index [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97805215/14415/index/9780521514415_index… ·...
TRANSCRIPT
INDEX
�Abbas I (Shah), 496–500�Abbasid Caliphs, 94, 127, 217–218�Abbasid Empire, 91–104, 105–113, 126–140
Arabic literature, 131–134Baghdad, 91–93Caliphate and, 87–90, 126–131central government, 93–97culture, legitimacy and state, 139–140decline of central government, 105–108Hellenistic literature, and philosophy,
136–139local government, 99–102Persian literature, 134–136provincial autonomy and rise of
independent states, 109–113provincial government, 97–99resistance and rebellion, 102–104
�abd, 659�Abd al-�Aziz b. Sa�ud (Ibn Sa�ud), 488�Abd al-Malik (Caliph 685–705), 70, 86–87, 116�Abd al-Mu´min, 378–379�Abd al-Qadir (1776–1806), 609�Abd al-Rahman al-Rashid (1786/87–1800/01),
622�Abd al-Rahman I, 383�Abd al-Rahman II, 383�Abd al-Rahman III, 383–384�Abdallah b. Yasin, 377�Abdallah ibn Abi Bakr, 39Abu al-�Ala´ al-Ma�rri (poet), 254Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, 440Abu Bakr al-Khallal, 165–166Abu Bakr (Caliph 632–634), 55, 58, 59, 80–81Abu Hafs al-Naysaburi, 169Abu Hanifa, 165Abu Hashim, 169
Abu Madyan al-Andalusi, 380Abu Muslim, 103Abu Sa�id b. Abi Khayr, 282Abu Sa�id Kharraz, 170Abu Talib, 40–41, 49, 94Abu Yusuf, 158, 196Aceh, 568, 574–576Achaemenid Empire, 10adab
defined, 659literature, 276, 386
adab al-qadi, 303adat, 659�adl, 659administration
�Abbasid Empire, 93–97Algiers, 413Arab-Muslim Empire, 61–65comparison of Islamic states, 366Hafsid dynasty, 408Marwanid Caliphs, Egypt, 71Marwanid Caliphs, Mesopotamia, 70Mataram, Java, 571Ottoman Empire, 438–441, 442Sokoto Caliphate, 611–613
AfghanistanBritain and, 508–509India and, 507–509language, 508Pashtun tribes, 508Russia and, 508–509
Africa, 581–587. See also East Africa; NorthAfrica; West Africa; specific countries byname
Central, 628–630colonialism, 586–587, 631
731
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global HistoryIra M. LapidusIndexMore information
732 Index
Africa (cont.)diffusion of Islam, 352Islam, 581–585slavery, 585–586South Africa, 630Sub-Saharan, 350–353, 589, 594
agha, 659Aghlabid dynasty, 370–374, 379agnatic clan, 183–184agriculture 35. See also economy; trade
Brazil and the West Indies, 653Spanish-Islamic civilization, 383Syria and Mesopotamia, 68West Africa, 585Yemen, 35
�ahdath, 272ahi, 659ahi al-bayt, 659ahi al-hadith, 659ahl al-dhimma (Peoples of the Book), 63,
659ahl i-hadith, 659ahl-khurasan military units, 95Ahmad al-Jazzar, 485Ahmad b. Hanbal, 219Ahmad b. Taymiyya (Ibn Taymiyya), 295Ahmad b.Tulun (r. 868–884), 109Ahmad ibn Hanbal, 129, 162, 165, 196Ahmadiyya Sufi order, 628Ahreman, 15Ahura Mazda, 15�A´isha (wife of the Prophet), 184Akbar (1556–1605), 522, 525Akbar, marriage of, 523akhbari school, 178, 502–504akhi, 659akhlaq, 659al-�amma (common people), 129al-Aqraba, battle of (633), 59alaras, 578�Alawi dynasty, 417–420Aleppo
under Ottoman Rule, 484–485spread of Catholicism, 458–459
Alexander the Great, 10Alexandrian school, 137al-fitra, 307–309, 329Alfonso X, 399Algeria, 412–414
�Alawi dynasty to French protectorate,417–420
states and Islam, 422al-Hadi (the Guide), 127Alhambra, 393–394�Ali (Caliph 656–661), 55, 58, 81–82
�Ali b. Dunama (1476–1503), 595�Ali Mughayat Shah (Sultan), 574�Ali Qapu palace (Sublime Porte), Isfahan,
497�Alids, 326–329, 660�alim (pl. �ulama´), 364–368, 660. See also
�ulama´ (scholars)�aljamiado, 393Al-Karkhi, 165al-khass (intellectuals and theologians),
129al-Khayzuran, 149al-Mahdi (the Savior), 127Almohads, 375–379, 389–390Almoravids, 375–379
conquests in North Africa, Spain, andMediterranean in late eleventh century,376
countering Christian advance in Spain,389
West Africa, 591Alptigin, 228al-Rashid (the Rightly Guided), 127alternative Islam, 315–319American revolution, 656Amharic language, 626amin, 660al-Amin (son of Harun al-Rashid), 105amir, 660amir al-mu´minin (commander of the
believers), 80, 83, 123, 660amir al-umara´ (general-in-chief), 111, 660Amirids, 387Ammar al-Basri, 200analytic and comparative historical approach,
1–2Anatolia
conquests and conversion to Islam,347–350
local dynasties, 474Sufi-led resistance against state domination,
461–462Andalusian immigration to Tunisia, 411anjuman, 660annulment, marriage, 269ansar, 142, 660apostasy (Ridda) wars, 80–81�aql (rational judgment), 307–309, 329, 660�aql al-kull (universal intelligence), 175–176,
274al-Aqsa, 148Aqsa mosque, 121–122Arab conquests
effect on language, 255–256Mediterranean, 644–645
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global HistoryIra M. LapidusIndexMore information
Index 733
Arab provinceslocal dynasties, 474under Ottoman rule, 482–486
Arab Shi�is, 495Arabia,
clans and kingdoms, 34–16conversion to Islam, 346Judeo-Christianity and, 33, 36–37language, poetry and gods, 37–38Mecca, 36–37origin of political and religious identities
for Middle Eastern societies, 330–331slavery and, 586Wahhabi movement, 360
Arabian kingdoms, 31Arabian Peninsula, 486–489
Gulf, 488–489Saudi Arabia, 488Yemen, 487
Arabic languageduring Arab-Muslim Empire, 78–79Christian literature in, 199–200in Ghana and Mali, 592
Arabic literature, �Abbasids, 131–134Arab-Islamic renaissance phase, 212–213Arabization, resistance to in Spain. See also
Arab conquestsArab-Muslim Empire
to 750 CE, 62Arabic and other Middle Eastern languages,
78–79conquests, 58–61conversions to Islam, 75–78economic and social change in Egypt,
70–71economic and social change in Iran, 71–72economic and social change in Iraq, 66–68economic and social change in Syria and
Mesopotamia, 68–70elite’s resistance to mass conversions, 75integration of conquering and conquered
peoples, 72–75overview, 55–57socioeconomic bases of, 61–65
Arabsresistance and rebellion under �Abbasid
rule, 102–103Spanish-Islamic civilization, 382–383
architecture�Abbasids, 130–131comparing to Ottoman Empire, Safavid
Empire, and, Mughal Empire, 539Delhi Sultanate period, 526development (transformation) of Islam
and, 213–214
Fatimid dynasty, 241Hafsid dynasty, 409Hispano-Arabic civilization in Mudejar and
Christian Eras, 393–395Mamluk period, 249Middle Eastern states, 254Ottoman, 446Ottoman, European influence on, 476Spain, Caliphal era, 386tombs and mosques, 258–259Umayyads, 118–122
Archons, 457�arif, 358–368Aristotelianism, 200, 397–398Aristotle, 136
Organon of Aristotle, 163–164philosophy in Spain, 386
Armenian Christians, 455–457art
comparing Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughalempires, 540
Indian, Mughal Empire, 526Ottoman, European influence on,
477representation of people and animals,
124–125Timurid-period paintings, 260–261Umayyad, 123, 124
�asabiyya (group solidarity), 34, 660�asabiyyat, 279–280Asawira, 73asceticism, 167–173, 380Ash�aris
defined, 326–329theology, 313–314
Ash�arism, 153–154ashraf, 358–368, 660�ashura´, 274, 328–329, 660Asia. See also Inner Asia; Southeast Asia
Asian empires as Islamic states, 540–542empires and societies, 425–426
Askiya Muhammad Ture, 593Assyria Empire, 10, 22Astarabadi, Fadlallah, 491–492Astrakhanid dynasty (1599–1785), 552atabeg (tutor; regent), 231, 660Auliya, Nizam al-Din, 517Aurangzeb (r. 1658–1707), 527–531authority
Caliph, 83religious, 286scholarly, 286
autopragia (independent estates), 71Avesta (Zoroastrian scripture), 21�awan (helpers), �Abbasid, 101
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global HistoryIra M. LapidusIndexMore information
734 Index
awqaf (trusts), 236medieval colleges, 276nonroyal elite women, 266royal women, 266
al-Awza�i, 165Awza�i school of law, 165a�yan, 660ayatollah, 364–368, 660�Ayn Jalut, battle of, 247�ayyarun (gangs), 190, 272, 287, 660Ayyubids, 246–247, 248–249, 291Azarbayjan, 257Azariqa, 326–329
Baba Farid (Farid al-Din Ganj-i Shakr),514–515
babas, 427, 660Babur, 521–522Babylonian yeshivas, 208Babylonians, 204Baghdad
�Abbasid Empire, 91–93architecture and court ceremony,
131in early �Abbasid era, 92madrasa, 275–276post-�Abbasid era, 254–255transformations in legal education,
165Baghdadi Shi�is, 174–179Baghdadi tendency, Sufis, 171Bahmanid regime, 513Baisunghur, 260Bakr tribe, 59Balkans
conversion to Islam in, 347–350local dynasties, 474–475movement toward national independence,
478–479Ottoman conquests, 431trade during Ottoman Empire, 471–472weakening Ottoman Empire and, 470
Banten, Java, 569Banu Furat faction, 107–108Banu Hashim, 39, 49, 88Banu Hilal Arabs, 374–375Banu Jarrah faction, 107–108Banu Nadir, 50–51Banu Nawbakht, 176–177Banu Qaynuqa, 50–51Banu Umayya, 84baqa´ (persistence in the self), 170, 307–329,
660al-Baqillani, 323–324al-Baqir, Muhammad b. �Ali, 178
baraka (power of blessing), 276, 356,358–368, 415–416, 514–515, 661
Barani, 512barbarians, 9barid (messenger and information service),
96Barmakid family, 97Basra, 63
recapturing Arabic of the Quran,146
stimulating agricultural output, 68Sufis, 169
batin (inner, esoteric truth)defined, 661Isma�ili Shi�is, 179
bay�a, 661Bayazid I (Sultan 1389–1402), 438–439Bayazid II (Sultan 1481–1512), 439Baybars (Sultan 1260–1277), 249, 291Bedouins, 34
misr (pl. amsar) (garrison city), 63under Ottoman Rule, 484poetry, 34
Bedreddin, 461Bektash, Hajji, 428, 461Bektashis, 461Bello, Muhammad, 611benefices, European feudal system, 251–252Bengal
British power in, 536conversion to Islam, 514Fara´idi movement, 360Mughal Empire, 530
Berbers, 370Almohads, 378–379Almoravids, 375–378Kitama, 239Lamtuna and Sanhaja, 597Marinids, 414–415Morocco, 374Spanish-Islamic civilization, 382–383Western and Central Sudan, 588–590
beylerbeyliks, Ottoman Empire, 443beys, 410, 427
Algiers, 412–413defined, 661
Bihafarid rebellion, 103Bihzad, 498Bijapur, 513bilateral kinship system, 466bishops, 14al-Bistami, Abu Yazid, 170, 321Bofo Abba Gomol, 627Bohras, 533, 661Bornu, 595, 613
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global HistoryIra M. LapidusIndexMore information
Index 735
BritainAfghanistan and, 508–509assumption of Niger Company’s territories,
633colonialism and defeat of Muslim
expansion, 630–632expansion into Inner Asia, 555facilitating Iran’s entry into international
commerce, 498–499Gulf region, 489imports, 471Industrial Revolution, 656partitioning East Africa, 634trade in India, 652–653trade in Southeast Asia, 569trade with Ottoman Empire, 470–471Zanzibar and, 633
British East India Company, 470–471, 536British Indian Empire, 536–537brotherhoods, Sufi, 355, 358–368, 418, 516–517Bukhara, 553–555Bulgaria, 478–479Bursa, 447–448Buwayhid dynasty, 111, 227–228
defined, 225efforts to maintain authority, 263iqta� (land tax allotment), 250
Byzantine Empire (Late Roman), 10. See alsoRoman Empire
Arab-Islamic conquests and, 60Chalcedonian creed, 14influence in North Arabia, 31religion, 13, 18religious authority of emperors, 127religious policies, 18
cadenza, Quran, 45Cairo, 362Caliphate, 80–90, 217–220. See also �Abbasid
empire; Imperial Islam�Abbasids and, 87–90, 126–131Caliph, defined, 364–368disintegration of, 273formation of, 331–332integration of state and community, 638judge appointments, 96Marwanids (685–750), 86–87Muslim landowning class, 67opposition to under �Abbasid rule, 103–104post-�Abbasid era, 262–263Rightly Guided Caliphs, 55–56, 58, 80–83,
126, 217, 668Sokoto, 610–613Spanish, 384Umayyad dynasty (661–750), 55–56
Umayyad monarchy (661–685), 83–86women and family in Caliphal era, 185–187
Caspian region, 99, 102Catherine the Great, 549–550Catholicism, spread of, 458–460Central Africa, 628–630central government, �Abbasid Empire, 93–97,
105–108Chaghatay heritage, 525Chagri Beg, 231Chaldiran, battle of, 434China
from Mongol conquests to nineteenthcentury, 555–560
role in Java, 573–574Ch�ing dynasty (1644–1911), 558–559Chinggis Khan, 233–234, 648Chist, Mu�in al-Din Hasan, 517Chisti Sufi order, 517, 520, 532–533Christians and Christianity, 197–203
in Arabia, 33Banu Jarrah faction and, 107Christian literature in Arabic, 199–200Crusades, 200–201divorce, 21early history of, 14–15early Islamic era to ninth century, 197–199Egyptian copts, 201–203Ethiopia, 626Greek Orthodox and Armenian, 455–457Hispano-Arabic society in Christian era,
393–395Islam, 195Muslims under Christian rule in Spain,
390–393in North Africa, 203in Ottoman Near East, 458–460reconquista, Spain, 389–390resistance to Arabization, in Spain, 385seclusion, 23sexual morality, 21similarities to Zoroastrianism, 13similarities to Judaism, 13treatment of Jews, 203–204veiling, 23wars with Muslims in Mediterranean,
645city-state, Mediterranean region, 69–70civilization, effect of Islam on, 2clans and kingdoms
agnatic clan, 183–184Arabia, 34–36Funj kingdom, 619–622Ghassanid kingdom, 31Gonja kingdom, 602
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global HistoryIra M. LapidusIndexMore information
736 Index
clans and kingdoms (cont.)Himyarite kingdom, 36Innarya kingdom, 627Kunta clan, 599–601Lakhmid kingdom, 31Nabatean kingdom, 35Parthian clans, 12, 16Sudan, 588–591
class distinctions, development of, 73classical Islam, 302clientage (mawla; pl. mawali), 74, 666clienteles, under �Abbasid rule, 102colleges, 440. See also �ulama´ (scholars)
madrasa, 275–277, 289–290, 665colonialism, Africa, 586–587commercialization, Ottoman Empire, 470–472communal authority, Isma�ili Shi�is, 179communal independence, 287–288communities
dhimma (protected communities), 196, 202formation of Islamic legal traditions, 157hunting and gathering, 7Muhammad and, 39, 43ummah (community), 141
concubinage, 21concubines, 265Congress of Berlin (1884–1885), 586–587, 633,
653–654conquests. See Arab conquests; Arab-Muslim
empire; Inner AsiaConstantine (306–337 CE), 10, 17–18Constantinople, 10, 539, 644. See also IstanbulConstitution of Medina, 49–50conversion to Christianity, Spain, 404–405conversion to Islam, 343–353. See also
diffusion of Islam (Islamization)during Arab-Muslim Empire, 75–78Christianity, 198clientele and, 102jihads and, 617–618Mamluk era (1250–1517), 202–203mass conversions, 284–285Muslim communities in India, 513–516non-Arabian peoples, 346–347in North Africa and Middle East, 343–347in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa,
350–353Turkish conquests and conversions in
Anatolia, the Balkans, Middle East,Inner Asia, and India, 347–350
convivenciabreakdown of, 400–401defined, 390–392
Coptic church, 199
Copts, 201–203, 456–457court (royal) protocol
�Abbasids, 130–131Fatimid dynasty, 239–241Umayyads, 332–333
court, legalwomen and family in Ottoman era
(1400–1800), 464–465women’s access to in medieval times,
270–271Created Quran theological position,
162crown lands, �Abbasid government, 99crusades
Christians and Christianity, 200–201Syria and, 243–247
culture�Abbasids, 139–140continuity and change in historic cultures
of Middle East, 211–221Jewish, in Islamic context, 209–210Middle Eastern states, 254Ottoman Empire, 444–446regional, post-�Abbasid Middle Eastern
state system, 254–262Cyrenaica, 407–408
Daendels, Marshal, 573Dagomba kingdom, 602da´is (missionaries). See also missionaries
defined, 364–368, 661Isma�ili Shi�is, 179
Dakhni language, 518Damascus, 484, 485Damascus mosque mosaics, 121damin (guarantor), Egypt, 98Daqiqi (poet), 256dar al-hadith, 289dar al-hadith al-kamiliyya, 290dar al-harb, 661Darfur, 622–623dargah, 358–368, 661Dari (language), 255–256Darqawa Sufi Brotherhood, 418darughas (representatives), 236da�wa (da�wah), 661. See also missionariesdawla, 661Daylam, 99
independence of Caliphate, 111resistance and rebellion under �Abbasid
rule, 102decentralization of Ottoman Empire, 479–481dehqan, 12Delhi Sultanates, 510
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global HistoryIra M. LapidusIndexMore information
Index 737
conversion and Muslim communities,513–516
Muslim conquests and, 509–513Muslim holy men and political authority,
519–521varieties of Indian Islam, 516–519
desert palaces (royal court), 122–123development projects, Sasanian Empire, 11devshirme, 438–439, 661Deys
Algiers, 412–413Tunisia, 410
dhawq, 307–329dhikr (Sufi ceremony), 172, 661dhimma (protected communities), 202, 452
defined, 661non-Muslims, 196
Dhu´l Nun al-Misri, 170diffusion of Islam (Islamization). See also
conversion to IslamJava, 564–565Kano, 596Katsina, 596–597South Africa, 630West Africa, 582–583
dihqans, 101, 661Dipanegara (Prince), 574divan bagi, 495divine reality, Sufi concept of, 171–172divorce, 187
medieval Muslim jurists, 270Middle Eastern societies before Islam,
20–21women, Ottoman Empire, 464
diwan al-azimma (controller’s office),96
diwan al-jaysh (army bureau), 96diwan al-kharaj (tax collection bureau), 96diwan al-marafiq, 108diwan al-musadarat, 108diwan al-rasa´il (chancery bureau), 96diwan al-tawqi� (drafting agency), 96diwans (bureaus). See also administration
�Abbasid government, 96defined, 661
Dome of the Rock, 118–119, 120Donme, 455Dost Muhammad, 508Dutch
Indian Ocean area, 652return of Java to, 573–574Southeast Asia and, 566–569
Dutch East India company, 499Dyula lineage, 603–604
East Africa, 619–634. See also specific countriesby name
coastal cities and Swahili Islam, 623–625Darfur, 622–623diffusion of Islam (Islamization), 351–352,
581–582Ethiopia and Somalia, 625–628European colonial empires and defeat of
Muslim expansion, 630–634map, 620slavery and, 585–586Sudan, 588–591, 595, 619–622
Eastern Turkestan, 555–560Ebu´s-su�ud, 441economic status. See also women and family
nonroyal elite women, 266royal women, 266working women, 267–268
economyArabia, 33Bornu, 595commercialization in post-classical
Ottoman Empire, 470–472Funj kingdom, 621–622India, 536–537India, seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries, 529–530international, India and, 536–537Mali, 592Morocco, 418–419Ottoman empire, 446–450Sokoto Caliphate, 613Tunisia, 411–412Zanzibar, 625
education. See also madrasa; schools of lawakhbari school, 178, 502–504Alexandrian school, 137colleges, 440nonroyal elite women, 266–267theological schools, 328–329working women, 267
Egypt. See also taxation�Abbasid empire and post-imperial era, 110under �Abbasid rule, 98under �Abbasid rule, district hierarchy, 99under �Abbasid rule, resistance and
rebellion, 102administration, Marwanid Caliphs, 71Arab-Islamic conquests, 59–60Copts, 201–203Crusader states in the twelfth century, 245damin (guarantor), 98economic and social change under
Arab-Muslim Empire, 70–71
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global HistoryIra M. LapidusIndexMore information
738 Index
Egypt (cont.)economic prosperity, 113establishment of system of state control,
249Jews and Judaism, 206–207Mamluk period, 248mass conversion to Islam, 284–285under Ottoman Rule, 482–484post-�Abbasid Middle Eastern state system,
238–243during Roman Empire, 11slavery and, 586Sufi orders, 283Tulunid dynasty, 109, 238
Elias of Nisibis, 200elites. See also �ulama´ (scholars)
Archons, 457Caliphate and court versus scholars and
Sufis, 333–334changing balance of power, Ottoman
Empire, 474–475collaboration of military and local religious
elites, 291, 292European versus Muslim in nineteenth and
twentieth centuries, 657–658Funj kingdom, 621Hausaland, 596Iranian, Ilkhans alliance with, 236Jewish merchants, 204–205, 206–207Mataram, Java, 570–572Mughal Empire, 522non-Muslim women, 268Ottoman empire, 451–453persistence of, despite decentralization of
Ottoman Empire, 477Phanariots, 456Qarakhanid, 230religious, 379–381religious scholars, 285–286religious teachers, 190–191Shaybanid dynasty, 551–552slave regiments, 247, 249–250slave regiments under Shah �Abbas, 496Spanish-Islamic civilization, 385tax farming, 474Timbuktu, 597–599transformation of relation to state, under
Ottoman Empire, 479–480�ulama´, 272–273Yemen, 35
emirs, Timurid dynasty, 236emperors
religious authority of, Byzantine Empire(Late Roman), 127
Roman, 10Sasanian, 11
empires. See also Caliphate; clans andkingdoms; specific empires by name
Asia, 425–426religion and, 217–220
English East India Company, 499Ethiopia, 625–628Euphrates River, 66–67Eur-Asian Empires, 426Europe. See also specific countries by name
colonialism and defeat of Muslimexpansion, 630–634
colonialism in Africa, 586–587domination over Muslim and other lands
(1815), 655effect on Ottoman culture, 476–477European colonial empires and defeat of
Muslim expansion, 630–634feudalism, 251–252imperialism and beginning of modern era,
654–658rise of, world economy and, 649–651role in Java, 573–574trade, naval power and empire, 651–654war with Ottomans, 435–436
evliadi, 356–357, 358–368, 661Exilarchs, 13, 205
Fakhr al-Din, 485falasifa, 661. See also philosophyfamily. See women and familyfana´ (annihilation of self), 170, 307–329, 661faqih (pl. fuqaha´), 364–368, 662faqis, 621, 662al-Farabi, 138–139, 298, 326–329Fara´idi movement, 360Farghana, 99
from Mongol conquests to nineteenthcentury, 550–555
resistance and rebellion under �Abbasidrule, 102
Farid al-Din �Attar, 257–258al-Fashir, 622al-Fasi, Issac, 395fata (pl. fityan), 662Fatimid Empire, 111, 202, 374–375
celebration of mawlids, 149Egypt, post-�Abbasid Middle Eastern state
system, 238–243Sitt al-Mulk, 265Syria and, 243treatment of Jews, 209
fatwa (pl. fatawa), 277, 303–329, 662
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global HistoryIra M. LapidusIndexMore information
Index 739
fay´ (conquered property), 63, 67–68felt-cap industry, Tunisia, 411feudalism
Europe, 251–252Middle Eastern, 250–254
fiefs, European feudal system, 251–252fiqh (law), 156, 303–329, 662. See also lawFirdawsi, 256firmans, 441–442, 662fitra, 662fityan, 287France
colonialism and defeat of Muslimexpansion, 632–633
imports, 471Java and, 573trade with Ottoman Empire, 470–471
free will, Ash�arism view of, 153French East India Company, 499French protectorate, 417–420French revolution, 656French-Ottoman treaty of 1604, 458Friday mid-day prayer, 328–329Fulani, 610, 617Funj kingdom, 619–622Fustat, 63Futa Jallon, jihads, 608Futa Toro, jihads, 609futuwwa, 662
Gabirol, Solomon bin, 396Galen, 386Galla (Oromo) peoples, 626gangs, 272, 287Gao, 593gaons
Babylonian yeshivas, 208Palestinian yeshiva, 207–208
garrison city (misr; pl. amsar), 63, 666Geniza Era, Judaism, 206–207Gerard of Cremona, 398–399Germany
Congress of Berlin (1884–1885), xxiii,586–587, 633, 653–654
East Africa and, 634imports, 471
ghadir khumm, 274Ghana, 591Ghassanid kingdom, 31, 36ghazal (lyric), 254, 257, 662. See also poetryal-Ghazali, 294, 297–298, 306–313, 388Ghazan (1295–1304), 234ghazis (frontier soldiers), 109, 230, 287, 427,
429
alliance of Sufism with, 283conflict with devshirme, 438–439defined, 662
Ghaznavids, 228conquest of India, 509defined, 225efforts to maintain basis for authority, 263iqta� (land tax allotment), 250–251Middle East, early eleventh century, 229
ghulam (Turkish military slave), 106concept of, 250defined, 662
Ghulam �Ali (Shah), 532ghulat (religious extremism), 175, 662Ghurid dynasty, 509Ghuzz peoples, 233gnosticism, 128, 174, 320, 327Golconda, 513Golden Horde, 544–545, 648Gonja Kingdom, 602government. See also administration
central, �Abbasid Empire, 93–97local, �Abbasid Empire, 99–102provincial, �Abbasid Empire, 97–99provincial, decline of �Abbasid Empire,
109–113provincial, Ottoman empire, 442–444
Granada, 390, 393greater occultation, 177Greece
Greek Orthodox Christians, 455–457literature and philosophy during �Abbasids
era, 136–139Philosopher-King literature, 298–301philosophic political theory, 298–301role of women, 19women and property, 22
Greek Orthodox church, 198guilds, Ottoman Empire, 450The Gulf, 488–489Gur-i amir, 260
Habib ibn Khidmah Abu Raitah,200
Habsburg dynasty, 435–436, 468hadith,
defined, 662divinity of Muhammad, 147–148humanity of Muhammad, 147influence on Muslim historiography, 133Sunni Islam, 159–161supporters’ opposition to Mu�tazili concept
of tawhid, 152–153Hadramis, 625
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global HistoryIra M. LapidusIndexMore information
740 Index
Hafsid dynasty, 408–410hajib, 383, 662hajj, 328–329, 662al-Hajj �Umar, 614–615al-Hajjaj, 67–68al-Hakim (Caliph), 269hal (God’s grace), 170, 307–329, 662Halevi, Judah, 396al-Hallaj, 170–171halus, 571Hama, 68Hammurapi, 8Hamza Fansuri, 575Hanafi school of law, 157, 165
adoption of madrasa form of instruction,277
inquisition, 129origins of, 275
Hanafis, 77Hanbali school of law, 165
origins of, 275transformation to religious movement,
279–280Hanbalis, 192
attitude to worldly actualities, 337reformist mentality, 359theology, 313, 333
hanif, 662Hapsburgs. See Habsburg dynastyhaqiqa, 461, 662haram, 37, 38, 265, 463, 662haratin, 417harb, 53al-Hariri, 254–255al-Harith al-Muhasabi, 171Harun al-Rashid (Caliph 786–809), 97
Christian persecution, 198judge appointments, 156–157problems of succession, 105treatment of non-Muslims, 195–196
Hasan al-Basri, 168–169Hasdai ben Shaprut, 395Hastings, Warren, 536Hausaland, 596–597, 611Hayyuj, Judah b. David, 395–396Hellenism, 17, 216Hellenistic literature
�Abbasids, 136–139political theory, 298–301translation of literature from Greek to
Arabic, 199–200Heraclius (610–641), 10Herat, 237–238, 260–261Hijazi merchants, 61–63
hijra, 663hikma, 663hila (pl. hiyal) (manipulation of law), 162,
304, 663hilm (self-control), 663himaya (protection), 108, 663Himyarite kingdom, 36Hinduism, 350, 507
Islam and, 515–516under Mughal regime, 367
hisba, 279Hisham (Caliph, 724–743), 134Hispano-Arabic society, 384–386
Caliphal era, 386–388Mudejar and Christian era, 393–395post-Caliphal era, 388
historians and sources, 26–30historic cultures of Middle East, continuity and
change in, 211–220, 221historical literature, 132–134, 146–147Hittite empire, 10holy men, Muslim, 519–521hujja (proof). See also da´is (missionaries)
defined, 364–368, 663Isma�ili Shi�is, 179
hujjatollah, 364–368al-Hujwiri, 305hukama, 169Hunayn b. Ishaq, 200, 326–329Hungary, 435–436, 646hunting and gathering communities, 7Hurufiyya Sufi order, 461, 491–492Husayn (son of �Ali), 85Husayn Bayqara (Sultan, r. 1469–1506),
237–238�ibada (pl. �ibadat) (ritual regulations), 166,
307–310, 329, 663
Ibadism, 326–329, 489Ibn �Abd al-Wahhab, 488Ibn al- Hajj, 269Ibn al-�Abbas, 160Ibn al-�Arabi, 319–321, 388Ibn al-´Arif, Abu al-�Abbas, 388Ibn al-Mujahid (d. 935/6), 46Ibn al-Muqaffa�, 127–128Ibn al-Tabban, 380Ibn Batta, 294Ibn Battuta, 564Ibn Hazm, 388Ibn Hisham (d. 833–834), 39Ibn Ishaq, 39Ibn Jurayj, 160Ibn Khaldun, 315
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global HistoryIra M. LapidusIndexMore information
Index 741
Ibn Qutayba, 135Ibn Quzman, 388Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 298–299, 326–329, 388Ibn Sina (Avicenna), 316–318, 326–329Ibn Surayj, 163, 165Ibn Tumart, Muhammad b. �Abdallah, 378Ibrahim Musa (Karamoko Alfa), 608Ibrahim Sori, 608iconoclasm, Imperial Islam, 124–125�id, 663�id al-adha, 324
inquisition, 328–329�id al-fitr, 324, 328–329�idda (divorce waiting period), 187identity
collective, 38Islamic, 285–286, 363Ottoman, 444–446, 476–479
ideology, Ottoman Empire, 476–479Idris b. �Ali (1570–1602), 595Idrisid regime, 374ijaza
defined, 663Sufis, 282
ijma�, 663ijtihad, 274, 663Ikhshidids, 238Ilkhans, 234–236, 259illustrated manuscripts, 260–261‘ilm (knowledge), 276, 303–329, 663iltizam, 663imama (theory of collective organization) law
category, 166Imami, branch of Shi�ism, 174–176, 177imams, 123, 176
defined, 83, 328–329, 364–368, 663Isma�ili, 240Shi�i view of, 175–176
imamzada, 663iman (faith), 314, 315, 663imarets, 449, 663Imperial Caliphate. See CaliphateImperial Islam, 57, 117–125
desert palaces, 122–123iconoclasm, 124–125Umayyad architecture, 118–122Umayyads and ancient empires, 123–124
Imru� al-Qays b. �Amr, 35India, 507–537. See also Delhi sultanates;
Mughal empireAfghanistan and, 507–509British East India Company, 652conversion and Muslim communities,
513–516
conversion to Islam in, 347–350international economy and British Indian
Empire, 536–537Mughal empire and, 521–525Muslim chronology, 511Muslim holy men and political authority,
519–521reformism, 360slavery and, 586varieties of Indian Islam, 516–519
Indian Ocean, 644–647Indonesia, 350–351, 353. See also Java;
Sumatra; other regions by nameIndustrial Revolution, Britain, 656inheritance. See also property and inheritance
India, Mughal Empire, 524–525Middle Eastern societies before Islam,
21–22Innarya kingdom, 627Inner Asia, 647–649. See also Afghanistan;
specific countries by namechronology, 547–560conversion to Islam in, 347–350diffusion of Islam, 352Eastern Turkestan and China, 555–560provinces, defined, 99provinces, resistance and rebellion under
�Abbasid rule, 102scholars, 353–354Turkestan (Transoxania, Khwarizm, and
Farghana), 550–555Western and Northern Steppes, 544–550
inquisitionmihna, �Abbasids, 128–130Spanish Inquisition, 402–403, 404
insilimen, 358–368, 663institutions, Islamic, 343–368
Islamic states, 365–368Muslim elites and Islamic communities,
353–358North Africa and the Middle East, 343–347the reform movement (Tajdid), 359–361social structures of Islamic societies,
361–365institutions, Ottoman Empire, 472–475integration
Arab and non-Arab, 61of conquering and conquered peoples,
72–75intelligentsia, 203. See also elitesiqta� (land tax allotment), 108
defined, 663Middle Eastern feudalism and, 250–254
iqta� istighlal, 100
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global HistoryIra M. LapidusIndexMore information
742 Index
iqta� tamlik, 100Iran. See also Safavid empire
�Abbasid empire and post-imperial era, 110under �Abbasid rule, district hierarchy, 99under �Abbasid rule, resistance and
rebellion, 103chronology, 237–263collaboration of military and local religious
elites, 291–292conversion to Shi�ism, 500–501conversions to Islam, 78, 285crown lands, 99dihqans, 101, 661under early Safavids, 493–496economic and social change under
Arab-Muslim Empire, 71–72Iranian type of Islamic society, 639–640Mithraism, 16occupational assimilation, 74–75post-�Abbasid Middle Eastern state system,
227–230quarters, 271–272under Safavids, 503Sasanian dynasty and, 11–12scholars, 353–354Sijistan, 109state and religion under late Safavids,
501–504Sufi orders, 283tax-farming, 108transformation of schools of law to
religious movements, 279–280Turkestan and, 550–551
Iraq�Abbasid empire and post-imperial era, 110under �Abbasid rule, 98under �Abbasid rule, district hierarchy, 99crown lands, 99development of Shi�ism, 174–175dihqans, 101, 661in early �Abbasid era, 92economic and social change under
Arab-Muslim Empire, 66–68economic regression, 112–113formation of cities, 7–8Hanafi legal activity, 157Kitab al-Kharaj, 158Marcionites, 17Nestorians, 199post-�Abbasid Middle Eastern state system,
227–230Sasanian dynasty and, 11–12Sufi orders, 283tax-farming, 108
treatment of Jews, 205–206irrigation
Persian Gulf region, 489Spain, 383
Isfahan, 496–498ishan, 358–368, 663�ishq, 307–329Iskandar Muda (Sultan 1607–1636), 564,
574–575islah, 664Islam. See also conversion to Islam; diffusion
of Islam (Islamization)Africa, 581–585alternative, 315–319beginning of modern era, xxii–xxvbeginnings of in Middle East, xviii–xxichanging view of, during Ottoman Empire,
477–478chronology of, 56defined, 307–329, 664development of, 141–145dialogues within, 324–329global diffusion of to nineteenth century,
xxi–xxiinormative, 302–304view of Judaism and Christianity, 195
Islamic societies, comparison of, 635–643Islamic titles, 364–368Islamization. See diffusion of Islam
(Islamization)Isma�il (Shah)
authority of, 492–493conquests, 493coping with Quizilbash enthusiasm, 494overview, 176
Isma�il, Maulay (1672–1727), 417Isma�ili Shi�ism, 104, 179–180, 364–368. See
also Shi�ism (Shi�a; Shi�i Islam)defined, 326–329, 664imams, 240
Isma�ilism, 109–111. See also Isma�ili Shi�ismisnads (chains of transmission), 160, 302, 664Israel, 147–148, 626Istanbul, 362
reconstruction of, 449–450Sultan Ahmed (Blue) Mosque, 447, 448
istislah (public interest), 162Italy, xxiii, 634ithna �ashari (“twelver”), Shi�ism, 177–178,
273–274, 364–368, 494–495defined, 326–329, 664imposition of by Safavids, 495madhhab school of law, 178–179
iugum, 69
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global HistoryIra M. LapidusIndexMore information
Index 743
Jacobites, 458Ja�far al-Sadiq, 169–170, 175, 178jagirs, Mughal Empire, 522, 664Jahan (Shah 1628–1657), 526–527Jahangir (1605–1628), 526al-Jahiz, 135jahl (passion, ignorance, and thoughtlessness),
48Jakhanke lineage, 604–605jama�a, 664jamatbandis (collective associations), 362, 664jami�, 664janissaries, 412, 469
defined, 664Ottoman Empire, 438–441Patrona Halil revolt, 475
jarib, 67Jats, 514Java, 573–580
Aceh, 574–576Malaya, 576–577Minangkabau, 578–580pesentren, 566pre-Islamic culture, 562state, �ulama´, and peasants, 569–573
Jelali rebellions, 469–470Jenne, 592Jerusalem, Crusades and, 244–246Jews and Judaism, 203–210
in Arabia, 33divorce, 21early history of, 13–14Egypt and North Africa, 206–207Islam view of, 195Jewish culture in Islamic context, 209–210marriage, 20Nagid, 209in North Africa, 403–404Ottoman Empire, 453–455role of women, 19seclusion, 22–23sexual morality, 21similarities to Zoroastrianism, 13in Spain, 384, 395–398veiling, 23women and inheritance, 22women and property, 22yeshivot, 207–209
Jibril b. �Umar, 609jihad (holy struggle), 53
Africa, 584–585conversion and, 617–618defined, 664of al-Hajj �Umar, 614–615
inner, 377jihad states, nineteenth century, 616late nineteenth century, 615–617Senegambian, 608–613�Uthman don Fodio, 610–613
Jilan, 99jinn, 584, 664Jirga, 508jizya (tribute; poll tax), 51, 67, 195, 197, 664Jogyakarta, 570John of Damascus, 199Jordan, 68, 653Josephus, Flavius, 19Judeo-Christianity, 33, 36–37judges, 96, 156–157, 191, 278, 441Julianites, 33al-Junayd, 171Junayd (Shaykh), 492Jundishapur, 136al-Juvayni, 259
Ka�ba, 36, 38defined, 664pilgrimage to, 36
Kabul, 99, 102Kadizadeli movement, 477–478kafir, 664kalam (Muslim theology), 215, 313–314,
324–325, 664Kanem, Sudan, 595al-Kanemi, 613Kano, 596kanun code, 441–442, 664kapikullari, 439Karaite Jews, 205al-Karaki, �Ali, 495karamat, 358–368karamoko, 664Karim Khan, 506Karlowitz treaty, 476Karrami movement, 169, 191–192, 275kasar, 571kasb, 665kashf, 307–312, 329, 665Kassite empire, 10Katip Chelebi, 476Katsina, 596–597Kay Ka´us, 296–297Kazakhs, 545–546al-Kazaruni, Shaykh Abu Ishaq Ibrahim,
281–282, 285Kazaruniyya Sufi order, 517Keira lineage, 622Keita dynasty, Mali, 592
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global HistoryIra M. LapidusIndexMore information
744 Index
Khadija (wife of the Prophet), 184Khalaf, Dawud b., 165khalifa, 282, 358–368, 492, 665khalifat Allah (God’s deputy), 83, 126khalifat rasul allah (deputy of the prophet of
God), 83, 123Khalji dynasty
conquest of India, 509–511Sufis under, 520
khanaqa (residences; retreats), 191–192, 237,280–282, 283, 290–291, 309
Chisti, 517–518defined, 358–368, 665
khans, 275, 545, 665kharaj (land tax), 67, 665Kharijis, 86, 149–150, 191, 218, 370, 379Kharijism, 326–329, 665khatam (keeper of the seal), 96khatib, 364–368, 665khawajas, 556–557Khazars, 89khirqa
defined, 358–368, 665Sufis, 282
Khojas, 665Khokand, 555Khurasan, 72
�Abbasid Empire and post-imperial era, 110�Abbasid revolution, 89–90under �Abbasid rule, 98, 99under �Abbasid rule, district hierarchy, 99madrasa, 275role in war between al-Amin and
al-Ma´mun, 105Khurasanian tendency, Sufis, 170–171khutba, 328–329Khwaja Ahrar, 237khwajas, 356–357, 665Khwarizm, 72, 550–555al-Kindi, 138, 326–329kingdoms. See clans and kingdomskingship. See clans and kingdoms; empiresKitab al-Kharaj, 158Kitama Berbers, 239. See also BerbersKochu Bey, Mustafa, 476koine, 37Kong, 603Koprulu, Mehmed, 473Kubrawi order, Sufi, 491Kuchuk Kaynarca treaty, 468–469Kufa, 63
stimulating agricultural output, 68Sufis, 169uprising, 174
al-Kulayni, 178, 274Kumasi (Ashanti), 603Kunta clan, 599–601al-Kunti, Sidi al-Mukhtar (1728–1811), 600kura district, 99Kurds, 231, 408, 539Kuwait, 489
Lakhmid kingdom, 31language
Afghanistan, 508�aljamiado, 393Amharic, 626Arabia, 37–38Arabic, 255–256Arabic, in Ghana and Mali, 592during Arab-Muslim Empire, 78–79Christian literature in Arabic, 199–200Christians, 199former regions of the �Abbasid Empire, 254Hebrew, 396Indian, Sufism and, 518–519Jews, 210non-Muslims in Spain, 384–385Persian, 255–257Sufism, 171Swahili, 624
Latin Crusaders, 243–244law, 324. See also schools of law
central concepts in, 303–329hila (pl. hiyal) (manipulation of law), 162,
304, 663Ottoman Empire, 441–442Sunni Islam, 156–158
laylat al qadr, 328–329laylat al-mi�raj, 328–329Lebanon
Druze religion, 242under Mamluk rule, 201under Ottoman rule, 485
lecturing and note-taking system of learning,28–29
legal schools, 165–166. See also schools of lawlegists, 167legitimization, Islamic states, 365–366lesser occultation, 176–177Levant Company, 470–471Libya, 406–408. See also North Africalineages. See also clans and kingdoms
Dyula, 603–604Jakhanke, 604–605Keira, 622Sufi, 358–368
literature. See also poetry
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global HistoryIra M. LapidusIndexMore information
Index 745
apocalyptic, 194Arabic, 131–134Arabic, during �Abbasid era, 131–134Christian, in Arabic, 199–200comparing in Ottoman Empire, Safavid
Empire, and, Mughal Empire, 539–540development (transformation) of Islam
and, 214Hafsid dynasty, 409Hebrew poetry, 396Hellenistic, during �Abbasid era, 136–139Hellenistic, political theory, 298–301Hispano-Arabic culture, 386historical, 132–134, 146–147Indian poetry, 518–519mirrors for princes, 295–298nineteenth century, promoting Muslim
rebellion, 559Ottoman Empire, 445–446Persian, 134–136, 254–255Samanids, 256Sufi, 305Sunni shift to written literature, 145Syriac, 136translation of Hellenistic literature from
Greek to Arabic, 199–200translations into Latin and Castilian,
398–399usul al-fiqh (legal methodology), 163Zoroastrian, 194
liwans (galleries), 249Lobbo, Ahmad, 613local government, �Abbasid Empire, 99–102lords, European feudal system, 252love of God, role in Sufi teaching, 306love poetry, pre-Islamic, 132lower-class women, 189Lugard, Frederick, 633
Ma Ba (1809–1867), 615Ma Hua-lung, 559Ma Ming-hsin, 558madaris (schools). See madrasamadawaki, 596madhhab school of law, 178–179, 665madinat al-salam (City of Peace), 91Madinat al-Zahra (city), 386madrasa, 237, 275–277, 289–290
adoption of form of instruction, Hanafischool of law, 277
al-Mustansiriya, 409Baghdad, 275–276defined, 665for Kanuri students, 595
Khurasan, 275Marinids and, 414Saljuq use of, 289
maghazi, 27, 39, 147al-Maghili, 607mahalla, 665Mahdawi movement, 519al-Mahdi (Caliph 775–785), 137mahdi (messiah), 175, 665Mahmud of Ghazna, 257mahr, 665Maimonides, 396, 397majlis, 665makhzan, 665maktab, 665Malacca, 564Malamatiyya (wandering dervishes), 461Malamatiyya movement, 169Malaya, 576–577
pondoks, 566reformism, 361
Mali, 591–592Malik b. Anas, 165malikane, 473Maliki school of law, 157–158, 165, 379–380
origins of, 275Spain, 386–387
mallam, 665mamaluk, 665Mamluk Empire (1250 -1517), 202–203
office of Ra´is al-Yahud, 209post-�Abbasid Middle Eastern state system,
247–249religious architecture, 291treatment of Jews, 209
al-Ma´mun (Caliph, 813–833), 99, 105–106Caliphate and, 218–219Created Quran theological position, 162hellenistic literature and philosophy,
137–138inquisition, 128–129resistance and rebellion, 102
Mangit dynasty (1785–1920), 552–553, 560Mani, 46–47Manicheanism, 17manor, European feudal system, 251–252mansabdar system, Mughal Empire, 522al-Mansur (the Victorious), 127al-Mansur, (Sultan 1578–1603), 416–417al-Mansur Qalawun, 248manuscripts, illustrated, 260–261maqam (efforts), 170, 307–329, 666maqama, 396Maqamat (al-Hariri), 254–255
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global HistoryIra M. LapidusIndexMore information
746 Index
maraboutism, 380–381Maratha movement, 530–531Marcionites, 17Mardawij b. Ziyar, 111ma�rifa, 307–312, 329, 461Marinid state, Morocco, 414–417marja�-i taqlid, 364–368, 666market economy, 9, 271–273Maronites, 458Marrakesh, 377marriage. See also divorce; women and family
Islamic, overview, 186–187medieval Muslim jurists, 269–270Middle Eastern societies before Islam,
20–21polyandrous, in late antique Arabia, 183polygamous, in late antique Arabia, 183
Martel, Charles, 382Marwanid dynasty (685–750)
administration, Egypt, 71administration, Northern Mesopotamia, 70Caliphate, 86–87
masjid, 328–329, 666Masmuda, 370. See also Berbersmasnavi (rhyming couplet), 257, 666ma’sum, 666Mataram, Java, 569–572Mataram dynasty, Java, 562al-Maturidi, 154Maturidism, 154Mauritania, 351–352, 583, 599al-Mawardi, 294mawla (pl. mawali) (clientage), 74, 666mawlid, 148–149, 322–323, 666mawlid al-nabi, 328–329Maydan, Isfahan, 497Maydan-i Shah square, Isfahan, 497mazalim court, 96, 278Mazdakism, 16Mazdakite opposition, 194Mazhar, Mirza, 532Mecca
Arabia, 36–37muhajirun (exiled Meccans), 142, 666Muhammad’s conquest of, 51Quraysh opposition to Muhammad’s
revelations, 41Medina
Mosque of the Prophet, 121–122Muhammad’s conversion of, 49–50Muhammad’s political agreement with, 42Muhammad’s revelations and religious
differences, 42–43pre-Islamic, 49
style of Quran in Medinan period, 45Mediterranean
in late eleventh century and Almoravidconquests, 376
in ninth century, 371Ottoman expansion into, 436
Mediterranean Ocean, 644–647Mehmed I (Sultan 1413–1421), 439Mehmed II (Sultan 1444–1446, 1451–1481),
431–434, 439Mehmet II, 444Melkites, 14, 458, 459
translation of literature from Greek toArabic, 199–200
mellahs, 403–404merchants. See also economy; trade
under �Abbasid rule, 112Christianity and, 33kingship and empires, 9West Africa, 597–599, 601–604
Mesopotamia�Abbasid empire and post-imperial era, 110administration, Marwanid Caliphs, 70economic and social change under
Arab-Muslim Empire, 68–70economic regression, 113kingship and empires, 8–10pre-Islamic, 7–8veiling, 23
messiah (mahdi), 175, 665Mevlevis, 462Miaphysitism, 14, 15Middle East, 330–340, 482–489. See also
specific countries by nameArab provinces under Ottoman rule,
482–486Arabian Peninsula, 486–489continuity and change in historic cultures
of, 211–221conversion to Islam, 343–347conversion to Islam in, 347–350eve of Muslim era, 32feudalism, 250–254fragmented, states and communities in,
334–336Imperial Islamic society, 331–334language, during Arab-Muslim Empire,
78–79post-�Abbasid state system, 225–263state and religion in medieval Islamic
paradigm, 338–340views of worldly life, 336–338
Middle Eastern societies before Islam, 7–25religion and empires, 17–19
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global HistoryIra M. LapidusIndexMore information
Index 747
religion and society, 12–17Roman Empire, 10–11Sasanian Empire, 11–12women and family, 19–23
migration, Arab-Muslim, 61Mihr, 15mihrab, 666military slavery, 249–250millets, 460, 666Minangkabau, 578–580minaret, 666minbar, 666Ming dynasty (1368–1644), 557–558minorities. See non-Muslim minoritiesMir Damad, 500–501mi�raj, 666Mirghaniyya Sufi order, 628misr (pl. amsar) (garrison city), 63, 666missionaries, 242
Catholic, during Ottoman Empire, 458–459da´is (missionaries), 242defined, 364–368, 661Indian, 533Isma�ili Shi�is, 179to Southeast Asia, 566West Africa, 601–604
Mithraism, 12, 16mobad, 666Mogadishu, 624Mongol Empire, 648
1605–1707, 528Anatolia and, 428connections between Iran and Inner Asia
and, 544Mongol conquests to nineteenth century,
544–555post-�Abbasid Middle Eastern state system,
233–236Qarakhitay, 233role in advancement of Persian-Islamic
literature and arts, 259thirteenth century, 235
monotheism, 13, 143, 515Mori-Ule Sise, 615Morocco, 374. See also North Africa
�Alawi dynasty to French protectorate,417–420
Marinid and Sa�dian states, 414–417states and Islam, 422–424treatment of Jews, 403–404
Moshfegh, David, 203–210breakdown of convivencia, 400–401expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal,
401–404
expulsion of Muslims, 404–405Hispano-Arabic society, 384–386Jews in Spain, 395–398
Mosque of the Prophet (Medina), 121–122mosques
architectural change of, 258–259design development, 122Mosque of the Prophet, 121–122origin of, 115Umayyad mosque of Damascus, 120–121
Mozarab population, 385, 392, 398mu�amalat (rules of social relations) law
category, 166, 307–329, 666Mu�awiya (661–680), 82, 83–85, 126mudarris, 364–368Mudejars, 392–395, 400–401muezzin, 328–329, 364–368muftis (juris-consultants), 166, 277–278,
364–368, 666Mughal Empire
authority and legitimacy, 525–526compared to Safavid and Ottoman
Empires, 538–542compared to Safavid Empire, Mughal
Empire, 538–540decline of, 526–531Indian culture and, 521–525Islam under, 531–535type of Islamic society, 641–642
muhajirun (exiled Meccans), 142, 666Muhammad,
community and politics, 39, 43family of, 41Judeo-Christian and Arabian heritage, 40,
54overview, 39–43Quran, 41–43as source of law, 159–161Umma of Islam, 53–54
Muhammad b. Karram (Ibn Karram), 281Muhammad b. Masarra, 387Muhammad Rahim I (1806–1825), 555muhtasib (market and morals inspector), 272,
278–279, 364–368, 666mujaddid, 666Mujaddidiyya order, 532mujtahid, 278, 364–368, 502–504, 666al-Mukhtar, 174mukhtasar, 303Mulla Sadra, 500mullah, 666multi-religious community concept, 114muluk al-tawa´if, 387–388mu´minun (believers), 47
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global HistoryIra M. LapidusIndexMore information
748 Index
muqallids, 278al-Muqanna� (the veiled one), 103muqarnas (stalactite-like projections), 259Muqatil b. Sulayman, 169muqqadam, 364–368al-Murabitun movement, 377. See also
AlmoravidsMurad I (Sultan 1360–1389), 439Murad II (Sultan 1421–1444), 439, 444Murji�a, 77, 150–151, 191, 326–329murshid, 358–368, 492, 666murshid-khalifa-murid, 358–368Musa, al-Kazim, 176Musa, Mansa, 592Muslim
defined, 47states and populations (900–1700), 344
al-Mutanabbi (poet), 254al-Mu�tasim (Caliph 833–842), 106, 137–138al-Mutawakkil (Caliph 847–861), 129–130
Christianity and, 107treatment of non-Muslims, 196, 198view of Quran, 219wazirs, 107–108
Mu�tazila, 150, 151–153defined, 326–329theology, 313, 333
Mutesa I (King 1856–84), 629al-Muwahhidun, 378. See also Almohadsmuwalladun, 385muwashshah, 396, 667muwashshahat poetry, 386, 388Muwatta´ of Malik, 157–158mysticism, 167–173. See also Sufism (Sufis)
intellectual, Ibn Sina’s philosophy as,316–317
Jewish, 397
Nabatean kingdom, 35Nadir Shah, 505–506, 530nafs, 307–309, 329, 667nagaris, 578Naghrela, Samuel bin, 396Nagid, 209Naima, Mustafa, 476Najran, 33Nan Rincheh, Tuanku, 579Nan Tua, Tuanku, 579naqib, 667naqib al-ashraf, 364–368, 667Naqshbandi order, 359, 532, 551–552al-Nasafi, 239Nasi, Joseph, 451nasiha, 667
Nasir al-Din (Imam), 607–608Nasiriya Sufi Brotherhood, 418Nasrallah, Amir, 553nass, 667nationalism
Balkans and Arab provinces, 455European, 633–634Ottomanism displaced by, 460
natiq (prophet), 179Nava´i, Mir �Ali Shir, 260naval power, Europe, 651–654Nawruz, 324Neo-Platonism, 172, 216–217, 397Nessana (Negev), 69Nestorians, 14, 17, 199networking, Ottoman Empire, 475New Teachings (Hsin-chiao) movement, 558Ngazargamo, 595Niffari, 171Niger, 612Niger Company, 633Nigeria, 613, 630. See also HausalandNishapur
mystical-ethical movements, 169transformation of schools of law to
religious movements, 280visual arts, 258
niya, 667Nizam al-Mulk, 277, 296–297Nizami (poet), 257Nizari Isma�ilis (Assassins), 242Nizaris, 533nomads, 228–230. See also Bedouins;
pastoralismnon-Muslim minorities, 193–206
Christians and Christianity, 197–203early Islamic era, 194–195Jews and Judaism, 203–210legal rights under Ottoman Empire, 453Muslim legislation for, 195–197treatment under Iranian Shahs, 501Zoroastrianism, 206
normative Islam, 302–304North Africa, 369–381. See also Algeria;
Morocco; TunisiaAlmoravids and Almohads, 375–379Arab-Islamic civilization in, 370–374Arab-Islamic conquests, 60attacks from Europe, 375Banu Hilal Arabs, 374–375Christians and Christianity in, 203conversion to Islam, 343–347Fatimid dynasty (909), 111, 374–375fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, 391
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global HistoryIra M. LapidusIndexMore information
Index 749
Jews and Judaism, 206–207in late eleventh century and Almoravid
conquests, 376Libya, 406–408Muslim states to the eleventh century,
370–374in ninth century, 371outline chronology, 372–381scholars and Sufis, 379–381Zirid empire, 374–375
Northern Steppes, Inner Asia, 544–550Nur al-Din, 244–246, 249, 291Nurbaksh, 492
Oghuz peoples, 230–231Ohrmazd, 15Oman, 59, 489, 625Organon of Aristotle, 163–164orthoprax-Sufi position, 336, 358Ottoman Empire, 427–467
Arab provinces under Ottoman rule,482–486
Christians in Ottoman Near East, 458–460commercialization, 470–472compared to Safavid and Mughal Empires,
538–540, 542Cyrenaica, 407decentralization, 479–481economy, 446–450expansion of, 432Greek Orthodox and Armenian Christians,
455–457ideology and identity, 476–479Janissaries, civil and religious
administration, 438–441law, 441–442legitimacy of ruler, 365Mediterranean and, 645–646Muslim communities, 460–462networking, 475overview, 431–437patrimonial empire, 437–438political institutions, 472–475provincial government, 442–444rise of, 429–431royal authority, culture, and Ottoman
identity, 444–446rulers, 430rulers and subjects, 451–455scholars, 353–354Tripolitania, 407Tunisia, 410type of Islamic society, 640–641women and family (1400–1800), 462–467
padishah, 667Padri movement, 361, 579paganism, 13, 17, 143, 230Palestine, 68, 653Palestinian yeshiva, 207–209Palmyra, 35pancasila, 667Parsi (Pahlavi; Middle Persian), 255Parthian clans
Mithraism, 16Sasanian dynasty and, 12
Parthian Empire, 10Pasai, Shams al-Din, 575Pashtun tribes, Afghanistan, 508pastoralism
Galla (Oromo) peoples, 627–628North Africa, 375unification under Islamic religious
leadership, 363–365Patio de los Leones, Alhambra, 394Patrona Halil revolt, 475patronage, under �Abbasid rule, 102Paul of Antioch, 200peasants, Java, 569–573pengbulu (village headman), 576, 667Peoples of the Book (ahl al-dhimma), 63, 659Persian court dress, Safavid period, 505Persian Empires. See Mongol empire; Safavid
empire; Sasanian empire; Timuriddynasty
Persian literature�Abbasids, 134–136mirror literature, political theory, 295–298
pesantren, 566defined, 667Mataram, Java, 572
Peter the Great, 546Phanariots, 456philosophers (falasifa), 326–329philosophy
alternative Islam, 315–319Aristotle, in Spain, 386Hebrew culture and, 397–398Hellenistic, �Abbasids and, 136–139Hellenistic, political theory, 298–301Ibn Hazm, 388Muslim philosophers, 138–139Neo-Platonism, 172, 216–217, 397Plato, 136, 386
pilgrimage, 627, 641, 647. See also hajjpir, 358–368, 667pirzada, 532–533, 667Plato, 136, 386. See also philosophypluralism, 650–651
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global HistoryIra M. LapidusIndexMore information
750 Index
poetry, 131–132Arabia, 37–38Baghdadi, post-�Abbasid era, 254bedouins, 34court, Ottoman Empire,ghazal (lyric), 257Hebrew, 396Hispano-Arabic culture, 386Indian, 518–519Mahmud of Ghazna, 257masnavi (rhyming couplet), 257new blend of Arabic literary form and oral
Iranian literature, 256qasida (panegyric), 132, 254, 256, 257romantic, Azarbayjan, 257ruba�i (quatrain), 257saz shairi (itinerant minstrel poets),
461–462Sufi, 257–258Sufi, post-�Abbasid era, 254Turkish, European influence on, 477
political institutions, Ottoman Empire, 472–475political theory, 293–301
Greek, philosophic political theory,298–301
Persian mirror literature, 295–298Sunni theory, 293–295
Polo, Marco, 564polyandrous marriage, 183polygamous marriage, 183pondoks, 566popular Islam, 327–328Porphyry, 137Portuguese
colonialism and defeat of Muslimexpansion, 630
colonialism in Africa, 586–587East Africa and, 624–625expulsion of Jews, 401–404Southeast Asia and, 566–569
post-�Abbasid Middle Eastern state system,225–263
concept of state, 262–263Fatimid Egypt, 238–243iqta� system and Middle Eastern feudalism,
250–254Iraq and Iran, 227–230Mamluk Empire, 247–249military slavery, 249–250Mongols, 233–236royal courts and regional cultures, 254–262Saljuq Empire, 230–233Sufism in, 304–306
Syria, 243–247Timurids, 236–238
post-imperial succession regimes (late tenthcentury), 226
priyayi, 571–572, 667property and inheritance
India, Mughal Empire, 524–525medieval Muslim jurists, 270Middle Eastern societies before Islam,
21–22women, Ottoman Empire, 464women and family, 187–190
protocol, royal court�Abbasids, 130–131Fatimid dynasty, 239–241Umayyads, 332–333
provincial government�Abbasid Empire, 97–99�Abbasid Empire, decline of, 109–113Ottoman empire, 442–444
Pumbedita (Babylonian yeshivas), 208purification, Sufi, 309–313al-Qabisi, 380
qada´, 303–329Qadaris (theological school), 150, 326–329qadi (judge), 96, 156–157, 278, 364–368, 667al-Qadir (Caliph), 289Qadiriyya Sufi order
Somalia and Eritrea, 628Sufis, 283in West Africa, 600
qa´id, 667al-Qa´im (Caliph), 289Qajars, 506Qalandariyya, 461qalb, 307–309, 329, 667qanat, 667Qarakhanid Empire, 230, 258, 543–544,
647–648Qarakhitay, 233Qaramanli, Ahmad, 407Qarluq peoples, 230Qarmatian movement, 111qasaba, 667qasida (panegyric), 132, 254, 256, 257, 386,
388, 396, 667. See also poetryQasr Shirin treaty, 434qawm (lineages), 575–576, 667. See also
lineagesQayrawan, 206, 379–380qibla, 328–329, 667qital, 53
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global HistoryIra M. LapidusIndexMore information
Index 751
qiyas (reasoning), 162Qizilbash, 492, 494
under Shah �Abbas, 496quarters, 271–273quda´, 487Qum, 72Quran, 29, 155
cadenza, 45defined, 667interpreting, 159, 169–170Muhammad and, 41–43preservation of following Muhammad’s
death, 141status of women and, 184Sunni Islam, 154–167translations of, 398
Quraysh, 37opposition to Muhammad, 41power struggle with Caliph �Umar,
81qurb (nearness), 170qurra� (Quran reciters),qutb doctrine, 321, 667Qutb Shah dynasty, 513
Rabbis, 13Rabi�a, 170Radhanites, 204radical-skeptical approach to early Islamic
history, 27–28Raffles, Thomas Stamford, 573ra´is (head of teaching), 164, 553, 667Ra´is al-Yahud, office of, 208–209Ramadan, 328–329, 667Rashid al-Din, 259Rashidun (Rightly-Guided Caliphs), 55–56, 58,
80–83, 126, 217, 668rationalist position, Muslim theology, 153Raymond, Francis, 398reason
Ash�arism view of, 153reasoned opinion versus traditionalism,
Sunni Islam, 162–164socio-political changes in early Muslim
societies and, 154re�aya, 460rebellion and resistance. See also resistance
and rebellionJelali rebellions, 469–470Muslims in China, 559
reconquista, Spain, 389–390reformism
India, 360
Malaya, 361Minangkabau, 578–580Southeast Asia, 361Sumatra, 361West Africa, 360
Registan of Samarqand, 550religion. See also specific religions by name
empires and, 217–220Middle Eastern societies before Islam,
12–19Muslim identity and, 114–116religious administration of Ottoman
Empire, 438–441religious movements, 288–292
religious communities, 273–284schools of law, 274–280Shi�is, 273–274Sufis, 280–284
religious diversityBaghdad, 93Sasanian Empire, 16
religious mood, Shi�ism, 180religious movements, 326–329, 585. See also
specific movements by nameresistance and rebellion
�Abbasid Empire, 102–104Christians and Christianity resistance to
Arabization, in Spain, 385elite’s resistance to mass conversions under
Arab-Muslim Empire, 75Sufi-led resistance against state domination
in Anatolia, 461–462riba (loans), 159ribats (forts), 267, 280, 290, 370, 668rida (love), 170, 307–329Rightly Guided Caliphs, 55–56, 58, 80–83, 126,
217, 668Risala, 163Roman Empire, 490–506. See also Byzantine
Empire (Late Roman)Christianity, 17–18compared to Ottoman and Mughal
Empires, 538–542concubinage, 21dissolution of, 504–506divorce, 20marriage, 20Middle Eastern societies before Islam,
10–11religion and, 217role of men, 19veiling, 23women and property, 22
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global HistoryIra M. LapidusIndexMore information
752 Index
royal courts, 254–262, 438, 444–446, 463. Seealso court (royal) protocol
royal women, 265–266ruba�i (quatrain), 257Rudaki (poet), 256ruh, 309, 668Rumi, 258Russia
advances during Ottoman rules, 468–469Afghanistan and, 508–509conquests, 546–550expansion into Inner Asia, 548, 555
Rustam, �Abd al-Rahman b., 370rustaq, 99, 668
Saadya Gaon, 210, 397Sabah b. Jabr, 489sabr (patience), 170, 307–329, 668sada´ (sayyids), 487sadaqa, 668Sa�dian state, Morocco, 414–417Sadozai, Ahmed Shah, 508sadr, 495Sadr al-Din, 492Safavid Empire
architecture, 539art, 540compared to Mughal and Ottoman
Empires, 538–540, 542dissolution of, 504–505imposition of ithna �ashari (“twelver”),
Shi�ism, 495Iran, state and religion under late, 501–504Iran under, early, 493–496Iran under, seventeenth century, 503literature, 539–540origins of Safavids, 490–506Persian court dress, 505Shi�ism, 506state and religion in, 501–504
Saffarids, 109Safi al-Din (Shaykh), 492Saghanughu, Muhammad al-Mustafa, 603–604Sahara Desert, 647–649Sahih of Bukhari, 161saints, veneration of, 321–324sajjada nishin, 364–368, 668Saladin, 246, 249, 290salah, 328–329, 668Salaymeh, Lena, 19–23, 154–167, 181–183,
264–271, 441–442, 462–467Salih b. Tarif, 374Salihiyya Sufi order, 628Saljuq Empire, 263, 334, 339
Anatolia under, 427–428dynasties, 233effect on relation between religious
communities and state, 289iqta� (land tax allotment), 250–251khanaqas, 290late eleventh century, 232post-�Abbasid Middle Eastern state system,Sunni schools and, 289–290
sama�, 160, 668Samanids, 99, 228
defined, 225literature, 256
Samarqand, 237, 258Samarra´, 106–107Samori Ture (1879–1898), 615–617Sanhaja, 370. See also BerbersSanhedrin, 207sanjak beyliks, 443santris, 572, 668al-Sanusi, Muhammad b. �Ali, 407Sanusiya order, 407saqaliba, 383Sargon of Akkad, 8sarkin, 668sarkis, 596Sasanian Empire, 10
Arabia and, 36Arab-Islamic conquests and, 60divorce, 20influence in North Arabia, 31marriage, 20Middle Eastern societies before Islam,
11–12religion and, 13, 18, 217religious authority, 127–128religious diversity, 16religious policies, 18–19women and inheritance, 22women and property, 22Zoroastrianism, 15–16
sati, 527Saudi Arabia, 488sawafi, 668Sawdah bint Zam´ah (wife of the Prophet), 184sayyid, 668Sayyid Muhammad, 519Sayyid Sa�id b. Sultan (1804–1856), 625Sayyidna al-Husayn mausoleum, 242saz shairi (itinerant minstrel poets), 461–462sbarif, 668scholars. See also elites; �ulama´ (scholars)
attitude to worldly actualities, 337faqis, 621
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global HistoryIra M. LapidusIndexMore information
Index 753
in India under Mughal Empire, 530Inner Asia, 353–354Iran, 353–354Mataram, Java, 572North Africa, 379–381relationships of different Islamic states to,
366–367scholar-bureaucrats, Persian, 494
scholars-cum-Sufis, 358School of Athens, 136School of Baghdad, 326–329School of Edessa, 136School of Khurasan, 326–329School of Nasibin, 136schools of law, 274–280, 286, 336, 344. See
also Hanafi school of law; Hanbalischool of law; Maliki school of law;Shafi�i school of law
Sunni Islam, 164–167, 326–329transformation to religious movements,
279–280women and family, 269–271
science, Islamic era, 139scripturalism, Sufism, 325scripturalism, Sunni Islam
Hadith, 159–161law, 156–158Quran, 154–167reasoned opinion versus traditionalism,
162–164schools of law (Madhahib), 164–167
seclusionMiddle Eastern societies before Islam,
22–23for women, during lifetime of the Prophet,
185sectarianism
Jews, 204Muslim, 326–329
secularization, 650, 656sedentarization, 36, 72Selim I (Sultan), 435Selim III (Sultan), 475Senegambia, 604–606
jihads, 608–613late nineteenth century jihads, 615slavery and, 585
separation of church and state, 637–643sexual morality, Middle Eastern societies
before Islam, 20–21Shabbatai Zvi, 455al-Shadhili, 409–410Shadhili order, Sufi, 283al-Shafi�i, 165
theory of Risala, 163treatment of non-Muslims, 196
Shafi�i school of law, 165origins of, 275transformation to religious movement,
279–280shahada (testimonial), 77, 328–329, 668Shah-en-shah, 668shahid, 668Shahrukh (r. 1405–1447), 237Shahs, declining power of, 502–504. See also
specific shahs by nameShailendra dynasty, Java, 562Shajar ad-Durr, 265shakiriyya (military units), 73, 106shamanists, 230Shaqiq al-Balkhi, 170Shari�a, 303–329, 461, 668sharifs, 356–357shashiya, 411Shattari order, Sufi, 517Shaybanid Empire (1500–1598), 551–552, 648shaykh (bedouin clan chief), 34, 358–368, 668shaykh al-Islam, 364–368, 441, 668shaykh al-shuyukh, 364–368shaytaniyya, 309Sher Shah (1540–1545), 512Sherley, Anthony, 498–499Sherley, Robert, 498–499Shi�ism (Shi�a; Shi�i Islam), 82, 145, 174–180,
215–216, 273–274, 326–329. See alsoIsma�ili Shi�ism; ithna �ashari(“twelver”), Shi�ism
Caliphate, attitude toward, 88, 128Caliphate and, 218conversion of Iran to, 500–501defined, 668Imami branch of, 174–176, 177influence in India, 533Isma�ili Shi�ism, 179–180partitions of, 328–329resistance and rebellion under �Abbasid
rule, 103–104, 109Safavid-period, 506veneration of the Prophet, 321–322Yemen, 487Zaydis branch of, 174
Shikuh, Dara, 526–527shirk, 668Shrine-Sufism, 356shukr (gratitude), 170, 307–329shura, 668shurafa´, 358–368shurta (governor’s police), 272
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global HistoryIra M. LapidusIndexMore information
754 Index
Shu�ubiya controversy, 135, 216Sibawayhi, 137, 146Sidiya al-Kabir (Shaykh), 600–601Sijilmassa, 374Sijistan, Iran, 109silsila (chain of transmission), 282, 295, 356,
358–368, 668al-Simnani, 283Sinan, Koja, 446al-Singkeli, �Abd al-Ra´uf, 575sipahi (Ottoman cavalry), 468, 668Sira, 27, 39, 668Sirhindi, Shaykh Ahmad (1564–1624), 534Sitt al-Mulk, 265, 269slametan village ritual, 573slavery
Africa, 585–586military slavery, 247, 249–250women and, 185women and family in Ottoman era
(1400–1800), 249–250social (sociopolitical movements), Spain, 387social activity, women, 268social change
development (transformation) of Islamand, 213
in Egypt under Arab-Muslim Empire, 70–71in Iran under Arab-Muslim Empire, 71–72in Iraq under Arab-Muslim Empire, 66–68in Syria and Mesopotamia under
Arab-Muslim Empire, 68–70upper-class versus lower-class women,
188–189Sokoto Caliphate, 610–613Somalia, 351–352, 625–628Songhay, 592–595soul
al-Ghazali’s view of, 309Ibn Sina’s view of, 316–317in Sufism, 307–329
South Africa, 630Southeast Asia, 561–580. See also specific
countries by namearrival of Islam, 562–566conversion to Islam in, 350–353Java, 573–580Muslim states to 1800, 563Portuguese, Dutch, and British empires
(1500–1914), 567Portuguese, Dutch, and Muslim States,
566–569pre-Islamic, 561–562reformism, 361
Srivijaya dynasty, 562trade, 568–569type of Islamic society, 642–643
soyurghal, 495Spain, 382–405. See also North Africa
breakdown of convivencia, 400–401expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal,
401–404expulsion of Muslims, 404–405fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, 391Hispano-Arabic society, 384–388, 393–395Jews in Spain, 395–398in late eleventh century and Almoravid
conquests, 376Muslims under Christian rule, 390–393in ninth century, 371reconquista, 389–390translations into Latin and Castilian,
398–399Spanish Caliphate, 384Spanish Inquisition, 402–403, 404Srivijaya dynasty, Southeast Asia, 562state. See also specific empires and countries by
nameformation of, Muhammad and, 363Islam-North African variations and, 421–424Java, 569–573Muslim community connection to
formation of, 635–636religion and, Iran under late Safavids,
501–504separation of church and, 637–643
Sub-Saharan Africaconversion to Islam in, 350–353eleventh to fourteenth centuries, 589sixteenth to eighteenth centuries, 594
Sudan, 588–590, 619–622Kanem and Bornu, 595Kingdoms of Western and Central, 588–591
sufigare, 493Sufism (Sufis), 167–173, 280–284, 326–329. See
also mysticism; philosophy; specificorders or brotherhoods by name
asceticism, 380attitude to worldly actualities, 337Bektashis, 461Darqawa Sufi Brotherhood, 418defined, 668emergence of, 354–358maraboutism, 380–381Morocco, 415–416Nasiriyya Sufi Brotherhood, 418North Africa, 379–381
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global HistoryIra M. LapidusIndexMore information
Index 755
Sufism (Sufis) (cont.)orders, 281in post-�Abbasid era, 304–306post-Caliphal Hispano-Arabic civilization,
388relationships of different Islamic states to,
367scripturalism, 325scripture and theology, 302–304social organization of, 358–368Spanish form of, 380spiritual goal, 148suppression of by Shah �Abbas, 501terminology, 307–329veneration of saints, 321–324in West Africa, 601women’s role, 267
Sufyanid dynasty, 83–85Suhrawardi, Shihab al-Din, 318–319Suhrawardi Sufi order, 282–283, 517, 519–520Suleyman I (Sultan 1520–1566), 438, 439, 444Sultan Ahmed (Blue) Mosque, Istanbul, 447,
448Sultanate (sultans)
Baybars (1260–1277), 249, 291defined, 668Delhi, 509–510, 513–521division of power with Caliphs, 263Husayn (r. 1469–1506), 260Malaya, 577separation of church and state, 638weakening position in Ottoman Empire,
473Sumatra
reformism, 361slavery and, 586
Sumerianskingship and empires, 8–10pre-Islamic, 8
Sunjata, 592sunna, 669Sunni �Ali, 592–593Sunni Islam (Sunnis), 82, 146–173, 215, 487
asceticism and mysticism (Sufism), 167–173attitude to worldly actualities, 336–337attitude toward Caliphate, 88Caliphate and, 218defined, 669early theology, 149–154hierarchy of jurists, 166–167inheritance laws, 188Mamluk period, 248–249political theory, 293–295
schools of law, 326–329scripturalism, 154–158, 159–161, 162–167shift to written literature, 145veneration of the Prophet, 147–149, 322view of Caliph authority, 128
Sunpadh, 103sura, 669Surakarta, 570Swahili Islam, 623–625Swahili language, 624symbolism, Sufi language, 171syncretistic religious movements, 194Syria
�Abbasid empire and post-imperial era,110
under �Abbasid rule, 98Crusader states in the twelfth century, 245crusades and, 243–247economic and social change under
Arab-Muslim Empire, 68–70establishment of system of state control,
249Hellenism, 17quarters, 271Sufi orders, 283
Syriac (Jacobite; Miaphysite) church, 198Syrian Orthodox church, 198
Tabaristan, 99, 102Tabriz, 260–261tafsir, 669tafsir (exegesis), 155Tahir (820–822), 102, 105–106Tahirid family (820–873), 99Tahmasp (Shah), 494, 498tahrirs (cadastral surveys), 443Taj Mahal, 527tajalliyat (theophanies), 319–320tajdid, 669. See also reformismtalakawata, 669taljia, 108, 669Tanzimat, 669taqlid, 303, 329, 669Tariq, 382tariqa, 282, 283–284, 357, 461, 669. See also
Sufism (Sufis)tasbib (designated lands), 227tasdiq (truth), 314–315, 669tassuj district, 99Tatars, 549tawakkul (trust in God), 170, 307–311, 329,
669tawba, 307–329, 669
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global HistoryIra M. LapidusIndexMore information
756 Index
tawhid, 307–329, 669ta�wil, 669taxation, 63–65
Egypt, 70–71iqta� (land tax allotment), 108, 250–254,
663jizya (tribute; poll tax), 51, 67, 195, 197,
664kharaj (land tax), 67, 665local government under �Abbasid rule,
99–101Mamluk Egypt, 248zabt system, India, 524
tax-farming, 108, 473–474ta�ziya, 669tekke, 358–368, 449, 669. See also khanaqa
(residences; retreats)temple-cities, Sumerian, 8Theodore bar Koni, 199Theodore of Abu Qurra, 78, 200Theodosian Code, 204Theological schools, 326–329theology
scriptural Islam and, 313–315Sufism, 302–304
theosophy, 315–319Tigris River, 66–67Tijaniya Sufi order, 413timar system, 429, 437, 443, 469, 473, 669timarliks, 443Timbuktu, 592, 593, 597–599Timur (Tamerlane), 236–237Timurid dynasty
emirs, 236post-�Abbasid Middle Eastern state system,
236–238role in advancement of Persian-Islamic
literature and arts, 259–261Tippu Tip, 629al-Tirmidhi, 172–173, 323Toledo, as translation center, 398–399Topkapi Saray, 437–438torodbe (Africa, leadership group), 608trade
Arabia, 33, 37Bornu, 595central Africa, 628–629East African coastal towns, 623–624Europe, 651–654forest and coastal regions of West Africa,
601–602Funj kingdom, 621–622Mali, 592Mediterranean, 645
under Ottoman Empire, 446–450, 470–472silk, under Shah �Abbas, 498Southeast Asia, 568–569Zanzibar, 625
traditionalismMuslim theology, 153versus reasoned opinion, Sunni Islam,
162–164Transoxania, 99
conversions, 76–77hukama, 169influence of Qarakhanids in recreation of
Islamic culture in Turkish, 258language, 79from Mongol conquests to nineteenth
century, 550–555Samanid victory of 900, 109Sufi orders, 283
treatiesFrench-Ottoman treaty of 1604, 458Karlowitz, treaty of, 476Kuchuk Kaynarca treaty, 468–469Qasr Shirin, treaty of, 434
tribes. See also clans and kingdoms;pastoralism
Bakr tribe, 59Pashtun tribes, Afghanistan, 508
Tripolitania, 407–408truth, concept of, 179Tu Wen-hsiu, 559tuanku, 576Tughluq dynasty
conquest of India, 512Sufis under, 520–521
Tughril Beg, 231, 263Tulunid dynasty, 109
Egypt, 109rule over Egypt, 238
Tunis, 370–374Tunisia, 370–374, 408–412. See also North
Africa�Alawi dynasty to French protectorate,
417–420pastoralism, 375states and Islam, 421–422
TurkestanEastern, 555–560from Mongol conquests to nineteenth
century, 550–555Turkey, 427–467. See also Ottoman empire
Muslim communities, 460–462rise of Ottomans (c. 1280–1453), 429–431Turkish-Islamic states in Anatolia
(1071–1243), 427–429
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global HistoryIra M. LapidusIndexMore information
Index 757
Turks, conversion of, 230. See also Ottomanempire
al-Tustari, Sahl, 172tuyul (estates), Mongols, 234–236Twelver Shi�ism (Twelvers). See ithna �ashari
(“twelver”), Shi�ismtyeddo, 669
Ubadiah mosque, 577Ubaydallah, 374–375�ulama´ (scholars), 353–354
Arabian peninsula, 487defined, 669Java, 569–573Morocco, 420under Ottoman Empire, 440–441Saudi Arabia, 488Timbuktu, 597–599
uleebalang, 669Ulugh-beg, 237, 260�Umar (Caliph 634–644), 55, 58, 63–64, 81�Umar II (Caliph 717–720), 126
�Abbasids embracement of principles of,93–95
convert issue, 88Muslim equality, 77, 87, 93
Umayyad Caliphs, 84Umayyad dynasty (661–750), 55–56
adopting practices of ancient empires,123–124
architecture, 118–122Caliphate, 83–86imperialism, 117
Umayyad Mosque of Damascus, 120–121ummah (community), 141, 669Uncreated Quran theological position, 162Uniate churches, 459–460United East India Company (VOC), Dutch, 568universality of gods concept, 12–13upper-class women, 188–189Urban Islam, 57urbanization, 181–192, 331
quarters and markets, 271–273Syria and Mesopotamia, 68–69urban communities, 190–192women and family, 181–190
Urdu language, 518�urs, 358–368‘ushr, 669Ushrusana, 99, 102usul al-fiqh (legal methodology), 163,
303–325, 329usuli (rationalists) school, 178, 502–504�Uthman (Caliph r. 644–654), 55, 58, 81, 126
�Uthman don Fodio (1754–1817), 360, 610–613uymaqs, 490–491, 493–494
defined, 669dissolution of Safavid Empire and, 504–505under Shah �Abbas, 496
Uzbeksdomination of Transoxania, 551origin of, 545
Valenciabreakdown of convivencia, 400–401Jews, 401, 402Mudejars, 392–393
vassals, European feudal system, 252veiling, Middle Eastern societies before Islam,
22–23veneration of the Prophet, Sunni Islam,
147–149village societies, 363village-scale estates, 67visual arts, 258
wahdat al-shuhud, 669wahdat al-wujud doctrine, 319, 518, 540–541,
669Wahhabi movement, 149, 360, 488wahyu, 570–571wali, 358–368, 670Waliallah (Shah), 534–535al-Walid (705–715), 86–87, 121–122al-Walid, Khalid b., 59al-Walid II, 123wandering dervishes (Malamatiyya), 461waqf (trusts), 188waqf (trusts), 291–292waqf (trusts), 358–368, 670al-Waqidi, 39warfare, 53watan, 670Wattasids, 415wazir (chief minister)
�Abbasid government, 97defined, 670under reign of al-Mutawakkil (Caliph,
847–861), 107–108West Africa, 588–606, 607–618. See also specific
countries by namediffusion of Islam (Islamization), 351,
582–583Hausaland, 596–597jihad and conversion, 617–618jihad of al-Hajj �Umar, 614–615late nineteenth century jihads, 615–617Mali, 591–592
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global HistoryIra M. LapidusIndexMore information
758 Index
West Africa (cont.)merchants, 597–599, 601–604missionaries, 601–604reformism, 360religious lineages, 597–599scholars, 353Senegambia, 604–606Senegambian Jihads, 608–613slavery and, 585Songhay, 592–595trade, settlements, and the diffusion of
Islam (1500–1900), 598zawayan, Kunta clan, 599–601
Western Steppes, Inner Asia, 544–550wilayat, 670wird, 670Wittfogal, Karl, 425Wolof system, Quran school, 605women and family, 181–183, 264–271
in Caliphal era, 185–187conservative Muslims view of role in
Western societies, 181in lifetime of the Prophet, 183–185Middle Eastern societies before Islam,
19–23in Ottoman era (1400–1800), 462–467property and inheritance, 187–190royal women, 265–266schools of law, 269–271Westerners view of role in Muslim society,
181women of urban notable families, 266–267working women, 267–269, 463–464
working women, 267–269, 463–464world history, Islam in, 24worldly life, differing views of, 336–338wudu´, 328–329
Yahya ibn �Adi, 200Yao peoples, 629Ya�qub Beg, 559–560
yasa (supreme law), Mongols, 234, 670Yazid (680–683), 85Yazid II (Caliph 721–724), 195Yemen, 34–35, 487
economy, 33Himyarite kingdom, 36
yeshivot (Rabbinic academies), 205, 207–209Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), 557
zabt system, India, 524zahir (external, literal truth)
defined, 670Isma�ili Shi�is, 179
Zahir al-�Umar, 485Zahiri school of law, 165zajal poetry, 388zakah (charity tax), 159, 328–329, 670zamindars, Mughal Empire, 523–524, 670zanadiqa, 127Zanata. See also Berberszandaqa, 670Zanj revolts, 68Zanzibar, 489, 623
economy, 625slavery and, 586
zawaya, 356–357, 358–368defined, 670Kunta clan, 599–601
zawiya, 358–368, 407, 410, 670Zaydis branch, Shi�ism, 174, 326–329Zenata Berbers, 370. See also BerbersZengi, 244Zirid Empire, 374–375ziyara, 358–368, 670Zoroastrianism, 206
general discussion, 15–16similarities to Christianity and Judaism,
13zu�ar, 287zuhd, 307–329Zutt rebellions, 68
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global HistoryIra M. LapidusIndexMore information