm°m≥ ian°p∂ Hcp]mgvthebmWv CsX∂v D≈ns‚ D≈n¬ Ah¿ Adn™ncn°Ww.”47

t]m¿®pK¬ cmPmhn\v k`m]camb A[nImcw (Ecclesiasti-cal Juridiction) \evIp∂ \nch[n A∏kvtXmenI teJ\ßƒA\pkcn®v B cmPmhns‚ hy‡amb kΩXw IqSmsXkwc£Wm[nImcw \evIp∂ AhImißƒ ]n≥hen°m≥am¿]m∏bv°v AhImians√∂v t]m¿®pKokv ]£wNq≠n°m´n. 1838 HIvtSm_¿ 8˛mw XobXn tKmhbnse \nbp‡saXmt∏meoØbmb At¥m\ntbm s^en®nbmt\Zv km¥doØ Ihmtem (Antonio Feliciano de Santa Rita Cavalo)

93

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

Kh¿W¿am¿°pw, kma¥cq]XIfnse saXm∑m¿°pwsshZnI¿°pw A¬amb¿°pambn Zo¿Lamb Hcp CSbteJ\wFgpXn. Cu teJ\Øn¬, ]sZmhmtZmbpsS Iognep≈h¿am¿]m∏mbpsS teJ\w A\pkcn°m≥ ISs∏´hc√ F∂pamXa√, A\pkcn°mXncn°m≥ _m≤yÿ¿ IqSnbmsW∂vAt±lw ]Jym]n®p.48 teJ\w kam]n°p∂Xv C]ImcamWv.

“]cn. knwlmk\tØmSp≈ hnizmkhpw A\pkcWbpw\mw ]et∏mgpw G‰p]d™n´p≈XmWv. F∂m¬ CXvXpeyi‡ntbmSpw `b`‡ntbmSpw IqSn \mw FSpØn´p≈as‰mcp kXy]Xn⁄bv°v FXnc√. AXmbXv \ΩpsScmjvSob ]cam[nImcntbmSv hnizkvXXbpw hnt[bXzhpw]pe¿Øm\pw cmPmhn\p \evIs∏´ kwc£Wm[nImcØns‚AhImißfpw \ΩpsS AXncq]XbpsS AhImißfpwkwc£n°m\p≈ ]Xn⁄. \ap°p \evIs∏´ncn°p∂teJ\w Cu cmPIob AhImißsf IS∂mIan°pIbpw\ΩpsSbpw \ΩpsS kma¥ cq]XIfpsSbpw `cW]cambA[nImcßƒ \nt£[n°pIbpw sNøp∂Xn\m¬, CuteJ\tam CXpt]mep≈ a‰p teJ\ßtfm \S∏m°p∂Xns\Xntc ]Xntj[n°m\pw \nba]cambn sNdp°m\pw \mw_m[yÿcmWv. cm⁄nbpsS cmPIob kΩXw e`n°mØ]£w ta¬]d™ teJ\w kzoIcn°pItbm \S∏m°pItbm sNøcpsX∂v \ΩpsS A[nImcØn≥Iogp≈ F√mhtcmSpw \mw Iev]n°p∂p. tdmans\ ]Xntj[w Adnbn°m\pwA\ptbmPyamb Hcp ]Jym]\w CtX∏‰n ]pds∏Sphn°m≥am¿]m∏tbmS v Bhiys∏Sm\pw th≠n, s]m∏Km¥IpØns∏m°nb Cu Itø‰Øns‚ Hcp hnhcWw \mwcm⁄n°v \evInbn´p≠v.”49

cq]XmXn¿ØnIƒ°p≈n¬ A[nImchSwhenbpwkwL´\ßfpw \S∂psIm≠ncns°Xs∂, KnKdn XVI˛a≥]m∏mbpw At±lØns‚ ]n≥Kmanbmb ]obqkv IX˛ma≥am¿]m∏bpw (1846˛1878) s]m∏Km¥ ^nsZbpsS DtZymKÿtcmsSm∏w A∏kvtXmenI teJ\w \S∏n¬ hcpØm\p≈iaßƒ XpS¿∂psIm≠ncp∂p. ]t£ AXp ImcyambnhnPbn®n√. ]p\xIaoIWw hgnbpw hn`P\w hgnbpw ItaW\nch[n ]pXnb hnImcnbmØpIƒt]mepw ÿm]n°s∏´p.Xmsg]dbp∂h DZmlcWßfmWv. BK (1845), awKem]pcw(1845), ]m‰v\ (1845), sIm√w (1845), aZqcbv (1846), ioe¶bnsePm v\ (1849), ssakq¿ (1850), IrjvW\K¿ (1851), sslZc_mZv

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

94

(1851), ]©m_v (1880), ioe¶bnse Im≥Un (1883).50

]sZmhmtZmbpsS Xmev°menI Xntcm[m\sØbpwXpS¿∂p≠mb kw`hßsfbpw]‰n Pn. a¿Øn\ (G. Martina)\SØnb hnebncpØ¬ k¥penXhpw hkvXp\njvThpambntXm∂p∂p. At±lw ]dbp∂p: “sKKcn XVI˛mas‚ teJ\w(Brief) hn`n∂ êßfmWv Dfhm°nbXv. HcphiØv\o≠p\nev°p∂ Hcp A[nImc kwLS\]cºc°pXs∂ AXpImcWambn. hØn°m≥ AXn\v ioiva sehism F∂mWpt]cn´Xv , AXns‚ HutZymKnI tcJIfn¬ amXa√,enkv_Wnse \yq¨tjmbpambp≈ \bX¥]cambIØnS]mSpIfnepw. adphiØv hnImcnbmØpIƒ s]cpIm≥AXv CSbm°pIbpw F√mw knh¬ A[nImcnIfn∂p]Xo£n®p Ign™ncp∂ k`sb ]nSn®p Ipep°n kz¥wImen¬ \nev°m≥ ]tNmZn∏n°pIbpw sNbvXp.”51

ImeItaW, t]m¿®pKokv cmPm[nImchpw ]cn. knwlmk\hpw XΩnepw C¥ybnse bp≤`qanbnep≈ AhcpsS]Xn\n[nIƒ XΩnepap≈ kwL¿jw, ]sZmhmtZmbpsSGI]£obamb \ntcm[\w hgntbm, ]ckv]c òjWnIfpwapS°pIfpw in£m\S]SnIfpw hgntbm ]cnlcn°s∏SpIbns√∂v XnI®pw hy‡ambn. AXn\m¬, 1841 ¬ \S∂\bX¥_‘Øns‚ ]p\xÿm]\sØ XpS¿∂v, ]cn.knwlmk\hpw t]m¿®pKokv `cWIqShpw k‘n kw`mjWØn¬ G¿s∏Sm≥ XpSßn. CXns‚ êambn C¥ybnepwssN\bnepw t]m¿®pKokv kwc£Wm[nImcw XpScm\\phZn®psIm≠p≈ Hcp [mcWm]Xw (Concordat) 1857s^_phcn 21˛mw XobXn H∏phbv°s∏´p. kwc£Wm[nImcsØ ]p\:krjvSn°pIbpw IaoIcn°pIbpw sNbvXpsIm≠p≈ Cu DSºSn 1860 s^_phcn 6˛mw XnbXn ÿncoIcn°s∏SpIbpw 1860 tabv 30˛mw XnbXn ]kn≤oIcn°s∏SpIbpwsNbvXp. CXnse Nne ][m\ hIp∏pIƒ amXw XmsgsImSp°p∂p.

LWvUnI 1: “]k‡amb A∏kvtXmenI _qfIfpsSASnÿm\Ønepw ]cnip≤ Imt\m\pIƒ A\pkcn®pwC¥ybnepw ssN\bnepw Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂ IØoZepIfn¬ t]m¿®pKokv cmPmhn\p≈ kwc£Wm[nImc Øns‚AhImiw (Right of Patronage) XpScp∂XmWv.”LWvUnI 2: “C¥ysb kw_‘n°p∂h: ]Yaÿm\ae¶cn°p∂ tKmh saXmt∏meoØ≥ tZhmebw, Im¶∂qsc

95

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

AXncq]Xm tZhmebw ad honorem, sIm®nbnse cq]XmtZhmebw, ssaem∏qsc am¿tXmΩm cq]Xm tZhmebw,aem°bnse cq]Xm tZhmebw.

LWvUnI 3: ssN\bn¬ a°mhphnse cq]Xm tZhmebw

LWvUnI 7: tKmh AXncq]XbpsS Ct∏mgsØ AXn¿Øn°p≈n¬ FhnsSsb¶nepw Hcp ]pXnb cq]X ÿm]n°p∂Xnep≈ aX]camb kuIcysØ∏‰n ]cn. knwlmk\wapt∂m´ph® \n¿t±ißƒ IW°nseSpØv, AXv btYmNnXw\n¿∆ln°p∂Xn\pth≠ klmbw, kwc£Is\∂\nebn¬Ignh\pkcn®v t]m¿®pKokv Kh¨sa‚ v \evIp∂XmWv. ÿew`cW kuIcyhpw hnizmknIfpsS \∑bpw IW°nseSpØv]cn. knwlmk\hpambn BtemNn®mbncn°pw \n›bn°pI.

LWvUnI 14: C¥ybnse ta¬]d™ cq]XIfpsSAXn¿ØnIƒ°p ]pdtabp≈ ]tZißfn¬, Bhiyamb\S]SnItfmsS, ]pXnb cq]XIƒ ÿm]n°mhp∂XmWv.ÿm]\tØmsS Cu cq]XIfn¬ t]m¿®pKokv IncoSØns‚kwc£WmhImiw ]m_eyØn¬ hcp∂XmWv.52

DSºSn (concordat) tKmh satSmt]meoØ≥AXncq]Xbnep≈ t]m¿®pKokv kwc£Wm[nImcwÿncoIcn°pIbpw Im¶∂q¿ (am¿tØmΩm InkvXym\nIƒ),sIm®n≥, ssaem∏q¿, aem° F∂o t]m¿®pKokv cq]XIsf]p\xÿm]n°pIbpw sNbvXp. (Ch tN¿∂Xmbncp∂p tKmhk`m t]mhn≥kv). kwc£Wm[nImcØn≥ Iogn¬ ]pXnbcq]XIƒ ÿm]n°m\p≈ AhImiw t]mepw DSºSnt]m¿®pKen\p \evIn. Npcp°Øn¬ t]m¿®pKokvkwc£Wm[nImcØns‚ AhImißƒ Hcn°epw]n≥hen°s∏SmXncp∂mse∂t]mse ]p\xÿm]n°s∏´p.]cn. knwlmk\Øn\v A\pIqeambn Xocpam\n°s∏´ GIImcyw CXmbncp∂p: \nehnep≈ sX‰n[mcWIsfbpwhnizmknIƒ°nSbn¬ \ne\nev°p∂ Aim¥nsbbpw]cnlcn°m≥ th≠n, ta¬]d™ cq]XIfpsS ]cn[nIƒ\nPs∏SpØp∂ Hcp HtZymKnI tcJbv°v FXbpw thKw cq]w\evIm≥ cmPmhpw am¿]m∏mbpw XΩn¬ [mcWbmbn.53

hmkvXhØn¬ taev]d™ \mep t]m¿®pKokv cq]XIƒ C¥yapgph≥ hym]n®pInS∂ncp∂Xn\m¬ kzX¥ ]tZißƒtijn®ncp∂n√.

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

96

5. s]m∏Km¥ ^ntZbpsS Iogn¬ C¥ybn¬ ]pXnbeØo≥ lbcm¿°n ÿm]n°s∏Sp∂p

1860¬ t]m¿®pKokv kwc£Wm[nImcØns‚ ]p\xÿm]\hpw AXp kw_‘n® IaoIcWßfpw \S∂ tijhpw]cn. knwlmk\hpw t]m¿®pKokv `cWIqShpw XΩnep≈\bX¥_‘ßfpw IqSnbmtemN\Ifpw XpS¿∂p t]m∂p.X¬^eambn, “CuÃv C‚oknse InkvXpaXØns‚]ptcmKXnsb XzcnXs∏SpØm\pw AhnsS t]m¿®pKokvIncoSØn\p≈ kwc£Wm[nImcsØ imizXhpw\n¿ÆmbIhpamb hn[Øn¬ Ias∏SpØm\pw BKln®psIm≠v” ]cn. ]nXmhv setbm XIII-mw a\pw t]m¿®pK¬ cmPmhvtUm¨ eqbnkv H∂ma\pw Hcp DSºSn°p (Contordet) cq]w\¬Im≥ \n›bn®p. 1886 Pq¨ 23˛mw XobXn H∏ph® CuDSºSnbpsS ]k‡ `mKßƒ Xmsg sImSp°p∂p.

LWvUnI 1: am¿∏m∏am¿ \evInbn´p≈ ]pcmX\ambB\pIqeyßfpsS ASnÿm¥Xn¬, CuÃv C‚oknseIØoU¬ tZhmebßfn¬ ]cn. Imt\m\Iƒ°v A\pcq]ambpw, Cu DSºSnbn¬ sImSpØncn°p∂ am‰ßƒA\pkcn®pw, t]m¿®pKokv IncoSØns‚ kwc£WmhImiwXpS¿∂p ]h¿Øn°p∂XmWv.

LWvUnI 2: tKmhbn¬ satSms∏mfnØ≥ tijvTtZhmebsØ kw_‘n®nStØmfw, AXns‚ saXmt∏menØbv°vXs‚ kma¥ cq]XIfn¬, saXms∏meoØbv°SpØAhImißƒ XpS¿∂pw D≠mbncn°p∂XmWv. ]cn. ]nXmhvsaXmt∏menØmbv°v Xev°metØ°p \evIp∂ kuP\yB\pIqeyw F∂ \nebn¬, CuÃv C≥Unkns‚ apgph≥HmWddn ]mXnb¿°v (Honorary Patriarch) F∂ ]Zhnbnte°vAt±lw Db¿Øs∏Sp∂XmWv. CuÃv C≥Unkns‚ apgph≥tZiob Iu¨knepIfn¬ A≤y£X hln°m\p≈ ]tXyIAhImihpw At±lØn\v D≠mbncn°pw. km[mcWbmbntKmhbnembncn°pw Cu ktΩf\ßƒ \SØs∏SpI. ]tXyIkmlNcyßfn¬ hyXykvXamb Hcp Xocpam\w FSp°m\p≈AhImiw am¿]m∏mbv° D≠mbncn°p∂XmWv.

LWvUnI 3: saXmt∏menØ≥ Bÿm\tØmsSm∏w Xmsg]dbp∂ aq∂p cq]XIƒ tN¿∂Xmbncn°pw tKmht]mhn≥kv=Im¶∂q¿ F∂ ÿm\t]cpIqSnbp≈ Uma≥cq]X, sIm®ncq]X, ssaem∏qcnse am¿tXmΩm cq]X.

97

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

LWvUnI 4: satSmt]mfn‰≥ cq]Xbmb tKmhbnse∂t]mse AXns‚ aq∂p kam¥ cq]XIfnepw t]m¿®pKokvIncoSØns‚ kwc£Wm[nImcw \ne\nev°p∂XmWv.ta¬]d™ aq∂p cq]XIfn¬s]´ ]tZißfpw AhbpsSAXn¿ØnIfpw as‰mcp jo‰n¬ \¬Ip∂XmWv.

LWvUnI 7: C≥Uokns‚ lbcm¿°n ÿm]\tØmsSm∏wÿm]n°m≥ t]mIp∂ t_ms_, awKmem]pcw, sIm√w, aZpcbvF∂o cq]XIƒ°pth≠n, saXm≥ ÿm\w HgnhmIptºmƒsaXmt]menØamcpw kma¥saX∑mcpw tN¿∂p. AXpt]msesaXmt]menØ≥ knwlmk\w HgnhmIptºmƒ t]mhn≥kns‚ kma¥ cq]XIfnse saXm∑m¿ tN¿∂pw, A\ptbmPycmb aq∂p t]cpsS Hcp enÃv (terna) D≠m°n tKmhsaXmt∏menØ°p \evIpIbpw At±lw AXv t]m¿®pKokvIncoSØn\p ka¿∏n°pIbpw thWw. IncoSw BdpamkØn\Iw Cu enÃn¬\n∂v Hcmsf \nba\Øn\mbn ]cn.knwlmk\Øn\p ka¿∏n°Ww. kab]cn[nIgn™m¬CjvSap≈hsc sXcs™Sp°m\p≈ kzmX¥yw ]cn.knwlmk\Øn\p D≠mbncn°p∂XmWv.

LWvUnI 8: lbdm¿°n ÿm]\tØmsS ÿm]n°s∏Sm≥t]mIp∂Xpw apIfnesØ LWvUnIbn¬ kqNn∏n®Xpamb\mep cq]XIfnte°pw BZyambn \nban°s∏tS≠saXmt∏menØamscbpw saXm∑mscbpw \ma\n¿t±iwsNøp∂Xv ]cn. ]nXmhmbncn°pw.

LWvUnI 10: t]m¿®pKokv IncoSØns‚ kwc£Wm[nImcsØ C]Imcw IaoIcn®ncn°bm¬ CuÃv C≥Unknsetijn® ]tZißfn¬ saXm∑msc \ma\n¿t±iw sNøm\pwhnizmknIfpsS \∑bv°v bp‡sa∂p tXm∂p∂ Imcyßfn¬Xocpam\saSp°m\p≈ ]cn]q¿Æ kzmX¥yw ]cn.knwlmk\Øn\v D≠mbncn°p∂XmWv.54

sIm¨tImZmØv (Concordat) A\pkcn®v ]pXnb eØo≥lbcm¿°nbpsS ÿm]\thfbn¬ tKmh saXmt∏meoØCuÃv C≥Uokns‚ HmWddn ]mXnbm¿°nkns‚ (HonoraryPatriarch) ]Zhnbnte°v Db¿Øs∏Spw. tZiob s]mhn≥jy¬Iu¨knepIfn¬ A≤y£X hln°m\p≈ khntijmhImihpw At±lØn\p e`n°pw. km[mcW KXnbn¬ CuIu¨knepIƒ tKmhbn¬ Bbncn°pw ktΩfn°pI. tKmht]mhn≥kns‚ AXn¿ØnIƒ hy‡ambn \n¿Æbn°s∏Sm≥

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

98

t]mIp∂p. tKmhbv°SpØv Uma\n¬ ]pXpXmbnÿm]n°m≥t]mIp∂ cq]Xbpw, sIm®n, ssaem∏q¿ F∂o cq]XIfpwDƒs°m≈p∂Xmbncn°pw tKmh t]mhn≥kv. am¿tXmΩmInkvXy≥ cq]Xbmb Im¶∂q¿ \ndpØem°n, B t]cv]pXnb Uma≥ cq]Xbv°v \evIs∏Spw.

C¥ybnse \mep ]sZmhmtZm cq]XIfpsSbpw ta¬ (tKmh,Uma≥, sIm®n, ssaem∏q¿) kwc£Wm[nImcØns‚AhImißfpw NpaXeIfpw t]m¿®pKokv cmPmhv ]q¿Æambpw\ne\ndpØpw. IqSmsX, ÿm]n°s∏Sm≥ t]mIp∂ \meps]m∏Km¥ cq]XIfnte°v (t_ms_, awKem]pcw, sIm√w,a[pcbv) saXm≥ ÿm\m¿∞nIsf \nba\Øn\p ka¿∏n°m\p≈ AhImiwt]mepw At±lØn\p ≠mbncn°pw.55 CusIm¨tIm¿UmØns‚ ][m\ t\´w CXmWv: ]sZmhmtZmcq]XIƒ \mens‚bpw AXn¿ØnIƒ IrXyambn \n¿Æbn°m\pw Aßs\ tijn®ÿeßƒ ]sZmhmtZm A[nImc]cn[n°v ]pdØp sIm≠phcm\pw AXp Ifsamcp°n.Cßs\bp≈ ÿeßfn¬ cq]XIƒ ÿm]n°m\pwsaXm∑msc \nban°m\pw hnizmknIfpsS \∑bv°pXIp∂Xocpam\saSp°m\pap≈ kw]q¿Æ kzmX¥yw ]cn.knwlmk\Øn\p e`n°pw.

sIm≥tIm¿ZmØnse Xocpam\ßf\pkcn®v , 1886sk]vXw_¿ 1˛mw XnbXn setbm XIII ma≥ am¿]m∏m HumanaeSalutis auetor F∂ A∏kvtXmenI teJ\w hgn, s]m∏Km¥^osZbpsS A[nImcØn≥ Iogn¬ C¥ybn¬ ]pXnb eØo≥lbcm¿°n ÿm]n®p.56

teJ\Øns‚ BZy`mKØv ]m∏m C¥ybnse InkvXpaXsØ°pdn®pw, tXmakv A∏kvtXmes‚ kphntij]kwKsØ°pdn®pw, ]m›mXyanj\dnamcpsS BKa\sØ°pdn®pw ]sZmhmtZm cq]XIfpsSbpw hnImcnbmØpIfpsSbpw ÿm]\sØ°pdn®pw lkzamb Hcp hnhcWw \evIn.AXn\ptijw At±lw XmsgImWp∂ ]Jym]\w \SØn.

“AXn\m¬ hnjbØns‚ Kuchkz`mhw Bhiys∏´X\pkcn®v , InkvXob \maØns‚ ]NmcWØn\mbp≈XncpkwLØnte°p \nban°s∏´hcpw ]cn. tdma≥ItØmen°m k`bpsS I¿±n\mf∑mcpamb \ΩpsS hµyktlmZc∑mcpsS A`n]mbw Bcm™tijw, FfnatbmsSD≈pcpIn k¿∆i‡\mb ssZhtØmSp ]m¿∞n®tijw,

99

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

ssZhØns‚ Aatem¤h amXmhns‚bpw hn. ]tXmkns‚bpwhn. ]utemkns‚bpw hn. tXmakv A∏kvtXmes‚bpw, CuP\XbpsS ]°te°v hfsc h¿jßƒ°papºv kphntijshfn®hpambn IS∂phcnIbpw Ct∏mƒ Ah¿°p kz¿§obkwc£Ww \evIpIbpw sNøp∂ hn. ^m≥kokv tkhydns‚bpw klmbw bmNn®tijw, Dd® AdnthmSpw ]IzambhnNn¥\Øn\ptijhpw, \ΩpsS A∏kvtXmenI A[nImcØns‚ ]q¿ÆX D]tbmKn®v, Cu B[nImcnI teJ\w hgn,“samØp t]m]ntbm” (Motn Proprio), CuÃv C≥Uoknseanj\pIƒ apgph≥ Dƒs°m≈p∂ Hcp saXmk\ lbcm¿°n(episcopal hierarehy) Im\≥ \nbaØnse \n_‘\Iƒ°\pkcn®v, ssZhØns‚ D]cnalXzØn\pw ItØmen°mk`bpsS hf¿®°pambn ÿm]n°p∂p.

IqSmsX tKmhm AXncq]X BZyambn ÿm]n°pIbpwXpS¿∂v sIm®n, ssaem∏q¿, Im¶∂q¿ F∂o cq]XIsfAXns‚ kma¥ cq]XIfm°pIbpw sNbvX \ΩpsS]n≥KmanIfpsS ImeSnIsf ]n≥sN∂psIm≠pw, hnipX\pwG‰w hnizÿ\pamb t]m¿®pK¬˛A¬Km¿hv cmPmhpambn(Portugal and Algarvl) ASpØImeØv D≠m°nb [mcWA\pkcn®pw, \mw Cu cq]XIsf ÿncoIcn°pIbpw AhsbHcp t]mhn≥kmbn ]p\¿tbmPn∏n°phm≥ BKln°pIbpwsNøp∂p. CXn\pw ]pdta, \ΩpsS A∏kvtXmenIA[nImcap]tbmKn®v, Cu teJ\Øns‚ AtX B[nImcnIXtbmsS, C¥y≥ D]`qJWvUw apgph\nepw kotem¨Zzo]nepap≈ F√m A∏kvtXmenI hnImcnbmØpIsfbpw_wKmƒ t]mhn≥kn\p a≤yØnep≈ ]os^IvNdns\bpw(prefeeture) cq]XIfmbn ]Jym]n°pIbpw ÿm]n°pIbpwsNøp∂p. Cu ]pXnb cq]XIfn¬, BK, t_ms_,shcms]mfn, I¬°Ø, aZmkv, t]m≠nt®cn, tImbºØq¿F∂nhsb AXncq]XbpsS ]Zhnbnte°v \mw Db¿Øp∂p.kma¥ cq]XIƒ GsXms°bmsW∂v \n¿Æbn°m\p≈kzmX¥yw \ap°p≠mbncn°pw.”57

sIm¨tIm¿ZmØn¬ hyhÿ sNbvXncp∂Xpt]mse tKmhsaXmt∏menØ, CuÃv C≥Uokns‚ ]mXnb¿°okv Adhonorem F∂ ]Zhnbnte°v Db¿Øs∏Spw. tKmh AXncq]Xbpw kma¥cq]XIfmb sIm®n, ssaem∏q¿, 1886 sk]vXw_¿H∂n\v ]pXpXmbn ÿm]n°s∏´ Uma≥ F∂nhbpw tN¿∂vH‰ k`m t]mhn≥kv BbnØo¿∂p. ]sZmhmtZm AXncq]X

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

100

bmbncp∂ Im¶∂q¿ (am¿tØmΩm InkvXym\nIfpsS)\ndpØem°pIbpw AXns‚ ÿm\t∏¿ Uma≥ cq]Xbv°p\evI]∏s∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. \nehnep≈ A∏kvtXmenIhnImcnbmØpIsf√mw cq]XIfpw AXncq]XIfpambn]Jym]n°s∏SpIbpw Ah C¥ybn¬ Bdpw ioe¶bn¬H∂pw t]mhn≥kpIfmbn IaoIcn° s∏SpIbpw sNbvXp.Aßns\ BsI 8 t]mhn≥kpIfp ≠mbncp∂p. ]sZmhmtZmt]mhn≥kv Bb tKmhbpw C¥ybn¬ 6 Dw ioe¶bn¬ 1 DwBbn Ggv s]m∏Km¥ t]mhn≥kpIfpw.

AXncq]XIƒ kma¥cq]XIƒ1. BK Ael_mZv, emtlm¿2. t_ms_ ]q\3. I¬°Ø InjvW\K¿, Um°4. sImsfmtºm Pm^v\, Im≥Un

(ioe¶)5. tKmh sIm®n, ssaem∏q¿,

Uma≥, Im¶∂q¿F∂ ssS‰ntemSpIqSn)

6. aZmkv sslZc_mZv, hnimJ ]´Ww, awKem]pcw,

Sn®nt\m]v≈n (aZpcbv)7. t]m≠nt®cn tImbºØq¿, ssakq¿8. shcms]mfn sIm√w

C¥ybn¬ ]pXnb eØo≥ lbcm¿°n ÿm]nXambXn\ptijhpw A[nImc kwhn[m\Øns‚ (Juridiction) Cc´n®vXpS¿∂p sIm≠ncp∂p. F¶nepw, t]m¿®pKokv kwc£Wm[nImcØn≥ Iognep≈ tKmh t]mhn≥kns‚bpw s]m∏Km¥^nsZbpsS Iognep≈ AXncq]XIfpsSbpw cq]XIfpsSbpwAXn¿ØnIfpw ]cn[nIfpw hy‡ambn \n¿∆Nn°s∏´ncp∂Xn\m¬, C¥ybnse k`bn¬ kam[m\hpw sFIyhpw]pecm≥ XpSßn. Nne cq]XIfpsS AXn¿ØnIƒ ]nW™pInS∂ncp∂Xpaqehpw s]m∏Km¥bpsS Iognep≈ t_ms_,awKem]pcw, sIm√w, Sn®nt\m∏≈n (aZpcbv) cq]XIfnte°vsaXm∑msc \ma\n¿t±iw sNøm\p≈ t]m¿®pKokvKh¨sa‚ns‚ A[nImctØmSp _‘s∏´pw Db¿∂ph∂]iv\ßƒ GXm\pw h¿jßƒ°ptijw ]cnlcn°s∏´p.

101

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

6. t]m¿®pKokv kwc£Wm[nImcØns‚ ItaWbp≈Xntcm[m\hpw s]m∏Km¥ ntZbpsS Iogn¬ eØo≥k`ssIhcn® ]ptcmKXnbpw

ImeIaØn¬ C¥ybnsebpw t]m¿®pKensebpw cmjvSobkmlNcyßfn¬ am‰wh∂p. Ipsd ImesØ A[nImchSwhenIƒ°p s]mXpP\ ]t£m`ßƒ°pwtijw, 1910 ¬t]m¿®pK¬ Hcp dn∏ªn°v BbnØo¿∂p. X¬êambnkwc£Wm[nImcØns‚ AhImißƒ t]m¿®pK¬]knU≠n\v ssIam‰w sNøs∏´p. 1886 se sIm¨tIm¿ZmØv\S∏nem°p∂Xn\p≈ sshjayßƒ a\ nem°ns°m≠pw,t]m¿®pKenepw C¥ybnse aXPohnXØnepw h∂n´p≈Bgtadnb am‰ßfpsS êambpw, 1928 G]n¬ 15˛mw XobXn]cn. knwlmk\hpw t]m¿®pKokv Kh¨sa‚pw XΩn¬]pXnsbmcpSºSn H∏phbv°s∏´p. 58 Cu DSºSnbpsSASnÿm\Øn¬ tKmh AXncq]X, AXns‚ ]mXnbm¿°¬_lpaXn \ne\n¿Øns°m≠pXs∂, Uma≥ cq]Xbn¬s]´(CXv \ndpØem°n) t]m¿®pKokv A[o\Xbp≈ ]tZißfpwIØnbhm¿ XocØp≈ Unbq Zzo]pw IqSntN¿Øvhn]peoIcn°s∏´p. saXmt∏meoØ, tKmhbpsSbpwUmas‚bpw saXmt∏meoØm F∂p hnfn°s∏Sm≥ XpSßn.Uma≥ cq]XbpsS tijn® `mKßƒ t_ms_ AXncq]XtbmSp tN¿°s∏´p. ]sZmhmtZm cq]Xbmb ssaem∏qcns‚AXn¿ØnIfpw am‰n \n¿Æbn°s∏´p. AXns‚ `mKambnSn®nt\m∏n≈n, SpńsImdn≥ F∂o cq]XIfpsS AXn¿ØnIƒ°p≈n¬ NnXdn°nS∂ncp∂ 14 CShIIƒ th¿Xncn°s∏´p.cq]Xm`cW]tZißfpsS XpS¿® kwc£n°pIbmbncp∂pe£yw. ]cºcmKX t]m¿®pKokv cq]XIfmb tKmh(Uma\pw) sIm®n, ssaem∏qsc am¿tØmΩm F∂nhnSßfnsebpw, t_ms_, ssaem∏q¿, sIm√w, Sn®nt\m∏n≈n F∂ocq]XIfnsebpw saXm∑mcpsS \nbasØ kw_‘n®pw]pXnb [mcWbp≠m°n. CtX kw_‘n® ]k‡ hIp∏pIƒ Xmsg sImSp°p∂p.

LWvUnI 6: tKmh, sIm®n, ssaem∏qsc am¿tXmΩ, a°mthmF∂o cq]XIsf kw_‘n®v:

a) ]cn.knwlmk\w, tdma≥ IqcnbmbpsS ]Xnh\pkcn®vC¥ybnse (ssN\bnse¶n¬ ssN\bnse) A∏kvtXmenIvsUetKdp hgn, t]mhn≥knse saXm∑mcpsS A`n]mbw

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

102

Bcm™tijw, cq]X`cn°m≥ G‰hpw tbmKy\mbt]m¿®pKokv ÿm\m¿∞nsb Xncs™Sp°p∂Xmbncn°pw

b) Xncs™Sp°s∏´ ÿm\m¿∞nbpsS t]cv t]m¿®pKokvdn∏ªn°ns‚ ]knU≠n\v, enkv_Wnse A∏kvtXmenIv\yq¨kntbm hgntbm hØn°m\nse t]m¿®pKokv setKj≥hgntbm, kzImcyambn (Confidensially) ssIamdp∂XmWv.

c) ÿm\m¿∞n cmjvSobamb ]iv\ßƒs°m∂pwCS\evIp∂ns√¶n¬, dn∏ªn°ns‚ ]knU≠v, At±lsØHutZymKnIambn ]cn.knwlmk\Øns‚ apºn¬ \nbaØn\pka¿∏n°Ww.

d) ÿm\m¿∞nbpsS t]cp \evInsIm≠p≈ Adnbn∏pe`n®n´v c≠pamkØn\Iw ]cn. knwlmk\Øn\p ]knU≠ns‚ adp]Sn e`n°p∂ns√¶n¬, adp]Sn A\pIqe amsW∂pIcpXp∂XmWv.

e) \ma\n¿t±iw Htc kabw ]kn≤oIcn°m≥ Hcp XobXnHmtcm XhWbpw Ccp]£sØbpw D∂Xm[nImcnIƒ\n›bn°Ww. HutZymKnItcJ ]kn≤oIcn°s∏Sp∂XphscAXp clkyambncn°pIbpw thWw.

LWvUnI 7: t_mws_, awKem]pcw, sIm√w, `n®nt\m∏≈nF∂o cq]XIsf kw_‘n® hyhÿIƒ.

a) ]cnip≤knwlmk\w G‰hpw A\ptbmPy\mbÿm\m¿∞nsb Xncs™SpØtijw At±lØns‚ t]cv\¨tjym hgntbm hØn°m\nse t]m¿®pKokv setKj≥hgntbm dn∏ªn°ns‚ ]knU≠ns\ Adnbn°p∂XmWv.

b) dn∏ªn°ns‚ ]knU≠v Hcp amkØn\Iw ]kvXpXÿm\m¿∞nsb \nbaØn\p ka¿∏n°Ww. \nba\ hnhcwHutZymKnIambn 6˛mwLWvUnI D]hIp∏nse hyhÿIƒ°\pkcn®v ]kn≤oIcnt°≠XmWv.59

]pXnb sIm¨tIm¿UmØv A\pkcn®v C¥ybnsesaXm∑mcpsS \nba\Øn¬ t]m¿®pKokv `cWIqSØn\p≈]¶mfnØw KWyambn sh´n®pcp°s∏´p. t]m¿®pcokv cq]XIfn¬ G‰hpw tbmKy\mb t]m¿®pKokv ÿm\m¿∞nsbbpwapIfn¬]d™ a‰p cq]XIfn¬ G‰hpw A\ptbmPyambÿm\m¿∞nbpw (CXv t]m¿®pKokpImc≥ BIWsa∂n√)kzoIcn°m\p≈ AhImiw amXamWv Atijn®Xv.

103

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

1947 HmKÃv15˛mw XobXn C¥y _nójv sImtfmWnb¬B[n]XyØn¬ \n∂p kzX¥bmhpIbpw 1950 P\phcn 26˛mwXnbXn ]cam[nImcap≈ Hcp dn∏_fnIv BbnØocpIbpwsNbvXp. ]cam[nImcap≈ Hcp cmPyØv saXm∑msc\nban°p∂ ImcyØn¬ Hcp hntZicmPyw CSs]Sp∂XvA\pNnXhpw ]XnIqeêßƒ Dfhm°m\nSbp≈XpamsW∂p ]dtb≠Xn√t√m. AXn\m¬ t]m¿®pKens‚kwc£Wm[nImcw \ndpØ¬ sNøm≥ C¥y Kh¨sa‚ vXocpam\n°pIbpw C¥ym Kh¨sa‚ v Bhiys∏´X\pkcn®v,1950 Pqembv 18˛mw XobXn t]m¿®pKokv dn∏ªn°pambn]cn.knwlmk\w as‰mcp sIm¨tIm¿ZmØv D≠m°pIbpwsNbvXp. kwc£Wm[nImcØn\v A¥yw Ipdn°p∂ CusIm¨tIm¿ZmØnse ][m\ hIp∏pIƒ Xmsg sImSp°p∂p:

LWvUnI 1: awKem]pcw, sIm√w, Sn®nt\ms]mfn, sIm®n,ssaem∏qsc am¿tXmΩm, t_mws_ F∂o cq]XIfntebv°vsaXm∑msc \nba\Øn\p ka¿∏n°m≥ t]m¿®pKokvdn∏ªn°ns‚ ]knU‚n\p \evIs∏ńcp∂ AhImiwt]m¿®pKokv Kh¨sa‚ v Dt]£n°p∂p.

LWvUnI 2: sIm®n, ssaem∏qscam¿tXmΩ F∂o cq]XIfn¬saXm∑mcmbn t]m¿®pKokv ]uc∑msc \nban°m\pwC°mcyw t]m¿®pKokv ]knU‚pambn BtemNn°m\pap≈ISabn¬\n∂v ]cn . knwlmk\w kzX¥bmsW∂vt]m¿®pKokv Kh¨sa‚ v AwKoIcn°p∂p.

LWvUnI 6: ]cnip≤ knwlmk\Øn\v Bhiysa∂ptXm∂p∂]£w tKmh AXncq]XbpsS AXn¿ØnIƒ]cnanXs∏SpØm\p≈ km[yX, Cu DSºSnbpsS ssNX\yØn¬ t]m¿®pKokv Kh¨sa‚ v ]cnKWn°p∂XmWv.

LWvUnI 7: 1886 se sIm¨tIm¿ZmØnepw 1928 se[mcWm]XØnepw hyhÿ sNbvXn´p≈Xpw Cu [mcW]Xwhgn hy‡ambn am‰s∏SmØXpamb Imcyßƒ XpS¿∂pw]m_eyØnencn°p∂XmWv, ]tXyIn®v tKmhm knwlmk\Øns‚ satSmt]menØ≥ ˛ ]mXnbm°¬ ]Zhnsbbpw\n›nX CShIIfnse hnImcnamcpsS ]ucXzsØbpwkw_‘n® hyhÿIƒ.60

Cu sIm¨tIm¿ZmØv A\pkcn®v t]m¿®pKokv Kh¨sa‚ vkwc£Wm[nImcØns‚ AhImißfpw B\pIqeyßfpwDt]£n°pIbpw X¬êambn sIm®n, ssaem∏q¿

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

104

cq]XIƒ°v \evtI≠nbncp∂ kmºØnI _m≤yXbn¬\n∂vtamNnXamhpIbpw sNbvXp. C¥ybn¬ FhnsSbpw cq]XIƒÿm]n°m\pw saXm∑msc \nban°m\pap≈ kºq¿ÆkzmX¥w ]cnip≤knwlmk\Øn\p ssIh∂p. ]e\q‰m≠pIfmbn t]m¿®pKokpImcpsS aX cmjvSobXeÿm\\Kcnbmbncp∂ tKmhbpsS satSmt]meoØ≥ ˛ ]mXnbm¿°¬ ]Zhn kwc£n°s∏´p F∂XpamXamWv CuDSºSnsIm≠v t]m¿®pKen\p≠mb GIt\´w. C¥y°pkzmX¥yw e`n°pIbpw 1950 ¬ Hcp dnπ_nIv BbnØocpIbpwsNbvXtijhpw tKmh Hcp t]m¿®pKokv tImf\nbmbnXpS¿∂p.

\mw A\yX I≠Xpt]mse, 1533 P\phcn 31˛mw XobXnÿm]n°s∏´ C¥ybnse BZysØ eØo≥ cq]XbmbtKmh, 1558 s^_phcn 4˛mw XobXn satSmt]meoØ≥AXncq]Xbpw, 1886 sk]v‰w_¿ 1˛mw XobXn CuÃvC≥Unkns‚ ]mXb¿t°dpw BbnØo¿∂p. tKmhbpsSkma¥cq]Xbmbn, \n¿Øem°s∏´ am¿tØmΩm InkvXy≥Im¶∂q¿ AXncq]XbpsS ÿm\t]tcmSpIqSn , 1886sk]v‰w_¿ 1˛mw XobXn Uma≥ cq]X ÿm]nXambn. 1928sabv 1˛mw XobXn Uma≥ cq]XtKmhtbmSp tN¿°s∏SpIbpwA∂papX¬ Chc≠pw IqSn tKmh˛Uma≥ AXncq]Xsb∂vAdnbs∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. 1961 Ahkm\tØmsS C¥y≥ssk\yw tKmh, Uma≥ Unbp F∂nhnSßfnte°vam¿®psNøpIbpw AtXmsS Cu ]tZißfpsStaepfft]m¿®pKokv B[n]Xyw Ahkm\n°pIbpw sNbvXp. ASpØh¿jw tKmhbpsSbpw Umas‚bpw Ahkm\sØ amXnbv°nkv saXmt∏meoØbmb tPmsk hnsbc A¬sh¿Wmkv(Jose Vieira Alver Maz) C¥yhn´p.

ImeItaW tKmh˛Uma≥ AXncq]Xbv°v AXns‚kma¥cq]XIsf√mw \jvSs∏SpIbpw 1976 P\phcn 1˛mwXobXn AXvP\ßfpsS kphntijhXvIcWØn\pth≠nbpff XncpkwLØns‚ t\cn´pff \nb¥WØn≥Iogn¬ AIs∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. 2006 \hw_¿ 25˛mw XobXn_\UnIv XVI-ma≥ am¿]m∏ tKmh˛Uma≥ satSmt]meoØ≥t]mhn≥kv ]p\xÿm]n°pIbpw AXphsc t_mws_AXncq]XbpsS kam¥cq]Xbmbncp∂p kn‘pZp¿Kv(Sindhudurg) cq]X AXnt\mSp tN¿°pIbpw sNbvXp.61

tKmh˛Uma≥ satSmt]meoØ≥ AXncq]X Ct∏mgpw

105

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

]pcmX\ am¿tXmΩm InkvXy≥ AXncq]Xbmb Im¶\qcns‚ÿm\t∏cv hln°pIbpw CuÃv C≥Unkns‚ ad honorem]mXnb¿s°‰mbn XpScpIbpw sNøp∂p.62

s]m∏Km¥ otZbpsS Iogn¬ eØo≥lbcm¿°n ÿm]n°s∏´tijw, ]tXyIn®v 1950se sIm¨tIm¿Zm Øn\ptijw,cq]XIfpw k`mt]mhn≥kpIfpw DZmcambpw kzX¥ambpwÿm]n°s∏´p. Cu Imebfhn¬ C¥ybnse eØo≥k`bv°p≠mb XzcnXKXnbnepff ]ptcmKXn cq]XIfpsSbpwsaXm∑mcpsSbpw FÆØn¬ ]tXyIn®v ImWm≥ Ignbpw.Ct∏mƒ eØo≥k`bv°v 23 k`mt]mhn≥kpIfmbn 128cq]XIfp≠v. AXncq]XIfpsSbpw AhbpsS kma¥cq]XIfpsSbpw t]cpIfpw ÿm]\ XobXnIfpw XmsgsImSp°p∂p.63

1. BK (1˛9˛1886)BPvao¿ (20.7.2005 apX¬ BKbpsS `mKw), Ael_mZv

(1.9.1886)_scbven (19.1.1989), Pbv]q¿ (20.7.2005)Pm≥kn (5.7.1954), eIv\u (12.1.1940)aod‰v (20.2.1956), DZbv]q¿ (3.12.1984)hcm\kn (14.5.1971).

2. _mwKfq¿ (D.13.2.1940, A.9.9.1953)s_¬Kmw (19.9.1953), s_√mcn (10.3.1949)Nn°awKfq¿(16.11.1963), Kp¬_¿K (24.6.2005)Im¿hm¿ (24.1.1976), amwKfq¿ (1.9.1886) ssakq¿ (1.9.1886),

jntamK (14.11.1988)3. t`m]m¬ (13.9.1963)

Kzmfntbm¿ (9.2.1999), C≥tUm¿ (15.5.1952)P_¬]q¿ (5.7.1954), P_ph (1.3.2002)Jm≥Uph (3.2.1977)

4. t_mws_ (1.9.1886)\mkn°v (15-.3.1987), ]q\ (1.9.1886), hmkmbv (22.5.1998).

5. I¬°´ (1.9.1886)Bk≥tkmƒ (24.10.1997), _KvtZmK (14.6.1997)_cpbv]q¿ (30.5.1977), Um¿Poenßv (8.8.1962)Pm¬]bvKqcn (17.1.1952)Injv\K¿ (1.9.1886), dmbvK©v (8.6.1978)

6. I´m°v ˛ `p_t\iz¿ (24.1.1974 apºv 1937 apX¬ I´m°v F∂ t]cn¬)

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

106

_metkm¿ (18.12.1989), _cmw]q¿ (24.1.1974)dq¿s°e (4.7.1979), kmº¬]q¿ (14.6.1951)

7. sU¬ln (4.6.1959, apºv 13.4.1937 apX¬ sU¬ln ˛ knwe F∂ t]cn¬)

PΩp ˛ io\K¿ (10.3.1986) Pe¥¿ (6.12.1971)knwe ˛ N≥UnKm¿ (12.5.1964)

8. Km‘n\K¿ (11.10.2002)AlΩZm_mZv (5.5.1949), _tdmU (29.9.1966)

9. tKmh ˛ kma≥ (satSm t]menØ≥ t]mhn v BbXv 25.11.2006 apX¬)

kn‘pZq¿Kv (5.7.2005, apºv t_mw_bpsS kma¥ cq]X)10. KphlmØn (D.30.3.1992, A.10.7.1995)

s_m¨KbvKmthm¨ (10.5.2000)Zn_qKm¿ (12.7.1951), Zo]p (5.12.1983)CuØ≥Km¿ (7.12.2005), anbmthm (7.12.2005)sXkv]q¿ (16.1.1964).

11. sslZcm_mZv (D.1.9.1886, A.19.9.1953)IpÕ∏ (19.10.1976), JΩw (18.1.1988)Ip¿∂qƒ (12.6.1967), \¬tKm≠ (31.5.1976)hdmß¬ (22.12.1952).

12. Cw^m¬ (D.28.3.1980, A.10.7.1995)tImlna (28.3.1980)

13. aZmkv ˛ ssaem∏q¿ (13.11.1952 aZmkv 1.9.1886, ssaem∏q¿ (9.1.1606)

Nn¶¬]p´v (28.6.2002), tImbºØq¿ (1.9.1886) Du´°a≠v (3.7.1955)

sh√q¿ (13.11.1952).14. aZpcbv (D.21.10.1950, A.19.9.1953)

Un≥UnK¬ (30.10.2003), tIm´m¿ (26.5.1930)hmfbw tIm´bv (17.5.1973), inhKwssK (3.7.1987),Xncp®nc∏≈n (21.10.1950, apºv Sn®nt\m∏≈n F∂ t]cn¬

7.6.1887 apX¬)Sq´ns°mdn≥ (12.6.1923).

15. \mKv]q¿ (D.11.7.1887, A.19.9.1953)AwcmhXn (8.5.1955) HudwK_mZv (17.12.1977)

16. ]m‰v\ (D.10.9.1919, A.16.3.1999)s_´nbm (27.6.1998), _K¬]q¿ (11.1.1965)_Ivk¿ (12.12.2005), ap m^¿]q¿ (6.3.1980), ]q¿s\b

(27.6.1998).

107

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

17. t]m≠nt®cn ˛ KqUeq¿ (D.1.9.1886, A.7.6.1887, KqUeq¿ tN¿°s∏Sp∂Xv 7.8.1953)

[¿Ω]pcn (24.1.1997), Ipw_tImWw (1.9.1899)tkew (26.5.1930), Sm©q¿ (13.11.1952)

18. dbv]q¿ (D.5.7.1973, A.18.3.2004)Aw_nI∏q¿ (5.6.1971)Pmjv]q¿ (23.3.2006), dbvKm¿ (10.11.1977 apºv 13.12.1951 apX¬

dbvKm¿ ˛ Aw_nI∏q¿)19. dm©n (D.25.5.1927, A.19.9.1953)

Umƒ´≥ K©v (5.6.1971), ZqwI (8.8.1963)Kpwe (28.5.1993), lm mcn_mKv (1.4.1995)PmwsjUv]q¿ (2.7.1962), Jp¨´n (1.4.1995)t]m¿´v sªb¿ (22.6.1984), knwsUK (28.5.1993)

20.jnt√mßv (D.9.7.1934, A.26.6.1969)AK¿Øe (11.1.1996), sF hpƒ (11.1.1996, apºv 26.6.1969 apX¬

kn¬Nm¿) tPmhm¬ (28.1.2006)t\mßvsk‰mbn≥ (28.1.2006), Xqdm (1.3.1973

21. Xncp\¥]pcw (D.1.7.1937, A.3.6.2004)Be∏n (19.6.1952), s\øm‰n≥Ic (14.6.1996)]p\eq¿ (21.12.1985), sIm√w (1.9.1886)

22. hcm∏pg (1.9.1886)tImgnt°mSv (12.6.1923), sIm®n≥ (4.2.1558)IÆq¿ (5.11.1998), tIm´∏pdw (3.7.1987hnPb]pcw (14.7.1930)

23. hnimJ]´Ww (D.21.10.1950, A.16.10.2001 apºv 1.9.1886 apX¬ hngK]´w F∂ t]cn¬)

Geqcp (9.12.1976) Kp≠q¿ (13.2.1940)s\√q¿ (3.7.1928), ioIm°pfw (1.7.1993)hnPbhmU (13.410.1950, apºv 13.4.1937 apX¬ s_kvhmU F∂

t]cn¬).

D]kwlmcw

eØo≥ k`bpsS kwLSnXamb anj≥ ]h¿Ø\wKWyamb tXmXn¬ C¥ybn¬ Bcw`n®Xv 16˛mw\q‰m≠ns‚Bcw`Øn¬ t]m¿®pKokv anj\dnamcpsS BKa\tØmsSbmWv. C¥ybnse eØo≥k` AXns‚ D¤hØn\pw 16˛mw\q‰m≠nepw 17˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ BZy ]IpXnbnepw ssIhcn®]ptcmKXn°pw t]m¿®pKokv cmPm°∑mtcmSpw anj\dnamtcmSpw ISs∏´ncn°p∂p F∂Xn¬ kwiban√. t]m¿®pKokv

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

108

cmPm°∑mcpw DtZymKÿcpw C¥ybnse eØo≥ k`bpsSHutZymKnI kwc£Icpw ]cn]meIcpambncp∂p. kwc£Wm[nImcØns‚ hyhÿIƒ°\pkcn®v , cq]XIƒ,IØoUepIƒ, ]≈nIƒ, Nm∏epIƒ, k\ymkmiaßƒ,kvIqfpIƒ apXembh ÿm]n°m\p≈ Nnehn\p ]pdta,saXm∑m¿, sshZnI¿, kvIqƒ A[ym]I¿, a‰p k`mDtZymKÿ¿ F∂nhcpsSsb√mw PohnX Nnehpw iºfhpw sImSpØncp∂Xv t]m¿®pKokv cmPm°∑mcmWv. AXn\m¬,t]m¿®pKokv ]sZmhmtZmbpsS sshIeyßƒ F¥pXs∂Xs∂ Bbncp∂mepw C¥ybnse eØo≥ k`bpsS ASnØd]mIm≥ AXmWv D]IcWambn h¿Øn®Xv.

ImeIaØn¬ t]m¿®pKense B`y¥c ]iv\ßfpwkºØns‚bpw ]h¿ØIcpsSbpw A`mhhpwaqew cmPIobkwc£Wm[nImcw C¥ybnse k`bpsS ]ptcmKXn°v Hcp]Xn_‘ambn Xo¿∂p. k`sb \miØn¬\n∂p c£n°phm\mbn tdmanse s]m∏Km¥ôtZ XncpkwLw \SØnbCSs]SepIƒ cq£amb kwL¿jØn\pw A[nImc kwL´\ßƒ°pw ImcWambn. 1950 se sIm¨tImZmtØmSpIqSnamXamWv Ah ]q¿Æambpw \ne®Xv. ]iv\ßfpw sshjayßfpw D≠mbncp∂n´pw, \qdpIW°n\p hntZi anj\dnamcpsS\nÿm¿∞tkh\ßfpsS êambn ssZhØns‚ ]cn]me\bpsS Iogn¬. C¥ybnse eØo≥k` ]ptcmKXn ssIhcn®p. Aßns\ s]m∏Km¥ôtZ XncpkwLØns‚ Iogn¬C¥yapgph≥ DƒsIm≈p∂ Hcp lbcm°n ÿm]n°m≥Ign™p.

1947¬ C¥y kzmX¥yw ]m]n®Xn\ptijw ]sZmhmtZmbpsS A[nImcw Ahkm\n°pIbpw k` ]q¿Æambpw ]cn.knwlmk\Øns‚ kzX¥ A[nImcØn≥ Iogn¬ BbnØocpIbpw sNbvXp. ]e Xt±iob k\ymk kaqlßfpsSÿm]\w, Xt±iob anj\dnamcpsSbpw a‰psshZnIcpsSbpwcq]oIcWw, lbcm°nbpsS ItaWbp≈ tZiobhXvIcWwapXembh C¥ybnse eØo≥ k`bpsS XzcnXKXnbnep≈]ptcmKXn°p hgnsXfn®p. 23 t]mhn≥kpIfnembn 128 cq]XIƒ Ct∏mƒ C¥ybnse eØo≥ k`bv°p≠v.

tUm. t]mƒ ]≈Øv

109

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

`mcXk`

16˛mw \q‰m≠n\p-tijw

05

s]m∏-Km-¥-bpsS Iogn¬ 1659˛¬ ae-_m¿ hnIm-cn-bmØp ÿm]n-°-s∏-´-t∏mƒapX¬ tIc-f-Ønse am¿tØm-Ω-In-kvXym-\n-Iƒ c≠p B[n-]-Xy-ßƒ°v Iogn-embn hn`-Pn-°-s∏- p. ]d-ºn¬ NmavSn saXms‚ ImeØvkap-Zmbw H∂m-sb-¶n-epw- ]n-∂oSv hntZ-i-t\-Xr-Xz-Øns‚ Iogn¬ ho≠pw `n∂n-®p. CXn-s\mcp Xev°m-en-I-i-a\ hcp∂Xv ]mtd-Ωm-°¬ sImSpß√q¿ sKmh¿W-tZm-cmbn hcp-tºm-fm-Wv. (1786 sk]v‰ 21) i¶q-cn-°-ens‚Ie-tØmfw Ah¿ H∂mbn apt∂-dn. AXn-\p-tijw ]ns∂bpw NnX-dn, 1838 hsc. B h¿jwG]n¬ 24 \p apƒsØ s]¢mtc F∂ Xncp-sh-gp-Øp-hgn ]Zp-hmtZm A[n-Imcw \n¿Ø-em-°n... am¿tØm-Ωm-In-kvXym-\n-Iƒ F√m-hcpw hcm-∏p-g-bpsS Iogn-em-bn. ]iv\-ßƒ ]d-™p-Xo¿Øv tdmapw t]m¿´p-Kepw XΩn¬ kam-[m-\-Øn-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ ]Zp-hmtZm ho≠pwkPo-h-am-bn. 1864 ¬ ho≠pw ]Zp-hmtZm A[n-Imcw tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂p. am¿tØm-Ωm-In-kvXym-\n-Iƒ ]ns∂bpw c≠v A[n-Im-c-Øn≥Iogn-em-bn. 1877 hsc Cu ÿnXn-hn-tijwXpS¿∂p. kzoIm-cy-amb t\Xr-Xz-an-√msX h∂-Xn-\m¬ Ae-™p-Xn-cn-bp-Ibpw Nn∂n-®n-X-dp-

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

110

Ibpw sNtø-≠n-h∂ am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Ncn-X-amWv ]Zp-hmtZm s]m-∏-Km¥m c-W-Im-e-L´w \ΩpsS apºn¬ImgvN-h-bv°p-∂-Xv.

s]m∏-Km¥m c-Wm-[n-]-∑m¿

18-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ hcm-∏p-gsb cn-®n-cp-∂XvAtem-jy-kvtacn F∂ I#Ω-eo-Øm-°m-c-\m-Wv. Atem-jy-kns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn h∂Xv ssda≠v (1808 ˛1816) AsX 1808hsc- A-t±lw AUvan\n-kvtS-‰-dm-bn-cp-∂p. ssda-≠ns‚ ImeØvhmc-∏p-g-bpsS Iogn¬ 66 kpdn-bm-\n-∏-≈n-Ifpw 18 eØo≥]-≈n-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. tcmKm-Zo-\-\m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ `cWw XpS-cm≥ km[n-°msX h∂ At±-lsØ 1815 BKÃv 18-˛mw XobXnhnImcn A∏-kvtXm-en-°m-ÿm-\-Øp-\n∂pw am‰n. 1816 Pqsse-bn¬ At±lw acn-®p.

ssda-≠ns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn ^m≥knkv tkhy¿ F∂sshZn-Is\ \nb-an-s®-¶nepw At±lw B ÿm\w kzoI-cn-®n-√. 1818 ˛ ¬ s]m∏-Km¥m Xncp-kwLw ]o‰¿ A¬°m¥-dsbt_mws_-bpsS saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-bmbpw hcm-∏p-g-bpsS AUvan-\n-kvtS-‰-dmbpw \nb-an-®p. At±lw 1819 apX¬ 1821 hsc hcm-∏pg `cn-®p.

1818 ¬ Ab¿e-≠nse I¿Ω-eoØm s]mhn≥jy-em-bn-cp∂ansekv s]≥U¿K-Ãns\ hcm-∏p-g-bpsS c-Wm-[n-]-\mbn hmgn-®p. 1821 P\p-hcn 2˛mw XobXn apX¬ At±-l-am-bn-cp∂p hmcm-∏p-g-sa-Xm≥. kpdn-bm-\n-°p¿_m\bnse Ia-]-Imcw Xncp-thmkvXn Xncp-c-‡-Øn¬ ap°p-∂Xv \ndp-Ø¬ sNøm≥At±lw DZy-an-®p. FXn¿∏p-Iƒaqew B ]cn-jv°mcw ths≠∂vh®p. sshZnI hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS D]-tbm-K-Øn-\mbn ss__nƒ,]mc-º-cyw, k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ kq\-l-tZm-kp-Iƒ,Xn-cp- -`m-N-cnXw, Im\≥\n-baw Ch-sb-°p-dn®p KŸ-ßƒ cNn-®p. F∂m¬At±-l-Øns‚ \nb-a-Im¿°-iyhpw in£m-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw c-Wo-b-cp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ Akz-ÿ-bp-f-hm-°n anj-\-dn-am-cp-ambn ck-£-b-ap-≠m-bn. Ah¿ saXm-s\-Xn-cm-bn. ]e Btcm-a-ß-fp-ap-∂-bn-®p-sIm≠v s]m∏-Km-¥bv°v l¿Pn-I-f-b-®p. X¬ -e-ambn s]m∏-Km¥ At±-lsØ 1827 ˛ ¬ XncnsI hnfn-®p. 1828 s^_p-hcn2˛mw XobXn t_mwt_bv°p t]mbn. acWw hsc AhnsSPohn®p.

1825 Pqsse 9˛\p setbm XII˛a≥ ]m∏m audo-enbkv Ã_n-ho-\nsb hcm-∏p-g-bpsS hnImcn A∏-kvtXm-en-°-bmbn \nb-an-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ `c-W-Im-eØv ]e-]-iv\-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn.sImSp-ß-√q¿, sIm®n F∂o cq]-X-I-fnse saXm-∑m¿ kpdn-bm-

111

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

\n-°m-cpsS ta¬ A[n-Imcw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. CXv Ã_n-eo-\nbv°p Hcp henb ]iv\-am-bn-cp-∂p. IqSmsX At±lw Ah-i-ssI-kvXhsc skan-\m-cn-sb-Sp-°p-Ibpw kmaq-ln-I-cw-KØv]cn-jv°m-c-ßƒ hcp-Øm≥ ]cn-i-an-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. GXm-bmepw FXn¿∏v ImcWw Ã_n-eo-\nsb s]m∏-Km¥m ÿewam‰p-I-bp-≠m-bn. ]Icw ^m≥knkv tkhydns\ hnImcn A∏-kvtXm-en-°-bmbn \nb-an-®p. ^m≥knkv tkhy¿ 1832 P\p-hcn6˛mw XobXn `cWw Gs‰-Sp-Øp. A∂v GI-tZiw 41000eØo≥In-kvXym-\n-Iƒ°p 24 sshZn-Itc D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q.X∑qew sshZn-I-]-cn-io-e\ Imcy-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ i≤n®p. At±-l-amWv t]mcq-°c tXmakv, Nmhd Ipcym-t°mkv F∂o sshZn-I¿°v aev]m≥ÿm\w \¬In-b-Xv. 1840 G]n¬ 10-˛\p^m≥knkv tkhy¿ km¿Zn-bm-bpsS saXm-s∏m-eo-Øm-bmbnDb¿Ø-s∏-´p. Pq¨ 7˛mw XobXn epZzn-t°m-kns\ ^m≥knkvsaXms‚ klm-b-sa-Xm-\mbn \nb-an-®p. 1844 Unkw-_¿ 7˛\p^m≥knkv saXm≥ \ncym-X-\m-bn.

1845 sk]v‰w-_¿ 25- \p tamav epZzn-t°mkv hnImcn A∏-kvtXm-en-°-bmbn. 1838˛¬ ]Zp-hmtZm A[n-Imcw \ndp-Øn-b-t∏mƒsImSp-ß-√q¿, sIm®n F∂o cq]-XIƒ hcm-∏pg cq]-X-bpsSIogn-em-bn. X∑qew hcm-∏pg hnIm-cn-bm-Øns‚ hnkvXo¿Æwhfsc hym]-I-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. `c-W-ku-I-cy-Øn-\mbn hnIm-cn-bm-Øns\ 1845 \hw-_¿ 17 \p hmc-∏p-g, awK-em-]p-cw, sIm√wF∂n-ßs\ aq∂mbn Xncn-®p. awK-em-]p-c-Øns‚ `c-Wm-[n-]-\mbn _¿Wm¿Zn-t\mkv B·kpw, sIm√-Øn-s‚Xv _¿Wm¿Zn-t\mkv tXmkymbpw \nb-an-°-s∏-´p. epZzn-t°mkv Btcm-]-W-hn-t[-b-\m-b-Xn-\m¬ XncnsI hnfn-°-s∏-´p. 1852 P\phcn 6˛\pAt±lw tdman\v t]mhp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

epZvhnt°mkv tdman\v Xncn-®p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ hnIm-cn-bm-Øns‚`cWw sIm√w hnImcn A∏-kvtXm-en-°m _¿Wm¿Zn-t\mkvtXsky Gev]n-®p. 1852 am¿®v 12-˛\p ]n¥p-S¿®m-h-Im-i-tØm-Sp-IqsS hmc-∏p-g-bpsS klmb saXm-\mbn At±-lw. 1859 apX¬hmcn-∏p-g-bpsS hnImcn A∏-kvtXm-en-°-bmbn`cWw \S-Øn.tIc-f-k- -bn¬ tImfn-f°w krjvSn® tdmt°m-kns‚ hchv Ct±-l-Øns‚ Ime-ØmWv D≠m-bXv. Nmh-d-b-®s‚ tkh\w C°m-cy-Øn¬ At±lw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn. ae-_m-dnse `qcn-`mKwsshZn-Icpw aev]m≥ `h-\-ß-fnse ]cn-io-e\w amX-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. AXv A]-cym-]vX-ambn At±-l-Øn\p tXm∂n-. X∑qewsaXm-t∏m-eoØm A∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂ GI-tZiw 20- -Hmfw aev]m≥`h-\-ßƒ \ndp-Ø-em°n: am∂m\w, hmg-°p-fw, ]pfn-¶p-∂v,

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

112

F¬Øp-cp-Øv, ]pØ≥]-≈n, F∂o ÿe-ß-fn¬ amXw sshZn-I-]-cn-io-e\w \S-Ø-W-sa∂v \njvI¿jn-®p. ]kvXpX \nbaw\n¿_-‘-am-°p-∂-Xn\v Cu skan-\m-cn-I-fn¬ ]cn-io-e\w t\Sm-Ø-h¿°v ]´w \¬Ip-I-bn-s√∂pw Xo¿®-s∏-Sp-Øn. ]pØ≥]≈nskan-\mcn hmcm-∏p-g-bn-teXv am‰n ÿm]n-®-Xm-Wv. 1866˛¬ CXpkpdn-bm-\n-°m¿°pw eØo≥Im¿°pw sshZn-I-]-cn-io-e\w\evIp∂ GI-ÿm-]-\-ambn. 1933˛¬ CXv Bep-hmbv°p am‰nÿm]n-®p. 1868 sk]v‰w-_¿ 5 \v saXm-t∏m-eoØ \ncym-X-\mbn.

]Zp-hmtZm c-Wm-[n-]-∑m¿

1801˛ ¬ i¶q-cn-bv°¬ Koh¿Kokv aev]m≥ \ncym-X-\m-bXpapX¬ 1821 hsc sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ aq∂p AUvan-\n-kvtS-‰¿am¿`cWw \S-Øn. Ah¿ bYmIaw tUman-\n°v (Dominicus)tPmhm°nw t_mtfm (Joachim Bohlho) tXmakv AIzo-\mkv(Aquinas Thomas O.P) F∂n-h-cm-Wv. Ch-cn¬ tXmakv AIzo-\mkv 1821 ˛33 hsc saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-bmbn `cWw \S-Øn. ]Zp-hmtZm `c-W-Ønse Ah-km-\sØ saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-bm-W-t±-lw. skan-\m-cn-bm-°-W-sa∂ Dt±-i-tØmsS tXmakv AIzo-\mkv s]mXp-ap-X¬ apS°n ]Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-XmWv Nß-\m-t»-cn-bnse C∂sØ ]≈n-ap-dn. 1823 Unkw-_¿ 19-˛mw XobXn sIm√-Øp-h®p acn® At±-l-Øns‚ arX-tZlw Nß-\m-ti-cn-bn¬sIm≠p-h∂v kwkvI-cn-®p.

1823 -˛ 1825 hsc tPmhm°ow Fs∂m-cmƒ AUvan-\n-kvtS-‰-dm-bn-cp∂p. 1826 1838 hsc tUmt^m¿´mbpw Ct±-l-amWv aq∂p-t]-cpsS dmkbv°v A\p-hmZw \¬In-b-Xv. 1838 G]n¬ 24-˛mwXobXn aqƒØm s]¢mtc F∂ Xncp-sh-gp-Øn-eqsS 16-˛mwKntKm-dn-tbmkv am¿]m∏m ]Zp-hmtZm cWw \n¿Ø¬ sNbvX-t∏mƒ C¥y-bnse ]Zp-hmtZm `c-W-Øn\pw X¬°m-e-hn-cm-a-ap-≠m-bn.

1857 ˛¬ tdmambpw t]m¿´p-Kepw ho≠pw kJy-Øn-se-Øn.X¬^-e-ambn ]Zp-hmtZm `c-W-Iq-S-ßƒ ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-®p.Aßs\ 1864˛¬ sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ AUn-an-\-kvtS-‰¿ -cWw ]p\-cm-cw- n-®p. B‚-Wn-t]m-ƒ (Antony Paul Pinto 1864 1866) tPmk vAbvdkv kn¬th-bnc (Joseph Ayres de Silveria Mascarenha1866) B‚Wn sImd-b-tZmkv sdbvkv sImsbtem (Antony Correados Reis Coelho 1867 ˛1869) B‚Wn hn≥sk‚ v enkvt_mB(Antony Vincent Lisboa1870) hme‚-bn≥ tIm¨Ãm‚-bn≥s^¿Wm≠kv (Valentine Constantine Fernandes1875),^m≥knkv _¿t_mkm (Francis Barbosa- 1867)

113

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

s_\-UnIvSv tKmakv (Benedict R.Gomes), Imkvao¿ \kvdØv(Casmire Nazareth1867-˛1884), -\¿kokv

(Narcise1885) Ct±lw t]m. AUvan-\n-kvtS-‰-dm-bn-cp-∂p.Imsb-Øm≥ (Cajetan J.M Abreu 1885-1887)

F∂n-h-cmWv ]n∂oSv `cWw \S-Øn-b-h¿. Ch-cpsS \nb-a\w \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv tKmhm-sa-Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-bm-Wv. Ch-cn¬B‚Wn sImd-bm-bpsS `c-W-Im-e-ØmWv am¿tØmΩmInkvXym-\n-Iƒ°mbn awK-e-∏p-g-bn¬ skan-\mcn XpS-ßn-b-Xv.]md-bn¬Ø-c-I≥ AXn\v hf-sc-b-[nIw klm-bn-®p. s]m∏-Km-¥bv°p Cjvs∏´ Hcp kwK-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂n√ CXv. 1886 ˛¬eØo≥ sslcm¿°n D≠m-b-t∏mƒ sImSp-ß-√q¿ A]-Xy-£-am-bn.

]Zp-hmtZm OnZvaw

apƒØm s]m¢msc F∂ Xncp-sh-gpØv hgn 1838-˛¬ KnKdn16-˛mw ]m∏ ]Zp-hmtZm A[n-Imcw \ndpØ¬ sNbvXp. CXns‚ê-ambn sImSp-ß-√q¿, sIm®n, ssaem-∏q¿, F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿°v A[n-Imcw \jvS-s∏-´p. tKmh-amXwt]m¿®p-Ko-k-[n-Im-cØn¬ Bbn-cp-∂p. apƒØm s]m¢msc F∂Xncp-sh-gpØv C¥y-bn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-t∏mƒ A∂sØ tKmhm-sa-Xm-t∏m-eoØm B‚Wn sên-®n-bmt\m Xncp-sh-gp-Øns\AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂ns√∂v ImWn®v Hcp k¿°p-e¿ kam-¥-c-cq-]-X-c-I-fnse saXm-∑m¿°-b-®p. X¬^-e-ambn tdmans‚ \ntcm-[-\sØ hnK-Wn-®p-sIm≠v ]Zp-hmtZm saXm-∑m¿ `cWwXpS¿∂p. CXn-s\-bmWv ]Zp-hmtZm OnZvaw F∂p hnfn-°p-∂-Xv.

1857 ˛¬ ]obqkv Hº-Xm-a≥ am¿]m-∏bpw t]m¿®p-K-√p-ambnHcp DS-º-Sn-bp-≠m-°n. AX-\p-k-cn®v ]Zp-hmtZm A[n-ImcwC¥y-bnepw ssN\-bnepw ]p\:ÿm]n-X-am-bn. Cu DS-º-Sn-b-\p-k-cn®v tKmh-sa-Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°pw ]n≥Km-an-Iƒ°pwt]m¿®p-Ko-k-[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cp∂ ÿe-ß-fn-t∑¬ A∏-kvtXm-enIv]mXn-\n-[ym-[n-Imcw e`n-®p. Cu A[n-Imcw BZyw aq∂pw,]n∂o5Sv Bdpw h¿j-ß-fn-tebv°p Zo¿Ln-∏n®p sImSp-Øp. Cßs\ 1886 hsc ]Zp-hmtZm A[n-Imcw \oń-s°m-≠p-t]m-Im ≥km[n-®p. C°m-eØv tKmhmbpw hmc-∏p-gbpw XΩn¬ A[n-Imc ÿm]-\-Øn\pth≠n henb hSw-h-en-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn´p≠v.]Zp-hmtZmbpsS ]X-\-tØmsS s]m∏-Km¥ IqSp-X¬ i‡-ambn.

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

114

tdmt°m-kns‚ BK-a\w

eØo≥sa-Xm-∑m-cpsS Iogn¬ s]mdp-Xn-ap-´nb am¿tØmΩmInkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v saXms\ \¬In-bn-s√-¶n¬ D≠mIm-hp∂henb hn]-Øns\ ap∂n¬°≠ ]mXn-b¿°okv 1860 sk]v‰w-_¿ 30-˛\v tXmΩ tdmt°mkv F∂-bmsf A`n-tjIw sNbvXptIc-f-Øn-te-°-b-®p. Chn-SsØ ÿnXn KXn-Iƒ I≠-dn™pdnt∏m¿´p-sN-øm≥ Hcp hnkn-‰¿ F∂ \ne-bn¬. 1861 sabv20- mw XobXn tdmt°m-kns‚ BKa\w Hcp sImSp-¶m-‰ns‚ Bcw-`-am-bn-cp-∂p sXm≠-\m´v At¥m-\n-®≥, tdmt°m-kn\p kzoI-cWw \evIm≥ t\csØ FgpXn Adn-bn-®n-cp-∂p. AtX-k-abwsak-s∏m-t´m-an-bm-bnse sUe-tK‰v At∏m-kvtXm-en° iXp-hns‚ ]pd-∏mtS bYm-k-abw hmc-∏p-gbpw Adn-bn-®p. ]Xn-tcm-[-\-S-]-Sn-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ ]≈n-I-fn¬ HutZym-KnI IØp-Iƒ]kn-≤o-I-cn®p P\-ßsf PmK-cq-I-cm°n. I¿Ω-eo-Øm-k- -bpsS]ntbm-cm-bn-cp∂ Nmhd A®\pw tdm°-kns\ kzoI-cn-°-cp-sX∂ A`n-]mbw ]c-ky-s∏-Sp-Øn.

]Xn-tcm-[-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ FSp-Øn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw c-I-£n-bpsS]Xo-£-bn¬°-hn™ Hcp kzoI-c-a-amWv tdm°-kn\v sIm®n-bn¬ e`n-®-Xv. P\-ßƒ tdm°-kns\ BtLm-j-ambn kzoI-cn®v ssX°m-´p-t»-cn-∏-≈n-bn-te°v B\-bn-®p. Ahn-sS-h®p\S∂ ]≈n-°m-cpsS tbmK-Øn¬ h®v am∂m-\hpw F¬Øp-cpØpw saXms‚ Bÿm-\-ß-fmbn \n›-bn-®p. kmº-ØnIkpÿn-Xn-°mbn ]≈n-I-fpsS Hcp h¿jsØ BZmbw Aø-\m´v Ahn-cm-Ø-c-Is\ Gev]n-°-W-sa∂pw \njv°¿jn-®p.\n¿_-‘-Øns‚ t]cn¬ tdmt°mkv \qdn-e-[nIw t]¿°v ]´w\evIn. hS-bm¿, IS-Øp-cpØn (sN-dp-Xpw, hep-Xpw) ap´p-Nnd,Ipd-hn-eßmSv, AXn-c-ºp-g, Ipam-cIw XpS-ßnb ]≈n-Iƒkµ¿jn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tbmKy-X-bp-≈-hsc saXm-∑m-cm-°-W-sa∂v sXm≠-\m-´-®\v BK-l-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. tdm°-kns‚tIc-fm-K-a-t\m-t±iyw ]pc-kvI-cn®v sXm≠\m´v Fgp-Xp-I-bmWv:F¶n¬ \ΩpsS ae-bm-f-°m-cn¬ sIm≈m-hp-∂-hsc \ΩpsS\ΩpsS Nmhd A®s\tbm a‰pw Iq´-ambn \n›-bn-°p-∂hscHs°bpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ h®p-hm-gn-∏m≥ A\p-hm-Zhpw apjv°-c-Xzhpw Ch¿°p-≠v. Nmhd A®s‚ P\-kzm-[o\w D]tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ Ccp-Iq-´p-Imcpw ian-°p-∂p-≠v.

1861 Pq¨ 8˛mwXobXn hmc-∏p-g-sa-Xm-t∏m-eoØm Nmh-d-b-®-s\, kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsS hnImcn P\-d-embn \nb-an-®p. Pq¨19˛\v- Xs∂ kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿ tdmt°m-kns\ kzoI-cn-°-W-tam-

115

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

sb∂pw tdm°-kn\v tdman¬\n∂pw A[n-Im-c-ap-t≠m-sb∂pwAt\z-jn-®p-sIm≠v Nmh-d-b-®≥ tdman-te-bvs°-gp-Xn. sk]v‰w-_¿ 5˛mw XobXn ]obqkv Hº-Xm-a≥ am¿]m∏ Nmh-d-b-®\vAb® Fgp-Øn¬ ae-_m-dn-tebv°v saXms\ Ab-°m≥ ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\v A[n-Im-c-an-s√∂pw tdm°-kv A\-[n-Ir-X-am-bmWvh∂n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂pw adp-]Sn \¬In. XpS¿∂v Nmh-d-b-®≥tdmt°m-kn-s\-Xnsc tN¿-Øe i¶pÆn t]jv°m-cns‚ \ntcm-[\w e`n-®XpsIm≠v am¿ tdmt°mkv sXt°m v hcmsX sIm®n-bn-tebv°v t]mIp-Ibpw hS-°p≈ ]≈n-Iƒ kµ¿in-°p-IbpwsNbvXp.

am¿ tdmt°m-kns\ XncnsI hnfn-°p∂p

HºXmw ]obq-kns‚ \n¿t±-i-a-\p-k-cn®v am¿ tdmt°m-kns\XncnsI hnfn-°m≥ HutZm ]mXn-b¿°okv \n¿_-‘n-X-\m-bn.1861 sk]v‰w-_¿ Ggmw XobXn ]mXn-b¿°okv am¿ tdm°-kns\ Xncn-®p-hn-fn-®p. CXv. kw_-‘n®v tdman¬ \n∂p≈ IØvsk]v‰w-_¿ 5˛mw XobXn _¿W¿Zm-t\mkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°pw Inń-bn-cp-∂p. am¿ tdmt°mkv Iev]\ Inń-bn´pwXncn-®p-t]m-Im≥ Iq´m-°n-bn-√. X∑qew \hw-_¿ 30-˛mw XobXnhcm-∏p-g-sa-Xm-t∏m-eoØm tdm°m-kns\ al-tdm≥ sNm√n.1862˛¬ ]Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ Iev]\ ho≠pw Inń-b-t∏mƒ am¿tdmt°mkv Xncn-®p-t]m-Im≥ Xs∂ Xocp-am-\n-®p. B h¿jwam¿®p-am -k-Øn¬ sXm≠-\m´v B‚Wn, ]q≠n-°p-fØvA_mlw, imºn-°¬ tXmΩm F∂o sshZn-I-cp-samØvAt±lw _mKvZm-Zn\p t]mbn.

Nmhd Ipcym-t°mkv Gen-bm-k-®≥

19- mw \q‰m-≠nse tIc-f-k- m-N-cn-X-Øn¬ kap-∂-X-am-sbmcpÿm\-amWv Nmhd Ipcym-t°mk®\p-≈-Xv. At±lw 1805s^_p-hcn 5˛mw XobXn ssI\-I-cn-bn¬ P\n-®p. 10-˛mw hb- n¬ ]me-bv°¬ tXmΩm-a-ev]-\p-ambn ]cn-P-b-s∏-´p. At±-l-Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ skan-\mcn PohnXw XpS-ßn. 1829 \hw-_-dn¬ Ã_n-eo-\n-sa-Xm-\n¬ \n∂pw A¿Øp-¶¬ ]≈n-bn¬sh®p sshZ-I-]´w kzoI-cn-®p.

1829˛¬Øs∂ k\ym-k-k-`m-ÿm-]-\-Øn-\p≈ Hcp-°-ßƒXpS-ßn. 1831 embn-cp∂p k\ym-k-`-h-\-Øns‚ inem-ÿm-]-\w.1855 Unkw-_¿ 8˛mw XobXn _¿W¿Zo-t\mkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-bmb am¿k-eo-t\mkv ]mXn-cn-bpsS apºmsIhX-hm-KvZm\w \S-Øn, k\ym-kn-bm-bn. 10 t]¿ Ipcym-t°m-k-®s‚ apºnepw hX-hm-KvZm\w \S-Øn. B k\ym-k-k-aq-l-

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

116

Øns‚ BZysØ ]ntbm-bm-bn-cp∂p Nmh-d-b-®≥. k\ym-k-aq-l-Øn\p ]pXnb imJ-Iƒ XpS-ßp-∂-Xn\pw k\ym-k-k-`mw-K-ßsf hnip-≤n-bnepw hn⁄m-\-Ønepw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ipcym-t°m-k-®≥ A£oWw bXv\n-®p. kvXoIƒ°m-bp≈ k\ym-k-k-aq-l-Øn\pw Nmh-d-b≥ t\XrXzw \¬In.

tdm°-kns‚ ]n∂n¬ kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿ AWn-\nc°p∂-Xmbna\- n-em-°nb hmc-∏p-g-sa-Xm≥ 1861 Pq¨ 8\v Nmh-d-b-®s\kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsS hnImcn P\-d-em-°n. Cu A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cp-∂p-sIm≠v Xs‚ k¿∆-i-‡n-bp-]-tbm-Kn®v Nmh-d-b-®≥]iv\sØ t\cn-´p. 1816 s^_p-h-cn-bn¬ tdm°-kns\ kzoI-cn-°m≥ ]mSn-s√∂p kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp ]ckyw am∂m-\-Øp-\n∂pw A®-Sn®p ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw tdm°-kns‚ B[n-Im-cn-IX ]cn-tim-[n-°p-hm≥ _qf ImWp-hm≥ t]mhp-Ibpw am¿]m-∏bv°p t\cn-s´-gpXn HutZym-KnI adp-]Sn hmßp-I-bp-sams°sNbvXp.

hnZ-Kv≤-amb coXn-bn¬ hmc-∏pg saXms\ klm-bn® Xß-fpsS kap-Zmb]Xn-\n-[nsb saXm-\m-°p-sa∂p kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿\ymb-ambpw hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p. ]iv\w co£-amb kµ¿`-Øn¬Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ At±-lsØ saXm-\m-°-W-sa∂p t]mepw_¿W¿Zo-t\mkv s]m∏-Km-¥-tbm-Sm-h-iy-s∏- n-cp∂p. A∂-t±lwhfsc hnth-I-a-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. tdmt°mkv Xncn-®p-t]m-b-Xn-\p-tijw 1865 G]n¬ 1˛mw XobXn Nmh-d-b-®-s\-∏‰n tdman¬\n∂p Xnc-°n-b-t∏mƒ At±lw Ah-cpsS ZrjvSn-bn¬ ip≤s\¶nepw k∑m¿K-im-kvX-hn-⁄m-\-an-√m-Ø-h\pw, `mc-W-]m-S-h-an-√m-Ø-h-\p-am-bn. Xs∂-bp-a√ 63 hb- p-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AvXpbqtdm-∏nse ÿnXn°p 80 hb- n\p Xpey-am-Wp-Xm\pw hmkvX-h-Øn¬ At±-l-Øn\v At∏mƒ 60 hb p]m-bta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q.

I¿Ω-eoØm aq∂mw-k` P∑-sa-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ apX¬ AXns‚]n-tbm-cmbn-cp∂, henb ]iv\w t\cn-Sp-hm≥ \nbp-‡-\m-bn-Øo¿∂ sshZn-I-ti-jvT-\mWv `c-W-]m-S-h-an-√msX t]mb-Xv.I¿Ω-eo-Øm-an-j-\-dn-am¿ Nmh-d-b-®s\ saXm-\m-°p-∂-Xns\A\p-Iq-en-®n-cp-s∂¶n¬ taeq-kns‚ BK-a-\hpw A¥-On-Z-ßfpw Hgn-hm-°m-am-bn-cp-∂p.

\√-sX∂p tXm∂nb ]e-]m-›m-Xym-\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw hnth-N\w IoSmsX ae-_m¿ InkvXym-\n-I-fpsSbn-S-bn¬ ]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Nmh-d-b-®\v DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap-≠v. thkv]-c. eZo-™v,acn-®-h-cpsS A∂o-Z, sshZn-I-]-©mwKw XpS-ßn-bh At±lw

117

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

Fgp-Xn-bp-≠m-°n. Ah-bn¬ A‘-amb A\p-I-cWw ]I-S-am-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw \mev]-Xp-a-Wn-bm-cm-[-\-bpsS ]Nm-c-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Im\≥P]w Ia-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-gp-Xnsb¶nepw AXnepweØo≥ kzo[o\w IS-∂p-Iq-Sn-bn- p-≠v. eØo≥ Ia-ß-tfmSv A\p-cq-]-s∏-Sp-∂Xp ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bn-em-h-iy-am-sW∂ Nn¥m-K-Xn-bm-bn-cn°mw CXns\ms° At±-lsØ t]cn-∏n-®-Xv.

henb _p≤n-ap- p-Iƒ kln-®mWv At±lw apZm-e-bcwKØpImep-sh-®-Xv. 1843 Pqembv amk-Øn¬ eqZzn-t°mkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ]cn-i-a-^-e-ambn A®-Sn-°p≈ A\p-hmZw t\Sn-sb-Sp-Øp. BZysØ ] v XSn-sIm-≠p-≠m-°n-b-Xm-Wv. BZysØ]pkvXIw ⁄m\-]o-bqjw FsX. tkh-\-\n-c-X-\mb B I¿Ω-tbmKn 1871 P\p-hcn aq∂mw XobXn Znhw-K-X-\m-bn.

taeq-kns‚ BK-a\w1862 ˛¬ tdmt°m-kvsa-Xm≥ ae-_m¿hn-´p. tdmt°m-kns\

A\p-Iq-en® ]≈n-°m¿ hen-sbmcp hnj-a-hr-Ø-Øn-em-bn. hmcm-∏p-g-bpsS Iogn-te°p aS-ßn-s®-√pI hfsc hnj-a-Icw. ]Zp-hmtZmA[n-Imcw C√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah¿ Fßpw sXmSmsXsmcp \ne-bn-em-bn. 1864˛¬ sImSp-ß-√q¿ ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°-s∏- -t∏mƒB ]iv\w Gsd-°psd ]cn-lr-X-am-bn. tdmt°m-kns\ A\p-Iq-en®h¿ ]Zp-hmtZm°ogn¬ h∂p-tN¿∂v A`n-am\w kwc-£n-®p. ]t£ ]Zp-hmtZmbn¬ saXm-∑m-cn-√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]e_p≤n-ap-´p-Ifpw Ah¿°p-≠m-bn. G‰hpw ][m\w ]Zp-hmtZm°ogn-ep≈ skan-\m-cn-°m¿°p ]´w \¬IpI F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu _p≤n-ap´p a\- n-em-°nb Bh¿ 1872- ¬ _mt_¬]mXn-b¿°o-kn-t\m-S-`y¿∞n-®p. thsdbpw l¿Pn-Iƒ sN∂n-cp-∂p.

tdmt°m-ky≥ ]iv\-i-a-\m-\-¥-chpw ae_mdpam-bp≈ ]pcm-X-\-_‘w ÿm]n-®p-In-´p-hm≥ I¬Zm-b-]m-Xn-b¿°okv ian-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. 1869-˛¬ \S∂ H∂mw hØn-°m≥ Iu¨knen¬ Cu Ah-Im-i-hmZw At±lw D∂-bn-s®-¶nepw Iu¨kn¬s]s´∂v \ndp-tØ≠n h∂-Xn-\m¬ C°m-cy-Øn¬ hy‡-ambXocp-am\sam∂pw D≠m-bn-√. Cu ia-Øn¬ apJy≥ BIm-bnsesaXm-\m-bn-cp∂ Genbm taeq-km-bn-cp-∂p. ae-_m-dp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sm-\p≈ Ah-kcw Imc-Øn-cn-°p-tºm-gmWv l¿Pn-Iƒ e`n-°p-∂-Xv. 1873˛¬ saXm-∑msc hmgn-®-b-bv°m-\p≈ A\p-hm-Z-Øn-\mbn ]mXn-b¿°okv tdman-s\-gp-Xn. ]s£ s]m∏-Km¥AXn-\-\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

118

Nmh-d-b-®s\ saXm-\mbn°mam-\m-K-ln-®h¿ \ncm-i-cm-bn.tdmt°mkv ]iv\w Ah-km-\n-®-t∏mƒ s]m∏-Km¥ AXns‚]g-b-co-Xn-I-fn-tebv°v aS-ßn. ae-_m¿ InkvXym-\n-Iƒs]mXpth Akz-ÿ-cm-bn-cp-∂p. kz¥w doØn-ep≈ saXm-∑m¿°p-th-≠n-bp≈ Zmlw Ah-cpsS CS-bn¬ DXvI-S-am-bn-Øo¿∂p.Xr»q¿ tIµ-ambn [\-ti-J-cWw \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ ^nen∏vA okv F∂ I¬Zm-b-ssh-Zn-I≥ hgn Hcp saXms\ sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ia-ßƒ kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿ \S-Øn. Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ apt∂m-´p-\n-∂Xv Xr»q¿ ]≈n hnIm-cn-bmb ]ptØ´vC·mkn F∂ sshZn-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw nen∏v A okvhgn Hcp l¿Pn ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\v FØn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. CXn-\Iw ae-_m-dnse sshZn-I¿ taeq-kns\ £Wn-®p-sIm≠v Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv ]mXn-b¿°okv tPmk^vHutZm am¿ Genb taeq-kns\ ae-_m-dn-te-°-b-®-Xv.

taeqkv saXm≥ ae-_m-dn¬

1874 BKÃv amk-Øn¬ t_mws_-bnseØn. taeq-kns\Xncn-®-b-°p-hm≥ t_mws_ hnImcn A∏-kvtXm-en°m setbmtambvdn≥ ian-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. GXm-bm-epw 1874 HIvtSm-_¿ 21\ptaeqkv saXm≥ Xr»q-cnseØnt®¿∂p. 1874 Pqsse 2\p ]mXn-b¿°o-kv ae-_m-dp-Imsc A`n-kw-t_m-[-\-sN-bvXp-tIm≠v Fgp-Xn-bXpw taeq-kn\v \¬In-b-Xp-amb Fgp-Øn¬ taeq-kns\ Ab-°p-∂Xv ae-_m-dnse I¿Ω-eo-Øm-`-cWw Ah-km-\n-∏n -°p∂Xn\m-sW∂v ]d-™n-´p-≠v. am¿ taeqkv Xr»q-cn¬ FØn-b-t∏mƒ CS-a‰w hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ sXm≠-\m´v B‚Wn (am¿-A-_vZo-tim) At±-l-Øns‚ kl-]-h¿Ø-I-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p.HIvtSm-_¿ 30\p taeqkv Hcp k¿°p-e¿ hgn kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿]mXn-bm¿°o-kns\ A\p-k-cn-°-W-sa-∂pw eØo≥ lb-cm¿°n-bn¬ \n∂v ]n∑m-c-W-sa∂pw Bh-iy-s∏-´p. IqSmsX]obqkv Hº-Xm-a≥ ]m∏ ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ A[n-Im-csØAwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xm-bp≈ Hcp Fgp-Øns‚ ae-bmfw X¿÷a1875 s^_p-hcn 7 \p ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]Zp-hmtZmA[n-Im-c-Øn¬s∏´ ]≈n-Iƒ taeq-kns\ kzoI-cn-°m≥ Xøm-dm-bp-≈q.

`mKn-I-amb ]≈n-Iƒ

1887 sabv 20-˛mw Xob-Xn-bnse tIzmZv bmw]oZw F∂-Xn-cp-sh-gp-Øp-hgn setbm 13-˛ma≥ ]m]∏ kpdn-bm\n°m¿°mbntIm´-bw, Xr»q¿ F∂o hnIm-cn-bm-Øp-Iƒ eØo≥ saXm-∑m-sc-bmWv G¬]n-°p-I-sb∂v tcJ-Iƒ hy‡-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

119

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

hnImcnA∏-kvtXm-en-°-am¿ s]m¥n- n-°¬ A[n-Im-c-ß-tfmsSkpdn-bm-\n-°m-cmb hnIm-cn-P-\-d¬amsc \nb-an-°Wsa∂pw Bh-iy-s∏- n-cp-∂p. AXn-t\m-sSm∏w kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cmb \mev Btem-N-\-°msc hoXw Hmtcm hnIm-cn-bm-Ønepw sXc-s™-Sp-°pIbpwk`m `c-W-kw-_-‘-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ Ah-cpsS A`n-]mbwBcm-bp-Ibpw sNtø-≠n-bn-cp-∂p. hnIm-cn-bm-Øp-Iƒ ÿm]n-s®-b-¶nepw hnIm-cn-A-∏-kvtXm-en-°m-amsc \nb-an-®n-cp-∂n-√.]pXnb hnIm-cn-bm-Øp-Iƒ ÿm]n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Xncp-sh-gpØv]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-tXm-sSm∏w Pqembv 20, 1887˛¬ sUe-tK‰vA-∏-kvtXm-en-°mbncp∂ Abq-Ønbpw Hcp teJ\w ]≈n-I-fn-tebv°v Ab-®n-cp-∂p. I¿Ω-eo-Ø-°m-c-√mØ saXm-∑m¿ ]pXnbhnIm-cn-bm-Øn¬ \n-b-an-X-cm-Ip-tam F∂v hcm-∏p-g-bnse I¿Ω-eo-Ø-°m¿ b-s∏- p. Ah¿°-\p-Iq-e-ambn Hcp _lp-P-\-l¿Pntdman-te-°-b-°m≥ I¿Ω-eo-Ø-°m¿ Xocp-am-\n-®p. H∏v tiJ-cn-°m≥ Bfp-I-tfbpw Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn. sIm®-∏-∑m-cmb amXypam°o-en-s\bpw hmg-°p-f-Øp-Im-c-\mb hen-b-ho-´n¬ Koh-dp-Ko-k-®-t\bpw Iq´n-s°m≠p hcm-∏p-g-bn-tebpw sIm√-sØbpwsaXm-∑m¿ A-∏-kvtXm-en-Iv sUe-tK-‰ns\ kµ¿in®v Nne l¿Pn-Iƒ sImSp-Ø-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. `n∂n-∏n®v `cn-°pI F∂XØz-am-bn-cn°mw ChnsS ]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°n-b-Xv.

]pXnb hnImcn A-∏-kvtXm-en-°mam¿

1887 sabv 20-˛mw XobXn hnIm-cn-bm-Øp-Iƒ ÿm]n-X-ambnF∂m¬ hnImcnA-∏-kvtXm-en-°am¿ Bsc∂v hy‡-am-°n-bn-cp-∂n-√. AtX-°p-dn-®p≈ Pn⁄mk hen-sbmcp ]ncn-ap-d°whmc∏pg `mKØpw kztZin ]ÿm-\-°m-cpsS `mKØpw Df-hm-°n. Chn-SpsØ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS hoc-hm-Z-ß-fpw- c-l-ky-I-cp-\o-°-ßfpw c≠m-asØ Iq´sc IqSp-X¬ D¬°-WvTm-Ip-e-cm-°n. sUtK-‰n\v Ah¿ XpS-sc-Øp-Ssc Ab-®n-cp∂ IØp-IƒCXv hy‡-am-°p-∂p. Cu kml-Ncyw 1887 HIvtSm-_¿ 15-˛mwXob-Xn-tbmsS amdn. tdman¬ \n∂v \n¿t±-in-®-X-\p-k-cn®v am¿k-eo-t\mkv saXm≥ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® I¬]-\-hgn Nmƒkv eho™pwAtUmƒ^v saUven-t°m´pw ]pXnb hnImcn A-∏-kvtXm-en-°amcm-sW∂v Adn-bn-®p. AtXm-sSm∏w kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cp-sS-ta¬X\n-°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ c-Wm-[n-Imcw Ah-km-\n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xm-bpw.

kz]v\-km-£m-Xv°mcw

kz¥w hnIm-cn-bm-Øp-Iƒ e`n-®-Xp-sIm-≠p-amXw ChnSsØam¿tØm-Ωm-In-kvXym-\n -Iƒ kwXr-]vX-cm-bn -√. kz¥wdoØn¬s∏´ \m´p-sa-Xm-∑msc In´p-hm-\p≈ At]-£-Iƒ tdman-te°v Ah¿ Ab-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. kabw Bk-∂-ambn F∂p

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

120

].-knw-lm-k-\-Øn\p t_m≤y-am-bn. 1896˛¬ setbm ]Xn-aq-∂m-a≥ ]m∏ tIz tdbn kmtI F∂ tcJ-bn-eqsS kpdn-bm-\n-°-tØm-en-°sc Xr»q¿, Nß-\m-t»cn, Fd-Wm-Ipfw F∂q aq∂phnIm-cn-bm-Øp-I-fn-em°n. CXn¬ Nß-\m-t»cn hnIm-cn-bmØv1887¬ ÿm]n-X-amb tIm´bw hnIm-cn-bm-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bm-Wv._nj∏v eho™p Xs‚ Bÿm\w 1891˛¬ Nß-\m-t»-cn°pam‰p-I-bp-≠m-bn. 1896 BKÃv 11-˛mw XobXn kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsSaq∂p hnIm-cn-bm-Øp-Iƒ°pw \m´p-sa-Xm-∑msc e`n-®p. Fd-Wm-Ip-fØp fqbnkv ]tg-]-d-ºnepw, Xr»qcv tPm¨ ta\m-t®-cnbpw,Nß-\m-t»-cn-bn¬ amXyp am°oepambncp∂p ]Ya GX-t±-io-b-sa-Xm-∑m-cmbn \nb-an-X-cm-b-h¿. 1911 BKÃv 29-˛mw XobXnsX°pw `mK-°m¿°mbn tIm´bw hnIm-cn-bmØp ÿm]n-®p.AXns‚ A≤y-£-\mbn am¿. amXyp am°o-ens\ Nß-\m-t»-cn-bn¬ \n∂p tIm -b-tØ°p am‰n. Nß-\m-t»-cn-bn¬ am¿ tXmakvIpcym-f-t»cn \nb-an-X-\m-bn.

kotdm-a-e-_m¿ lb-cm¿°n

am¿tØmΩmInkvXym-\n-I-fpsS k`m-N-cn-X-Øn¬ ]tXyI]m[m\ya¿ln-°p-∂-XmWv 1923 Unkw-_¿ 21-˛mw XobXnA∂mWv sdmam\o s]m¥o^ns®kv F∂ Xncp-sh-gp-Øp-hgn11-˛mw ]obqkv am¿]m∏ kotdm-a-e-_m¿ s]mhn≥kv cq]m-I-cn-®-Xv. Fd-Wm-Ipfw AXn-cq-]-X-bmbpw Xr»q¿, tIm´-bw, Nß-\m-t»cn kam-¥-c-cq-]-X-I-fmbpw ]Jym-]n-°-s∏-´p.

]p\-sscIyw Bcw- n-°p∂p

1653 se Iq\≥Ip-cn-ip-k-Xy-tØmsS am¿tØm-Ωm-ssI-kvX-h-k-aqlw ]pØ≥Iq-sd∂pw ]g-b-Iq-sd∂pw c≠mbn Xncn-™p.th¿]m-Sns‚ \mfp-Iƒ apX¬ ]p\-ssc-Iy-Øn-\p≈ AXn-bmbBK-lhpw ]cn-i-ahpw c≠p hn`m-K-ßfnepw D≠mbncp-∂p.hntZ-i-an-j-\-dn-am-cp-sSbpw saXm-∑m-cp-sSbpw \n -l-I-c-Whpwÿm]n-X-Xm¬]-cy-ßfpw ]p\-ssc-Iy-i-a-ßsf ]cm-P-b-∏-Sp-Øn.F∂m¬ \m´p-sa-Xm-∑m-cpsS BK-a-\-tØmsS ]p\-ssc-Iy-]-ÿm-\-Øn\v Hcp \h-Po-h≥ ssIh-∂p. H∂m-bn-cp∂ k`sb ]eXm-°nb kml-N-cy-ßƒ amdn-h-∂tXmsS kss`-Iy-t_m-[hpwhf¿∂p-h-∂p. XXv^-e-ambn 1930 sk]v‰w¿ 20-˛mw XobXnbmt°m-_m-b-k-`-bn¬\n∂p am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øbpw am¿ sXtbm-^n-temkv saXm\pw ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bp-ambn ]p\-ssc-Iy-s∏-´p. kss`-Iy-]-ÿm-\-Øn\p t\XrXzw\¬In-b-h-cm-Wn-h¿.


121

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

`mc-X-Ønse

At¥mIy≥ k`m-hn- m-K-ßƒ

06

k`m]nXm-hmb tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsSImew apX¬ 1653˛hsc am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ, Hcp Xe-hs‚ Iogn¬ hn -P-\tam ]mj-WvU-X-Itfm IqSmsX sFIy-Øn¬ Pohn®p.NcnX KXn-bn¬, 1653 P\p-hcn 3\v \S∂ Iq\≥Ipcniv kXy-Øn\v tijw ]pØ≥ Iq‰n¬s∏´]¥≠v sshZn-I¿ B¿®v Uo°≥ tXmakv]d-ºn -ens\ am¿tØmam H∂m-a≥ F∂t]cn¬, 1653 sabv 22 \v ssIhbv∏v hgn saXm-\mbn hmgn-®p. `qcn-]£w CS-h-I-Ifpw ]Zp-hmtZm B¿®v _nj-∏m-bn-cp∂ ^m≥kokvKmknb SJ- sb Dt]-£n®v , DØat_m[yØn¬(Bone fide) ]pXnb _nj-∏ns‚]nd-In¬ AWn-\n-c∂p. ]t£ ]pXnb ]nXm-hns‚ ]´w Akm[phmsW∂v a\- n-em°n,ItaW At±-lsØ Dt]£n-®p. ae-_m¿ k -bn¬ \S∂ ZpxJ-I-c-amb Cu kw`-h-hn-ti-j-ßƒ Adn™v, s]∏Km¥ ^ntZ-bpsS \n¿t±-i-]-Imcw c≠v KWw \njv]mZpI I¿Ω-eoØk\ymknamsc ]tXy-Im-[n-Imc-ß-tfmsS Ae-

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

122

Ivkm-≠¿ VII˛ma≥ ae-_m¿ k`-bn-te-°-b-®p. ]iv\-ßƒ ]Tn-°m\pw ]cn-l-cn-°p-hm\pw Ab-°-s∏- -h¿ sk‚ vtacn sk_m-Ãym\n tPmk^pw sk‚ vhn≥sk‚ v lbmknØpw Bbn-cp-∂p.]iv\]cn-lm-c-Øn\pw ]p\-ssc-Iy-Øn\pw th≠n-bp≈ ]cn-i-a-ßƒ B¿®vUo°s‚ saXm≥]´w AwKo-I-cn-°-W-sa∂hmZ-Øn≥ta¬ X´n XI¿∂p. Fcn-Xo-bn-seÆ F∂t]mse,1663 s^_p-hcn 1˛mw Xob-Xn, sk_-Ãym\n, B¿®v Uo°-s\bpw, kl-]-h¿Ø-I-\mb B™n-en-aq-´n¬ C´sØm-Ω-s\bpw ItØm-en°m k`-bn¬ \n∂v al-tdm≥ sNm√n ]pd-Øm°n. Aßs\ 1653 Bcw-`n® hn`m-Ko-bX, H∂m-bn-cp∂am¿tØmam InkvXym-\n-Isf ItØm-en-°-sc∂pw AI-tØm-en-°-cp-sa∂ ]nf¿∏n-te°v HutZym-Kn-I-ambn FØn-®p. At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mc-º-cy-Øn-e-[n-jvSn-X-amb Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-I-fpsSBcw- hpw XpS¿∂v DZbw sNbvX kotdm-a-e-¶-c-k- -sb-°p-dn®pwCu A≤ym-b-Øn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂p.

At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mXo-bm¿°o-kp-am-bp≈ k`m_‘hpw ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kndn-b≥ k -I-fpsS Bcw- hpw

ItØm-en°m k`-bn¬\n∂pw ]pd-Øm-°nbtijw F√m]p\-sscIyia-ßfpw ]cm-P-b-s∏-´-t∏mƒ Xs‚ saXm≥ ]´-Øns‚ Akm-[p-X-sb-°p-dn®v Ah-t_m-[-ap≈ am¿tXmΩmH∂m-a≥ Im¬Zn-b≥ ]mXn-bm¿°o-kn\pw kndn-b≥ bmt°m-_n‰v ]mXn-bm¿°o-kn\pw Hcp saXms\ Ab-°-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏´v FgpXn. Im¬Zn-b≥ ]mXn-bm¿°okv adp-]Sn \¬In-bn√. 1665˛¬ At¥ym-Iym-bnse kndn-b≥ bmt°m-_mb ]mXn-bm¿°okv A_vZpƒ Peo¬ am¿ KntKmdntbm-kns\ ae-_m-dn-te-°-b®p. am¿tØm-am-bpsS saXm≥]- -Øns‚ Akm-[pX Adn-™n-cp∂ ]pØ≥Iq-‰p-Im¿ BtLm-j-]q¿∆w am¿ KntKm-dn-tbm-kns\ kzoI-cn®v Xß-fpsS ÿm\-]-Xn-bmbn AwKo-I-cn®p.kzm`m-hn-I-ambn kpdn-bm\n]mc-º-cy-ap≈ ]uc-kvXy-]n-Xm-hns\,em‰n≥ saXm-s\-°mƒ k`m kaqlw kzoI-cn-®p. am¿Kn-tKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ BK-a-\-tØmsS saXm-\-SpØ I¿Ω-ßƒ At±lw\nd-th-‰p-Ibpw am¿tØmam k`-bpsS `c-W-Im-cy-ßƒ \n¿∆-ln-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

kndn-b≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hnizm-k-kw-ln-X-bpsS Bhn¿`mhw

am¿tØmam k`-bpsS kzbw-`-c-W-A-h-Im-ihpw ]uckvXyBcm-[-\m-co-Xn-Ifpw C√mbva sNøphm≥ ]Zp-hmtZm c-W-Øn≥Iosg Pkyq´v anj-\-dn-am¿ ian-®-t∏mƒ AXn-s\-Xnsc Db¿∂]Xn-tj-[-Øns‚ A\-¥-c- -e-am-bn-cp∂p Iq\≥ Ipcniv kXyw.

123

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

am¿tØmΩm a°-fpsS lrZbØpSn∏pIƒ a\- n-em-°nbam¿˛Kn-tKm-dn-tbmkv (1665˛1670) Ah-cpsS X\-Xmb ]mc-ºcyhpwBcm-[-\m-\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°p-sa∂v hmKvZm\wsNbvXp. bYm¿∞-Øn¬, DZbw t]cq¿ kq\-l-tZm-kn¬ Dt]-£n-°-s∏´ Nne X\-Xm-fl-I-amb ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ At±lw ]p\-]-Xn-jvTn-®p. bmt°m-_mb‰v hnizm-khpw At¥ym-Iy≥ A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fpw ]pe¿Øp∂ Hcp kaq-lsØ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-hm-\p≈ X¥-]-c-amb ]≤-Xn-bn¬ am¿tØmam I˛mas\ saXm-\mbn At±lw hmgn-®n√. XZzmcm bmt°m-_mb‰v Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hnizmk kwln-X-Iƒ kmh-[m\w ae-_m¿ k`-bn¬Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-hm≥ KntKm-dn-tbm-kn\v Ign-™p. ItØm-en°mk`°pw AXns‚ hnizmk ]t_m-[-\-ßƒ°pw tdman-\p-sa-Xn-cmbpw FXn¿∏ns‚ at\m-`mhw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-hm≥ At±-l-Øns‚ ac-W-Øn\v apºv km[n®p (+1670). am¿Kn-tKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ BK-a-\hpw ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ItØm-en-°m˛ AI-tØm-en°m k`m-hn-`m-K-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ A¥cw hep-Xm°n. Iq\≥Ipcniv kXyw Xs∂ tdma≥ t\Xr-Xz-Øn\pw am¿]m-∏-bpsS]Ya ÿm\-Øn\pw FXn-cmbpff ]Xn hnπ-hambn hymJym-\n-°-s∏-´p.

am¿tØmam H∂m-as‚ ac-W-tijw 1670 G]n¬ 22am¿tØmΩ II ( 1670˛1686), am¿tØmΩ III (1686˛1688) am¿tØmΩIV (1688˛1728) am¿tØmΩ V (1728˛1765) F∂n-h¿ bYm-Iawk`sb \bn-®p. e`y-amb tcJm]Imcw Ch-cnem¿°pw HutZym-Kn-I-ambn, km[phmb \nb-am-\p-krX saXm≥]´w e`n-®n-cp-∂n-√. am¿tØmΩ II s‚ `c-W-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬, F¬tZm am¿_tk-entbmk,v lnZ-Øp≈ am¿ Chm-\n-tbmkv F∂o c≠vbmt°m-_mb‰v saXm-∑m¿ At¥ymIymhXv°-c-W-Øns‚ mK-ambn 1685˛¬ ae-_m-dn¬ FØn-t®¿∂p. BK-a-\-Øns‚]¥≠mw Znhkw am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv Znhw-K-X-\mbn tImX-aw-Kew ]≈n-bn¬ kwkv°-cn-°-s∏´p. am¿ Chm-\n-tbmkv Xs‚acWwhsc (1693 BKÃv 13) `cWwXpS¿∂p. am¿ Chm-\n-tbm-kns‚ ac-WsØ XpS¿∂v Zo¿L-Imew At¥ym-Iy≥saXm≥amcmcpw ae-_m-dn¬ FØn-bn-√. XXv^-e-ambn Xt±-iob ]nXm-°-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p kzX-¥-`-cWw \n¿∆-ln-®n-cp-∂-Xv. At¥ym-Iy≥ InkvXp hn⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ GXm\pw NneAwi-ßƒ kmwio-I-cn-s®-¶nepw, hnizmkn kaqlw , ]uckvXykpdn-bm\n hnizmk ]mc-ºcyw XpS-cp-Ibpw Im¬Zn-b≥ Bcm-[-\m-Iaw A\p-jvTn®p-t]m-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

124

At¥ym-Iy≥ k`m ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ hf¿®bpw ]Ya \nb-am-\p-kr-X-amb saXm\pw

ap≥Km-an-Isft∏mse am¿ØmΩ V˛ma\pw tdmap-ambn ]p\-ssc-Iy-Øn-\mbn bXv\n-®p-sh-¶nepw hnP-bn-®n√. \nb-am-\p-kr-X-ambn Imt\m-\nI saXm-\mbn Xm≥ A`n-jn-‡-\m-bn- n√ F∂Adnhv \nc-¥cw aYn® am¿tØmΩm V˛ma≥ a[y]q¿∆tZiØpff Hcp saXms\ ae-_m-dn-te-s°-Øn-°p-hm≥ sIm®n-bn-ep≈ U®v A[n-Im-cn-I-tfmSv N´wsI´n (1663˛¬ sIm®n U®v`c-W-Øn≥ Io-gn-embn) AXn-\mbn hen-sbmcp XpIbpwhmKvZm\w sNbvXp. \nc-¥c A`ym¿∞-\-bmepw t]c-W-bmepwU®vImcpsS klm-b-Øm¬ 1751˛G]n¬ 23\v kmIffam¿_tk-teymkv am¿ KntKmdn-tbmkv F∂ c≠v ÿm\ ]Xn-I-sfbpw, dºm≥ tPmWns\bpw (bql-∂m≥) c≠v kndn-b≥sshZn-I-scbpw At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mXn-bm¿°okv sIm®n-bn-te°vAb-®p. ae-¶c k`-bpsS ta¬ `c-Wm-h-Imiw D∂-bn-°p-IbpwAt¥ym-Iy≥ A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fpw bmt°m-_mb BNm-c-ßfpwae-¶c hnizm-kn-I-fpsSbnS-bn¬ ]c-Øp-hm\pw Cu saXm-∑m¿]cn-i-an-®p. At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mc-º-cy-Øn-ep≈ hnhn[ A\m-s^-d-Iƒ, DZm: hn. bm-t°m-_ns‚ Bcm-[-\m-Iaw, I¬Zmb Bcm-[-\m-Iaw ]q¿Æ-ambpw \njvIm-k\w sNømsX Xs∂ ae-¶ck`-bn¬ hym]-I-am-°n-bXv Ch-cm-Wv.

am¿tØmΩm V˛ma≥ At¥ym-Iy≥ ÿm\]Xn-Isf £Wn-°p-Ibpw ae-¶-c-bn¬ ImtXm-en-t°‰v Bcw-`n-°p-hm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. At¥ym-Iy≥ saXm-∑m¿ am¿tØm-aV˛mas‚ saXm- n-tjIw X¥-]q¿∆w \o´n-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. At¥ym-Iy≥ knwlm-k-\sØ ae-¶c saXm-∑m¿ Bi-bn-°p-∂-Xns‚KqtUm-t±iw ss\bm-an-I-amb Imt\m-\nI saXm≥]´ kzoI-c-W-am-sW∂pw A]-Imcw A`n-jn-‡-cm-bm¬ ae-¶c k`-bpsSta¬ XßfpsS Ah-Imiw ÿm]n-°m≥ km[n-°m-sX-h-cp-sa∂pw Ah¿ a\- n-em-°n. am¿tØmΩm V˛mas\ saXm-\mbnA`n-tjIw sNbvXm¬ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS ta¬ ta¬t°mbvaÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Xß-fpsS kz]v\w ae¿s]m-Sn-°m-cs‚In\m-hmbn amdpw F∂v At¥ymIy≥ saXm≥am¿°-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1752˛¬ am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv Xß-fpsS kl-Nm-c-\mbnh∂ dºm≥ tPmWns\ A`n-tjIw sNbvXv am¿ Chm-\n-tbmkvF∂v \ma-I-cWw sNbvXv ae-¶c k`-bpsS saXm-s∏m-eo-Ø-bmbn \nb-an-®-t∏mƒ am¿tØmam V˛ma\pw At¥ym-Iy≥ saXm-∑mcpw XΩn-ep≈ Ass\Iyw (i-Xp-X) AXns‚ ]c-tIm-Sn-bn-

125

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

se-Øn. ]t£ am¿ Chm-\n-tbm-kns‚ ÿm\ob ]Zhn BcpwAwco-I-cn-®n-√. am¿tØma V˛ma≥ ae-¶c k`-bpsS A≤y-£-\mbn `cWw \n¿∆-ln-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp t]m∂p. Xs∂ saXm-\mbn A`n-tjIw sNøm-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ hmKvZm\w sNbvXbmX-°q -en -bmb `oa -amb XpI U®vIm¿°v \evIm≥am¿tØmΩm V˛ma≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-°p-Ibpw AXv \o≠ \n∂ Ie-l-Øn-te°v taev∏-d™ I£n-Isf \bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

A`n-]mb n∂X \o≠p \n∂-t∏mƒ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmPmhvCS-s]-Sp-Ibpw XXv -e-ambn am¿tØmΩm V˛ma\v saXm≥ ]´wsImSp-°m-sa∂ At¥ym-Iy≥ saXm-∑m¿ kΩ-Ω-Xn-°p-IbpwsNbvXp. ]t£ At¥ym-Iy≥ saXm≥, am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv1764˛¬ Znhw-K-X-\m-hp-Ibpw 1765˛¬ saXm-`n-tjIw kzoI-cn-°msX am¿tØmΩm V˛ma≥ acn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. XpS¿∂vAt±-l-Øns‚ acp-a-I≥ am¿tØmΩm VI˛ma≥ F∂ \maw kzoI-cn®v `cWw Gs‰-Sp-Øp. \o≠ Ime-hn-f-º-Øn\ptijw Xncp-hnXmwIq¿ cmPm-hns‚ \n¿_-‘-]-Imcw ap≥ \n›-bn® Xocp-am-\-a-\p-k-cn®v am¿ Chm-\n-tbm-kns‚ klm-b-tØmsS At¥ym-Iy≥ ÿm\ ]Xn-bmb am¿ KntKm-dn-tbmkv 1772 P\p-hcnBZy BgvN-bn¬ am¿tØmΩm VI˛ma\v HutZym-Kn-I-ambn \nc-W-Øp≈ sk‚ v tacokv ]≈n-bn¬ h®v saXm≥ ]´w \evIn.]pXnb saXm≥ ae-¶c k`-bnse \nb-am-\p-krXw Imt\m-\n-I-ambn ]YasaXm\mbn A`n-jn-‡-\mbn am¿ Znhm-t∂ymkvI˛ma≥ F∂ ÿm\ob \maw kzoI-cn-®p.

hnizmkw ]Jym-]n®v 1778 am¿®v 12 \v am¿ tPmk^v Icn-bm‰n¬ saXms]meoØ hgn-bmbn ]obqkv VI˛mw ]m∏bv°v\evInb At]-£-bn¬, am¿tØmΩm VI˛ma≥ Xs‚ ap≥Km-an-Iƒ HutZym-Kn-I-ambn, \nb-a-]-Imcw saXm≥]´w kzmI-cn-°m-Ø-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw X∑qew bmt°m-_mb‰v saXm-\mbKntKm-dn-tbm-kn¬ \n∂v ssIhb]v hgn ss«lo-Im-io¿hmZwkzoI-cn®v saXm≥ ]Z-hn-bn-te°v Xm≥ Dbn¿Ø-s∏-s´∂pwAt±lw hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v. Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`m Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb kn.hn sNdn-bm≥ Fgp-Xp-∂p: “am¿ Chm-\n-tbm-kns‚km∂n-≤y-Øn¬ am¿ Znhm-t∂ymkv I˛ma\mbn saXm≥ ]´-ta‰ am¿tØmΩ VI˛ma≥ At¥ym-Iy≥ k`-bnse ÿm\]Xn-Ifn¬ \n∂v BZy-ambn A`n-jn-‡-\m-Ip∂ ae-¶c saXm-\mWv”.ae-¶ck`-bnse ap≥ saXm-∑m-sc∂v hnfn -°-∏-´-h-cpsSsaXm≥]´w Akm-[p-hm-sW∂pw Ah¿ \n¿∆-ln® saXm-\-SpØ I¿Ω-ßƒ Akm-[p-hm-sW∂pw CXn-\m¬ Xs∂ hy‡-

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

126

amWv. am¿tØmΩ VI˛mas‚ \nb-am-\p-krX saXm≥e_v[n-tbmsS ae-¶ck`bv°v ÿnc-Xbpw, kzbw-`-c-W-h-Im-ihpw Hc-f-hn¬ ssIh∂p. H∏w CS-ap-dn-bmØ A∏-kvtXm-enI ]mc-º-cyhpw ]utcm-lnXy XpS¿®bpw km[p-hmb IqZm-i-Ifpw!

sXmgn-bq¿ k`-bpsS DZv`hw

am¿tØmΩ VI˛mas‚ saXm-`n-tj-I-Øn\v tijhpw c≠vAt¥ym-Iy≥ ]nXm-°-∑mcpw ae-¶-c-bn¬ c-W-]-c-amb bmsXmcpA[n-Im-chpw \n¿∆-ln-°msX Xs∂ XpS¿∂p. am¿tØmΩmVI˛ma≥ GI-\mbn ae-¶-c-k- -bpsS Xe-h\pw ]nXm-hp-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ k`m kaq-lsØ \bn-®p. cq£-amb A`n-]m-b-hy-Xym-k-sØ-Øp-S¿s∂∂-hÆw 1772 \hw-_¿ 28\v dºm≥ Ipcy≥A_mlw Im´p-a-ßm-ń\v, A_mlw am¿ Ipdo-temkv F∂t]cn¬, am¿ KntKm-dn-tbmkv, saXm≥ ]´w \evIn. ]t£ ae-¶c k`-bn¬ bmsXmcp A[n-Im-chpw ]tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ At±-l-Øn\v Ign-™n-cp-∂n-√. 2˛mw h¿jsØ ae-¶c k`mPo-hn-X-Øn-s\m-Sp-hn¬, 1773˛¬ am¿ KntKm-dn-tbmkv A¥-cn-®p. aq∂m-asØ At¥ym-Iy≥ saXm-\m-bn-cp∂ am¿ Chm-\n-tbmkv, Xs‚A¥yw hsc 1794 am¿tØmΩ VI˛mas\ ]n¥p-W-®n-cp-∂p.

A_mlw Iqdn-temkv Im´p-am-ßm-ńs‚ saXm≥ ]é_v[n°v tijhpw hnizmkn kaq-lhpw \m´p `c-Whpw,am¿tØmΩm VI˛mas\ amX-amWv ae-¶c k`-bpsS HutZym-KnI saXm-s∏m-eo-Ø-bmbpw k`m Xe-h-\mbpw Icp-Xn-b-Xv.bYm¿∞-Øn¬ _oó-jvIm-cpsS Iogn¬ \ntcm-[n-°-s∏´\m´pcmPy-ß-fm-bn-cp∂ Xncp-hnXmwIqdns\bpw sIm®n-tbbpwhn´v _nójv ae-_m-dns‚ Iogn¬ A`bw tXSm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-\mb A_mlw Iqdn-temkv Im´p-am-ßm´v, kzX¥ kpdn-bm\nk` F∂ t]cn¬ sXmgn-bq-cn¬ (B-™q¿) Ct∏mƒ Xr»q¿Hcp kzX¥k` ÿm]n-®p. Hcp cq]X amX-ap≈ k` C∂pwAt¥m-Iy≥ kndn-b≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv As√-¶n¬ bmt°m-_n‰v ]mc-ºcyw ]n¥p-S-cp-∂p.

ae-¶c k`-bpsS Bw•n°h-ev°-cWw (1816˛1836)

am¿tØmΩ VI˛mas‚ ac-W-tijw (1808 G]n¬ 8), Iam-\p-K-X-ambn am¿tØmΩ VII (1808-1809), am¿tØmΩ VIII (1810-˛1815), am¿tØmΩ IX(1815), am¿ Znhmt∂ymkv II (1816), am¿Znhmt∂ymkv III(1817-1825) am¿ Znhmt∂ymkv IV (1825-1846)XpSßnbh¿ cWw \n¿h-ln-®p. 19˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw- -Øn¬Xs∂ _nójv B[n-]-Xy-Øn≥ Iogn-em-bn-cp-∂p tIc-f-Ønse

127

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

\m´p cmPy-ßƒ. bYm¿∞-Øn¬, 1795 s‚ BZy \mfp-I-fn¬Xs∂ U®p-Im-cn¬ \n∂v sIm®n-bpsS cWw _nó-jvIm¿ ]nSn-s®-Sp-°p-Ibpw Hcp _nójv dkn-U‚ v sIm®n, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿`c-W-Im-cym-e-b-Øn¬ Xma-k-ap-d-∏n®v `c-W-]-c-amb Imcy-ßƒkkq£vaw \nb-¥n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ae-¶c k` Cw•≠nse Bw•n-°≥ k`-bp-ambn _‘-Øn¬hcm\pw XZzc Bw•n-°-hev°-c-W-Øn-te°v kmh-[m\w \oßp-Ibpw sNbvXp. N¿®v anj-\dn skmssk-‰n-bpsS (CMS) anj-\dn]h¿Ø-I¿ ae-¶c hnizm-kn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ ]h¿Øn-°m≥ XpS-ßp-Ibpw k`sb Bw•n-°≥ hnizmk ]t_m-[\kXy-Øn-te°pw BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fn-te°pw \bn-°p-IbpwsNbvXp.

am¿ Znhmt∂ymkv III (1817-1825) s‚ `c-W-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬Bw•n-°≥ k`bpw ae-¶c k`bpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘wkpZrVamhpIbpw, HutZym-Kn-I-ambn B _‘w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ Xocp-am-\-ßƒ ssIs°m-≈p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Bw•n-°≥ anj-\-dn-am¿ ae-¶-c-]-≈n-I-fn¬ ]kw-Kn-°p-Ibpw ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1815˛¬ Ah-cpsS kmº-ØnIklm-b-tØmsS tIm´-bØv ae-¶cskan-\mcn ]Wn-b-s∏-´p.tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bp-am-bp≈ kl-hm-k-Øm¬ If-¶n-X-amb ae-¶ck`sb Ah-⁄-tbmsS t\m°nI≠ Bw•n-°≥anj-\-dn-am¿ ae-¶ck`-bpsS hnizmk kXy-ßfpw BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw ss__n-fns\amXw tIµ-am°n ip≤n IeiwsNøm≥ Xo-cp-am-\n-®p. ]cn-ip≤ amXm-hn-t\m-Sp≈ hW°w, acn-®-h¿°pth≠n-bp≈ ]m¿∞\, tZhm-e-b-ß-fn-ep≈ Xncp-kz-cq-]-ßƒ apX-em-bh A£-¥-hy-amb A]-cm-[-ambn Bw•n-°≥anj-\-dn-am¿ IcpXn. Bcm-[\, Imt\m-\n-I, ssZh-im-kvX-K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw F√m A_-≤-kn-≤m-¥-ß-fpw XpS®p \o°m≥I®-s°-ń-bn-d-ßnb Bw•n-°≥ anj-\-dn-am¿ skan-\m-cn-I-fnepwsshZo-I-]-cn-io-e-\-Ønepw Bw•n-°≥ ssZhimkvXw ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ XpS-ßn.

1836˛se amth-en-°c ktΩ-f-\hpw At¥ym-°y≥ ]mXo-bm¿°o-kp-am-bp≈ sFIyhpw

t]m´-Ã‚ v k`-bnse anj-W-dn-am-cp-am-bp≈ _‘w AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp∂ am¿Znhm-t∂ymkv III -- ˛a≥1-825˛¬ Znhw-K-X-\mbn.XpS¿∂v `c-W-ta‰ am¿ Znhm-t∂ymkv IV(1825˛1846) 1836 P\p-hcn 16\v amth-en-°-c-bn¬ h®v sshZo-I-cp-tSbpw Aflmb ]ap-J-cp-tSbpw kn\Uv hnfn-®p-Iqń, Bw•n° hXv°-cWw Ah-

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

128

km-\n-∏n-°m≥ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-Ibpw At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mXn-bm¿°o-kn-t\mSv ]q¿Æ hnt[-bXzw ]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.kn\Uv Ak-∂n-KvZ-ambn C]-Imcw ]d-™p h®p “kpdn-bm-\n-bm-t°m-_-b-°m-c-mb Rßƒ, At¥ym-Iy≥ ]c-am-[n-Im-c-tØmSvhnt[-bXzw ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xp-sIm≠pw At¥ym-°y≥ knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ ÿm\-]-Xn-I-fpsS \n¿t±ißƒ A\p-k-cn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠pw A\p-jvTn-®p-t]m-cp∂ Bcm-[-\m-I-aßfpw N´-ßfpwHcp Imc-W-h-imepw am‰w hcp-Øm≥ ]mSn-s√∂pw, \ne-hn-ep≈Ia-Øn\v hncp-≤-ambn bmsXm∂pw D≠m-Im≥ ]mSn-s√∂pw]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p”. At¥ym-Iy≥ Bcm-[-\m-I-ahpw k`-bpsS`c-W-I-ahpw HutZym-Kn-I-ambpw ss\øm-an-I-ambpw ae-¶c k`kzoI-cn®v Cu kn\-Un¬ AwKo-I-cn-®p. At¥ym-°y≥ knwlm-k-\-hp-am-bp≈ _‘w ZrV-s∏-SpØpI hgn Bw•n-°≥ s]m´-Ã‚ v kzm[o\w \n¿ho-cy-am-°p--hm\pw Aßs\ Xß-fpsS hnizm-khpw BNm-chpw A`w-Kpcw XpS-cp-hm≥ km[n-°p-sa∂v Ah¿IcpXn.

At\Iw h¿jsØ Bw•n-°≥ anj-\-dn-am-cpsS ia- -e-ambnAt\-Im-bncw ae¶c k`-bpsS a°ƒ 1836˛se amth-en-°-c-bn¬ \S∂ kn\-Un\ptijw Bw•n-°≥ k`mw-K-ß-fmbn.F¶nepw sNdnb Hcp hn`mKw Bw•n-°-\o-I-cWw A\p-Iq-en-®n-cp-∂-h¿ acm-a-Ænse m.- A-_mlw ]me-°p-∂-Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ae-¶c k`sb hn´p-t]-£n®v Bw•n-°≥ k`-bn¬tNcm≥ hnap-JX ]ISn-∏n-®p. ^m. A_mlw ]me-°p-∂ØvAt¥ym-Iy≥ Bcm-[-\m-Iaw s]m -Ã‚ v ssZh-im-kvX-h-gn-bn¬\ho-I-cn-°phm\pw ]pXp-°n-sb-gp-Xp-hm\pw Bcw-`n-®p. 1841˛¬^m. A_mlw ]me-°p-∂Øv Xs‚ ]nXrhy\mb Uo°≥amXyp ]me-°p-∂-Øns\, saXm-\mbn hmgn-°-W-sa∂ At]-£-tbmsS kndn-b≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv bmt°m-_mb‰v ]mXn-bm¿°o-km-bn-cp∂ Ct·-jykv am¿ Genbm II˛s‚ ]°-e-b-®p. hc-hns‚ e£yw s]m´-Ã‚ v \ho-I-c-W-sa∂ KqtUm-t±-i-sa-∂Xv ad-®p-sh®v, Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hnizm-k-kw-c-£-I-sc∂\mSy-Øn¬ Ah¿ h¿Øn-®p. ho≠phnNm-ctam XpS-ct\z-j-WtamIqSmsX ]mXn-bm¿°okv amXyp ]me-°p-∂-Øns\ amXyp am¿AØ-t\-jykv F∂v \ma-I-cWw sNbvXv ae-¶-c-bpsS saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-bmbn A`n-tjIw sNbvXv 1843˛¬ tIc-f-°-c-bnte°vAb®p.

Xncn-s®-Ønb DSs\ ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øbmbn amXypAØ-t\-jykv Ah-Im-i-hmZw D∂-bn-®p. c≠p saXm-t∏m-eo-

129

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

Ø-am-cp-tSbpw km∂n≤yw ae-¶-c-k- -bn¬ A[n-Im-csØ kw_-‘n® X¿°-Øn\v hgn-Xp-d-∂p. ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ hni-I-e\wsNbvXv Bh-iy-amb Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°m≥ 1846˛¬ ]mXn-bm¿°ok,v am¿ Ipdo-tem-kns\ (kn-dnƒ) Npa-X-e-s∏-SpØn, ae-¶-c-k-`-bn-te-°-b®p. (1846-˛1866) ae-_m-dn-se-Ønb am¿ Ipdo-temkv ae-¶-c-bpsS saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-bmbn kzbw ]Jym-]n-®p.-am¿ AØt\jy-kns\ ae-¶ck`-bpsS ]c-am-[n-Im-c-Øn¬FØp-∂-Xv XS-bm≥ am¿ Znhm-t∂ymkv IVa≥ ÿm\-XymKwsNbvXv am¿Ipdo-temkn\v Ah-k-c-sam-cp°n. am¿IqdntbmkvXs‚ A[n-Imc ImeØv Im¬Unb≥ Bcm-[-\m-\p-jvTm-\-ßsfam‰n At¥ym-Iy≥ coXn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ae-¶c hnizm-kn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n en]n hym]-I-am-hp-IbpwsNbvXp.

am¿ AØ-jykpw am¿ Iqdo-temkpw ae-¶c k`-bpsS Xe-h-∑m-cmbn A[n-Imcw ]tbm-Kn-°m≥ Bcw-`n-®-t∏mƒ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v CS-s]-tS≠n h∂p. 1852˛¬ Xncp-hnXmwIq¿ cmPy-`-cW tImS-Xn, At¥ym-Iy-bn¬\n∂v sIm≠p-h∂ tcJ-Iƒ]Imcw AØ-t\jykns\ ae-¶c k`-bpsS HutZym-KnI Xe-h-\mbn ]Jym-]n-®p. kpdn-bm\n k`ma°ƒ At±-lsØ ]Xn-hp-co-Xn-bn¬ saXm-s∏m-eo-Ø-bmbn AwKo-I-cn®v A\p-k-cn-°p-hm≥ tImSXn DØ-c-hmbn. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ `c-Whpw _n´ojv`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw am¿ AØ-t\-jy-kns\ AwKo-I-cn®v, ]n¥m-ßn-b-t∏mƒ, am¿ Ipdo-temkv ae-¶-c-bn¬ XpS¿s∂-¶nepwbmsXm-c-[n-Im-chpw ]tbm-Kn-°m≥ km[n-®n-√. ]mtbm-Kn-I-ambnam¿ AØ-t\-jykv ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv(bm-t°m-_mb) k`-bpsS HutZym-KnI Xe-h-\m-bn ae-_m-dn¬`cWw \S-Øn. s]m´-Ã‚ns‚ Nmbvhv D≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepwA_mlw ]me-°p-∂-Øv hn`m-h\w sNbvX \ho-I-cWw \S-Øm≥ At±lw Xp\n-™n-√.

1876˛se apf-¥p-cpØn kn\Upw kndn-b≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv]mXn-bm¿°o-kns‚ kºq¿Æ A[n-Im-chpw

am¿ AØ-t\-jy-kns\ FXn¿°p∂ hn`mKw 1865˛¬ tPmk v]pen-t°m´v F∂ Xt±-iob ]ptcm-ln-Xs\ At¥ym-Iym-bnsekndn-b≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ]mXn-bm¿°o-kns‚ ]°-e-b-®p.At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mXn-bm¿°okv At±-lsØ am¿ Znhm-t∂ymkvV˛ma≥ F∂v \ma-I-cWw sNbvXv A`n-tjIw \evIn am¿ Ipdo-tem-kn\v XpS¿®-bmbn ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-bmbn hmgn-®p.1866˛¬ Xncn-s®-Ønb Znhm-t\ymkv V˛ma\v am¿ AØ-t\-jy-

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

130

kns\ ]pd-¥-≈m≥ km[n-®n-√. Cu kml-N-cyØn¬ cmP-`-cWw AwKo-I-cn® ae-¶c k`-bpsS HutZym-KnI saXm\mbamXyp am¿ AØ-t\-jykv Xs‚ ]n≥Km-ansb ap≥Iq´n \ma-\n¿t±iw sNøm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. sXmgn-bq¿ bmt°m_mbsaXms‚ klm-b-tØmsS 1868˛¬ sabv 31\v At±lw Xs‚_‘-Øn¬s∏´ tXma-kn\v ]´w \evIn. tXmakv am¿ AØ-t\-jykv F∂ ÿm\ t]cp \evIn ]n≥Km-an-bmbn \n›-bn-®p.

am¿ Znhmt∂ymkv V˛as‚ Bh-iy-]-Imcw am¿ Ct·-jykv]o‰¿ III˛a≥, ae-¶c k`-bnep≈ s]m´Ã‚ v anj-\-dn-am-cpsS]h¿Ø\w Ipd-°m≥ 1874˛¬ e≠-\n-se-Øp-Ibpw 1875˛¬ ae-_mdn¬ Xncn-s®-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-tSbpw _n´o-jvIm-cp-tSbpw klm-b-tØmsS 1876˛¬Pq¨ 27 apX¬ 30hsc apf¥pcpØnbn¬ F√m ae-¶c CS-h-I-I-fp-tSbpw Hcp kn\Uv hnfn-®p-Iq-´p-Ibpw AXn¬ At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mXn-bm¿°o-kns‚ A[n-Imcw Ac-s°-´p-d-∏n-°p-IbpwsNbvXp. ae-¶c hnizm-kn-I-fpsS Hcp Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ cq]o-Ir-X-am-hp-Ibpw AXns‚ c£m-[n-Im-cn-bmbn At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mXn-bm¿°okpw X’-a-b-ß-fn¬ `cn-°p∂ saXm-s∏m-eoØAXns‚ ]kn-U‚p-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂pw \n›-bn-°-s∏-´p. H∏wkw`m-h-\-Xp-I-Iƒ (Ressia) kw`-cn®p ]mXn-bm¿°o-kn\v\evIm\pw Xocp-am-\n-®p.

]mXn-bm¿°o-kns‚ A[n-Im-csØ kw_-‘n®v, kn\-Uns‚(A-kw-ªn-bpsS) Ah-km\w ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® A¥n-a-tc-J-bn¬s]mXp-k-a£w C]-Imcw ]kvXm-hn-®p.

]pcm-X\Imew apX¬t°Xs∂ ae-¶-c-bnse hnizm-kn-IfpwAhcpsS CS-h-I-Ifpw At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mXn-bm¿°o-kns‚Bflo-bm-[n-Im-c-Øns‚ Iogn-em-bn-cp∂p. C°m-cy-Øn¬ thsdmcpA[n-Im-c-Øn\pw ÿm\-an√. Rß-fpsS ta¬s∏- -°m-cpw ]ptcm-ln-Xcpw Xncp-∏-´m-`n-tjIw Aßn¬ \n∂v kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v, Ahsc \nb-an-°m\pw \o°n-I-f-bm\pw Atßbv°vA[n-Imcw D≠m-bn-cn°pw ]cn-ip≤]nXm-hmb (bm-t°m-_n‰v]mXn-bm¿°okv) Atßbv°v ae-¶cCS-h-I-I-fp-tSbpw ae-¶chnizm-kn-I-fp-tSbpw ta¬ Bflo-bm-[n-Imcw D≈-Xp-sIm≠vsaXm-∑msc \nb-an-°p-hm\pw \o°n-°-f-bm\pw D≈ A[n-ImcwD≠v. Rßfpw Rß-fpsS ]n≥X-e-ap-d-°mcpw, ac-Ww-hsc Xncp-k-`-bpsS aq∂v kq\-l-tZm-kp-I-fn-eqsS ÿm]n-°-s∏´ hnizm-k-k-Xy-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Hcn©p he-tØmt´m CS-tØm´v hyXn-

131

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

bm\w hcp-Øp-I-bn-s√∂p k`-bpsS Xe-h-\mb Aß-tbmSpw\ΩpsS -a-X-Ønse kXy-hn-izm-k-tØmSpw Iqdp-]p-e¿Øp-IbpwsNøpw. CXv Rßsfm∂-S¶w AXyp-∂-X-\mb ssZh-Øn-t‚bpw]cn-ip≤ knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ apºmsI Ipcn-inepw hn.- K-Ÿ-Ønepw sXm´p-sIm≠v Ah-km\ izmkwhsc ]men-®p-sIm-≈m-sa∂v ]Xn⁄ sNøp-∂p. ]cn-ip≤ knwlm-k-\-tØmSv \ΩpsSk`sb kw_-‘n-°p∂ Imt\m-\-Iƒ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øm≥ At]-£n-°p∂p. H∏w Ct∏mƒ ]Jym-]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ k`m-`-c-WsØkw_-‘n® Xocp-am-\-ßƒ°v ÿoco-I-cWw \evIm\pw saXm-s∏m-eo-ØmbpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ kXy-k-‘-cmb 24 t]¿°v-Im-cy-\n¿∆-l-W-k-anXn hnth-N-\-tØmsS \ΩpsS hnizmk kaq-l-sØbpw k`sb kw_-‘n-°p∂ Imcy-ßƒ `c-ta-ev]n-°p-hm\pw AtXm-sSm∏w ae-¶c hnizm-k-Øn\pw A\p-k-c-W-Øn\pw hnLm-X-ambn H∂pw kw`-hn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-hm≥ ]pdta\n∂v Hcp saXms∏meoØmsb ta¬ t\m´-Øn-\mbn \nb-an-°-W-sa∂pw At]-£n-°p-∂p.

saXm≥amsc hmgn-°m\pw \o°n-I-f-bm\pap≈ ]mXn-bm¿°o-kns‚ A[n-Im-chpw (Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv bmt°m-_mb)aq∂v Iu¨knepIƒ ]Jym-]n® hnizm-k-k-Xy-ßƒ bmsXmcpam‰hpw IqSmsX kzoI-cn-°p-hm\pw At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mc-º-cy-Ønse F√m Imt\m-\-Ifpw \nb-a-ßfpw ]n≥XpScphm\pw ap-f-¥p-cpØn kn\Uv Xocp-am-\n®p. Cu Iu¨kn-tem-Sp-IqsS ae-¶c k` ]q¿Æ-ambpw At¥ym-Iy≥ ]c-am-[n-Im-c-Øn\v ASn-b-d-h®p. bmYm¿∞y-Øn¬ ae-¶c k`, At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mXn-bm¿t°-‰n-t\mSv Iqń-tN¿°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]mXn-bm¿°okv ae-¶c k`-bpsS ]c-am-≤y-£-\m-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

am¿tØmΩ kndn-b≥ k`-bpsS Bcw`w

]mXn-bm¿°o-kns‚ CS-s]-S¬ aqew Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Kh¨sa‚ v Bw•n-°≥ Nmbvhp≈ amXyp am¿ AØ-t\-jy-kn\pff]n¥pW ]n≥h-en-®p.

amXyp am¿ AØ-t\-jykpw At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn\n›-bn-°-s∏-ń-cp∂ tXmakv am¿ AØ-t\-jykpw 1876 seapf-¥p-cpØn kn\-Un¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. X∑qew amXyp am¿AØ-t\-jy-kn-s\bpw Bw•n-°≥ Nmbvhp≈ hnizm-kn-I-sfbpwae-¶c bmt°m-_mb k`-bn¬ \n∂v ]mXn-bm¿°okv ]pd-Øm-°n. ]pd-Øm-°-s∏-ń´pw cmPy`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS ]n¥pW\jvS-s∏- n´pw Xs‚ c-Wm-[n-Imcw Dt]£n°phmt\m am¿Znhm-

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

132

t∂ymkv -V˛as\ AwKoI-cn-°p-hmt\m `c-W-]-c-ambn A\p-h-Zn®v In´-s∏´ B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw ÿmhc-Pw-Ka hkvXp- ka¿∏n-°p-hmt\m amXyp am¿ AØ-t\-jykv Xøm-dm-bn√. ap≥ Xocp-am-\-]-Imcw 1877˛¬ amXyp am¿ AØ-t\-jy-kns\ ]n¥p-S¿∂vtXmakv am¿ AØ-t\-jykv, ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-bmbnÿm\-ta¬°p-Ibpw c-W-]-c-ambn A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏´ ta¬∏-d™hkvXp-hIIƒ ssItøev°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

]mXn-bm¿°o-kv \nb-an® am¿ Znhm-t∂ymkv -V˛a\pw Bw•n-°≥ Nmbvhp≈ tXmakv am¿ AØ-t\-jykpw XΩnepffAss\Iyw skan-\m-cn-sb-kw-_-‘n®pw ae-¶cbnse ÿmhcPwKahkvXp-°sf kw_-‘n®pw \o≠p\n∂ \nb-a-]-c-amb hyh-lm-c-ß-fn-te°vv FØn-®p. HSp-hp-¬ 1889 Pqsse 12\v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmP-IobtImSXn am¿ Znhm-t∂ymkv -V˛a\v A\p-Iq-e-ambn hn[n ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ Bw•n-°≥ Nmbvhp≈I£n hyh-lm-c-Øn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ am¿ Znhm-t∂ymkv -V˛as\ ae-¶-c-bnse kndn-b≥bmt°m_mb k`-bpsS saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-bmbn tImSXn HutZy-K-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw tXmakv am¿ AØ-t\-jykv Xs‚]Z-hn°v tN¿∂ A[n-Im-c-ßfpw ÿmhcPwK-a-h-kvXp-°fpwk`-bpsS ]Whpw XncnsItbev∏n-°p-hm≥ I¬∏\ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. cmP-Iob tImSXn hn[n, tXmakv am¿AØ-t\-jy-kn-t‚bpw Bw•n-°≥ Nmbvhv ]pe¿Øp∂ hnizm-k-k-aq-l-Øn-t‚bpw A¥n-ahpw kp\n-›n-X-hp-amb ]cm-P-b-ambnamdn. hn[n-]-Imcw F√m ]≈n-Ifpw hkvXp-°fpw hn´p-t]-£n-°p-hm≥ Ah¿ \n¿_-‘n-X-cmbn F∂m¬ aq∂v CS-h-I-IƒtXmakv am¿ AØ-t\-jy-kns‚ A[n-Imcw AwKo-I-cn®v At±-lsØ ]n¥p-W-®p. “\ho-I-cn-°-s∏´ k`” (Reformed church)F∂ t]cn¬ kzX-¥-k-`-bmbn \ne-\n¬°p-hm≥ Ah¿ Xocp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw ]n∂oSv am¿tXmΩm-kn-dn-b≥ k` F∂ \mawkzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. `mKoIambn s]m´Ã‚ v hnizmkkXy-ß-tfmSv A\p-cq-]-ambn kpdn-bm\n At¥ym-Iy≥ Bcm-[\m ]mc-ºcyw Ah¿ ]n¥p-S¿∂p t]m∂p.

ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kndn-b≥ k`-bpsS hf¿®

ap≥]v kqNn-∏n-®-Xp-t]mse, 1876˛se apf-¥p-cpØn kq\-lm-tZm-tkmsS At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mXn-bm¿°okv Bflo-bhpw `uXn-I-hp-ambn F√m A[n-Im-c-ß-fp-ambn ae-¶c k`-bpsS Xe-h-\mbn amdn. H∂m-bn-cp∂ k`sb At±lw Ggp cq]-X-I-fmbn

133

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

hn`-Pn-°p-Ibpw Ahsb `cn-°p-hm≥ Bdv saXm≥amsc A`n-tjIw sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ae-¶c k`-bpsS hn`-P-\-Øn\pw]pXnb Bdp saXm≥am-cpsS \nb-a-\-Øn-\p-ti-jhpw am¿ Znhm-t∂ymkv -V˛ma≥ (1866˛1909) ae-¶c kndn-b≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkvk`-bpsS Xe-h-\mbpw Xpey-cn¬ ]Ya ÿm\o-b-\mbpwXpS¿∂pw (Primus inter pares)

1665˛¬ At¥ym-Iy≥ ÿm\]Xn-bmb am¿ KntKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ BK-a-\-tØmsS, At¥ym-Iy≥ doØpw kndn-b≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv As√-¶n¬ bmt°m-_mb hnizm-km-Nm-c-ßfpw ae-¶c k`-bn¬ Iam-\p-K-X-ambn ÿm]n-°-s∏-´p. am¿ kndnb°n(Iq-dn-tem-kn) ˛s‚ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ (1846˛1866) At¥ymIyhev°cWw ]q¿Æ-am-°-s∏-´p F∂p ]dbmw. kndnƒ ae-s©-cp-hn¬ CXv hy‡-ambn km£n-°p-∂p.

ae-¶c k`-bn¬ At¥ym-Iy≥ doØns‚ ÿm]\w ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn \S-s∂mcp ]Inb Bbn-cp-∂p. Iam-\p-K-X-ambn CuAt¥ym-Iy-h-ev°-c-WsØ kkq£vaw ho£n-°p-tºmƒAt¥ym-Iy≥ Bcm-[-\m-Iaw ae-¶c k -bpsS HutZym-KnI Ia-ambn 1836˛¬ ]Jym-]n-°-s∏-´p. ]n∂oSv At¥ym-Iy≥ ÿm\-]-Xn-bmb am¿ kndnƒ a‰v bmsXmcp Bcm-[-\m ]mc-ºcyßƒ°pwCSw \evImØhn[w Cu am‰sØ ]q¿Øo-I-cn-®p. At¥ym-Iy≥ Bcm-[\mIa ]mc-º-cy-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n-®p≈ GXm\pwsNdnb hyXn-bm-\-ßƒ k`-bpsS B`y-¥c in£-W-I-a-tØm-S-\p_-‘n®v hyXykvX Ime-L-´-ß-fn¬ ae-¶c k`-bn¬sIm≠p h∂p. F∂n-cp-∂mepw ae-¶c k`-bpsS in£W`c-W-I-a-ßƒ (Discipline of the malankara church) \nb-a-Ømse(de jure) At¥ym-Iy≥ doØnt‚Xm-sW∂pw, _m¿ lo_p-hns‚(Bar Hebreus) t\mta-mIm-\-\mbn (Nomo- Canon) Cu coXn-Iƒ Dƒs∏Sp-Øn-b-tXmsS am‰w ]q¿Øn-bmbn. F¶nepw k`m`c-W-coXnIƒ Ncn-X-Øns‚ hnhn[ L´-ß-fnepw Dd-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ae-¶c k`-bpsS ]mc-º-cy -ßfn¬\n∂pwDbn¿I≠XmIbm¬ N´-ßƒ°pa-\p-krXw Ah Ia-h-Xv°-cn-°-s∏-tS-≠n-bn-cp-∂p.

AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ ae-¶ck`-bpsS apI-fn¬ At¥ym-Iy≥]mXn-bm¿°o-kns‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw \nb-a-km-[p-Xbpw ItaWh∂p`hns®mcp ]In-b-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-am¿At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mXn-bm¿°o-kn¬ \n∂pw klmbw Bh-iy-s∏-´Xpw saXm-≥amsc hn´p-X-c-W-sa∂t]£n-®Xpw H∂p-In¬

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

134

\nb-a-km-[p-X-bp≈ saXm≥]´kzoI-c-W-Ønt\m As√¶n¬Xß-fpsS ]mc-º-cyhpw doØpw BNm-chpw am‰n Bw•n-°-h-Xv°cWw \S-Øm≥ ian-°p∂ s]m´-Ã‚ v anj-\-dn-am-cn¬\n∂pw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw kwc-£Ww t\Sm≥th≠ntbm Bbncp∂p. ]t£ At¥ymIy≥ ]mXn-bm¿°okpwsaXm-∑mcpw ae-¶c k`sb Ah-cpsS t\cn-´p≈ A[n-Imc]cn-[n-bn¬ sIm≠p hcp-hm≥ ]cn-i-an-°p-Ibpw B iaw 1876˛¬\S∂ apf-¥p-cpØn kq\-lm-tZm-tkmsS ae-¶c k`-bpsS apI-fn-ep≈ B[n-]Xyw ]q¿Æm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. A°m-eØvItØm-en-°cpw AI-tØm-en-°cpw XΩn-ep≈ `n∂-Xbpw Iep-jn-X-amb kml-N-cyhpw apX-se-SpØv At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mXn-bm¿°okpw saXm-∑mcpw At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mc-º-cy-Øn-ep≈Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`bv°v cq]w \evIm≥ ae-¶c aÆn¬ ian®p.

ssh]-co-Xy-sa∂v ]d-bs´, Im¬Zn-b≥ doØns‚ ]mc-º-cyhpwkzX-¥-`-c-Wm-h-Im-ihpw BK-ln®v ItØm-en°m k`-bn¬\n∂v AS¿∂v amdn-b-h¿ kºq¿Æ At¥y-Iy-h-Xv°-c-W-Øn\vhnt[-b-cm-hp-Ibpw Ncn-X-K-Xn-bn¬, kz¥w doØpw ]mc-º-cy-ßfpw A]-X-£y-am-hp-Ibpw At¥ym-Iy≥ doØns\ kndn-b≥Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv As√-¶n¬ bmt°m-_mb ]mc-º-cysØ]q¿Æ-ambpw ]pevIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. GsXm-∂n\v th≠n Ah¿Ie-lnt®m AXn\v t\¿ hn]-co-X-ambn kz¥w X\-Xm-fl-I-XbpwBcm-[\mIa-]-c-amb Aÿn-Xz-hpw, kzmX-¥yhpw ASn-b-d-h®vkzXzw \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øn-I-f™ k`-bmbn Ah¿ amdn. Ime-I-a-Øn¬ ]mXn-bm¿°o-kns‚ ]e Xocp-am-\-ßfpw s]m´n-sØ-dn-I-fn-te°pw thZ-\m-P-\-I-amb hn -P-\-ß-fn-te°pw XZzmc, \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ \ofp∂ hyh-lmc Ia-ß-fn-te°pw `n∂-X-I-fn-te°pwae¶c k`sb FØn-®p.

hyXykvXamb c≠v ae¶c Hm¿ØtUmIvkv kndnb≥ k -I-fpsS hf¿®

apf-¥p-cpØn kn\-Un¬ ae-¶c k`sb At¥ym-Iy≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpsS ]c-am-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ sIm≠p h∂ ]mXn-bm¿°okv ]tXmkv III˛ma≥ 1894˛¬ A¥cn®p. XpS¿∂vA_vZpƒ aninl II ]mXn-bm¿°o-kmbn 1895˛ Pq¨ 16 \v ÿm\-ta-‰p. F∂m¬ 1905˛¬ Xp¿°n kp¬Øm≥ l_vZpƒ laoZ,vam¿ A_vZpƒ aninl II˛m-as\ ÿm\`rjvS\m°n. ]Icw am¿Ct·-jykv A_vZp≈ km¬Øq-^ns\ am¿ A_vZp≈ II˛m-a≥]mXn-bm¿°o-sk∂v \maIcWw sNbvXv 1906 BKÃv 28\v Ah-

135

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

tcm-[n-®p. tIc-f-Øn¬ am¿ Znhm-t∂ymkv VI˛m-a≥ am¿Znhm-t∂ymkv V˛s‚ ]n≥Km-an-bm-bn Ahtcm[nX\mbn.

1909˛¬ ae-¶c k -bn-te°v h∂ ]pXnb At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mXn-bm¿°okv, am¿ A_vZp≈ II˛m-a≥ ae-¶c k -bpsS ta¬ Bflo-bhpw `uXo-I-hp-amb B[n-]Xyw Ah-Im-i-s∏-´p. F∂m¬ae¶c saXm-t∏m-eoØ Znhm-t∂ymkv VI˛m-a≥ CXw-Ko-I-cn-®n√.At±lw ]mXn-bm¿°o-kn\v uXn-I-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ A√ BflobImcy-ß-fn¬ amXta ]c-am-[n-Im-c-ap-≈q, F∂v hmZn-®p. BflobImcy-ß-fpsS ]c-am-[n-Imcw F∂-Xp-sIm≠v At±lw Dt±-in-®Xv, saXm≥]´ A`ntjIhpw hn. ssXew sh©n-cn∏pw k`-bpsS hnizm-k-]-c-amb Imcy-ß-fpsS s]mXp-hmb ta¬t\m-´-hp-am-Wv. A√msX k`-bpsS `c-W-L-S\Ifn¬ CS-s]-Sp-∂-Xmbncp∂n√.

]mXn-bm¿°o-kns‚ A[n-Im-csØ sNm√n-bp≈ X¿°wsNs∂Øn®Xv 1911˛sabv 31\v am¿ Znhm-t∂ymkv VI˛m-as\bpw]n≥Km-an-I-sfbpw k -bn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-Øm°n ]Icw am¿ Iqdn-t√m-kns\(1911˛17) ae-¶c bmt°m-_mb kndn-b≥ k`-bpsSsaXm-t∏m-em-Ø-bmbn ]mXn-bm¿°okv \nban®XmWv. ]mXn-bm¿°o-kns‚ Cu CS-s]-S¬ aqew ]c-kv]cw a’-cn-°p∂c≠v ae-¶c k`m-hn-`m-K-ßƒ cq]-s∏-´p. hnizm-khpw ]mc-º-cyhpwhgn Ah¿ bmt°m-_mb At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mc-º-cy-°m-cmWv.]mXn-bm¿°o-kns\ AwKo-I-cn® hn`mKw _mhm I£nbpw,]mXn-bm¿°o-kns\ FXn¿Ø-h¿ saXm≥ I£nbpw BbnAdn-b-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn. _mhm I£n-Iƒ ]mXn-bm¿°o-kns\AwKo-I-cn®p. saXm≥ I£n-Iƒ At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mXn-bm¿°o-kns‚ k`-bnse `uXn-I-amb Imcy-ß-fn-ep≈ ssII-S-Ø¬]Xy-£-Øn¬ tNmZyw sNbvX-t∏mƒ ]tcm-£-ambn Bflo-bm-[n-Im-chpw tNmZyw sNbvXp.

am¿ Znhm-t∂ymkv VI˛\pw ]n≥Km-an-Ifpw 1911 sk]v‰w-_¿7˛mw XobXn tIm´ -bØph®p \S∂ ktΩ-f -\ -Øn¬]mXnbm¿°nkns‚ \S]SnIƒ Akm[phmsW∂pw ]mXn-bm¿°o-kns\ ]n¥p-S-cns√∂p ]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw, Hcp kzX-¥-k` ÿm]n-°p-hm\pw Xocp-am-\n®p. AXn-\mbn Ah¿ ]pd-Øm-°-s∏´ At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mXn-bm¿°okv A_vZpƒ aninlII˛m-as‚ klmbw tXSn. At±lw 1911 Pq¨13 tIc-f-Øn¬hcn-Ibpw ]pd-Øm-°-s∏´ Znhm-t∂ymkv VI˛m-s\ altdm≥sN√en¬ \n∂v Hgnhm°pIbpw sNbvXp. 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15\v

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

136

am¿ A_vZpƒ aninl II˛m-a≥ Ing-°ns‚ knwlm-k\w(ImtXment°‰v) ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ ]utemkvam¿Chm-\n-tbmkns\ tamdm≥ am¿ ]utemkv _tk-en-bqkvF∂v \ma-I-cWw sNbvXp. kndn-b≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k -bnsetIc-f-Ønse ]Ya ImtØm-en-t°m-kmbn Ah-tcm-[n-®p. aq∂vsaXm∑msc°qSn A`ntjIw sNøpIbpw sNbvXp.

1912 sk]v‰w_¿ 15 se ÿm\mtcmlWØn\v tijw DSs\Cd-°nb _qfm]Imcw ImtØm-en-t°m-kn-\m-Wv hnizmknIfpsS F√m BflobImcy-ßfpsSbpw ta¬ s]mXphmb A[n-Imcw k`-bpsS hnip≤ ]mc-º-cyw kwc£n°phm≥ \ΩpsSI¿Ømhmb Cutimaninlm «ol∑m¿°v \evInbXpt]mseHtc Bcm-[-\m-I-a-hp-am-Wv. At¥ymIy≥ ]mXnbm¿°o kns‚A[nImcsØ AwKoIcn°p ∂Xnep≈ Ass\IyamWv Ch¿XΩnep≈ GI hyXymkw.

Hcp Xe-hs‚ Iogn¬ H∂m-Im-\p≈ a¿tØmam InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS ia-ßƒ

1653˛se Iq\≥IpcnipkXyhpw AtXXpS¿∂v 1663 ¬am¿tØmam H∂mas\ ItØmen°m sFIyØn¬\n∂p]pdØm°nbXn\ptijw, GItZiw Hcp \q‰mt≠mfw Hcp k`mXehns‚ Iogn¬ H∂mIm\p≈ A[ayamb ]cniaßƒD≠mbn. hn≈¬ D≠m-b-t∏mƒ Xs∂ ho≠pw H∂n-°m-\p≈]cn-i-ahpw XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. Iq\≥ Ipcnip kXy-Øn\p tijwsNdn-sbm-cp -KWw am¿tXmam InkvXym-\n-Iƒ amXta ]Zp-hmtZm B¿®v _nj∏mb ^m≥knkvv Km¿knbmbpsS Iogn¬sImSpß√q¿ AXn-cq-]-X-bn¬ XpS¿∂p-≈p. qcn`mKhpw s]m∏-Km¥ ^ntZ-bn-bpsS I¿Ω-eoØ hnImcn A∏-kvtXm-te-‰ns‚Iogn-ep≈ ae-_m¿ hnIm-cn-bn-Øn¬ \ne-\n∂p. X∑qew ]p\-sscIy ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v Np°m≥ ]nSn-®Xv s]m∏Km¥ ntZ-bpw I¿ΩeoØ hnImcnbmØpIfpamWv.

]p\sscIyØn\p ian®v hnPbw ImWmØ A©v A`n\hsaXm∑m¿

]nf¿∏n\v ap≥ssI FSpØ t\Xm°ƒ°v I¬Zmb doØn-t\mtSm ItØm-en°m hnizm-k-tØmtSm bmsXmcp hntZz-jhpwC√m-bn-cp-∂p. NcnXw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ am¿tXmam H∂ma≥apX¬ am¿tXmam Bdma≥ hsc (1653˛1808) ]pØ≥Iq‰pImsc`cn®t∏mƒ ]p\sscIyØn\p ]cnian°pIbpw B ]cniaw]cmPbaSbpIbpw sNbvXt∏mƒ amXamWv, km[pXbp≈

137

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

Imt\m\nI saXm≥ ]´w e`n°phm\mbn At¥ymIy≥knwlmk\Ønte°v -Ahkm\ Bibsa∂hÆw ssIIƒ\o´nbXv.

ItØmen° k`bn¬ hnizmknIfpsS ta¬ \nbam\pkrXamb A[nImctØmSpIqsS h¿Øn°m≥ Xßƒ°v saXm≥]´w XcWsa∂p≈ BhiyamWv ]p\sscIyw Akm[yam°nbXns‚ ][m\ ImcWw. F∂m¬ ae_mdns‚ I¿ΩeoØhnIm¿ A∏kvtXmenbv°pw (]n∂oSv hcm∏pg), t]m¿®pKokv]ZphmtZm A[nImcnIƒ°pw s]m∏Km¥ ^ntZbv°pw,Imt\m\nIamb HutZymKnI A[nImctØmsS th¿s]´pt]mbhn`mKØns‚ Xehs\ saXm≥ ]ZhntbmSpIqsS ItØmen°mk`bnte°v hcp∂Xv kzoImcyambncp∂n√. AXv am¿tØmamInkvXym\nIƒ°v cW]camb ]iv\ßƒ krjvSn°pambncp∂XpsIm≠mWv. hnLSnX hn`mKßfpsS, saXm∑mtcmSpwAhcpsS doØpItfmSpw IqsSbp≈ ]p\sscIyw 16˛mw \q‰m≠n\p apºp≈ am¿tØmam InkvXym\nIfpsS Iq´mbvabntebv°p≈ Xncn®pt]m°pw XZzmc em‰n≥ saXm∑m¿°vkpdnbm\n InkvXym\nIfpsS taep≈ A[nImcØn‚bpwA¥yamIpambncp∂p AXv. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ A∏kvtXmenIvhnkn‰¿ Bbncp∂ sk_Ãnbm\n°v, s]m∏-Km¥ ^nsZsImSpØncp∂ \n¿t±iw am¿tØmam InkvXym-\n-Isf Ime-I-taW I¬Zmb doØn¬\n∂pw eØo≥ dnØn-te°v am‰m-\m-bn-cp-∂p-. F-∂m¬ F√m A[nImctØmSpIqSn Hcp ]mtZinIsaXms\ ItØmen°m k`bnte°v kzoIcn°ptºmƒ CXvkm[yamIns√∂v Ah¿°v Adnbmambncp∂p.

km[phmb saXm≥ ]´w kzoIcn°mØ hnLSnX k`bnseBZy A©v saXm∑mcpw saXm≥ ]´Øn\SpØv F√mISaIfpw Xncp]´w \¬Ip∂Xpƒs∏sS \n¿∆ln®ncp∂p.kzm`mhnIambn am¿tØmam H∂ma\p tijap≈ km[phmb]´w kzoIcn°mØ saXm∑m¿ shdpw A¬ambcmsW∂p≈kwibw DSseSpØp. BZyImesØ D¬°WvTIƒAhKWn®v am¿tØmΩm A©mas‚ (1728˛1764) Imcyw hfscXm¬]cytØmSpw ImcpWy]q¿∆hpw s]m∏Km¥ ^nsZbn]cnKWn®p. A°meL´Øn¬ ]cnip≤ knwlmk\wItØmen°m Iq´mbvabnte°v, hnLSnX k`bnse km[phmbn]´w e`n® saXm∑msc amXta kzoIcn®ncp∂p≈p. bYm¿∞sFIyØns‚ ASbmfßƒ ImWn®m¬ am¿tØmΩmA©ma\v km[phmb Xncp∏´w \¬Im≥ s]m∏Km¥

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

138

Xocpam\n®ncp∂p. 1750 sk]vXw_¿ 5˛\v ae_mdnse hnImcnA∏kvtXmen°bv°v s]m∏Km¥ Ab® IØn¬ C]]ImcwkqNn∏n°p∂p.

“]cnip≤ knwlmk\w AXns‚ ss«lnI A[nImcØm¬ImcpWy]q¿∆w ta¬]d™ B¿®v Uo°\v, At±lØns‚At]£]Imcw At±lØn\pw At±lØns‚ ]ptcmlnX¿°pw ]´w \¬Iphm≥ A\phZn®ncn°p∂p. ]s£ ]YaXBflm¿∞amb \hoIcWhpw XncpØepIƒ hcpØnbXns‚ASbmfhpw D≠mbncn°Ww.” Aßs\ s]m∏Km¥tIm¨KntKj≥ I¿i\amb \n_‘\ItfmsS ae¶ck`bpsS saXm\v km[phmb Xncp∏´ A[nImcw \¬Iphm\pwsshZnI¿°v ]´w \¬Iphm\pw Xocpam\ambn. ]s£, hnImcnA∏kvtXmen°mbpsS A[nImcØn\v hnLmXambXpsIm≠v`cW]camb A[nImcw \¬Ip∂Xn\v FXncmbncp∂p.

F∂m¬ Ime-I-taW s]m∏-Km¥ ^nsZbpw Cu \ne-]m-Sn¬ am‰w hcp-hm≥ XpSßn. ImcWw am¿ tXmakv V˛ma≥ am\-km-¥-c-Øns‚ e£-W-ß-sfm∂pw ImWn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn√.1757 sk]v‰w-_¿ 3\v ae_mdnse hnImcn A∏kvtXmen°mbv°vsImSpØ \n¿t±ißƒ CXns\∏‰n kqNn∏n®n´p≠v.

Aßs\ ]p\-ssc-Iy-Øn-\mbn tdmans‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈F√m ]cn-i-a-ßfpw ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. X¬^eambn am¿ tXmakvV˛ma≥ km[phmb saXm≥ ]´Øn\mbn At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mXn-bm¿°o-kns‚ ASp-°-te°v Xncn-™p.

am¿tXmam VI ˛as‚ Bcw` \S]SnIƒ

]p\-ssc-Iy-Øn-\mbn kvXpXy¿l-ambn ]h¿Øn® ae-¶ck`m Xe-h-\mb am¿ tXmakv VI s\ ]tXyIw ]cma¿int°≠Xp≠v. At±lw 1728 Ipd-hn-e-ßm-Sp≈ ]d-ºn¬ ItØm-en°mIpSp-_-Øn¬ P\n-®p, tPmk^v F∂ t]cp kzoIcn®p. AΩm-h-\m-bn-cp∂p am¿ tXmakv V˛ma≥ tPmk-^ns\ hnLSnXk`bn¬ ]ptcm-ln-X-\m-Ip-hm≥ t]cn-∏n-®p. 1761 Pq¨ 29 \vam¿tXmΩm V˛ma≥ saXm≥ ]Zhnbnte°v Db¿Øs∏´p.XpS¿∂v 1765 ¬ ^m. tPmk^v ]dºn¬ am¿tXmam VI a\mbnAhtcm[nX\mbn. B h¿jw Xs∂ ae_m¿ hnImcnA∏kvtXmenI\mb saXm≥ vtfmd≥kv Hm^v Pokkv OCD- ( 1750 -- ˛ 1773) ]p\sscIy ]h¿Ø\ßƒ Bcw`n®p.anj\dnamcpsS \n¿t±im\pkcWw _lpam\kqNIamb Nne

139

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

ÿm\am\ßƒ (Speron d’ Oro) \¬Iphm≥ Xocpam\n®p.ÿm\ob ]ZhnIƒ \¬In At±lsØbpw hnizmknIsfbpwae_m¿ hnImcnbmØns‚ Iogn¬ H∂n∏n°m\mbncp∂ps]m∏Km¥bpsS e£yw.

F∂m¬ CXns\°pdn®v ap∂dnhp≠mbncp∂ am¿ tXmakvVI˛ma\v AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ hmKvZm-\-ßƒ A]-k-‡-am-bn-cp-∂p.ImcWw 1772 P\p-hcn BZy Bgv® Xs∂ At≤lw At¥ym-Iy≥ _nj∏mb KntKm-dn-tbmkn¬\n∂v saXm≥ ]´w e`n®vam¿ Znhm\ntbmkv 1˛ma≥ F∂ \mat[bw kzoIcn®ncp∂p.km[phmb ]´kzoIcWØn\ptijhpw ]p\sscIyØn\mbnAt±lw ]cnian®ncp∂p. sImSpß√q¿ B¿®p _nj∏pambnae_m¿ hnImcnbØpambp≈ ]p\sscIy ]cniaßsf°pdn®v]obqkv VI˛ma≥ ]m∏mbv°v am¿tXmam VI˛ma≥ C]ImcwFgpXn.

Gsd XhW IÆp\otcmSpw s\Spho¿t∏mSpw IqSnItØmen°m hnizmkkwc£Icmb sImSpß√q¿ saXmt∏meoØbmb tam¨. km¬htZm¿ tZm ssdkv (Msgr. Salvadordos Reis) t\mSpw saXm≥ ^vtfmd≥kv Hm^v Pokkvae_mdnsebpw sIm®nbnsebpw hnIm¿ A∏kvtXmenIamtcmSpw ap≥KmanIfpsS ImeØv h∂p ]Xn® ]pdØm°¬ \o°nItØmen°m Iq´mbvabnte°v Rßƒ°v ]p\]thiw\¬IWsa∂v At]£n®ncp∂p. Ipd™]£w Ah¿°XvAkm[yamsW¶n¬ RßfpsS At]£ ]cn. knwlmk\Øns‚ ]°¬ ka¿∏n°ms\¶nepw Rßƒ At]£n®p. ]t£At]£Isf√mw \nckn°pIbpw Rßsf AI‰n \n¿ØpIbpw sNbvXp.

ae-_mdns‚ hnIm¿ A∏-kvtX-menIv Bbncp∂ vtfmd≥kvHm^v Pokkv \ncym-X-\m-hp-Ibpw _nj∏v ^m≥kokvskbn¬kv OCD (1775˛1779) X¬ÿm-\Øv Ahtcm[nX\mhpIbpw sNbvXp. hnImcn A∏kvtXmenbv°bmb ^m≥kokvskbn¬kns‚ \n¿t±imSnÿmØn¬ 1774 Pqsse 22˛\vs]m∏Km¥ ^nsZbn t]mt´mt\m´dn A∏kvtXmenIv]Zhntbm \qdv tdma≥ kvIqZn-tbm, ]cnip≤ knwlmk\Øn\vam¿tXmam VI˛ma≥ Iogvs∏Sp∂Xphgn, \¬Iphm\pw Xocpam\n®p.

s]mXpsh am¿tØmam InkvXym-\n-Iƒ ]mj-WvUn-Ifpwioiva-°mcp-am-sW∂pw 1599˛se DZbwt]cq¿ kq\ltZmtkmsS

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

140

]m›mXy anj\dnam¿ tdma≥ knwlmk\hpambn sFIyØn¬sIm≠ph∂XmsW∂ A`n-]mbw tdman¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ tIm¨KntKj\v cW]camb A[n-Imcap≈ Hcp ]mtZ-inI ]nXm-hns\ \nb-an-°m≥ `b-am-bn-cp-∂p. A]Imcw\nban®m¬ kpdnbm\n k`bv°v tdma≥ knwlmk\hpambp≈_‘Øn\pw kXyhnizmkØn\pw ]XnIqeambn `hn°psa∂pw `bs∏ńcp∂p. BbXn\m¬ `cW]camb A[nImcßtfmsS am¿tXmam Bdmas\ k`bn¬ FSp°p∂XvAkzoImcyambncp∂p.

^m≥kokv skbn¬kv saXm≥ hgn ]p\sscIys∏Sm\p≈hotcmNnX ]cniaßƒ am¿tXmam VI˛ma≥ \SØnbncps∂¶nepw ê]m]vXnbnseØnbn√. am¿tXmam InkvXym\nIfpsS NcnX]camb Hcp hn`P\Øns‚ ]›mØeØn¬ \n∂pthWw Cu ]cnißsf AhtemI\w sNøphm≥. t]m¿®pKokv ]ZphmtZmbpsS, sImSpß√q¿ AXncq]Xsb cn®ncp∂Cutimk`bnse saXm\pw s]m∏Km¥ ^nsZbpsSae_mdns‚ A∏kvtXmenI hnImcn I¿ΩeoØm°mcpwXΩnep≈ Ass\Iyhpw hn`P\hpw D≠mbncps∂¶nepw Hcp]mtZ-inI ]nXm-hns\ \nb-an-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ch¿ c≠p IqćpwHcp-an®vv FXn¿Øncp∂p. ImcWw Hcp Xt±iob saXm≥ c≠p-Iq-´-cp-tSbpw A[n-Imc \n¿∆lWØn\p sh√phnfn-bmbncp∂p.saXms‚ `cW]camb A[nImcw (episcopal juridiction)hn´psImSp°mØXp amXambncp∂p am¿tØmam Bdma\pwAt±lØns‚ hnizmknIƒ°pw ItØmen°m k`bpambp≈]p\sscIy Øn\v ]Xn_‘ambncp∂ GI LSIw.

tPmk v Icnbm‰nbpsS t\XrXzØnep≈ tdma≥ ]Xn\n[nkwLw

am¿ tXmamkv VI˛ms‚ XpS¿®-bmb At]£ aqew hn]p-e-amb \n¿t±-i-ß-tfmsS _nj∏v ^m≥kokv skbn¬kvs]m∏K¥ ^nsZbn tImtfPn¬\n∂pw XXzimkvXØnepwssZhimkvXØnepw tUmIvtS‰ v t\Snb BeßmSvskan\mcnbnse s]m^kdpambncp∂ ^m. tPmk^v Imcn-bm-‰n-ens\ At±-l-Øns‚ ASp-tØ°v Ab-®p. am¿ tXmakvVI˛ma\pam-bp≈ IqSn-°m-gv®bv°v tijw At±-l-Øns‚]p\sscIyØn\p≈ Bflm¿∞X a\- n-em-°nb ^m. Imcn-bm-‰n¬ ]p\-ssc-Iy-Øn\v t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw X∂m-em-hpw-hn[w klm-bn-°-W-sa∂v hmKvZm\w sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-

141

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

\mbn tdman¬ t]mIp-hm\pw Xs‚ Poh≥ Xs∂ ssZh-Øn\vka¿∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Xm≥ k∂≤\msW∂p Icnbm‰n¬hmKvZm\w sNbvXp. XpS¿∂v At±lw _nj∏v ^m≥kokvskbn¬kns\ kao-]n-®p. _nj∏v Cß-s\-bmWv ]Xn-I-cn-®Xv.-am¿ tXma-kn\v ]gb doØn¬ XpS-c-W-sa-¶n¬ XpScmw F∂m¬saXms‚ A[n-Imcw A\p-h-Zn-°n-√. F∂m¬ saXm\√msXas‰-s¥-¶nepw ÿm\-am-\-ßƒ \¬Ip-hm≥ Ignbpw. AYhmam¿ tXmakv VI˛ma\v saXm\mbn XpS-c-W-sa-¶n¬ bqtdm-∏n-te°v t]mIm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

ImcyßfpsS KpcpXcmhÿ Dƒs°m≠v s]m∏Km¥^nsZbn 1777 s^_p-hcn 25\v _nj∏v ^m≥kokv skbn¬kns\ hnImcn A∏kvtXmenIv ÿm\Øp\n∂p am‰pIbpw tK‰vapKfn(t_mws_)s‚ A∏kvtXmenI hnImcnbmbncp∂saXm≥ Nmƒkv sk‚ v tIm¨dmUns\ ae_mdns‚ A∏kvtXmenI hnImcnbmbn \nban°pIbpw sNbvXp. 1777 G]n¬7\v sImSpß√q¿ B¿®v _nj∏mb km¬htZm¿ tZm ssdkns‚acWtijw tKmh≥ ]ptcmlnX\mb s]tZm ^ntKbntdtUmsb (Pedro Figueiredo) AUvan\nkvtS‰dmbn tKmh≥saXmt∏meoØ \nban°pIbpw sNbvXp. Aßs\ am¿tXmamInkvXym\nIfpsS c≠p knwlmk\ßfpw, ae_m¿ hnImcntb‰pw sImSpß√q¿ AXncq]Xbpw ]mtbmKnIamb iq\yambnInS∂p.

]mZp-hm-tZm-bpw s]m∏-Km¥bpw hgnbmbp≈ G√m]p\sscIyiaßfpw ]cmPbs∏´tXmsS 1778 G]nen¬am¿tØmam InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS 72 CS-h-I-Iƒ H∂n®ptN¿∂v^m. tPmk^v Icnbm‰nbpsS t\XrXzØn¬ ^m. tXmakv]mtdΩm°¬ Dƒs∏sS Hcp ]Xn\n[n kwLsØ t]m¿®pKoknte°pw tdmante°pw Ab°phm\pw XXv^eambnam¿tXmam Bdmas\ ]p\sscIys∏SpØphm\≈ iaßƒXpScphm\pw Xocpam\n®p. am¿ Icnbm‰n¬ s]m∏Km¥bpsSbpwae_m¿ hnImcnbmØns‚bpw tXmakv ]mtdΩ°¬]ZphmtZmbpsS sImSpß√q¿ AXncq]Xbnsebpw AwKßfmbncp∂p.

Cu Iq´mb ]cniasØ XS s∏SpØphm≥ s]m∏Km¥]ZpthmtZm anj\dnam¿ Atßb‰w ian®p. IqSmsXI¿ΩeoØm anj\dnam¿ Cu c≠p sshZnIcpsS bmX ae_m¿k`sb anj\dnamcpsS t\XrXzØn¬ \n∂v hntamNn∏n°m

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

142

\p≈ iaambn tIm¨KntKj\n¬ [cn∏n®p. 1779 Pqsse 18˛mwXobXn enkvs_Wn¬ FØnt®cpIbpw t]m¿ØpKokvcm⁄nbmb ^m≥kkv° acnbmbv°v 1779 HmKÃn¬\nthZ\w ka¿∏n°pIbpw sNbvXp. ka¿∏n°s∏´ 6 At]£Ifn¬ ][m\ambn hn⁄m\hpw ssZh`bhpap≈ Hcpt]m¿®pKokv saXms\ iq\yamb sImSpß√q¿ knwlmk\Øn\p \¬Iphm\pw GXphnt[\bpw am¿tXmΩm 6˛mas\bpw80000 tØmfw hcp∂ A\pbmbnIsfbpw Xncpk`bnte°v]p\sscIys∏SpØphm\pap≈ At]£bmbncp∂p.

1779 \hw_¿ 6˛mw XobXn tdmabnte°v bmXXncn®Imcnbm‰n¬ A®\pw ]mtdam°¬ A®\pw 1780 P\phcn 3˛mwXoøXn AhnsS FØnt®¿∂p. I¿ΩeoØmanj\dnam¿ sX‰n[cn∏n®Xp aqehpw BZyw enkv_Wn¬ sN∂v cm⁄n°v\nthZ\w \evInbXpwsIm≠v s]m∏Km¥ ^nsZbpsS]osÎv‰mb I¿Zn\mƒ Knsks∏ acnb ImsÃ√nbn¬\n∂pwskI´dnbmb sÃ^mt\m t_m¿Pnbmbn¬\n∂pw iImchpwòjWnbpw ]Xn\n[nkwLØn\v G‰phmtß≠nh∂p.s]m∏Km¥ ^nsZbpsS A[nImc\nb¥WØn¬\n∂pwae_m¿ k`sb hnap‡am°n ]¿®pKokv cmPIob A[nImcØn\v Iogvs∏Sm\p≈ \o°ambn s]m∏Km¥ CXns\ hymJym\n®p. s]m∏Km¥ ^nsZbpsS CØcØnepff \ntj[mflIat\m`mhØn\pff ImcWßƒ kotdm˛ae_m¿ k`m]WvUnX\mb Nmƒkv ss]tßm´v kqNn∏n°p∂p:

“tdmanse hmkkabØv Icnbm‰nbpw At±lØns‚klbmXnI\pw ImÃ√nbpambpw t_m¿Pnbbpambpw At\IwXhW IqSn°mgvN \SØn. iXpXm at\m`mhtØmsSbp≈ISpw]nSpØØns‚ ASnÿm\ ImcWw am¿tXmamsbItØmen°m Iq´mbvabnte°v ]p\sscIys∏SpØnbm¬s]m∏Km¥ nsZbpsS ae_m¿ hnImcntbØns‚ apIfnep≈A[nImcw \jvSs∏Spsa∂pw XZzmc XßfpsS k`mkmamPyØns‚ ÿm\w C√mXmIpsa∂p≈ òXnbmbncp∂p X∑qewImsÃ√n ]Xn\n[nkwLsØ A]am\n°pIbpw ojWns∏SpØpIbpw sNbvXp.”

]mtZinI k`m[nImcnIfpsS ip]m¿itbm AwKoImctamC√msX tdmambnseØnb ae_m¿ k`bpsS ZqX∑mscAwKoIcn°phm≥ s]m∏Km¥ ^nsZ Xømdmbn√. AXn\m¬1780 am¿®v 11˛mw XobXn I¿±n\mƒ ImsÃ√n A∏kvtXmenIv

143

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

AUvan\nkvtS‰dmb Nmƒkv tIm¨dmUnt\mSv, am¿tØmΩmBdmas\°pdn®pw At±lØns‚ A\pKmanIsf°pdn®pwAt\zjn®v Bflm¿∞amb AdnhpIƒ \¬IWsa∂vBhiys∏´p.

s]mt∏mKms¥ ^nsZbpsS ]os^IvSdmbncp∂ Im¿Uns\¬ ImsÃen 1780 April 9 \v \ncymX\mbn. At±lØns‚]n≥Kmanbmbnh∂ I¿±n\mƒ sesb\mƒ Znt\m Bt‚ms\√napƒKmansb°mepw kulrZ]cambmWv. am¿tØmΩm]Xn\n[nkwLtØmSv s]cpamdnbXv. Hcp]mSp IjvS∏mSpIƒ°pw _p≤nap´pIƒ°pw HSphn¬ Ah¿°v ]bkv VI a≥am¿]m∏sb (1775˛1799) ImWphm≥ km[n°pIbpw.v am¿ tXmakvVI as‚ hnizmk]Jym]\hpw At]£bpw ae_m¿ k`bpsSIØpw ]p\sscIyØn\v At]£ ka¿∏n°p∂ a‰v c≠pIØpIfpw ]cnip≤ ]nXmhn\v ka¿∏n°pIbpw sNbvXp. AtXkabw t]m¿®pKokv A[nImcnIƒ am¿tXmam VI as‚At]£sb A\p`mh]q¿∆w kzoIcn°pIbpw tKmh≥]ZphmtZm B¿®p _nj∏ns\, am¿tØmam VI as‚ as\ItØmen°m sFIyØnte°vkzoIcn°phm≥ \ntbmKn°pIbpw sNbvXp. tdman¬\n∂v hfsc H∂pw t\Sm\mImsXIcnbm‰nbpw ]mtdΩm°epw 1780 Pq¨ 20˛\v enkv_Wnte°v]pds∏´p.

kzm`mhnIambn ]Xn\n[nkwLw am¿∏m∏bv°v ka¿∏n®At]£Iƒ hniIe\Øn\pw Xocpam\Øn\pambns]m∏Km¥ ^nsZbnte°v ssIam‰w sNbvXp. ]os^Iv‰mbI¿Zn\mƒ At¥ms\√n am¿tXmΩm Bdmas‚ hnizmk]Jym]\w A]q¿ÆamsW∂p ImWpIbpw saX≥ ]´hpwAt±lØns‚ am\km¥chpw kwimbmkv]ZamsW∂vhn[nsbgpXpIbpw sNbvXp. t]m¿®pKoks‚ BKlw]cnKWn®v 1780 sk]vXw_¿ 28˛\v I¿Zn\mƒ At¥ms\√nsIm®nbnse ]ZphmtZm _nj∏mbncp∂ FΩm\ph¬ ImZdn≥OCD bv°pw tKmh≥ AUvan\nkvtS‰¿°pw am¿tØmΩmBdmas‚ saXm`ntjI km[pXbpw am\km¥cØnep≈Bflm¿∞Xbpw ]cntim[n®v ItØmen°m k`bnte°vkzoIcn°phm≥ D≈ ]tXyI A[nImcw I¬∏n®p \¬IpIbpwsNbvXp. hnizmk]Jym]\w \SØn I¿i\amb \nb¥WØn¬ saXm\SpØ F√m A[nImcßfpw hne°ns°m≠p≈\n¿t±iamWv \¬InbXv.

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

144

sImSpß√q¿ B¿®v_nj∏v: am¿ Icnbm‰n¬

1780 HIvtSm_dn¬ enkv_Wn¬ Xncns®Ønb Icnbm‰nbpw]mtdΩm°epw XßfpsS amXrk`bpsS \∑bv°pth≠nt]m¿®pKokv A[nImcnIfpsS ka£w Ahnim¥w]cnian®psImt≠bncp∂p. B›cysat∂ 1782 Pqsse 16˛\vt]m¿®pKokv cm⁄nbmb acnb ^m≥knkv°, At∏mƒiq\yambn InS∂ncp∂ sImSpß√q¿ ]ZphmtZm AXncq]XbpsS B¿®p _nj∏mbn tPmk^v Icnbm‰nens\ \nban®p.1782 Unkw_¿ 16˛\v ]obqkv Bdma≥ am¿∏m∏ t]m¿®pKokvA[nImcØns‚ ius patronatus ]Imcw ÿm\e_v[nAwKoIcn®pd∏n®p. ]Xn\n[nkwLw XßfpsS KqVe£yambn AhXcn∏n®ncp∂ns√¶nepw sImSpß√q¿ B¿®p_nj∏mbp≈ Icnbm‰nens‚ ÿm\e_v[n, s]m∏Km¥anj\dnamcn¬\n∂pw hnSpX¬ ]m]n°phm\p≈ X¥]camb\o°ambn t]m¿®pKokpIm¿ ]cnKWn®p. tdma≥ ZuXyw]cmPbs∏s´¶nepw Icnbm‰nens\ saXmt∏meoØmbmbnDb¿Øns°m≠v ae_m¿ k`bpsS apIfn¬ ]ZphmtZmbpsSA[nImcw Ac°n´pd∏n®p. 1783 s^_phcn 13˛\venkv_Wnep≈ sk‚ v s_\UnIv‰n≥ tZhmebØn¬ h®vam¿ Icnbm‰n¬ A`njn‡\mhpIbpw am¿®v 17˛\v A[nImckqNIamb ]menbw kzoIcn°pIbpw sNbvXp. ]pXnbB¿®p_nj∏ns‚ iXp°ƒ FÆØne[nIhpw i‡hpw]h¿Ø\\ncXhpambncp∂p. B¿®p_nj∏mb ]pXnbsImSpß√q¿ saXmt∏meoØmbpsS ÿm\e_v[n s]m∏Km¥anj\dnam¿°p amXa√ t]m¿®pKokpIm¿°pXs∂ ]Xn_‘amIpsa∂p≈ InwhZ¥n ]c∂XpsIm≠v Icnbm‰n¬ saXmt∏meoØmbpsSbpw ]mtdΩm°ens‚bpw Xncn®p bmX c≠ph¿jtØmfw sshIm≥ CSbmbn. Cu ImeXmaksØ °pdn®v]mtdΩm°¬ h¿Øam\ ]pkvXIØn¬ kqNn∏n°p∂p≠v.

Imcnbm‰n¬ saXmt∏meoØmsb A`ntjIw sNbvXXn\vtijw amXta AXn¬ A¥¿eo\ambncn°p∂ A]ISßsf°pdn®v Ah¿ t_m[hm∑m¿BIp∂Xv. ]mtZinI saXms‚t\XrXzØn¬ F√m am¿tØmΩmInkvXym\nIfpw HcpXehs‚ Iogn¬ H∂mIp∂Xnepff A]ISw Ah¿ aWØp.anj\dnamcpsS Zpjv]NcWw \nanØw Imcnbm‰nens‚ aS°bmXsb kw_‘n®v s]m∏Km¥^nsZbn H´pw Bthi`cnXambncp∂n√. kmlNcyØns‚ kΩ¿ZØmepw ae_mdnepffanj\dnam¿s°Xncmbn am¿tØmΩm InkvXym\nIƒ Xncnbp

145

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

sa∂v `bs∏´Xn\mepw aS°bmX sh®p Xmakn∏n°msXA\phZn°phm≥ t]m¿®pKokv A[nImcnIƒ Xocpam\n®p.

]p\sscIyØn\pff A\phmZhpw `mKnIamb ZuXy]q¿ØoIcWhpw

t\csØ I≠Xpt]mse 1780 sk]v. 28\v, sIm®n _nj∏pwtKmhbpsS AUvan\nkvtS‰dpamb Emmanuel of st. Catherines\ am¿tØmΩm Bdmas‚ ]p\scIyØn\mbpff Bflm¿∞Xbpw kXyk‘Xbpw ]cntim[n°phm≥ NpaXes∏SpØnbncp∂p. H∂pw sNømØ kmlNcyØn¬ tKmh hn´pae_mdnte°v t]mIphm≥ A\phmZw e`n°mØ kmlNcyØn¬ sIm®nbpsS k`mKh¿Wdmb m. tPmsk skmseUmsUsb (Fr. Jose da sloedade OCD) NpaXes∏SpØn. ^m.tPmsk, am¿tØmΩm Bdmas\ sFIyØn¬ kzoIcn°phm≥NpaXes∏SpØnbncp∂ FΩm\pth¬ saXm\pw, 1782 P\phcn16\v hniZamb ]T\Ønepw ]cntim[\bv°pw tijwZo¿Lamb Hcp dnt∏m¿´v ka¿∏n®p. skmseUmsUbpsS\n¿tZi]Imcw F√mw sNøphm\pff A[nImcw C√mØXn\m¬ 1783 ^n_hcn 15\v am¿tØmΩm Bdma\v A\pIqea√msX Xs‚ hy‡n]camb A`n]mbßfpw \nco£WßfpwtcJs∏SpØnb dnt∏m¿´v s]m∏Km¥^nsZbn°v ka¿∏n®p.1783 Pqsse 18\v _nj∏v CΩm\pth¬ tKmhbpsS B¿®v_nj∏mhpIbpw ^m. tPmsk sIm®nbpsS _nj∏mhpIbpwsNbvXp.

tKmhbpsS B¿®v _nj∏mbn CΩm\pthepw, sIm®nbpsS_nj∏mbn ^m. skmseUmsUbpw sImSpß√q¿ B¿®v_nj∏mbn Icnbm‰nbpw Ahtcm[n°s∏´tXmsS ae_mdns‚k`m]camb ]pXnb kmlNcyßƒ s]m∏Km¥ ^nsZ icn°pw \nco£n®p. 1784 sabv 17˛mw XobXnbnse ktΩf\Øn¬Gsd ]cnNn¥\ßƒ°v tijw A¥naXncpam\w FSp°msX]iv\]cnlmcØn\mbn am¿ Icnbm‰nsb`cwtaev]n®p.bYm¿∞Øn¬ \meph¿jßƒ°papºv am¿tØmΩmsbkw_‘n® Imcyßfn¬ Xocpam\saSp°phm≥ FΩm\pth¬saXm\p \¬Inb A[nImc ]ZhnIƒ am¿ Icnbm‰n°v\¬Iphm≥ ]cnip≤knwlmk\Øns‚ A\phmZwAt]£n°phm\p≈ Xocpam\saSpØp.

C¥ybn¬ \n∂p≈ A]q¿Æamb dnt∏m¿´pIfpsSASnÿm\Øn¬ am¿tØmΩm Bdmas‚ kXyhnizmk

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

146

sØbpw Xncp]´Øns‚ km[pXsbbpwIpdn®pw kz`mhPohnXssienIsf°pdn®pw kXyhnizmksØ kw_‘n®pwbYm¿∞ am\km¥csØ°pdn®pw Xpd∂ At\zjWw \SØndnt∏m¿´p ka¿∏n°phm≥ NpaXes∏SpØnsIm≠v Icnbm‰nsaXmt∏meoØbv°v FgpXphm≥ I¿±n\mƒam¿ Xocpam\n®p.Cu ISaIƒ \ndth‰p∂]£w saXm\SpØ DØchmZnXzßƒ\n¿hln°p∂Xns\ kw_‘n® A¥naXocpam\w ]cnip≤]nXmhn¬amXw \n£n]nXam°nsIm≠v am¿tØmΩmBdmas\ ItØmen°mk`bnte°v kzoIcn°phm≥I¿±n\mƒam¿ Icnbm‰nsb NpaXes∏SpØn.

1784 Pqsse 10\vs]m∏Km¥^nsZbn Cu Xocpam\ßƒIcnbm‰nsbAdnbn°pIbpw kXyhnizmk]Jym]\Øn\ptijw ]utcmlnXyØns‚ \nbam\pkrXamb km[pX]cntim[n®tijw am¿tØmΩm Bdmas\ ItØmen°mk`bnte°v ]p\¿]thin∏n°phm≥ am¿ Icnbm‰nens\A[nImcs∏SpØn.

]ZphmtZm B¿®v_nj∏mb Icnbm‰nen\v Cu A\phmZw\evInbt∏mƒ s]m∏Km¥ XßfpsS ae_mdns‚taepffA[nImcw Dd∏n°pIbmWv sNbvXXv. am¿tØmΩm Bdmas‚]p\cscIy]thi\Øn\p tKmh≥ B¿®v _nj∏n\pwA[nImcw \evIWsa∂v ]ZphmtZm tdmat\mSv Bhiys∏´p.Cu At]£ s]m∏Km¥ \nckn°pIbpw A\pc⁄\kqNIambn Hcp ]Xn\n[nsb ]p\scIyNSßn¬ ]s¶Sp°phm≥ tKmh≥ B¿®v_nj∏n\v Abbv°msa∂v \n¿tZin°pIbpw sNbvXp.

k¿∆A[nImcßtfmSpwIqsS am¿tØmΩmsb ItØmen°mk`bn¬ kzoIcn°phm≥ am¿ Icnbm‰nens\ NpaXes∏SpØnbncp∂pF∂mWv s]mXpshbpff hnizmkw.bYm¿∞Øn¬ am¿tØmΩmsb ItØmen°mk`bn¬km[mcWHcp sshZnI\mbn kzoIcn°phm≥ amXta Icnbm‰nen\vA[nImcap≠mbncp∂pffq. IqSmsX Xncp∏´Øns‚km[pXsbkw_‘n®pff ]cnip≤knwlmk\Øns‚hy‡amb Dd∏v IqSmsX saXm\SpØ bmsXmcp ISaIfpwsNøp∂Xn¬\n∂v At≤lsØ hne°phm≥ am¿ Icnbm‰nens\NpaXes∏SØnbncp∂p. ]cnip≤knwlmk\ Øns‚Cu Xocpam\ Øns‚ ]›mØeØn¬ tdmanepw enkv_Wnepambn A©ph¿jw \o≠p\n∂ FIypsa\nkØns‚h‡m°fmb c≠p k`mkvt\lnIfpsS Aim¥]cnia

147

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

Øns‚ ]q¿ØoI cWØn¬ sFIyØns‚ t\cnb ]ImiIncWßƒ DZbw sNbvXpXpSßn. F¥mbmepw am¿tØmΩmBdmas‚ ]p\scIyw am¿ Icnbm‰nens‚ A[nImcØn≥Iognembn, tKmh≥ saXmt∏meoØmbpsS IqsSbmsW¶n¬t]mepw!

Icnbm‰nbpsS A]Xo£nXacWhpw sFIyiaØnt\‰Xncn®Snbpw

1785 G]n¬ 23\v kss`IyØns‚ap∂Wn t]mcmfnIfmbAh¿ Hcp t]m¿´pKokv I∏en¬ ae_mdnte°v Xncn®p._nkoense _mlnbmbnepff Zo¿LhmkØn\ptijwioe¶≥ Zzo]ns\Np‰n 1786 G]n¬ ae_m¿XocØpFØnt®¿s∂¶nepw am¿ Icnbm‰nbpw ]mtdΩm°epwtKmhbnte°v Xncn°pIbpw 1786 sabv1\v FØnt®¿∂Ah¿\mepamktØmfw AhnsS hkn°pIbpw, sNbvXp.\n¿`mKyhim¬ 1786 sk]v‰w_¿ 9\v am¿Icnbm‰n¬ tKmhbn¬sh®v ZnhwKX\mbn. kpdnbm\n am¿tØmΩm InkvXym\nIsfkw_‘n®v A]cnlmcyamb \jvSambncp∂p AXv. 1786sk]v‰w_¿ 11 \v IØoU¬ ]≈nbn¬ At≤lØns‚kwkvImcw \S∂p. acWØns‚ ImcWw C∂pw clkyambn\nesImffp∂p. am¿ Icnbm‰n tIcfØn¬ FØnt®¿∂ncps∂¶n¬ am¿tØmΩm Bdma\pw ae¶ck`bpw amXrk`bnte°v kzoIcn°s∏SpIbpw At¥ymIy≥ doØpw Hm¿Ø tUmIvkvhnizmk]amWßfpw kpdnbm\nk`bn¬ hym]n°s∏SmXncn°m\pw Aßs\ am¿tØmΩm InkvXym\nIƒ Hscm‰k`bmbn \ne\n¬°pIbpw sNøpambncp∂p. ssh]coXysas\y am¿ Icnbm‰nbpsS acWw, F√m apdnhpIsf bpwDW°p∂ ]Xo£bpsS Ahkm\Icn¥ncn\mfsØbpwsISpØnIf™p.

am¿ Icnbm‰nbpsS acWtijw hnizmknIsf im¥cm°phm≥ tKmh≥ B¿®v_nj∏v FΩm\pth¬ sk‚ v ImXdo≥tXmakv ]mtdΩm°ens\ Im¶\q¿ AXncq]XbpsSAUvan\nkvtS‰dmbn \nban®p (1787-˛1799). ]t£ ae_mdnseanj\dnamcpsS FXn¿∏paqehpw A[nImcØns‚ A`mhwaqehpw ]p\scIys∏SpØphm≥ ]mtdΩm°en\v km[n®n√.1780 apX¬ s]m∏Km¥^nsZbn am¿tØmΩm Bdmas\ItØmen°mk`bnte°v kzoIcn°p∂Xns\ kw_‘n®v`mhmflIamb \ne]mSpIƒ ssIsIm≠ncp∂psh ¶nepw,kwibmkv]Zamb dnt∏m¿´pIfpw A\h[n \ntj[mflIamb

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

148

IØpIfpw ae_mdnse anj\dnamcpsSbpw k`m[nImcnIfpsSbpw kwibßfpw aqew, ]p\scIyw km[yambn√.

am¿ Imcnbm‰nens‚ acWtijw am¿ tXmakvBdma≥Xs‚ ]cniaßƒ 1799hsc Bflm¿∞ambn XpS¿∂p. F∂m¬s]m∏Km¥bpsSbpw ]ZphmtZm A[nImcnIfpsSbpw\n lIcWhpw aqew ]tXyIambn I¿ΩeoØm anj\dnamcpsS i‡amb FXn¿∏paqehpw ]p\scIyiaßƒ êaWn™n√. 1808 sabv 13\v Xs‚ NncImekz]v\amb amXrk`bpambpff ]p\sscIyw ]q¿ØnbmImsX am¿tØmΩmBdma≥ Imebh\nIbv°pffn¬ ad™p.

Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠nse FIypsa\n°¬ ]cniaßƒ

1808 ¬ am¿tØmΩmBdmas‚ acWtijw am¿ Znhymt∂mkvA©mas‚ (1876-˛1909) t\XrXzØnepff Hcp ]p\scIyiawamXta ][m\ambpw \mw ImWp∂pffq. am¿tØmΩmItØmen°cpsS CSbn¬\n∂v Db¿∂ph∂ m. CΩm\pth¬\n[ncn FIypsa\n°¬ ]ÿm\Øns‚ Aac°mc\mbn. am¿Znhymt∂mknt\mSp tN¿∂v kndnb≥ \mjW¬ Atkmkntbmj≥ F∂ ]ÿm\w \n[ncn hf¿ØnsbSp°pIbpwItØmen°cpw bmt°m_mb°mcpw XΩnepff sFIywhos≠Sp°phm≥ kmaqly]h¿Ø\ßfneqsSbpw hnZym`ymk]h¿Ø\ßfneqsSbpw At≤lw ]cnian®p. B ImeL´ßfn¬ A]Imcsamcp apt∂‰w km[mcWa√mXncp∂Ahÿbn¬ tdma≥ A[nImcnIfpw ]mtZinI t\Xm°fpwAXns\ i‡nbp‡w FXn¿ØXpsIm≠v ssiihØnse Cu]cniaw acWaS™p. a‰p]ecoXnIfnepw kssÌyØn\mbnAh¿ ]cnians®¶nepw AhcpsS iaw ê]m]vXnbn¬FØnbn√.

t\csØ \mw I≠Xpt]mse hn`P\w aqew Bw•n°hXvIcWØn\pw, At¥mIyhXvIcWØn\pw a‰p]e hn`P\ßƒ°pw ae¶ck`hn`P\w ImcWambn. ImeIaØn¬At¥mIy≥ ]mXnbm¿°okv ]p\scIyØns‚ km[yXIƒtIcfaÆn¬ AS®psIm≠v k`bpsS Xeh\mIpIbpw sNbvXp.bmt°m_k`bpsS ]nf¿∏pw 1912¬ ]mXnbm¿°nkn¬\n∂vae¶c Hm¿ØtUmIvkv kndnb≥ k` hnSpX¬ ]m]n®vkzX¥ItØment°‰mbn amdnbt∏mƒ ItØmen°k`bpambpff ]p\scIy]cniaßƒ ho≠pw i‡ambn.

149

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

1913 sabv 2\v ae¶c Hm¿ØtUmIvkv kndnb≥ k`bpsS]Ya ImtXment°mkv Bbncp∂ ]utemkv am¿ _tkentbmkv \ncymX\mbn.1925G]n¬ 30 \v Imehnfº tØmsS_tkentbmkv Koh¿Knkv H∂ma≥ ÿm\ta‰p. ]nt‰∂v sabv1 \v m.]n.‰n. h¿§okv s_Y\nbpsS saXm\mbn KoKh¿§okvam¿ Chm\ntbmkv F∂ \maw kzoIcn®v A`n£n‡\mbn.

tdmapambpff am¿ Chm\ntbmkns‚ ]mYanI Bibhn\nabw

hn`nPnXamb ae¶c Hm¿ØtUmIvkk`bnse c≠v hm`mKßƒ XΩnepw Hm¿ØtUmIvkv At¥mIy≥ ]mXobm¿°okpambpff F√mw sFIyiaßfpw ]cmPbs∏´p. kzX¥ItXment°‰mb At¥mIybnse kndnb≥ ItØmen°m]mXobm¿°okmb CKvt\jykv Ft^wII sd“m\nbpsSt]cW \nanØw ItØmen°mk`bpambpff sFIyØns‚km[yXsb°pdn®v Kuch]cambNn¥Iƒ Db¿∂p. 1926\hw_¿1\v ItXment°mkv am¿_tkentbmkns‚A[y£Xbn¬ Xncph√mbnepff ]cpaebn¬tN¿∂ kn\Un¬ Koh¿§okv am¿ Chm\ntbmkns\ ItØmen°m k`bpambn ]q¿WsFIyØns‚ km[yXIsf kw_‘n® N¿®Iƒ°mbn A[nImcs∏SpØn \ntbmKn®p.

kn\U¬ Xocpam\]Imcw 1926 \hw_¿ 1 \v ItØmen°mk`bnte°pff ]p\scIyØns‚ km[yXIsf kqNn∏n®vam¿ Chm-\n-tbmkv Hc-\u-tZym-KnI satΩm-dm≠w tdman\b®p.]p\scIyØn\mbpff BKlw ]ISn∏n®v ItXment°‰ns‚ss\bmanI, `cW]camb, in£W]camb F√mw A[nImcßfpw Bflobhpw k`m]chpambn k`bn¬ ]tbmKn°phm≥A[nImcapff kzX¥amb ae-¶c k`-bpsS X\XmflIXsb°pdn®v satΩmd≠Øn¬ am¿ Chm\ntbmkv kqNn∏n®ncp∂p.

]cnip≤kn\-Uns\ Hcn°epw At¥ym-Iy≥ kndn-b≥ItØm-en°m ]mXn-bm¿°n-kns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ \n¿tØ≠Bh-iy-an-√, ImcWw kn\-Un\vXs∂ ItXment°‰ns‚ Dffn¬F√mwss\bmanI `cW]camb ]mXobm¿°¬ A[nImcßfp≠v. tdma≥ knwlmk\Øns‚ ]YaX AwKoIcn®vAt¥mIy≥ doØpw BNmcßfpw ]cnc£n®v kn\Uns‚F√mhn[ A[nImcßfpw kwc£n®psIm≠pff apgph≥ItXment°‰ns‚bpw ]p\sccIyambncp∂p ]Yae£yw.

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

150

ImtXm-en-t°mkv am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv Koh¿§okvv I˛-a≥1928 Unkw-_¿ 17 ˛ \v \ncymX-\mbn. am¿ Znhmt∂ymkv aq∂mwImtXment°mkmbn, _tkentbmkv Koh¿§okv II F∂ÿm\t]cv kzoIcn®v 1929 n_hcn 15 \v A`n£nIvX\mbn.1929HmKÃv 5\v am¿ Chm\ntbmkns‚ \nthZ\Øn\v ItØmen°mkndnb≥ ]mXnbm°nkn¬ \n∂pw ]q¿Æambn kzX¥ambpwAt¥mIy≥ doØv kwc£n®p sIm≠pw hnizmknIfpsStaepff `cWm[nImcw, sFIys∏´p hcp∂ saXm≥am¿°ve`n°psa∂pw tdmw adp]Sn \¬In. F¶nepw ItXmen t°mkns‚ \ne]mSpIsfbpw kn\Uns\bpwIpdn®v ]cnip≤knwlmk\w C]Imcw kqNn∏n®p: ItØmen°m k`bpsS`cWcoXnb\pkcn®v kn\Un¬ cq]Ønep≈ F∏nkvtIm∏¬`cWw km[yas√∂pw ae_m¿k`bpsS ]pcmX\]mcºcyØn\v tNcmØ ItXment°mkv F∂ ÿm\t]cv \ne\n¿Øm≥ km[yas√∂pw Adnbn®p.

IqSmsX `mhnbn¬ sshZnIcpsS \n¿_‘ _“NcysØ°pdn®pw IØn¬ kqNn∏n®ncp∂p. ]uckvXyImcymebØns‚adp]Sn, k`mXehs‚ Iogn¬ kn\Uns‚ Iq´mb `cW\n¿hlWkwhn[m\apff Ing°ns‚ kÌfpsS HutZymKnI]mcºcyØn\v hncp≤ambncp∂p. IqSmsX \n_‘nX_“Ncyw ]mcºcyØn¬ Dƒs∏ńcp∂n√.

tdmans‚ A¥naXocpam\w

kmaqlnI cmjvSobImcWßfmepw ItXment°mkv F∂ÿm\t]cpw kn\Uns‚ LS\bpw tdmw AwKoIcn°mbvIaqehpw ItXment°mkv am¿ _tkentbmkv Koh¿§okv II˛ma\v]p\scIyØn\pff F√mw Xm¬]cyhpw \jvSs∏´p. AtXkabw am¿ Chm\ntbmkv ItØmen°mk`bpambn sFIys∏tS≠ BhiyIXsb°pdn®v t_m[yap≠mbncp∂Xp sIm≠v]p\sscIye£yhpambn apt∂m´p\oßn. ItXment°‰vsaXm≥amcpsS CSbn¬ Xncph√saXm\mbncp∂ am¿Xntbm^ntemkv amXamWv Chm\ntbmkns\ A\pKan°m≥Xømdmbncp∂Xv. At\Iw \mfsØ Bibhn\nabßƒ°vtijw 1930 Pqse 4\v ]uckvXykÌƒ°mbp≈ hnip≤Imcym ebw H∂n®p IqSn _Y\nbpsS B¿®v _nj∏mbncp∂am¿ Chm\ntbmkns\bpw Xncph√ saXm\mbncp∂ am¿Xntbm^ntemkns\bpw ItØmen°m k`bnte°v kzoIcn°phm≥ Xocpam\n®p. ][m\ \n¿tZißƒ C]Imcambncp∂p:

151

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

1. kpdnbm\n I¬Zmb D¬`hapff kntdm ae_m¿ k`bpsSdoØpambn IqSnIecmsX, X\-Xmb At¥ym-Iy-≥ doØvXpScm≥ A\phZn°s∏´p.

2. hnip≤amtΩmZokmbpsSbpw Xncp]´Øns‚bpwsaXm`ntjIØns‚bpw km[pX ]cntim[n®v X¬ÿnXnbn¬ÿm\ob A[nImcßtfmsS am¿ Chm\ntbmkn\v s_Y\nbn¬ saXm\mbpw ]Zhnbn¬ saXm≥t∏meoØ≥ B¿®v _nj∏mbn XpScphm\pw Xncph√ saXm\mbn am¿ Xntbm^ntemkn\v \ne\n¬°m\pw A\phmZw \¬In.

3. ÿm\nI\maamb ItXment°‰v / ImtXm-ent°mkns\kw_‘n®v A¥naXocpam\w \o´nshbv°s∏´p. am¿Chm\ntbmkpw am¿ Xntbm^ntemkpw At¥ymIymbnsekndnb≥ ]mXnbm¿°nkns\ Bibn°msX tdmans‚t\cn´pff \nb¥WØnembncn°pw.

4. Bcm-[\Ia ]pkvX-I-ßƒ (Ip¿_m\, A\p-jvTm-\ -]p-kvX-I-ßƒ, s]m¥n^n°≥) s]m∏-Km-¥-bn¬ \n∂p hcp-∂Xmbncn°pw.-

5. ÿm\ob \maw: At¥ymIy≥ doØnepff kntdm ae_m¿ItØmen°¿ As√¶n¬ kpdnbm\n At¥ymIy≥ doØnepffae_m¿ ItØmen°¿ As√¶n¬ kntdm˛ae_m¿ At¥ymIy≥ k`. F∂v hnfn°s∏Spw.

6. Filioque ˛ s\ kw_-‘n®v : ItØm-en° ]t_m[\wk¿∆cpw ]n≥XpScWw.

7. _“-N-cysØ kw_-‘n®v : mhnbn¬ AhnhmlnX\mbnXpScmsa∂p≈ hmKvZm\Øns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ amXtaXncp]´Ønte°v A¿∞nIsf kzoIcn°q.

Cu \n¿tZißfpsS ]›mØeØn¬ \n∂v ]pXpXmbncq]wsIm≠ ]uckvXy ItØmen°mk`bpsS X\XmflIXbpw kntdmae_m¿k`bn¬ \n∂pff hyXncn‡Xbpwshfnhm°s∏Sp∂p. At¥ymIybnse kndnb≥ ItØmen°m]mXnbm¿t°‰ns‚ mKamImsX kzX¥ hy‡nKX k`bmbn]cnip≤knwlmk\Øn‚ Iogn¬ \ne \n¬°m≥ ]pXnbk`bv°v km[n®p.

kºq¿Æ sFIyw: NncImekz]v\Øns‚ km£mXvImcw

1930 sk]v‰w_¿ 20˛\v am¿ Chm\ntbmkpw am¿ Xntbm^ntemkpw a‰v At\Icpw ItØmen°mk`bnte°v tdmans‚]tXyI ]Xn\n[nbmbnh∂ sIm√w _nj∏v tam¨.

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

152

Atemjykv acnb s_≥kn¶dns‚ km∂n[yØn¬ kzoIcn°s∏´p. ]n∂oSv am¿ Chm\ntbmkns‚ amXm]nXm°fpw_‘p°fpw s_Y\nkntÃgvkns‚ apgph≥ AwKßfpw OIC(Order of the Imitation of Christ) kaqlhpw Nne sshZnIcpwItØmen°mIq´mbvabnte°v IS∂ph∂p. am¿ Chm\ntbmkns\bpw am¿ Xntbm^ntemkns\bpw AhcpsS saXm\SpØ]ZhnIƒ AwKoIcn®p sIm≠mWv ItØmen°mk`bnte°vkzoIcn®Xv. ]t£ `qanimkvX]camb A[nImckoaIƒ\v›bn°pItbm lbcm¿°n ÿm]n°pItbm sNbvXn´n√mbncp∂p. am¿ Chm\ntbmkn\v saXmt∏meoØ≥ B¿®v_nj∏v F∂ ÿm\ob]ZhntbmsS Hm¿ØtUmIvkvk`bn¬\n∂pw ItØmen°mhnizmkw kzoIcn®v Xncn®ph∂F√mw hnizmknIfpsSbpwta¬ A[nImcw D≠mbncp∂p.

kntdm ae¶ck`bpsS lbcm¿°n ÿm]\w

1932 s^_phcn 13˛\v Magnum Nobis F∂ XncpshgpØvhgn c≠v cq]XIƒ ÿm]n°s∏´p. hfsc thKØnep≈ Cuk`bpsS hf¿® I≠v t_m[ys∏´ ]cnip≤]nXmhv ]nbqkvXIv, 1932 Pq¨ 11\v Christo Pastorum Principi F∂ ss«lnI]t_m[\w hgn kntdmae¶c lbcm¿°n ÿm]n®p.

am¿]m∏ c≠v cq]XIƒ, Xncph\¥]pcw saXmt∏meoØ≥knwlmk\ambpw Xncph√ AXns‚ kam¥c cq]Xbmbn\n›bn®p. ae¶ck`bpsS AXn¿ØnIƒ sIm√w, tIm´m¿,sIm®n, hcm∏pg XpSßnb eØo≥ cq]XIfpambn ]¶pshbv°p∂p. hS°v ]ºm\Znbpw sX°v I\ymIpamcnbpambntIcfØn¬ ae¶ck`bpsS AXn¿ØnIƒ ]cnanXs∏´ncp∂p.1930 Pqsse 4\v ]uckvXyXncpkwLw At\Iw t]cpIƒ\n¿tZin®ncps∂¶nepw kntdm ae¶c F∂p\maw D]tbmKn°s∏SpIbpw AXv ÿnc\mat[bambn kzoIcn°s∏SpIbpwsNbvXp.

kotdm˛ae¶c ItØmen° k`bpsS hf¿®˛ H‰t\m´Øn¬

kotdm ae¶c lbcm¿°nbpsS ÿm]\Øn\ptijw 1937\p ImtØment°mkv k`mwKambncp∂ tPmk v am¿ skthcntbmkpw, 1939˛¬ ]mXnbm¿°nkv I£n am¿ UtbmkvtImtdmkpw, 1977˛¬ tXmgnbq¿ k`mwKambncp∂ ]utemkv am¿^nenIvknt\mkpw ae¶c k`bn¬ tN¿∂p. ]p\sscIyØn\ptijwsXtbm^nekns‚ saXm\p≠mbncp∂ KpcpXcambAkpJw aqew Xncph√, cq]Xsb \bn°m≥ km[n°msX

153

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

hcpIbpw AhnsS skthcnbqkv saXm≥ AUvan\nkvtS´dmbn\nban°s∏´p. XpS¿∂p 1950 cq]XmsaXm\mbn ÿm\ta¬°pIbpw sNbvXp. kÌfpsS sFIyØn\pth≠n Aim¥w]h¿Øn® At±lw 1955˛¬ CutemIhmkw shSn™p.]p\sscIyØn\ptijw hniaPohnXØnembncp∂ UbtImkv saXm≥ 1943 \ncymX\mbn. ^nevIvknt\mkv saXm≥]e ÿm\ßfpw hln®tijw 1998 ]ctemIw ]m]n®p.AXn\ptijw Cu Imewhscbpw Hm¿ØtUmIvkv saXm∑mscm∂pw ae¶c ItØmen° k`bpambn ]p\sscIys∏ńń√.F∂ncp∂m¬ Xs∂bpw ae¶c Hm¿ØtUmIvkv, am¿tØmΩ,s]m´Ã‚ v k`mwKßfmb Bbnc°W°n\v hnizmknIƒae¶c k`bnte°v sFIys∏ń´p≠v. H∏w At\Iw am\km¥cs∏´ AssIkvXhcpw C∂v ae¶ck`bn¬ tN¿∂n´p≠v.

1958 s^_phcn 14 \v ae¶c k` ae_mdnte°v Xangv\mSns‚bpw I¿ÆmSIbptSbpw Nne Pn√Ifnte°pIqSn hnIkn°s∏´p. 1978 HIvtSm_¿ 28 \v tPm¨ t]mƒ c≠ma≥ am¿]m∏constant paulum (tIm¨Ã‚ v ]ufp) F∂ A∏kvtXmenI]t_m[\w hgn Xncph√ cq]Xsb hn`Pn®v _tØcn cq]Xÿm]n®p. tIcfØnse IÆq¿, Imk¿tKmUv, hb\mSv,ae∏pdw tImgnt°mSv XpSßnb Pn√Ifpw, Xangv\mńsetImbºØq¿, \oeKncn, Icq¿ Xmeq°pIfpw, I¿ÆmSIbnsessakq¿, amWvUym, lk≥, Iq¿Kv, Nn°amwKfq¿, jntamKF∂o ]tZißfpw Cu cq]Xbv°v Iognembn. 1996 Unkw_¿16\v Xncph\¥]pcw AXncq]Xbn¬\n∂v I\ymIpamcnhn`Pn°s∏SpIbpw, kam¥ccq]Xbmbn am¿Øm≠wÿm]n°pIbpw sNbvXp. 2003 P\phcn 15\v am¿∏m∏tIcfØnse FdWmIpfw, Xr»q¿, ]me°mSv Pn√Isfbpw,Xang v\mńep≈ tImbºØq¿, Xn®n\m∏≈nsbbpwD¬s∏SpØn aqhm‰p]pg cq]X ÿm]n®p. XpS¿∂p≈ImeL´ßfn¬ ae¶c k`bv°v HcXncq]Xbpw \mev kam¥ccq]XIfpap≠mbn. ]uckvXy kÌƒ°pth≠nbp≈ Im\≥\nbaßfpsS ]kn≤oIcWtijw kotdm ae¶c k`sbAt¥ymIy≥ ]mcºcyØnep≈ hy‡nKX (‘sui iuris’)saXms∏meoØ≥ k`bmbn ]cnKWn°p∂p. Xncph\¥]pcwsaXmt∏meoØ Xeh\mb kn\Un¬ k`bpsS F√m ]nXm°∑mcpw AwKßfmWv. k`m kn\Un\v mKoIamb cWmhImißfps≠¶nepw ]q¿Æamb Xnscs™Sp∏hImißƒsaXmt∏meoØmbpsSbpw k`bnse ]nXm°∑mcpsSbpw,tdma≥ knwlmk\Øns‚ t\cn´p≈ A[nImc]cn[n°p

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

154

≈nemWv. saXmt∏meoØ≥ Imcymebw em‰n≥ k`bptSXpt]msebmbXpsIm≠v ]p\¿ hnNmcWmt]£ Ft∏mgpwtdma≥ ImcymebØn\mWv. ]uckvXy ]mcºcyØn\Snÿm\amb cW\n¿∆lW Imcyßƒ kotdm ae¶c k`bn¬hfsc ]cnanXamWv.

taP¿ B¿°nF∏nkvtIm∏¬ k`bmbp≈ ae¶c k`bpsSDb¿®

kotdm ˛ ae¶c k`bpsS kaKhpw [pXKXnbnepap≈hf¿®sb IW°nseSpØv 2005 s^_phcn 10˛\v tPm¨t]mƒc≠ma≥ ]m∏ A∏kvtXmenI ]t_m[\amb ‘Ab ipso SanctoThoma’ hgn ]uckvXy k`Iƒ°pth≠nbp≈ Im\≥ \nbawA\pkcn®v taP¿ B¿°nF∏nkvtIm∏¬ k`bmbn Db¿Øn.

Cu A∏kvtXmenI ]t_m[\Øns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬kotdm ae¶c B¿°n F∏nkvtIm∏¬ k`bpsS kz`mhhpwÿm\hpw Xmsg hniIe\w sNøp∂p.

ae¶ck`bpsS hf¿®

am¿]m∏bpambp≈ ]q¿Æ sFIyØnembXv aqew ae¶ck`bpsS hnizmknIfpsS FÆØn¬ KWyamb h¿≤\bp≠mbXmbn A∏kvtXmenI ]t_m[\w Nq≠nImWn°p∂p.1930 sk]vXw_¿ 20˛\v am¿]m∏bpambp≈ sFIykabØv 2saXm∑mcpw, Hcp k\ymk sshZoI\pw, Hcp Uo°\pw, HcpA¬amb\pw D≠mbncp∂ ae¶c k` ImeItaW k` BtaP¿ B¿°n F∏nkvtIm∏¬ k`bmbn Db¿Øs∏´t∏mƒA©v cq]XIfnembn 476 CShIIfpw 8 saXm∑mcpw 476 cq]XmsshZoIcpw, 115 k\ymk sshZoIcpw, 206 k\ymknIfpw, 1662k\ymkn\nIfpw, 402702 hnizmknIfpap≠mbncp∂p.k`mss]XrIhpw hnizmkhpw

ae¶c k`bpsS hf¿®bnepS\ofw k`bpsS ss]XrIhpwhnizmkhpw ImØpkq£n®Xmbn A∏kvtXmenI ]t_m[\wFSpØp]dbp∂p. CXv ae¶ck`bpsS Bcm[\mIahpw,ssZhimkvXhpw B≤ymflnIXbpw, ss]XrIhpw a‰pwAt¥ymIy≥ ]mcºcyØne[njvTnXamsW∂pw ]Jym]n°p∂p. ae¶c k` 1836 P\phcn 16\v amthen°cbn¬ IqSnbk`mkn\Un¬ HutZymKnIambn CXv AwKoIcn® XpamWv.ItØmen°m sFIyw 1930 \v km[pXambXn\ptijw eØo≥h¬°cWhpw GIh¬°cWhpw (uniatism) eØo≥ anj\dnkzm[o\w aqeap≈ eØo≥ h¬°cWhpw kam]vXnbnseØn

155

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

bt∏mgpw, XpS¿∂p tdma≥ Iqcnb AXns‚ ItØmen°kzm`mhhpw kzoIcn®t∏mgmWv ssIkvXh temIØv G‰hpwIpd®v ]m›mXy kzm[o\w sNepØs∏´ ]uckvXy kÌfn¬H∂mbn ae¶c k` amdnbXv. a‰v ]uckvXykÌfn¬ kzm`mhnIambn D≠mb ]m›mXy h¬°cWw A[nItaimsX \ne\n∂ ]uckvXy k`bmWv kotdm ae¶c k`.

AhImißfpw ISaIfpw

]uckvXy Im\≥ \nbaa\pkcn®v AhImis∏´ F√mAhImißtfmSpw ISaItfmSpw IqsSbmWv ]cnip≤knwlmk\w ae¶c k`sb taP¿ B¿°nF∏nkvtIm∏¬k`bmbn Db¿ØnbXv. taP¿ B¿°n F∏nkvtIm∏¬ k`bpsS A[nImchpw AhImißfpw ISaIfpw ]mXnbm¿°¬]Zhnbp≈ kÌfptSXn\v XpeyamWv.

ÿm\t∏cpw knwlmk\\pw

]uckvXyk`m Im\≥ \nba]Imcw taP¿ B¿®v _nj∏n\vAt±lØns‚ `cW]tZißfn¬ Hcp ][m\ ]´WØn¬ÿncamb knwlmk\ap≠mhpIbpw AhnsS At±lw `cWw\SØpIbpw thWw. (CCEO c.57.3) ItØmen° k`bpambp≈ ]q¿Æ sFIyØn\p tijw ae¶c k`bpsS HutZymKnIBÿm\w Xncph\¥]pcamWv. 193s^_phcn 13˛\v ]pXnbc≠v Ordinariates ÿm]n®t∏mƒ am¿ Ch\ntbmkvsaXmt∏meoØmbpsS HutZymKnI Bÿm\ambn Xncph\¥]pcw amdn. Imem¥cØn¬ 1937 Pqsse 1˛\v Xncph\¥]pcØvem‰n≥ cq]X ÿm]nXamhpIbpw XpS¿∂v 2004 P\phcn 3AXncq]Xmbmbn Db¿Øs∏SpIbpw sNbvXXn\ptijhpwae¶c k`bpsS k`m Bÿm\ambn Xncph\¥]pcw XpScpIbpw sNbvXp. am¿]m∏bpsS HutZymKnI k`m ]t_m[\Øn¬ae¶c k`bpsS Bÿm\ io¿jIambn taP¿ B¿°n F∏nkvtIm∏¬ N¿®v Hm^v Snhm≥Sw \¬IpIbpw Bÿm\ambn Xncph\¥]pcsØ \n›bn°pI bpw sNbvXp.

`qanimkvX ]cn[n

1932˛¬ ae¶c lbcm¿°n ÿm]nXambnt∏mƒ qan imkvX]camb AXn¿Øn eØo≥ cq]XIfmb sIm√w, tIm´m¿,sIm®n, hcm∏pg, hnPb]pcw F∂nhbpambn ]¶n´p. ]n∂oSv1958˛¬ hnkvXrXn tIcfØns‚ hS°≥ `mKß fnte°pwXangv\mSns‚bpw I¿ÆmSIbpsSbpw `mKßfnte°v hym]n°s∏´p. ae¶c k`bpsS `qanimX]cn[n k` Dƒs°m≈p∂

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

156

9 cq]XIfnembn hym]n®ncn°p∂p. taP¿ B¿®v _nj∏ns‚bpw kn\Uns‚bpw Cu cq]XIƒ°p≈n¬ ]uckv Xyk`mIm\≥ \nbaØnse 146˛150 hscbp≈ Imt\m\pIfpa\pkcn®mWv.

taP¿ B¿®v _nj∏v

2005 s^_phcn 10˛mw XnbXn ‘Cunctis ecclesialibusCommunitatibus’ F∂ A∏kvtXmenI _qf ]Imcw “BZcWob ktlmZc\mb kndn¬ s_tkentbmkv aes©cphnens\” kotdm ae¶c k`bpsS ]Ya saXmt∏m eoØbmbntPm¨ t]mƒ c≠ma≥ am¿]m∏ Xncs™SpØp. _qfmbn¬am¿∏m∏ C]Imcw FgpXn “ss«lnI A[nImcap ]tbmKn®vkotdm ae¶c k`bpsS Xncph\¥]pcw satSmt∏m fn\mbnXm¶sf Xncs™SpØncn°p∂p. ]Zhn°SpØ F√mAhImißfpw DØchmXzßfpw Xm¶ƒ°p≠mbncn°pw.]uckvXy k`m\nbaa\pkcn®p≈ F√m \n_‘\Ifpw]men°phm≥ Xm¶ƒ IS∏´ncn°p∂p.” 2005 sabv 14˛\v BtLmj]q¿∆amb ÿm\mtcmlW NSßn¬ kndn¬ am¿ s_tkentbmkv ]Ya taP¿ B¿®v _nj∏mbv Ahtcm[n°s∏SpIbpw ae¶c saXm∑mcpsS Xocpam\]Imcw ImtXment°mkv F∂ ÿm\t∏cv kzoIcn°pIbpw sNbvXp.

kotdm ae¶c k`˛taP¿ B¿°n F∏nkvtIm∏¬ ÿm\tØ°p≈ Db¿®bpsS L´ßƒ

2005 BKÃv amkw 16 apX¬ 18 hsc IqSnb ]Ya Imt\m\nIkn\Un¬ ÿncambn´p≈ kn\Uv cq]oIcn°pIbpw taP¿B¿°n F∏nkvtIm∏¬ IqcnbbpsS hnhn[ IΩoj\pIƒcq]oIcn°pIbpw sNbvXp. kotdm At¥ymIy≥, ae¶c]mcºcya\pkcn®v kotdm ae¶c k`bpsS lbcm¿°nbpsS]nXmhpw Xeh\pamb ]nXmhns\ ‘ImtXment°mkv’ F∂pthWw hnfn°s∏Sphm\psa∂v Xocpam\n®p.

kn\Un¬ ]nXm°∑cpsS Xocpam\]Imchpw ]cnip≤knwlmk\Øns‚ \n¿t±i]Imchpw 2006 sabv amkw 14˛mwXnbXn taP¿ B¿®v _nj∏v kndn¬ am¿ _tkenbqkv ]uckvXy Im\m≥ \nbaw 85 1 ]Imcw Xncph√sb AXn cq]Xbmbn Db¿ØpIbpw _tØcn aqhm‰p]pg knwlmk\Isfkam¥c cq]XIfmbn \n›bn°pIbpw sNbvXp. 2007 P\phcn1 \v Xncph\¥]pcw AXncq]XbpsS kam¥c cq]Xbmbnamthen°c ÿm]n°pIbpw sNbvXp. 2007 P\phcn 18˛\v taP¿

157

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

B¿®v _nj∏v kndn¬ am¿ _tkenbqkv ZnhwKX\mhpIbpwXpS¿∂v 2007 s^_phcn 8˛mw XnbXn ae¶c kn\Uv tN¿∂vsFkIv am¿ ¢oankv tXm´p¶ens\ taP¿ B¿® _n.∏mbnXncs™SpX°pIbpw sNbvXp.

2010 P\phcn 25˛\v tdma≥ knwlmk\Øns‚bpw kn\Uns‚bpw AwKoImctØmsS Xncph\¥]pcw AXncq]Xsbhn`Pn®v ]Ø\wXn´bpw I¿ÆmSI kwÿm\Øv ]pØq¿cq]Xbpw ÿm]n®p. Ct∏mƒ 8 cq]XIfnembn 133 saXm∑mcpw486 cq]Xm sshZnIcpw 124 k\yÿ sshZnIcpw 236 k\yÿcpw1727 k\ymkn\nIfpw 570 CShIIfpw 417463 hnizmknIfpwkotdm ae¶c k`bn¬ D≠v.

D]kwlmcw

Im¥Z¿inbpw ]hmNI ss[cyhpap≈ am¿ Chm\ntbmkvXncpta\n 20˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ FIypsa\n°¬ ]ÿm\Øns‚Aac°mc\mbn \n∂psIm≠v ae¶c Hm¿ØtUmIvkv kndnb≥k`bpw AXns‚ Xeh\mb ImtØment°mkpw kn\UpsaXm∑mcpapƒs∏sS, X\nabpw hyXykvXXbpw At¥ymIy≥Bcm[\m ]mcºcyhpw \ne\n¿ØnsIm≠v ItØmen°mIq´mbvabnte°v, IS∂ph∂p. ]YaZibn¬ Gsd ]Xn_‘ßƒ t\cn´v ]q¿Æ sFIyw km[nXambns√¶nepw sFIyØn\p th≠nbp≈ A[ayamb A`nhmRvP aqew am¿ Chm\ntbmkpw H∏w am¿ Xntbm^ntemkpw 1930˛¬ ]p\sscIywkm[nXam°n. ImeKXnbn¬ “sNdnb B´n≥ Iq´w” ZpXKXnbn¬ hfcpIbpw ]IzX ]m]n°pIbpw sNbvXp. taP¿ B¿°nF∏nkvtIm∏¬ ]ZhntbmsS ae¶c k`bv°v bYm¿∞ Xehs\bpw ]nXmhns\bpw e`n°pIbpw HutZymKnI AhImißfpw \ntbmKßtfmSpw IqsS taP¿ B¿°nF∏nkvtIm∏¬kn\Un\v ]uckvXy Im\≥ \nba] Imcw A[nImcßfpwe`n°pbpw sNbvXp. ae¶c k`bpsS Ct∏mgsØ ][m\sh√phnfn Zo¿Lho£W ap≠mbncp∂ mKys∏´ am¿ Chm\ntbmkv Xncpta\nbpsS kz]v\w, At¥ymIy≥ ]mcºcyØnep≈ Hm¿ØtUmIvkv kndnb≥ k`IfpsS ItØmen°mk`bnte°p≈ ]p\sscIy amWv.

tUm. t]mƒ ]≈Øv

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

158

References and foot notes

1. Nicolas V, The Bull “Dum Diversas”, Bullarium Patronatus Portugaliae Regum.Tomus I, (1171 -1600), 22-23.2. Bullarium Patronatus Portugaliae, Tomus I, 33-34,36-373. Bullarium Patronatus Portugaliae, Thomus I, 47-524. Bullarium Patronatus Portugaliae, Thomus I, 98,995. D.Ferroli, The Jesuits in Malabar, Vol.2, Bangalore 1951, 1706. D. Ferroli, The Jesuits.. VOl 2, 1717. G.M. Moraes, A History of Christianity in India, Bombay, 1964, 80-105.8. A.M. Mundadan, Op-Cit. P:245-248, 254-255.9. Xangv\m´nse t]ƒ^njdnXocw I\ymIpamcnapX¬ cmtaizcwhscbpw

AhnsS\n∂v ioe¶≥ XoctØmSp tN¿∂v InS°p∂ am∂m¿hscbpw

\o≠pInS∂ncp∂p.

10. A.M. Mundadan, Op-Cit. P:391-428.11. J. Wicki, The Portughese Padrovado etc. quoted in H.C. Perumalil and E.R.Hanbye, Op.Cit, p. 55.12. G.Schurhammer, Francis Xavier His life, his times - English Trans lation, M.J. Costelloe, VOl -2, P:295-310; J.Wicki, Op, Cit, p. 6213. G.Schurhammer, Op-Cit, P:463-469; J.Wicki, Op-Cit P:62.14. J.Wicki, OP-Cit, P:62-6415. S.Neill, OP-Cit.P:166-190; H.C. Perumalil and ER. Hemlye, op.cit. P:77,78. X. Kochuparambil, Evangelization in India, P”296-29816. G.M. Moraes, Op-Cit,P:147-174; S.Neill, Op-Cit,P: 118-124; A.M. Mundadam, Op-Cit. P: 437-467.17. A.Meersman, Development of the Church under Padroado, p. 76.18. Bullarium Patronatus Portugaliae, Thomus I, 98-9919. Bullarium Patronatus Portugaliae, Thomus I, 100-10120. Bullarium Patronatus Portugaliae, Thomus I, 148-14921. Bullarium Patronatus Portugaliae, Thomus I,14922. Paulino A.S.Bartholomeo, India Orientalis Christiana, p. 31.23. Bullarium Patronatus Portugaliae, Thomus I, 191-193, 193-195.24. Bullarium Patronatus Portugaliae, Thomus I,191-192.25. Bullarium Patronatus Portugaliae, Thomus II, 4.26. Bullarium Patronatus Portugaliae, Thomus II, 5.

159

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

27. kwc£Wm[nImcØns‚ AhImißsfbpw NpaXeIsfbpw kw_

‘n®p sImSpØncn°p∂ hnhcWw C¥ybnse hnhn[ cq]XIƒ

hym]n®psIm≠pff HutZymKnItcJIsf Bkv]Zam°nbpffXmWv.

28. V. De Paolis, in La Curia Romana Nella Cost: Ap. “Partor Bonus” p. 36129. Collectanea Sacrale congregationis De Propaganda fide, Vol-1, p. 2-4.30. Collectanea Sacrale Vol- I, P : 4; V. De Paolis, “La Congregatione per L’ Evangelizatione Dei Popoli,” p. 36331. Dominic, “Latin Missions under the Jurisdiction of Propaganda in H.C. Perumalil and E.R.Hambye, op. cit, P : 104.32. Bullarium Patronatus Portugaliae, Thomus II, P :48-49.33. Domnic, Op-Cit. p. 104-128, G.M.Moraes, Op. Cit., p. 52-170.34. 1599 Unkw_¿ 20˛mw XobXn s¢a‚ v VIII˛ma≥ am¿]m∏, ]pcmX\

am¿tØmΩm InkvXy≥ knwlmk\Øns‚ satSmt]mfn‰≥ AXncq]Xm

]Zhn FSpØpIfbpIbpw AXns\ tKmhbpsS kam¥cq]Xbm°n

am‰pIbpw sNbvXp. 1600 HmKÃv 4˛mw XobXn AXns\ t]m¿®pKokv

kwc£Wm[n ImcØn\p Iognem°n.

35. Domnic, Op-Cit. 105; J.Thekkedath, Op.Cit. p. 415-416.36. Paulinea S. Bartholemeo, Op-Cit. p. 46-50.37.A[ymbw 3 ImWpI.

38. Dominic, Op-Cit, p. 10539. G.M.Moraes, Op-Cit; p.15540. G.M.Moraes, Op-Cit, P: 156; A. Da Silava Rego, Le Patronage Portugais De L’onient, p. 121,122.41. -----. hniZhnhcßƒ°v J.Puliurumpil,A Period of Jurisdictional Con flict in the Suriani Church of India (1800-1838), p. 205-217 ImWpI.

42. Dominic, Op-Cit, P-111-12843. Juris Pontificii De Propaganda fide, Vol.5, P : 195-19844. Juris Pontificii De propanganda Fide, Vol.5, 196-19745. Cu “iniva” bpsS k¥penXamb HcphnebncpØen\v A- Da Silva Rego, Le Patronage Portugais De L’ orient, P : 272-289.46. hniZmwißƒ°v, S.Neill, Op-Cit, P : 288-294.48. E.R. Hull, Op-Cit, Vol-I, P:244-249, A Da Silva Rego, Op-Cit, P : 137-142.49. E.R.Hull, Op-Cit, Vol-I, P : 24950. Leonis XIII Pontitieis Maximi, Acta, Vol.5, P:172-175; S. Neill, Op-Cit, p. 294-302

C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

160

51. G.Martina, Pio IX (1851-1860), p. 28452. Juris Pentifieii De Propaganda Fide, Vol.7, P:316-322

53. Juris Pentificii De Propaganda Fide, Vol.7, P:31954. Acta Sanctae Sedis, 19 (1886), P :185-189

55. a[pssc cq]XbpsS t]cv 1887 ¬ Sn®v\m∏≈n F∂p am‰s∏´p.

1887 se Annuario Pontificio ImWpI.

56. Acta Sanctae Sedis, 19 (1886), P :176-18457. Acta Sanctae Sedis, 19 (1886), P :182-18358. Acta Sanctae Sedis, 20 (1928), P :129-13359. Acta Sanctae Sedis, 20 (1928), P.132-13360. Acta Sanctae Sedis, 42 (1950), P. 811-81461. Acta Sanctae Sedis, 99 (2007), P. 6-762. tKmh˛Uma≥ F∂ title GXph¿jsØbpw Annuario Pontificio ¬ ImWmw.

63 . ChnsS sImSp°p∂ hnhcßƒ 2010 se Annuario Pontificio sb ASnÿm\am°nbpffXmWv. Npcps°gpØn¬ D cq]Xsbbpw

A AXncq]Xsbbpw kqNn∏n°p∂p

indian church history final - alpha | institute of...

Documents