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A-fibres 873–4
activation 875
brain-derived nerve growth factor 884,
885
sprouted 885, Fig. 58.12
A2M genetic locus 5
A� fibres 874
A� antibody passive transfer 1853–4
A� fibres 874
AD 1844
formation in familial AD 1845
see also amyloid
A� immunization 1853–4
A� peptide 12, 215
AD 255–6, 257, 258
clearance 229
degradation/clearance stimulation 262
immunization against 262
production blocking 262
see also A� amyloid plaques
A�42
AD 1844, 1846
CSF levels 262
ABCC gene mutations 1412
abdominoperineal resection of carcinoma
846
abducens motoneurons 636
abducens nerve
fascicle lesions 650
middle ear disease 670
palsy 649–51
petrous bone infection 651
abducens nucleus
abducens nerve palsy 649
horizontal conjugate eye movements
635, 636, 637
lesions 635
oculomotor nerve neurons 647, 648
abetalipoproteinemia 1139–40, 1882,
1883
abulia 1962
acamprosate, alcoholism treatment 441,
1821
acanthocytosis 1882
acceleration, rotational in brain injury
1799
acetaldehyde 1820, 1821
acetaldehyde–protein adducts 1821
acetaminophen
migraine 1940
shingle pain 1678
acetazolamide
acidification 1235
idiopathic intracranial hypertension
2027
periodic paralysis 1201–2
acetyl CoA 1210
acetylcholine
AD 256
brain aging 198
Lewy body dementia 273, 274
neuromuscular junction 1143, 1144
olfactory deficit 604
parasympathetic system 1341, 1342
quantal release 1143–4
release at neuromuscular junction
1143–4
swallowing 800
acetylcholine receptor (AChR) 1143, 1144,
1144–6
antibody assay 1150–1
channel abnormalities 1145
973
Index
Note : this is a complete two-volume index
Note: page numbers in italics refer to figures and tables; ‘Fig.’ refers to illustrations in the plates section
Abbreviations of conditions used in subheadings (without explanation):
AD Alzheimer’s disease
AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
CJD Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
FTD Frontotemporal dementia
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus
HD Huntington’s disease
PD Parkinson’s disease
SIADH syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone
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Cambridge University Press0521793513 - Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutic Principles, Third EditionEdited by Arthur K. Asbury, Guy M. McKhann, W. Ian McDonald, Peter J. Goadsby and Justin C. McArthurIndexMore information
acetylcholine receptor (cont.)
clustering at neuromuscular junction
1145
deficiency 1155–7
myasthenia gravis 1148, 1520
acetylcholinesterase 1143, 1146
end-plate deficiency 1160
achondroplasia
craniocervical junction anomaly 732
low back pain 763
achromatopsia 627, 628
acid maltase deficiency 1208, 1217
acoustic neuroma
auditory nerve degeneration 673
childhood 1449
pain 940
radiotherapy 1494
surgery 674
acoustic reflex thresholds 666, 668
acousticomotor system 663
acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans 1757
acromegaly 858–9
glucose-GH suppression test 855, 859
acrylamide neuropathy 1082–3, 1104
actin 1163
fibrous (f-actin) 90
�-actin gene 1171–2
action potentials
bursts in nervous system lesions 897
compound muscle 1111, 1157, 1159
orthodromic 877
propagated and potassium flow 1195
propagation to spinal cord 878
saltatory conduction 1077, 1078, 1595
fast 876, Fig. 58.5
actions, meaningful 472
activation-flow coupling (AFC) 131, 132
spatial extent 136
activator-complex protein-1 (AP-1) 1436
activities of daily living
AD 254
dementia 245
acupuncture
dystonia 543
pain control 917
acute disseminated encephalitis 1529
acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
1514, 1624, 1673–5
imaging 1673–4
management 1674
multiple sclerosis differential diagnosis
1624
onset 1673
optic neuritis 1674–5
acyclovir
herpes simplex encephalitis 1671
herpes simplex meningitis 1664
acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
short-chain 1221
very-long chain 1220
acyl-CoA oxidase deficiency 1913
acylcarnitines, long-chain 1219
adamalysins 1511
addiction 431
definition 916
glutamate pathways 440
Addison’s disease 1175, 2039
Guillain–Barré syndrome 2039
addressins 1595
adeno-associated virus vaccine against
NR1 subunit 68
adenosine
alcohol intoxication 1819
cerebral blood flow regulation 1337–8
peripheral sensitization 880
sleep promotion 819
adenosine diphosphate 1207
muscle glycolytic defects 1211
adenosine triphosphate
hydrolysis 1207
muscle fatigue 1209
adenosyl cobalamin system 2046
adhalin deficiency 1167
adhesion molecules
bacterial meningitis 1733
viral infection 1655
adjustment disorders 364
adoption studies 15
adrenal disease, neurological
complications 2038–40
adrenal hormone replacement therapy
1635
adrenal insufficiency
hypercalcemia 2004
hyperkalemia 2010–11
secondary 862
SIADH differential diagnosis 868
suspected secondary 864
adrenalectomy, bilateral 860
�2-adrenergic agonists 913
�-adrenergic receptor 26
�-adrenoceptors, cerebral circulation
1343
adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
infantile spasms 1240
obsessive–compulsive disorder 394
pituitary adenoma 859–60
rapid stimulation test 864
secretion 854
adrenoleukodystrophy 1138, 1882
neonatal 1633, 1913
X-linked 1633–6, 1913
adrenal function 1635, 2039
animal model 1635
bone marrow transplantation 1635–6
clinical features 1633–4
diagnosis 1635
dietary therapy 1636
gene defect 1634–5
imaging 1635, 1636
pathology/pathogenesis 1635
phenotypes 1634
therapy 1635–6
adrenomyeloneuropathy 1138, 1633–4,
1635
adrenal function 2039
ataxia 1891
bone marrow transplant
contraindication 1636
adult T-cell leukemia 1710–11
advanced sleep phase syndrome 825
Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS)
1796
aerobic fitness 1210
affective disorders see mood disorders
age-related changes
accumulation 242
intrinsic 240–2
molecular mechanisms 239–42
ageusia 614
thalamus injury 615
aggression
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
423
periaqueductal grey 890
aggressive outbursts 1283, 1284
aging
alpha frequency 238
Alzheimer’s disease 253
anatomical changes 237–9
apoptosis 241
brain 237–8
caloric restriction 241
cellular basis 241
cerebral blood flow 238
dementia 237–46, 242–3
974 Index
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521793513 - Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutic Principles, Third EditionEdited by Arthur K. Asbury, Guy M. McKhann, W. Ian McDonald, Peter J. Goadsby and Justin C. McArthurIndexMore information
risk factor 246
electroencephalogram 238
estrogens 242
focal temporal slowing 238
genetic basis 243
neural growth factors 241–2
neurodegeneration 210–11
neurotransmitter function 238–9
olfactory dysfunction 600, 603
penetrating artery disease syndromes
1356
physiological changes 237–9
aging population 3
agnosia, visual associated 628–9
agraphia 321
agrin 1145
AIDS
cytomegalovirus polyradiculitis
1085
dementia complex 1690–6
epidemic 3, 4, 123
epidemiology 1683
gracile tract degeneration 1082
neurological manifestations 123
orphans 3
pandemic 1685
peripheral neuropathy 1081
sensory neuropathy 1093
vacuolar myelopathies 722
see also HIV infection
air emboli 1944–5
air travel 4
airway patency, sleep 821
akathisia 2045
akinesia 333
corticobasal degeneration 495
directional 333
hemispatial 333
liver transplantation 1976
pathophysiology 336–7
akinetic mutism
attention 293
awakeness 293
cingulate gyri 337
consciousness 295, 296
frontal lobes 337
medial thalamus 337
variant CJD 1722
akinetopsia 627
alachryma 792
alanine tract expansion 41
albendazole 1747, 1751
albinism, optic chiasm disorders 625
albuterol in facioscapulohumeral
muscular dystrophy 1169, 1172
alcohol/alcohol abuse 1814
addiction 440–1
acute mechanisms 442
autonomic dysfunction 787
binge drinking 1817, 1824
cerebellar degeneration 1823
dopamine levels in nucleus acumbens
432
drug abuse 1834, 1835
endorphins 440
epidemiology 1814
epilepsy 1255
essential tremor 518
hypomagnesemia 2008
intoxication 438, 1814–16
benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
differential diagnosis 687
severe 1815–16
intraneural injection for multiple
sclerosis 1625
kinetic tremor 519
level of response (LR) 1820
neurotoxicity 1814–24
olfaction 599
opiate mechanisms in reward 440
optic neuropathy 624
pharyngeal muscle tone suppression
822
reward 433
stroke 1943
primary prevention 1416
tolerance 1815
withdrawal 433, 438
delirium tremens 517
nightmares 827
NMDA transmission 441
REM sleep behaviour disorder 828
seizures 440
syndrome 1816–17
alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) 1820
alcoholic blackouts 1815
alcoholic dementia 1823
alcoholic flush reaction 1820
alcoholic myopathy 1824
alcoholic neurological disorders 1821–4
alcoholic neuropathy 1823–4
alcoholism 1814
amplitude P3 on event-related potential
paradigm 1820
antisocial personality disorder
relationship 1820
central pontine myelinolysis 1823
disulfiram sensory–motor
polyneuropathy 1102
dopamine 440
epidemiology 1814
ethanol resistance 1815
ethanol tolerance 1815
genetic risk 1820
genetics 1820
Marchiafava–Bignami disease 1823
treatment 441, 1820–1
see also fetal alcohol syndrome
aldolase A deficiency 1217
aldosterone 2011
ALDP protein 1634
alertness 294
Alexander disease 1642–4
alexia 324
primary reading epilepsy 1258
algal blooms 1809, 1810
alien limb phenomenon, corticobasal
degeneration 495–6
ALK1 gene 2075
allelic association 19, 20
allelic heterogeneity 14–15
allesthesia 332
testing 334
allokinesia testing 334
allopurinol, azathioprine interaction 1532
Alpers disease 1919
alpha beta-crystalline 1643
alpha frequency, aging 238
Alport syndrome 672
alprostadil 848
altered peptide ligands (APLs) 1508
immunomodulation 1543
alternative therapies
cerebral palsy 577
dystonia 543
pain control 917
aluminium
accumulation 241, 1996
intoxication 1998
serum levels 1996
alveolar hypoventilation 822
Alzheimer, Alois 253
Alzheimer’s disease 3, 253–63
activities of daily living 254
aging 253
Alzheimer’s description 253–4
Index 975
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Alzheimer’s disease (cont.)
amnesia 254
�-amyloid deposition 240
amyloid hypothesis 5, 256–8
amyloid plaques 135, 214, 255, 258
animal models 8
anomia 254
APP gene 256–7
apraxia 254
assessment scales 260
autosomal dominant 21
biological markers 261–2
brain appearance 254–5
brainstem nuclei damage 296
cerebral amyloid angiopathy 1408
cholinesterase inhibitors 262
clinical course 253–4
clinical features 253–4
clinical signs 1843–5, Fig. 115.2
cognitive function decline 260–1
prediction 205
conceptual priming 312
consciousness impairment 296
cortical myoclonus 525
corticobasal degeneration differential
diagnosis 497
cost of care 211
cytoskeletal abnormalities 1844
dementia 20
degenerative 245
diagnostic accuracy 261
diagnostic evaluation 259–62
Down’s syndrome 256
DSM-IV criteria 259
early-onset 5, 21–2
genetic heterogeneity 14
epidemiology 124, 253
epilepsy 1255
etiology 256–9
extracellular aggregates 1844
familial 220
A�-amyloidogenesis 1853
inheritance 220
mutant genes 1845–6
FTD differential diagnosis 498
functional imaging 140, 141
gene 210
gene targeted mice 1848
genetic risk factors 5, 253
genetics 5
glutamate reduction 256
head injury as risk factor 1800
heritability 22
history 260
ICD-10 criteria 259
imaging 224, 260
incidence 211, 217
inflammatory component 9–10
language impairment 254
late-onset 6, 22
Lewy bodies 479
Lewy body dementia differential
diagnosis 503
memory 254, 260
misfolded protein deposition in
neuronal inclusions 40
molecular genetics 256–8
mutation 220
neurochemical abnormalities 256
neurofibrillary changes 258
neurofibrillary tangles 220, 255, 1800
neuronal loss 238, 256
neuropathology 254–6, 1843–5
neuropsychiatric manifestations 254
NINDS-ADRDA criteria 259
nucleus basalis of Meynert cholinergic
projection loss 238–9
olfactory deficit 604
paired helical filaments 1844
with parkinsonism 476, 477
pathogenesis-based treatments 4
perceptual priming 312
point mutations 253
positive family history 253
pre-clinical stage 242
presenilins 258
progression rate 254
protein aggregates 1844
psychometric tests 260
risk factors 5, 253
schizophrenia 376–7
sleep disorder 830
sporadic 215, 220
tau proteins 256, 258–9, 1848,
Fig. 115.4
therapy 262–3
transgenic models 226, 1848
Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale 260
amantadine
neuropathic pain control 914
PD 483
rest tremor 516
Amblyomma americanum 1756
amenorrhea, anorexia nervosa 808
American Academy of Neurology, blood
pressure control guidelines 1383
American College of Obstetricians and
Gynecologists (ACOG) 1941
American College of Rheumatology (ACR)
systemic lupus erythematosus
criteria 1569, 1570
American Heart Association, blood
pressure control guidelines 1383
American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA)
Impairment Scale 696, 698
Americans with Disabilities Act (USA) 576
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-
isoxazolepropionic acid see AMPA
amino acids, neonatal disorders of
metabolism 1912
gamma amino butyric acid see GABA
aminoacidurias 1881
aminoglutethimide 860
aminoglycosides
cochlear dysfunction 1995
hypomagnesemia 2008
neuromuscular transmission defect
1995
ototoxicity 671
vestibular dysfunction 1995
aminoguanidine 71
aminolevulinic acid (ALA) deficiency 1136
4-aminopyridine 705
amiodarone 1102
amitriptyline
abuse 1833
chronic daily headache 965
migraine prophylaxis 922
motor neuron disease 1874
multiple sclerosis 1627
pain control 912, 913
post-herpetic neuralgia 949
traumatic neuralgia 949
ammonia
hepatic encephalopathy 1975, 1976
hyperammonemia 1977–8
ammonium tetrathiomolybdate 1882
amnesia
AD 254
alcoholic blackouts 1815
declarative memory system 304–6
diencephalic 306
global 294, 295, 296–7, 304–5, 312–13
fornix injury 305–6
transient 297
posterior cerebral artery infarction 1356
976 Index
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pure 305
repetition priming 312–13
retrograde 304
rostral brainstem infarcts 1355
skill learning 310
see also Korsakoff’s amnestic syndrome
amnesic shellfish poisoning 1810
amnestic syndromes 304–6
amniotic fluid emboli 1944
AMPA 62
AMPA receptors 68, 878
antagonists 72
blocking in spinal cord injury 699
calcium permeable ion channels 1870
dorsal horn neurons 882
redistribution 87
amphetamines 435–7
activity 435
addiction 442
CNS vasculopathy 1553
dependence 1829–30
overdose treatment 1829
reward effect 435
seizures 1834
stroke 1834–5
withdrawal 1830
amphotericin B 1701
amputation, functional imaging 143
amtimyelin-associated glycoprotein
(MAG) antibody associated
neuropathy 1096
amygdala
aversive stimuli explicit/implicit
memory 308
central nucleus 432
depression 369
emotional modulation of memory 306,
308
fear conditioning 311–12
resection 1319
reward function 433
sclerosis 1319
sexual behaviour 843
swallowing 801
amygdalohippocampectomy, selective
1318
amygdaloid nucleus, accessory basal
272–3
amyl nitrite sniffing 1832
amyloid 1119
neuropathy
autonomic dysfunction 1086
urinary bladder dysfunction 836
see also cerebral amyloid angiopathy
amyloid A protein 229–30
amyloid hypothesis for Alzheimer’s
disease 5, 256–8
amyloid plaques
AD 255, 258
topographic distribution 256
CJD 218
Lewy body dementia 272
neurodegenerative diseases 214
A� amyloid plaques 220
AD 255–6, 257, 258, 1844
extracellular space of CNS 228
traumatic brain injury 1800
amyloid polyneuropathy 1093
light chain (AL) form 785
amyloid polyneuropathy, familial 775,
785, 1135–6
apolipoprotein A-1 related 1136
gelsolin-related 1136
genetic testing 779
transthyretin 785
reduction 779
amyloid precursor-like protein (APLP)
1849
A�-amyloid precursor protein (APP)
neuron source 1851–2
traumatic brain injury 1800
amyloid precursor protein (APP) 20, 216,
220
AD 258, 259, 1844, Fig. 115.2
axonal injury 1601
axonal transport 1851
enzymatic degradation 240
mutation 21–2, 253, 1842
Tg mice 226
neurons 1851, 1852, Fig. 115.4
A�-amyloidogenesis
secretase inhibition 1853–4
transgenic models 1848
treatment models 1852–5, Fig. 115.3
amyloidopathies 476, 477
amyloidosis
diabetes insipidus differential diagnosis
866
familial 2000
�2-microglobulin 1994, 1995
systemic 229–30
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) 1863
clinical signs 1844–5
familial 221
genetics 1846–7
SOD1 mutations 1846–7, 1854, 1855
genetic factors 1869
genetics 5
incidence 211
misfolded protein deposition in
neuronal inclusions 40
olfactory deficit 604
paraneoplastic 1481–2
pathogenesis 1872
PD 210
SOD1 accumulation 1850
sporadic 221
symptom control 1873
transgenic models 227, 1850
upper motor neuron involvement
1864
anal continence
mechanisms 804–5
neurophysiology 804
anal incontinence 804–5
anal sphincters 804
electromyelogram 838
analgesics
adjuvant 911–14
multipurpose 912
central sensitization 882
hepatic toxicity 959
migraine 921, 922, 923
motor neuron disease 1874
neuraxial 917
non-opioid 909–14
overuse syndrome 921, 958–9, 963
inpatient treatment 967
outpatient treatment 966–7
renal toxicity 959
topical therapy 914–16
ANCA-associated vasculitides 1577–9
ANCA tests 1577–8
ancrod 1366–7
Andermann’s syndrome 1134
androgen insensitivity syndrome 35
androgen receptor (AR) gene 35
mutant 36
anemia
HELLP syndrome 2053
iron deficiency 2045
megaloblastic 2045–8
neurological manifestations 2044–8
pernicious 2046
see also sickle cell disease
anergy 1512
Index 977
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anesthesia
deep 295
local
nerve block 877
oral 914
pain control 917
topical gels/creams 914
aneurysms 1392–8
anterior circulation 1393
aortic 762
arterial 1345
arteriovenous malformations 1394,
1398
calcium channel blockers 1397
carotid artery 1348, 1394, 2072, 2073
cerebral perfusion pressure 1397
classification 1393, 1394
clinical presentation 1392–3
diagnosis 1396–7
dissecting 1393, 1394
endovascular management 1398
epidemiology 1394
false 1393, 1394
fusiform 1393, 1394
giant unruptured 1394
hypertension 1397
hyponatremia 1397
imaging 1395–7
infectious 1393, 1394
infectious endocarditis 1393, 1955
intracranial 1393, 1394, 2072, 2073
berry 2000
intraoperative angiography 1397
investigations 1396–7
lumbar puncture 1396
medical management 1397
middle cerebral artery 1394
mycotic 1833
natural history 1394–6
non-saccular 1393
obliteration 1397, 1398
oculomotor palsy 652
platinum coil packing of lumen 1398
posterior circulation 1393
prognosis 1394, 1395–6
rebleeding 1396
prevention 1397
rupture 1396
natural history 1395
risk 1394–6
saccular 1393, 1394
subarachnoid hemorrhage 1943
surgical management 1397–8
trapping 1397–8
vasospasm 1396, 1397
ventricular drainage 1397
angel dust 439, 1832–3
Angelman syndrome 15, 39
angiogenic inhibitors 1439
angiographically defined angiopathy of
the CNS (ADACNS) 1547, 1548–9
angiography, intravenous radionuclide 355
angiokeratoma corporis diffusum 1410
angiostatin 1439
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
(angiostrongyloidosis) 1751
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
inhibitors
olfaction 599
stroke secondary prevention 1424
taste disturbance 617
angular gyrus 321
anhidrosis 773
congenital insensitivity to pain 1132–3
animal models
HD 1901–2, 1904–5
knockin 1904
neurological disease 8, 9, 1842
ankylosing spondylitis 739
low back pain 760, 763
myopathy 1176
anomia, AD 254
Anopheles mosquitoes 4
anorexia nervosa 808–10
cholecystokinin 812
clinical assessment 808–10
comorbid psychiatric disorders 809
depression 809
diagnostic criteria 809
genetic linkage studies 811
heritability 808
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid 811
leptin 813
obsessive–compulsive disorder 390
outcome 808
prevalence 808
treatment planning 810
anosmia 597
causes 600
olfactory lesions 597
partial 597
anosodiaphoria 333–4
anosognosia 339–40, 626
defective feedback 340
neglect 342–3
testing 333–4
anoxia
oligodendrocyte sensitivity 1598
visual hallucinations 630
anoxic encephalopathy 1159, 1263
anterior cord syndrome 717, 718
anterior spinal artery occlusion 719
anthrax 3
anti-cholinergics, PD 483
anti-costimulatory agents 1541
anti-epileptic drugs 1235
immune changes in seizures 1235
pregnancy 1945
remission 1249
teratogenic risks 1945
anti-GM1 ganglioside antibodies 1240
anti-GQ1b antibodies 653
anti-Hu antibody 1479, 1480
microvasculitis 1483
anti-PrP 27–30 antibodies 214
anti-Ri antibody 1479–80
anti-Tr antibody 1478
anti-Yo 1478
antiamphiphysin antibody 1480
antibiotics
Lyme disease 1760
neurosyphilis 1772–3
toxicity 1085
see also individual drug names
antibodies
avidity 1503
bacterial infection in blood 1731
TH-cell-dependent production 1508
variable regions 1507–8
antibody-dependent cell-mediated
cytotoxicity (ADCC) 1504
antibody genes 1503
anticardiolipin antibody 2057, 2058
antiphospholipid syndrome 1575
systemic lupus erythematosus 1240
anticholinergic drugs
abuse 1833
detrusor hyperreflexia treatment 840
dystonia 540
PD 483
rest tremor 516
anticholinesterase agents 1157
�1-antichymotrypsin 269
anticipation 32
HD 34
hereditary ataxias 1885
978 Index
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Cambridge University Press0521793513 - Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutic Principles, Third EditionEdited by Arthur K. Asbury, Guy M. McKhann, W. Ian McDonald, Peter J. Goadsby and Justin C. McArthurIndexMore information
Huntington’s disease 1899
anticoagulants
hypothrombinemia 2054
stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation
1423–4
anticonvulsants
arteriovenous malformation 1402
brain metastases 1465
chronic daily headache 965
kinetic tremor 519
neuropathic pain control 913–14
traumatic brain injury 1798
antidepressants 367
anorexia nervosa 810
bulimia nervosa 811
chronic daily headache 965, 966
pain control 912–13
pharmacological interactions 366
REM sleep inhibition 829
topical 915
trigeminal dysesthesia 949
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 865
deficiency 2001
ectopic secretion 867
pituitary surgery 869
antidopaminergic drugs 540
antiemetic drugs 681–2, 684
migraine 923
antiepileptic drugs
administration
frequency 1309
route 1308
adverse effects 1305, 1306, 1307
availability 1308
combination therapy 1310
cost 1308
discontinuation 1311
dosage
adjustments 1309–10
escalation 1308–9
individualization 1308
dosing optimization 1308–10
drug selection 1303–5, 1306, 1307–8
ease of use 1308
effect monitoring 1292
efficacy spectrum 1303–4
etiology of disease 1305
formulation 1308
GABA brain studies 153–5
indications 1302–3
initial target maintenance dosage
1308–9
interaction potential 1306, 1307
mechanisms of action 1304–5
migraine prophylaxis 922
mortality/morbidity reduction 1301
objectives 1301–2
patient’s lifestyle 1302
serum drug concentration monitoring
1310
side effects minimization 1301
status epilepticus 1273
strategies for patients not responding
1310
therapeutic index 1308
therapeutic monitoring 1308–10
titration 1308
antiganglioside antibodies 1113
antigen presenting cells 1502, 1505,
1508–9
microglia 1597–9
non-professional 1597–8
professional 1597
antiglutamate therapy in motor neuron
disease 1875
antiglycolipid antibodies 1116
antihypertensive agents 1368
antiinflammatory agents 1748–9
see also non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
antileukocyte differentiation antigens
1541
antimyelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
(MOG) 1598
antimyelin protein antibodies 1116
antineoplastic agents 1085
antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody
(ANCA) 1577–8
antioncogene proteins 241
antioxidants
motor neuron disease therapy 1875
protective effects for neurodegenerative
disease 11
antiparkinsonian drug abuse 1833
antiphospholipid antibodies 1569, 1571,
1575
antiphospholipid syndrome 1574–5,
2057–8
catastrophic 1575
chorea gravidarum 1946
antiplatelet therapy
stroke prevention 1417, 1418, 1422–3,
1953
see also aspirin
antipsychotics
atypical 381
drug-induced parkinsonism 478–9
FTD 287
schizophrenia 381
antiretroviral toxic neuropathy (ATN)
1103, 1697
pathology 1697
antiribosomal P antibodies 1569, 1570
antisocial behaviour 552
antisocial personality disorder 1820
antispasmodics 540
antithrombin III deficiency 2057
antituberculous therapy 1701
antivertiginous drugs 681–2, 684
antiviral antibodies 1656
Anton’s syndrome 626–7
anxiety/anxiety disorder
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
423
generalized 1376–8
migraine 959–60
obsessive–compulsive disorder
comorbidity 390
poststroke 1376–8
anatomical correlation 1377, 1378
diagnosis 1376–7
epidemiology 1376
risk factors 1377
treatment 1377–8
systemic lupus erythematosus 1573
Tourette’s syndrome 553, 554, 555
vasovagal syncope 779
aortic aneurysm 762
aortic dissection 1411
aortic valve incompetence 2000
apathy, poststroke 1378–9
Apert syndrome 730
aphasia 317
anatomy 320–2
brain tumours 1440
classical taxonomy 317
degenerative conditions 325
epileptic 1240
fluent 318
functional imaging 143
global 326
left thalamic hemorrhage 1358
middle cerebral artery ischemia of
superior division 1347
mutism 318
non-fluent 318, 325
Index 979
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aphasia (cont.)
non-fluent (cont.)
catastrophic reaction 1379
progressive 286
progressive
non-fluent 286
primary 325
recovery 325–6
semantic 323
signs/symptoms 318–19
treatment 325–6
Wernicke-type 1348, 1357, 1358
see also Wernicke’s aphasia
aphonia 320
APLP2 null mice 1849
Aplysia 301, 302
apnea, brain death 352–3
Apo-E allele 220
carriers 22
genotype testing 1387
variation 5
Apo-E4 allele 5, 22
AD diagnosis 262
cognitive function decline post-cardiac
surgery 1959
dementia risk 243
Lewy body dementia 269
motor neuron disease risk factor 1869
PD 480
ApoB gene mutations 1140, 1882
apoptosis 8, 9
aging 241
altruism 63
brain development 57
caspase 57
cerebral ischemia 63–5, 72–3
cytokines 242
DNA fragmentation 64
epileptogenesis 1235
growth factors 70–1
head injury 1801–2
molecular markers 64–5
molecular mechanisms 64
neural cell loss 59
neuronal cell bodies 1081
neuronal death 259, 884
neuropsychiatric systemic lupus
erythematosus 1571
pathologic states 58–9
presenilin sensitivity 259
spinal cord injury 699
stem cells 1593
T cells 1511
transmembrane ionic fluxes 70
apoptosome complex 64
apoptotic bodies 64
APP gene 256–7, 1848
familial AD 1845–6
mutations 257–8, 1408
APP null mice 1848, 1849, 1852
apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) 131
approach behaviour 339
APPswe mutation 1846
APPswe/PS1 mutant Tg mice 1848
APPV7171 mice 1852
apraxia(s) 461–73
AD 254
balance 585
callosal 468
conceptual 467
cortico-cortical/-subcortical
connection disruption 467–8
corticobasal degeneration 495
disassociation 468
disequilibrium 587
distribution 473
eyelid 473
gait 473, 585
ideational 461, 467
ideomotor 462–3, 464–6, 467–8
left hemisphere dominance 466
imaging 471
limb 461–4, 465, 466–9, 470, 471–3
dysfunction of parieto-frontal circuits
472
environment modification 473
treatment 472–3
types 467–8
limb-kinetic 468, 472
modality-specific 468
oral non-verbal 473
oral verbal 473
pantomiming 466, 468
sequential errors 471
of speech 321
visuomotor 469
white matter damage 467–8
aprosody 319
aquaporins 865
aquatic neurotoxins 1809–11
arachidonic acid 65
arachnoid cysts 2000
arachnoiditis 1749
arbovirus 1660
encephalitis 1671–2
morbidity/mortality 1668, 1672
arcuate fasciculus 321–2
arcuate gyrus, neglect 342
arecoline 829
areflexia, sensory deafferentation 1085–6
arginine vasopressin 394
argininosuccinic urea 1978
argyrophilic grain disease 245
Arnold–Chiari malformation 645, 724
auditory nerve degeneration 672–3
benign cough headache 934
arousal 294
confusional 826, 827
arsenic neuropathy 1104
arterial aneurysm rupture 1345
arterial dissection 1943, 2073
arterial spin labelling (ASL) 135, 136
arteriovenous fistula
dural 1400, 1402, 1403
endovascular embolization 1403
spinal 1403
arteriovenous malformations 1392–3,
1398–403
aneurysms 1394, 1398
angiomatous change 1398
cerebral 1392
classification 1398–400
clinical presentation 1392–3
dural of spinal cord 713
endovascular embolization 1402
epidemiology 1400
epilepsy 1255
grading scale 1398–9
hematoma evacuation 1402
hemorrhage 1393
hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
2074
high-flow 1398
imaging 1386–7, 1401–2
incidence 1400
intracerebral 1321
investigation 1401–2
management 1402–3
natural history 1400
nidus 1398
pathology 1398–400
pulmonary 1409, 2053
recurrent hemorrhage risk 1402
subarachnoid hemorrhage 1943
venous malformations 1399–400,
1401–2
980 Index
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artery of Adamkiewicz 720
arthritis
Lyme disease 1757, 1761–2
osteoarthritis 873
see also rheumatoid arthritis
arthrogryposis 1155
aryepiglottic fold closure 798
arylsulfatase A (ASA) deficiency 1636,
1637
Ashworth scale 107
ASIC (acid-sensing ion channel) 875
asomatognosia 332
aspartoacylase (ASPA) deficiency 1641,
1642
Asperger’s syndrome 408
gender 410
social deficit 412
Aspergillus fumigatus 1999
CNS infection after organ
transplantation 2086, 2087
aspirin
acute ischemic stroke 1367
atrial fibrillation prevention 1418–19,
1953
heparin anticoagulation 1366
immunosuppressive neurotoxicity
management 2086
long-term 1416
migraine 923
stroke prevention 1418–19, 1422, 1423
primary 1416, 1417
asterixis
acquired hepatocerebral degeneration
1974
chronic hepatic encephalopathy 1972
asthma
gene identification 18
inhaler abuse 1833
astigmatism, diplopia 648
astrocyte-derived extracellular matrix
molecules 91–2
astrocytes 1594
apoptosis 1692
apoptotic cell death cascades 1802
chemokines 1694
complement cascade 1654
cytokines 1694
foot processes 1439
giant atypical 1702, Fig. 103.19
hepatic encephalopathy 1974–5
hippocampal 1330
HIV dementia 1693–4, 1695
local immune regulation 1656
neurological disease 8
perforin expression 1654
pro-inflammatory cytokines 1654
proliferation in seizures 1235
spinal cord injury Fig. 47.3
TGF-� production 1656
tufted 492, 497, Fig. 34.2
astrocytic gliosis in Creutzfeldt–Jakob
disease 217–18, Fig 15.4
astrocytic plaques 496, 497
astrocytomas 1431–2, 1433
anaplastic 1443
hypothalamic 861, 1454–6
neurofibromatosis type 1 2062
pilocytic 1431
imaging 1441
St. Anne-Mayo classification system
1431–2
subependymal giant cell 1431, 1449,
2067–8
astrocytosis
Alzheimer type II 1975
reactive 1900
astroglia 56
AT gene 1883, 1884
ataxia
combined with myoclonus 1887
episodic 645
ipsilateral limb 1355
multiple sclerosis 1625–6
sensory deafferentation 1085–6
vestibular system abnormalities 1350
ataxia telangiectasia 1140, 1883–4, 1887
Aicardi variant 1884
brain tumours of childhood 1449
ataxia–telangiectasia-like disorder (ATLD)
1884
ataxin(s) 36, 37
genes 227
ataxin-1 1888–9
ataxin-3 1889
atenolol, migraine prophylaxis 922
atheromatous branch disease 1356
atherosclerosis
CNS vasculopathy 1553
myopathy 1177
stroke 1346
atherosclerotic plaque 1345, 1346
athetosis, hyperthyroidism 2034
atlanto-occipital joint 747
atlantoaxial instability 730, 732
atlantoaxial joint 747
atlantoaxial subluxation 738
atlas assimilation 731
ATP binding cassette A(ABC) transporter
superfamily 1634
ATP7B gene 1882
atrial fibrillation
lone 1953
pregnancy 1943
stroke association 1417–19, 1419,
1952–3
stroke prevention
aspirin for 1418–19
secondary 1423–4
atrial flutter 1953
atrial myxoma, left 1955
atrial septal defects 1943
atrophin-1 protein 35, 1890
polyglutamine expansion 6
atropine 774
detrusor hyperreflexia treatment 841
organophosphate intoxication 1160
attention
brainstem 298
consciousness 293
defects and neglect 331
minimal/defective minimal 294
pathophysiology 336–7
visual perception 160–1, Fig. 12.1–12.3
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) 422–8
autistic condition components 413
cognitive interventions 428
comorbidity 423
cortical inhibitory pathway 426
diagnosis 422–4
differential diagnosis 423–4
dopamine 426
dopamine D4 gene association 20, 426,
427
DSM-IV 422
environment of child 424
epileptiform activity 426
executive function 424–5
eye movement 425
gender 423
genetic architecture 427
genetic basis 427
heterogeneity 422
imaging 426
language 425
learning disability 425, 428
Index 981
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attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) (cont.)
negative reactions to 422–3
neurobiology 424–7
neurophysiology 425–6
neuropsychology 424–5
neurotransmitters 426–7
noradrenergic hypothesis 426
prognosis 424
secondary 423
serotonin 426–7
sleep disturbance 555
social rejection 422–3
subtypes 422
Tourette’s syndrome association 552,
554–5
treatment 427–8, 561
twin concordance studies 16
attentional treatment, bottom-up 343
audiometry
pure-tone 666, 667
speech 666
auditory activation, abnormal 665
auditory adaptation, abnormal 664
auditory brainstem response 667, 669
auditory comprehension 320
auditory cortical area 662
auditory cortical responses 669
auditory nerve 661
degeneration 672–3
lesions 672–3
mononeuritis 672
section 675
auditory neuropathy 673
auditory ossicles 658
auditory pathways 663, 673
auditory stimuli 331
auditory system
disorders 658, 663–75
causes 671
electrophysiological testing 667, 668,
669–70
functional correlates of pathology
663–6
functional imaging 670, Fig. 45.11
investigations 666–7, 668, 669–70
management 673–5
extra-auditory neural connections 663
functional anatomy 658, 659, 660–3
retrocochlear afferent 661–2
retrocochlear efferent 662–3
aura, migraine 920–1, 922
autism 406–18
animal models 412–13
associated conditions 412, 413
behavioural change 416
behavioural treatment 415
broader phenotype 409
causative factors 410–11
clinical presentation 411–12
diagnosis 406, 414
diagnostic criteria 407
DSM-IV 407
electroencephalogram abnormalities
412, 413
environmental adaptation 416
epidemiology 409–10
epilepsy 412, 413, 1255
following regression 409
fundamental deficit assignment 415–16
gender 410
genetic factors 410–11
high-functioning 408, 417
ICD-10 407
imaging 412
immunization 409, 411
incidence 406
infants 411
laboratory models 411
language 411
learning processes 415, 416
low-functioning 408
mercury 411
neurobiology 412–14
non-genetic factors 411
obsessive–compulsive disorder 393, 395
personhood 415–16
pharmacological treatment 416, 417
prevalence 409–10
prospects 417
risk factors 410–11
secondary to other disorders 409
seizures 412, 413
social deficit 412
subtypes 408–11
symptoms 407–8
treatment 415–17
coordination 416–17
twin concordance studies 16
autistic spectrum disorders 406–18
associated conditions 412, 413
diagnosis 414
immunological etiology 409
treatment 415–17
autoantibodies
autoimmune diseases 1511
generation 1513
natural 1503
removal of circulating 1540
systemic lupus erythematosus 1569–70
tolerance breakdown 1513
autoimmune diseases
autoantibodies 1511
neurological 1513
self-limiting 1514
autoimmune response, dynamic 1542–3
autoimmunity 1511–14
genetic control 1514
nervous system 1514–21
protective 1529–30
autonomic disorders
blood pressure measurement 777
classification 773, 775
heart rate measurement 777
investigation 776, 777–8, 779
localized 792
management 779, 780
orthostatic hypertension 775–6, 777,
778
surgical intervention 779
autonomic dysfunction 1086
cardiovascular 787
autonomic dysreflexia 787, 788
autonomic failure 777, 778
chronic syndromes 780–2, 783, 784
extrinsic neural systems 1341
idiopathic Parkinson’s disease 784
management 780
orthostatic hypotension 782, 783
parkinsonian disorders 784
primary syndromes 780–2, 783, 784
pure 773, 781
secondary 784–7
autonomic nervous system 773–93
classification of disorders 774
function investigation 776, 777–8, 779
tone 1964
autonomic neuropathy
paraneoplastic 1483–4
systemic lupus erythematosus 1574
autoregulation 1337
autonomic neural influences 1339
cerebral blood flow 1342
hypertension 1339
avoidance behaviour 339
awareness loss 1281–3
982 Index
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axial compression test in cervical
radiculopathy 744
axon(s) 1075–6
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1845
anucleate 1081
backfiring 1235–6
brain aging 198–9
collateral sprouting 85, 86
damage 1509
dying back 1082–3
filopodia 90
function 1077
functional connections 702
growth cone 700
guidance molecules 700, 702
lamellipodium 90
loss
motor neuron disease 1868
multiple sclerosis 1610
myelin-associated growth inhibitors
90–1
remyelinating 1601, 1602
Schwann cell relationship 1076, 1077
spinal cord injury 697
sprouted collateral 885, Fig. 58.12
sprouting 1235
structure 1077
survival factors 1601
transport 1075, 1076
tufted 596, 597
axonal degeneration 1077, 1078, 1080–3
calpain inhibition 1083, 1084
cytoskeletal degradation 1082
distal 1082–3
mechanisms 1081–2
multiple sclerosis 1600–1
nitric oxide 1599–600
axonal injury 1075
amyloid precursor protein 1601
multiple sclerosis 10
axonal neuropathy 1085–6
motor 1111, 1113
motor and sensory 1111
axonal polyneuropathies 1092–3
axonal regeneration 703
central nervous system 90–5
age effects 92
neurofilaments 93
neuron-intrinsic factors 95
specificity 93–4
olfactory bulb glia 1603
peripheral nervous system 88–90
axon–glial interactions 1595
axonopathy, central–peripheral distal
1082
axotomy, conditioning 92
azathioprine 2083
Behçet’s disease 1581
chronic inflammatory demyelinating
polyradiculoneuropathy 1117, 1118
Devic’s neuromyelitis optica 1630
drug interactions 1532
immunosuppressive therapy 1531–2
mode of action 1531
multiple sclerosis 1630
myasthenia gravis 1153, 1154
neurosarcoidosis 1565, 1566
patient monitoring 1532
polymyositis 1171–2
side effects 1531–2
AZT see zidovudine
B-cell lymphoma 1576
B-cell receptor 1502–4
B cells 1502–4
antigen-presenting function 1508
immunoglobulin secretion regulation
1656
multiple sclerosis 1518
proliferation 1999
receptors 1511
tolerance 1511–12
�-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE) 1851,
1852, Fig. 115.3
�-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1)
1845, 1846
A�-amyloidogenesis 1853
Babesia 1762–3
Babinski sign 1356
bilateral 1352
BACE1-/- mice 1849
bacillary angiomatosis 1702–3
Bacillus anthracis 3
back pain, low 760–7
acute 760–1
management 761
associated conditions 762–5
chronic pain syndrome 761–2
classification 760–2
compensation 766–7
diagnostic blocks in decision-making
766
disability 766–7
etiology 762–5
imaging 761
impairment 766–7
infections 762
litigation 766–7
management paradigm 767
national study (NLBPS) 765–6
persistent 761
spinal instability 764–5
spinal stenosis 764
surgery 766
systemic disease 762
transient 760
back pain, spinal cord disease 713
back strain 763
baclofen
abstinence syndrome 914
cerebral palsy 576
corticobasal degeneration 497
dystonia 540
intrathecal 576–7
motor neuron disease 1873
multiple sclerosis 1625
neuropathic pain control 914
superior oblique myokymia 652
tic disorders 561
trigeminal neuralgia 945
bacteria 1657
see also individual named bacteria
bacterial infection 1728–40
brain 1728
brain abscess 1736–7, Fig. 106.3–4
epidural abscess 1737–9, Fig. 106.5
hyperammonemia 1977
meningeal 1728
meningo-encephalitis 1253
rickettsia-like 1762
subdural empyema 1739–40
see also endocarditis; meningitis,
bacterial
balance
apraxia 585
brainstem synergies 584–5
disorders 581–90
classification by clinical patterns
585–9
disequilibrium syndromes 586–7
levels of neural function 582, 583,
584–5
spinal synergies 584–5
balloon cells, focal cortical dysplasia 182
Baltic myoclonus see progressive
myoclonic epilepsy type 1
Index 983
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Baltimore–Washington Cooperative Stroke
Study 1941
bands of Bünger 88, 89
barbiturate coma 2022
barbiturates 1830–1
addiction 441
altered mentation 1835
cortical myoclonus 525
hepatic porphyria 15
overuse 963
paradoxical effects 1304
tonic–clonic status epilepticus 1274
withdrawal 1830
Barthel Index 107, 108, 109
Bartonella 1702–3
basal ganglia
absence seizures 1238
akinesia 337
childhood disorders 1919
chronic renal failure 1989
development 178
diseases
sexual dysfunction 844
skill learning 310
strategic declarative memory 310
dysfunction in dystonia 539
Huntington’s disease 1901
hypoxic–ischemic insult 574
injury in extrapyramidal cerebral palsy
573–4
intrinsic connections 481
lateral 1357
neurofibromatosis type 1 2063
PD 480–1
REM sleep 821
saccades control 638, 640
stroke lesions and depression 1374
swallowing 801
Tourette’s syndrome 558
urinary bladder dysfunction 834
basal temporal language area 322
Basedow’s paraplegia 2034
basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)
56
apoptosis 70
stem cell requirements 59
basilar artery 1349, 1350
atherosclerosis 1348
dissection 1354
intracranial aneurysms 1393, 1394
occlusion 1349, 1354, 1366
pontine ischemia 1353–4
Bassen–Kornzweig disease see
abetalipoproteinemia
Batson’s plexus 1463, 1465
bcl-2 family 57, 64
apoptosis 1593
overexpression 70
BCNU brain tumour therapy 1443, 1444
Beck depression inventory 1375
Becker muscular dystrophy 14, 1165–6
Becker’s myotonia 1184
Beckwith–Wiedemann tumour and
mental retardation syndrome 15
bed head lowering 1367, 1368
Beevor’s sign 719
BEHAVE-AD 244
behaviour/behavioural disorders
antisocial 552
approach 339
autism 408
avoidance 339
brain–behaviour relationships 196–7
minimal/defective minimal 294
mood disorders 365
nocturnal disruption 830
skilled 10
Sturge–Weber syndrome 2070
tuberous sclerosis complex 2067
behavioural adaptation 79, 87
Behçet’s disease 1580–1
diagnostic criteria 1580, 1581
multiple sclerosis differential diagnosis
1622
primary angiitis of the central nervous
system differential diagnosis 1552
thalidomide neuropathy 1104
vasculitic neuropathy 1122
Bell’s palsy 123
clinical course 1558
diabetes 1099–100
facial nerve neuritis 947
hyperacusis 665
pregnancy 1948
taste dysfunction 615–16
Bell’s phenomenon 1354
Benedikt’s syndrome 652
benzodiazepines
absence status 1276
abuse 1831
addiction 441
alcohol withdrawal 1816–17
brainstem myoclonus 528
clomethiazole 66
complex partial status epilepticus 1277
cortical myoclonus 525
delirium tremens 1817
dystonia 540
essential tremor 518
myoclonic status in progressive
myoclonic epilepsies 1278
physiologic tremor 517
poststroke anxiety disorder 1377–8
REM sleep behaviour disorder 828
tonic–clonic status epilepticus 1274
benztropine 483
benztropine mesylate 527
benzyltetrahydroisoquinolones 494
Bergmann’s gliosis 45
beta blockers
chronic daily headache 965, 966
essential tremor 518
intracerebral hemorrhage 1387
migraine prophylaxis 922
physiologic tremor 517
superior oblique myokymia 652
Bethlem myopathy 1170
Betz cells depletion in motor cortex 1867
Bezold–Jarisch reflex 789
Bickerstaff’s encephalitis 653
bicuculline
dystonia induction 538
inhibitory postsynaptic potentials 1233
spike-wave production 1238
Bielschowsky head-tilt test 649, 650
biliary cirrhosis
neuropathies 1100–1
sensory neuropathy 1093
binge drinking 1817, 1824
binge eating 809, 810
Bing–Neel syndrome 2056
Binswanger’s disease 269
biofeedback, dystonia 543
biotin-responsive encephalopathy 1296
biperiden 483
bipolar disorders 5, 365
affective 1610
migraine 959–60
panic disorder comorbidity 366
bisphosphonates in Paget’s disease 737
bleomycin hydrolase 22
blepharospasm 473
focal dystonia 534
reciprocal inhibition 538
Blessed Dementia Rating Scale 244
AD 260, 261
984 Index
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blindness
entrainment disorders 824
see also cortical blindness
blindsight 627
blood oxygenation level dependent
(BOLD) contrast 135, 136–7
functional localization 138
blood pressure
control
stroke primary prevention 1415, 1417
thrombolytic therapy 1383
lowering in stroke prevention 1422
traumatic brain injury 1797–8
see also hypertension; hypotension
blood vessel abnormalities in
hypercoagulable states 2059
blood–brain barrier
alcohol crossing 1814
angiogenesis 1438–40
antibiotics crossing 1735
antigen presentation 1508
bacterial meningitis transport across
1732
basement membrane 1655
brain metastases 1470
breakdown in HIV dementia 1692, 1695
cellular traffic 1596–7
cerebral autoregulation 2017
CNS infections 1651
cyclosporin crossing 2083–4
disruption in vasogenic edema 1386
function 1516
glucose transport 134
nitric oxide synthase inhibitor
penetration 1338
permeability imaging 1442
post-traumatic 1801
radioactive tracers 134
tuberculosis treatment 1786
viral infection 1660
blood–nerve barrier function 1516
body dysmorphic disorder 388, 395
Boltzmann distribution 147, 148
bone
Pagetic 737
polyostotic fibrous dysplasia 855
bone-derived nerve growth factor 485
bone marrow transplantation
Guillain–Barré syndrome 2088
immunotherapy 1541
metachromatic leukodystrophy 1638
neurological complications 2082–3, 2088
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy 1635–6
bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 55,
56
Borrelia burgdorferi 1754–5
dissemination in body 1757
dual infections 1762–3
immune abnormalities 1761
immune complexes 1762
inflammatory abnormalities 1761
sensu lato complex 1754, 1755
serology 1759
syndromes 1758
vasculopathy 1761, 1762
Borrelia lonestarii 1756
Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination
(BDAE) 317
botulinum toxin 1158
cerebral palsy 576
chronic daily headache 966
corticobasal degeneration 498
dystonia 540–1
eyelid apraxia 473
Huntington’s disease 1906
hyperhidrosis 779
multiple sclerosis 1625
orthostatic tremor 518
progressive supranuclear palsy 494
rest tremor 516
tic disorder therapy 561
botulism 1158–9
bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
216, 1726
variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 223,
1718
bowel
functional disorders 805
inflammatory disease 762
multiple sclerosis 1626
Bowman’s glands/ducts 595, 596
brachial neuritis 1483
brachial plexopathy
bone marrow transplantation 2088
inflammatory bowel disease 1980
radiation-induced 1495
brachytherapy, interstitial 1470
bracing for kyphosis 730
bradykinin, peripheral sensitization 880
brain
abscess 1736–7, Fig. 106.3–4
toxoplasmosis 1699–700, Fig. 103.16
acute radiation toxicity 1491
AD 254–5
adult 198
alcohol uptake 1814
apoptosis 57
arborviral encephalitis 1672
areas of functionally relevant activation
relating to neural processes 166–7,
Fig. 12.7
bacterial infection 1728
bionics 143
biopsy 224
cardiac disease development 1963–5
cardiac surgery effects 1955–6
cardiovascular system 1952–65
cognitive function study 160
development 57
dystrophic neurites in Huntington’s
disease 1901
early-delayed radiation toxicity 1491
edema
bacterial meningitis 1734
corticosteroid treatment 2020–1
intracerebral hemorrhage 1389
posttraumatic 1801
endothelial cells 1439–40
functional mapping 1322, 1323
functional properties of motor areas
448–9
genetic/developmental malformations
572
glutamate excess 436–7
heart influence on 1952–5
herniation 1798
hybrid depth electrodes 1326, 1327,
1328
imaging 448–9
cardiac arrest 1961–2
inflammation in multiple sclerosis 1599
inflammatory disease
complement activation 1598
etiology 1599
influence on heart 1962–5
psychosocial risk factors 1963
late radiation toxicity 1492
lesions within posterior circulation
1349
local control of leukocytes 1656
metabolic rate studies 156–7
metabolite pool labelling 146
brain aging 237–8
axons 198–9
function changes 197–201
gross changes 237–8
Index 985
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brain aging (cont.)
hemodynamic response 201
imaging 237–8
functional 200, 201
studies 199–201
techniques 197
information recall 195, 196
inter-individual differences 195
longitudinal studies 196
memory
performance 201
primary 202
microscopic pathology 238
myelin 199
neuron number 197
neuronal loss 197–8
neuronal studies 197–9
neurotransmitter changes 197–8
optimally healthy older individuals 195
postmortem examination 196–7
structure changes 197–201
studies 195–6
synaptic integrity 198
white matter 198–9
Brain Attack Coalition 1364, 1365
brain death 348–58
animal models 351
apnea 352–3
apneic oxygenation 353
autonomic storm 351
biophilosophical basis 349–50
breathing 352–3
children 354
chronic 351–2
concept 348, 350
confirmatory tests 354
cranial nerve areflexia 353
criterion 350
declaration of death 353–4
definition 349–50
determination 351–2
diabetes insipidus 351
diagnosis 352–5
electrical potentials 354–5
electroencephalogram 354
epidemiology 352
ethics 355–7
history 348–9
hypothalamus function 351
infants 354
intracranial blood flow cessation 354,
355
intracranial pressure 350
legal issues 358
organ procurement 357
pathophysiology 350–1
physiological changes 350–1
pituitary function 351
pregnancy 356
progression to 350
prolonged somatic survival 351–2
religious acceptance/rejection 356–7,
358
research 357
spontaneous movement 352
teaching on subjects 357
unresponsiveness 352
ventilator discontinuation 358
brain-derived nerve growth
(neurotrophic) factor (BDNF) 70,
85, 94
A-fibres 884, 885
autoreactive T cell synthesis 1520
immune-cell derived 1529
inflammation site 884
local injection 96
motor neuron disease 1876
neuroprotection 1529
receptors 883
sensory neurons 884, 885
spinal cord injury 699
substantia nigra 242
Brain III sodium channel 884
brain injury
chronic traumatic syndrome 505
epilepsy 1234
hypoxic–ischemic 9
intracranial pressure 2016
ischemic 8, 9
neurogenesis 11
traumatic 1793–802
A� plaques 1800
biomechanics 1798–800
calcium-mediated cytoskeleton
proteolysis 1801
classification 1794, 1795
cytokines 1801
cytoskeleton-related 1800–1
emergency room treatment 1796
experimental models 1798–800
hospital treatment 1796–801
imaging 1796, 1797
inflammation 1801
long-term disability 1793–4
management 1794, 1795
minor 1796
moderate to severe 1796–801
mortality 1793, 1794, 1796
neurodegenerative disease 1800
pathobiology 1800–1
programmed cell death 1801–2
seizures 1798
skull distortion 1798–9
surveillance 1793–4
survival 1793
transport 1796
treatment in the field 1795–6
Brain Trauma Foundation (BTF),
guidelines for ICP monitoring
2018, 2022
brain tumours
angiogenesis 1438–9
aphasia 1440
cellular pathogenesis 1434–40
chemotherapy 1443–4
children 1448–58
classification 1448
diagnosis 1449–58
epidemiology 1448–9
pathogenesis 1448–9
treatment 1449–58
clinical features 1440
diagnosis 1442–4
epidemiology 123
epilepsy 1253
epileptogenic 1440
functional imaging 140–1
imaging 1440–2
infants 1457–8
mass effect 1440
metastases 1462–71
chemotherapy 1470–1
clinical presentation 1463–4
diagnosis 1464–5
distribution 1463
follow-up 1471
frequency 1462–3
hemorrhage 1464
imaging 1464–5
interstitial brachytherapy 1470
lung origin 1463, 1465
multiple 1468, 1469
prognosis 1465
radiotherapy 1466–7
seizures 1463–4, 1465
single 1467–8, 1469
986 Index
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spread 1463
stereotactic surgery 1469–70
surgery 1467–9
treatment 1465–71
microelectrode recordings 1326
molecular pathogenesis 1434–40
MRI 152, Fig 11.4–11.5
myelin loss 238
neurogenesis 57–8
neuronal proliferation 198
optimally healthy older individuals 195
paraneoplastic syndromes 1476–81
parenchyma immune response
deficiency 1654
plasticity 10
polysynaptic transfer of sensory input
879
presurgical mapping 165–6
primary 1431–2, 1433, 1434–44
WHO classification 1431, 1432
proton (1H) spectroscopic imaging 152
radiation necrosis 1493
radiotherapy 1442–3
raised intracranial pressure 1440
regional function 131–2
respiratory 350
restoration of flow in acute ischemic
stroke 1361, 1363
seizures 1440
sensory adaptability 875
sex differences in structure/function
1939
somatostatin receptors 141
stem cells 59
temperature 2024
therapy 1442–4
toxoplasmosis abscesses 1699–700, Fig.
103.16
tract tracing methods 1323–4
tuberculoma 1777
vasogenic edema 1440
viral infection 1253, 1661, 1666, 1667,
1668–9
volume loss 2001
vulnerable tissue 4
watershed areas of arterial circulation
1463
see also deep brain stimulation (DBS)
brain–behaviour relationships 196–7
brain–gut axis 795–7
anal continence 804–5
spinal pathways 797
swallowing 798–804
vagal pathways 795–7
brainstem
anterior–lateral spinal system 888
atrophy in spinocerebellar ataxias
1890–1
attention 298
C-fibres 874
central behavioural testing 670
compression 1358, 1359
craniocervical junction anomaly 731
damage causing dysgeusia 615, 616
death 350
disturbance in multiple sclerosis 1608
glioma in children 1453–4
hemorrhage 1358–9
lesions and auditory function 673
motor nuclei in motor neuron disease
1867
multiple sclerosis symptoms 1627
myoclonus 527–9
neurofibromatosis type 1 2063
neurosarcoidosis 1560
nuclei
damage in AD 296
Lewy bodies 270
paraneoplastic encephalitis 1480–1
postural control 582
progressive descending signs 1440
respiratory centres 352
reticular reflex myoclonus 529
rostral ischemia 1354–5
saccades control 638, 639
saccades premotor commands 638
somatosensory inputs 888, 889
supraspinal nociceptive centres 889–90
swallowing centre 800–1, 801
ventral compression 729
visceral information relay 797
visceral spinal afferents 797
wakefulness 298
waking state 817
branched chain �-keto acid
dehydrogenase 1822
branching enzyme deficiency 1218
breast cancer
metastatic 11
radiation-induced brachial plexopathy
1495
sensorimotor neuropathy 1483
breast-feeding, migraine 1940
breathing and brain death 352–3
Brindley stimulator 842
Broca’s aphasia 317
speech apraxia association 473
Broca’s area 320–1
functional connection with Wernicke’s
area 1324
bromide salts overdose 1831
bromocriptine 483
prolactinoma 857–8
Brown’s syndrome 654
Brown–Séquard syndrome
Behçet’s disease 1580–1
hemicord 1495
see also hemicord syndrome
buccal hemineglect 615
bulbar dysfunction in motor neuron
disease 1865
bulbar muscle weakness 1353
bulimia nervosa 810–11
cholecystokinin 812
clinical assessment 810–11
diagnostic criteria 809, 810
DSM-IV criteria 810
heritability 810
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid 812
leptin 813
obsessive–compulsive disorder 390
serotonergic responsiveness 811–12
bupivacaine, sodium channel blockade
877
buprenorphine 439
bupropion 440, 826
poststroke apathy 1379
burning mouth syndrome 618, 941
buspirone
kinetic tremor 519
poststroke anxiety disorder 1378
busulfan 1451–2
butyl nitrite sniffing 1832
N-butyldeoxynojirimycin 1915
butyrylcholinesterase 269
bystander activation 1514
cytokine-mediated 1517
C-fibres 873–4, Fig. 85.2
action potential conduction 877
activation 875
antidromic activation 877
cell death 884
central terminal degeneration 884–5,
Fig. 58.12
inflammation 884
Index 987
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C-fibres (cont.)
injury 885, Fig. 58.12
nerve injury 884
non-peptidergic/peptidergic 875
synapsing to second-order neurones
87413C metabolic rate studies 156–7
C5b-9 1509
cabergoline 857–8
cachexia
chronic renal failure 1995–6
motor neuron disease 1865
CACNA1A gene mutation 921
CACNA14 gene 37
CACNL1A4 gene mutations 23
CADASIL 25
dermal vessel 1407
primary angiitis of the central nervous
system differential diagnosis 1554
café-au-lait spots 855, 2061, 2062, 2063
caffeine
hypnic headache 935
migraine 921, 922
CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion 33
diseases 1841
HD 34
spinobulbar muscular atrophy 35
spinocerebellar ataxia 36, 37
Caisson disease 725
Cajal–Retzius cells 177
Reelin secretion 185
calbindin D28K 1870, 1871
calcification
dermatomyositis 1172, 1173
gyral 2070
intracranial 2070
meningioma 1441
mitral annulus 1955
oligodendroglioma 1441
optic nerve sheath 624
stylohyoid ligament 947
calcineurin 2083
calcitonin 2005
complex regional pain syndrome 914
calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)
chronic tension-type headache 957
migraine 922, 961
nerve compression 947
calcium
axonal neurofilament degeneration
1082
lead neurotoxicity 1806
seizures 1235
serum concentration 2007
supplementation in hypermagnesemia
2009
calcium-activated potassium in
hyperpolarization 1230
calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein
kinase II (CaMKII) 83, 882
calcium channel blockers 66, 67
alcohol withdrawal seizures 1818
aneurysm 1397
chronic daily headache 965, 966
migraine prophylaxis 922
parkinsonism 504
primary angiitis of the central nervous
system 1554, 1555
calcium channels
blocking 66
epilepsy 1233–4
ethanol intoxication 1818
genetic defects 2035
hypokalemic periodic paralysis 1197–8
migraine 921–2
missense mutation 1191
N-type 878
post-synaptic voltage-dependent 880
traumatic brain injury 1801
voltage-gated 62, 1144
calcium-controlling genes in epilepsy 1241
calcium gluconate 2007, 2008
calcium ions
concentrations in
ischemia/excitotoxicity 63
homeostasis 2005
hypercalcemia 2005
influx 1144
intracellular 2006
elevation 1082
free concentrations 62
homeostasis derangement in motor
neuron disease 1870–1
neuronal injury 698–9
long-term potentiation 83
low-threshold current 1236
mitochondrial accumulation 69
neuronal homeostasis 70
second messenger function 83
calf muscle hypertrophy 1165, 1166, 1167
calgranulin Mac 387 1561
caloric restriction, aging 241
calpain(s) 1082, 1801
cellular degradation 1082
inhibitors 1083, 1084
calpain II 1870–1
calpainopathy 1167, 1168
cAMP response elements (CRE) 83, 84
Campath-1H, multiple sclerosis 1630
Campylobacter jejuni
acute motor axonal neuropathy 1111
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1110, 1112,
1113, 1519
molecular mimicry 1514
canalolithiasis 685, 686
Canavan disease 1641–2
cancer
pain 915, 916
see also brain tumours; breast cancer;
lung, cancer; malignancy;
metastases; individual tumour
types
Candida infection
burning mouth syndrome 941
esophagitis 1683
cannabinoids
kinetic tremor 519
receptors 439
Cannabis sativa 1831
cannibalism, industrial/ritualistic 222
CANOMAD syndrome 1120
CAP-23 93
capillary-leak syndrome 1537
capillary telangiectasias 1400
imaging 1402
capsaicin 914–15
creams 1679
detrusor hyperreflexia treatment 841
sympathetically maintained pain 948
VR1 receptor 875, 876–7
capsulotomy, obsessive–compulsive
disorder 398
caput Medusa 1399, 1400, 1401–2
carbamazepine 367
autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal
lobe epilepsy 1250
benign epilepsy of childhood with
centro-temporal spikes 1258
brainstem myoclonus 528
cerebral palsy 576
complex partial status epilepticus 1277
multiple sclerosis 1608, 1627
neuropathic pain control 913
non-dystrophic myotonia 1201
paradoxical effects 1303
shingle pain 1678, 1679
988 Index
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short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform
headache with conjunctival
injection and tearing (SUNCT) 943
SIADH 868
side effects 1307
superior oblique myokymia 652
trigeminal neuralgia 944, 945
carbidopa
corticobasal degeneration 497
periodic limb movement disorder 826
carbocysteine 1874
carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein
disorders 1919
carbohydrate intake 1201, 1202
carbon dioxide 1339–40
carbon monoxide
parkinsonism 504
poisoning and visual agnosia 628
carboplatin 1452
carcinoid syndrome 1176
carcinomatous meningitis 723
carcinomatous neuromyopathy 1176
cardiac abnormalities 1283
cardiac arrest 1959–62
brain imaging 1961–2
cerebral damage 628
cerebral evoked potentials 1961
neurological outcome 1960–1
neurophysiological testing 1961
recovery 1960–1
treatment 1962
cardiac arrhythmias
stroke 1952–3
transient 1282
cardiac disease
development and brain relationship
1963–5
established and brain relationship 1965
see also congestive heart failure
cardiac rhabdomyoma 2066
cardiac surgery
apo-E4 allele 1959
brain effects 1955–6
depression 1959
neurological injury 1959
stroke probability Fig. 122.1
cardiac valve prostheses 1954
cardioembolic stroke 1943–5, 1952
cardiolipin 1762
cardiomyopathy 1927
cardiomyopathy/ophthalmoplegia,
autosomal recessive (ARCO) 1931
cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction
787
cardiovascular disease, CNS influence
1962
CARE-HD Study (Coenzyme Q and
Remacemide Evaluation in
Huntington’s disease) 1907
caregiver obstreperous behaviour rating
assessment (COBRA) 244
carnitine deficiency 1208
primary myopathic 1220–1
primary systemic 1220
secondary 1221
carnitine palmitoyltransferase II
deficiency 1211, 1214, 1218–20
hepatocardiomuscular 1218, 1219–20
myopathic 1218–19
carnitine–acylcarnitine translocase
deficiency 1221
carotid amytal test 1290
carotid angioplasty/stenting 1426
carotid artery
aneurysms 1348, 2072, 2073
compression by pituitary adenoma 856
dysplasia 2062
occlusion 1348
stenosis and endarterectomy 1420,
1424–5
see also internal carotid artery
carotid cavernous fistula 1403
carotid massage 788, 790
carotid sinus hypersensitivity 788
carotid–cavernous fistula 2072
carotidynia 943
carpal tunnel syndrome 859
diabetes mellitus 1100
hypothyroidism 2037
renal patients 1994, 1995
Tinel sign 884, 1084
vitamin deficiencies 2048
case-control studies 120
case reports 119
case series 119
caspase 241, 1593
activation 35, 57, 64, 65
activity in axons 1082
apoptosis 57, 64, 65
inhibitors 9, 70, 241
Huntington’s disease 1907
polyglutamine diseases 40
caspase 1 activation 9
cat scratch disease 1703
cataplexy 824
catastrophic reaction 1379
catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT)
gene variant 5
inhibitors 483
catheterization
clean intermittent self-catheterization
(CISC) 841
permanent indwelling 841–2
suprapubic 842
cauda equina 716
lesions 719
sexual dysfunction 845
syndrome 739
urinary bladder dysfunction 836
caudate hemorrhage 1357
intracerebral hemorrhage 1384
caudate region, obsessive–compulsive
disorder 391
causal inference 118–19
causalgia, sensory symptoms 1084
causality, reverse 119
causation 118–19
deterministic model 119
cavernoma, familial 1405
cavernous angioma
epilepsy 1255
spinal 721
cavernous hemangioma 1399
cavernous malformations 1399, 1400
epidemiology 1400
familial 1400
radiosurgery 1321, 1402
treatment indications 1402
cavernous sinus 856
oculomotor palsy 652–3
pituitary adenoma invasion 856
tumours 652–3
cavernous venous angioma 1399
CBL2 proto-oncogene 44
CCM1 gene mutations 1407, 1408
CCNU
brain tumour therapy 1443
primitive neuroectodermal
tumour/medulloblastoma 1451–2
CCR5 1685
CCS-/- mice 1850–1, 1854
CD1 molecules 1504
CD4 1504
CD4+ T-cells 1504, 1505
cytolytic 1506
HIV infection 1688, 1689–90
Index 989
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CD4+ T-cells (cont.)
Lyme disease 1761, 1762
macrophage stimulation 1508
quiescent memory 1688
CD8 1504
CD8+ T-cells 1504
cytotoxic 1506, 1510
suppression 1512
CD11a/CD18 71
CD44 1596
CD80 1505, 1517
CD86 1505, 1517
CD152 1512
celecoxib 931
cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) 86
axonal regeneration 89
cell cycle
arrest 1438
primary brain tumours 1437–8
cell death 8, 9
cell division, asymmetric/symmetric 56
cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) 1439,
1516
cellular differentiation process 56
cellular immune response, viral infection
1660
cellular injury mechanisms 8–10
central behavioural testing 670
central cord lesions 716
infarction 720
central cord syndrome 717, 718
central core disease 1170–1
central core myopathy 14
central herniation syndrome 2019, 2020
central nervous system (CNS)
acute host response 1654
anatomy and immune response to
infections 1651–3
bacterial meningitis invasion 1732
cardiovascular disease influence 1962
cytokine production 1654
depression in hypermagnesemia 2007
endogenous remyelination 1603
fetal tissue transplantation 703
growth cone collapsing factors 90–2
host responses to infection 1651–7
specific pathogens 1656–7
immune function 1654
immune-mediated damage 1656
immune-mediated demyelination
1516–18, 1519
pathogenesis 1527
infections after organ transplantation
2086–7
inflammatory bowel disease 1980
inflammatory cell recruitment 1655–6
inflammatory mediator production
1654
injury and swallowing dysfunction
801–3
intraneuronal determinants of
regeneration 92
lead effects 1806–7
lymphoma 123
matrix metalloproteinase production
1655
MHC antigen expression 1654
neoplasms 604
nerve/nerve root disorder symptoms
1083–6
nociception 951
opportunist infections in HIV 1698–704
osmotic receptors 865
pain mechanisms 888–98
primary lymphoma 1703–4, Fig. 103.20
protection by microglial cells 1654
radiation-induced malignancy 1494
regeneration
capacity enhancement 94
conditioning lesion effects 92
cytoskeletal proteins 93
fetal tissue transplants 95
GAP-43 92–3
inhibitory factor neutralization 95
intraneuronal factor modulation 95
neuronal survival 94
neurotrophic factors 94
peripheral nerve bridges 94–5
specificity 93–4
therapeutic approaches 94
spontaneous axonal regeneration 90–5
T cell regulation 1656
tuberculosis 1700–1
vasculitis 1547–55
viral clearance 1656
viral infections 1660–79
viral nucleic acid persistence 1656
Whipple’s disease 1981
central pain syndrome 896–8
mechanism 897–8
spinothalamic tract 897
central pattern generators 88, 581, 582
swallowing 800
central pontine myelinolysis 1823
anorexia nervosa 810
central sensitization 881–3
central sensory neurons 1084
central–peripheral distal axonopathy
1082
cerebellar artery
anterior inferior 1349, 1350
infarction 1354
posterior inferior 1349, 1350
cerebellar infarction 1352
superior 1349, 1350
infarction 1355
cerebellar ataxias, autosomal recessive
1886–7
cerebellar mutism with posterior fossa
tumours 1450–1
cerebellar peduncle remyelination 1603–4
cerebellar vermis, congenital
malformations 575
cerebellum
adaptive oculomotor control 640, 642
auditory pathway input 663
degeneration
alcohol 1823
lesions 645
disturbances in acquired
hepatocerebral degeneration 1974
essential tremor 515
hemorrhage 1359
intracerebral hemorrhage 1384
infarction 1352
neurofibromatosis type 1 2063
neurosarcoidosis 1560
olfactory stimulation 597
cerebral abscess
after organ transplantation 2086
epilepsy 1253
cerebral amyloid angiopathy
diagnosis 1387
intracerebral hemorrhage 1383
primary angiitis of the CNS differential
diagnosis 1553–4
sporadic 1408
stroke 1408
cerebral artery
anterior 1348
dysplasia 2062
middle
aneurysms 1394
dysfunction syndromes 1346
infarction 454
ischemia of inferior division 1348
990 Index
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ischemia of superior division 1347–8
occlusion 1347
stenosis 1347
posterior 1349, 1350
infarction 1355–6
cerebral atrophy
AD 254–5
spinocerebellar ataxias 1891
cerebral autoregulation 2017
cerebral blood flow (CBF) 131, 132, 2017
adenosine in regulation 1337–8
aging 238
autoregulation 1338–9, 1342, 2017
carbon dioxide 1339–40
consciousness 297
dystonia 538
hypercapnic vasodilator response 1342
hypoxic vasodilatory response 1342
neurovascular influences 1337
nitric oxide 1338
non-REM sleep 820
oxygen 1339–40
PET 133–4
regional see activation-flow coupling
(AFC)
respiratory gas effects 1337, 1339–40
SPECT 133–4
vasodilatation 1337
cerebral blood volume (CBV) 131, 132
cerebral cavernous malformations 1406–8
cerebral circulation physiology 1337–43
autoregulation 1338–9
neurogenic control 1340–2
extrinsic/intrinsic systems 1340–1
nitric oxide 1338
parasympathetic influences 1341
sympathetic influences 1342–3
vasoneural coupling 1337–8
cerebral contusions 1799
cerebral cortex
afferent input modulation 80–1
anterior 896
association areas 334, 335, 336
injury effects on gustation 615
central behavioural testing 670
cingulate 896
motor area medial premotor region
453, 454
saccades control 639
congenital disorders of development
177–89
cell fate 179–82
neuronal migration 182–6
pattern formation in forebrain 178
pial surface integrity 186–8
convergence areas 334, 335
developmental malformations 1288
medical intractability of seizures
1315
MRI 1289
dorsolateral prefrontal 639
eloquent regions 1319–20
focal dysplasia 181–2
functional representation 1313–14
higher function investigations 1324–5
Huntington’s disease 1901
atrophy 1900
inhibitory pathway in attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder 426
insular region
nociception 894, 896
nucleus tractus solitarius projections
797
swallowing 801
lesions
sexual dysfunction 843–6
urinary bladder dysfunction 833–4
limbic region nucleus tractus solitarius
projections 797
lobar hemorrhage 1358–9
intracerebral hemorrhage 1384
localization studies 1313–14, 1322–4
malformations in epilepsy 1253, 1254
mapping during surgery 1322
microelectrode recordings 170–2
motor 449–50, 451, 452–4
action potentials 456, 457
clinical observations 449–50
coding of direction of movement 450,
451, Fig. 31.5
dystonia 538, 539
force field 450, 452
hand trajectories 450, 452
injury to swallowing areas 802
medial areas 455–6
movement 455
neural recording 450, 451, 452, Fig. 31.5
parieto-frontal circuits 469, 471
rehabilitation 455, 456
stimulation 450
motor areas 451, 452–4
motor map reorganization 80–1
movement control 447–58
multiple sclerosis 1615–16
multiple subpial transections 1320
neural plasticity 80
normal development 177–8
paracentral lobes
bilateral in micturition control 833
hemorrhage 1358
premotor 452–4
dorsal 452, 453
lateral 452–3
medial 453–4
ventral 452, 453
primary angiitis of the CNS 1548
processing 163, 164, 165
regions and immediate memory 309
REM sleep 821
reorganization following injury 455, Fig.
31.8
saccades control 638
sensory map reorganization 80–1
somatosensory 893–4, 895
spike-wave generation 1237
stimulation and functional MRI 138
superior frontoparietal atrophy in
corticobasal degeneration 496
supraspinal nociceptive centres 893–5,
896, 897
swallowing 801
ventricular zone 177
waking state 817
see also cingulate gyri; cortical entries;
cortico- entries; frontal lobe; gyrus;
occipital lobe; precentral gyrus;
prefrontal cortex; temporal lobe
cerebral damage and visual agnosia 628
cerebral edema 1385
intracranial pressure monitoring 2025
cerebral embolism see stroke
cerebral evoked potentials 1961
cerebral herniation in oculomotor palsy
652
cerebral infarction
brain metastases 1464
hemiplegic cerebral palsy 573
hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
2074
neglect 334
cerebral injury
dysphagia 803
swallowing recovery mechanisms 803–4
cerebral ischemia
anti-inflammatory approaches 71
antiapoptotic strategies 70–1
Index 991
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cerebral ischemia (cont.)
antiexcitotoxic approaches 66, 67,
68–70, 72–3
apoptosis 63–5, 72–3
clinical trials 72–3
downstream mediator blocking 69–70
inflammation 65
neuroprotection 62–6, 67, 68–73
neuroprotective interventions 66, 67,
68–72
vasoactive mediators 71
white matter injury 71–2
cerebral malaria 1749–50
cerebral malformations in West syndrome
1263
cerebral oxygen metabolism (CMRO2)
131, 132, 134, 2022
cerebral palsy 568–77
associated impairments 576
bilateral spasticity 569
causation 568
clinical features 570
diagnostic evaluation 575–6
epidemiology 569
extrapyramidal 569–70, 573–5
hemiplegia 570, 572–3
hypotonia/ataxia 569–70, 574–5
imaging 575
neuroimaging 568
neuromuscular scoliosis 729
neurosurgery 577
periventricular leukomalacia 568, 570–1
prematurity 569
prenatal origin disorders 569
prognosis 577
rehabilitation 576–7
spastic diplegia 570–2
spastic quadriplegia 570, 572
spasticity 569
syndromes 569–75
unilateral spasticity 569
cerebral perfusion pressure 1387, 2017
aneurysms 1397
cerebral processing, sequential stages
162–3, 164, 165
cerebral tumours, epilepsy 1253
cerebral vasculitis 1255
cerebral vasodilatation, reflex 1387
cerebral venous thrombosis 1943–4
intracranial pressure monitoring 2025
cerebritis after organ transplantation
2086
cerebroretinal vasculopathy 1410–11
cerebroside sulfatide 1137
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
14-3-3 protein 1723
bacterial meningitis entry 1732
drainage in traumatic brain injury 1798
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1111
HIV dementia 1692
leakage 2028
Lyme disease 1759–60
monitoring in normal pressure
hydrocephalus 2027
mononuclear cells 1653
multiple sclerosis 1622
neurocysticercosis 1746–7
neurodegenerative diseases 224
neurosarcoidosis 1564
neutrophilic pleocytosis 1733
nutrients 1651
oligoclonal bands 1622
pH 1340
production 1652
protein antigens 1652
protein content 1651
protein levels in myxedema 2037
spaces and brain aging 199–200
syphilis 1769, 1770, 1771, 1773, 1774
tuberculosis meningitis 1781
viral encephalitis 1653
volume reduction 2022–3, 2024
cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis 1140,
1644, 1882
cerebrovascular disease 3
Borrelia burgdorferi 1758
cardioembolic causes 1943–5
epilepsy 1255
functional imaging 141–2
hemodynamic parameters 131
pregnancy 1941, 1942, 1943–5
investigations 1941
treatment 1941, 1943
sexual dysfunction 843–4
systemic lupus erythematosus 1574
urinary bladder function 834
cerebrovascular infarction, visual agnosia
628
cerebrovascular injury, myocardial
infarction 1953
ceruloplasmin 1978
cervical cord 716
dorsal column lesions 716
lesions 713, 719
sympathetic efferent pathways 797
cervical lymph nodes, antigen-specific
immune response 1653
cervical nerves Fig. 47.2
cervical osteoarthrosis, neck pain 748
cervical pain 742–55
cervical radicular pain 742, 744, 745–6
diagnosis 746
somatic referred pain differential
diagnosis 754
treatment 746
cervical radiculopathy 742, 743–4
cervical segmental arteries 720
cervical spine
rheumatoid arthritis 738
somatic pain referral 742
cervical spondylosis
cervical radiculopathy 743
myelopathy 723
neck pain 748
cervical zygohypophyseal joint 747
cervicomedullary compression 730
CGG trinucleotide repeats 33
fragile X syndrome 43–4
Chagas’ disease 792
Chamberlain’s line 732
chancre 1767
channelopathies 6–7, 2035
chaperone proteins 38, 39, 241
see also heat shock proteins
Charcot joints, neurosyphilis 1772
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT)
1077–8, 1129–31
complex 1131
Rosenberg & Chutorian type 1131
severe phenotype with deafness 1130–1
type 1 1083, 1129–31
clinical features 1129
inheritance 1129–30
onion bulb changes 1129, 1130
type 1A 1134
type 2 1131
Vizioli type 1131
X-linked 1131
Charcot’s joints 715–16
syringomyelia 724
tissue destruction 873
Charles Bonnet syndrome 630
Chédiak–Higashi disease 1134
chemical toxins 787, 789
industrial 605
chemical warfare 1160
992 Index
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chemokines 1510–11, 1655
astrocyte-derived 1694
cerebral ischemia 65
demyelination 1597
immune-mediated demyelination 1519
leukocyte migration 1516
receptors 1511, 1685, 1686
chemotherapy
brain metastases 1470–1
conditioned taste aversion 617
chenodeoxycholic acid 1882
Cheyne–Stokes respiration 1440
Chiari malformation 728
craniocervical junction anomaly 731,
732–3
rheumatoid arthritis 738
types 733
chiasmal glioma, childhood 1456
chickenpox 1678
see also varicella zoster virus
childhood ataxia with diffuse central
nervous system hypomyelination
(CACH) 152
children
brain death 354
cerebral metastatic disease 1462–3
growth hormone deficiency 863
lead neurotoxicity 1806
opsoclonus–myoclonus 1479
therapeutics 129–30
see also brain tumours, children;
progressive cerebral degenerations
of childhood
Chinese Acute Stroke Trial 1367
chlorambucil
Behçet’s disease 1581
IgA/IgG neuropathy 1121
polymyositis 1172
chloramphenicol, optic neuropathy 624
chlordiazepoxide 441
chlorhexidine 618
chloride conductance in acquired
myotonia 1190–1
chloride ion channels 1183
myotonia congenita 1185–7, 1188, 1189
shunt current attenuation 1196
voltage gated 1189, 1190
chlorpromazine
chorea gravidarum 1946
motor neuron disease 1875
chlorpropamide
diabetes insipidus 867
syndrome of inappropriate secretion of
antidiuretic hormone 868
cholecystokinin, eating disorders 812
cholestanol 1140
serum levels 1644, 1882
cholestanolosis see cerebrotendinous
xanthomatosis
cholesterol
lowering in stroke prevention 1419–20,
1422
Niemann–Pick disease 1916
synthesis inhibition 1238–9
choline acetyltransferase 273, 274
cholinergic agents 829
cholinergic crisis 1155
cholinesterase inhibitors
AD 262
Lewy body dementia 270
myasthenia gravis 1152–3
chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans 91–2,
701
chorda tympani-lingual nerve 616
chorda tympani nerve, surgical injury 617
chorea
acquired hepatocerebral degeneration
1974
cerebral palsy 576
childhood disorders 1919
gravidarum 1946
Huntington’s disease 1896–7
hyperthyroidism 2034
polycythemia vera 2051
chorea–acanthocytosis 1919
choreoathetosis 1252, 1253
paroxysmal dystonic 533, 536
chorioretinitis in syphilis 1769, Fig.109.3
choroid plexus 1660
choroidal artery, anterior 1348
chromaffin cell tumours 2040
chromatin 64
chromatolysis 1075, 1076
chromosome 17q21 498
chronic fatigue syndrome 1211
depression 366
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) 1101
chronic progressive external
ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) 6, 1924,
1925, Fig.120.3
autosomal dominant 1931
mtDNA deletions 1925
ragged red fibres Fig.120.3
Churg–Strauss vasculitis 1577, 1579
peripheral neuropathy 1121
primary angiitis of CNS differential
diagnosis 1552
Chvostek’s sign 2006, 2008
chylomicron retention disease 1140
cidofovir 1676
cytomegalovirus 1702
ciguatera poisoning 1809–10
toxin neuropathy 1093
ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) 59,
1594
motor neuron disease 1875
Cimino–Brescia forearm
fistula/arteriovenous shunt 1994–5
cingulate gyri
akinetic mutism 337
bimanual interactions 471
cingulotomy in obsessive–compulsive
disorder 398
cinnarazine
multiple sclerosis 1627
parkinsonism 504
Cip/Kip cdk inhibitors 1438
circadian timing
disorders 824
disturbances in elderly 826
pacemaker 818, 819
photoreceptors 818–19
sleep homeostasis 819
sleep–wake regulation 818–19
cis-platinum ototoxicity 671
cisplatin
hypomagnesemia 2008
primitive neuroectodermal
tumour/medulloblastoma 1451–2
sensory neuronopathy 1096, 1097, 1103
sensory neuropathy 1102, 1482
citalopram
obsessive–compulsive disorder 397
poststroke depression 1375
poststroke pathological effect 1379
cladistic analysis 20
Claude’s syndrome 652
ClC-1 chloride channel 1189, 1190
ClC-1 protein 1187
CLCN1 gene mutations 1187–90
clean intermittent self-catheterization
(CISC) 841
Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 244
clinical trials 10–11, 120–1
double-blinded 128
Index 993
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clinical trials (cont.)
evaluation 127–8
randomized 128
clinical variables
latent 107
measurement 106–8
CLN genes 1917
clobazam 1278
clodronate 2005
clofibrate 1190–1
clofibric acid 1201
clomipramine 397, 562, 824
clonal deletion 1504
peripheral 1512
clonazepam 948
brainstem myoclonus 528
burning mouth syndrome 941
cerebral palsy 576
cortical myoclonus 525, 526
corticobasal degeneration 497
dystonia 540
essential tremor 518
kinetic tremor 519
myoclonic status in progressive
myoclonic epilepsies 1278
neuropathic pain control 913
orthostatic tremor 518
propriospinal myoclonus 529
REM sleep behaviour disorder 828
segmental spinal myoclonus 529
tic disorders 561
clonidine
migraine prophylaxis 922
opiate withdrawal 438–9
pain control 913
sympathetically maintained pain 948
tic disorders 561
Tourette’s syndrome 561
clonidine–growth hormone testing 782,
783
cloning, positional 17
clopidogrel 1422–3
Clostridium botulinum 1158–9
Clostridium jejuni 653
clozapine 381
dystonia 540
rest tremor 516
tic disorders 561
coarctation of the aorta 1394
cobalamin deficiency 1836, 2046–8
Cobb angle 727, 728
cobblestone dysplasia 186–8
polymicrogyria 187, 188
cobra bite 1155
cocaine 435–7, 1829
activity 435
addiction 1836
acute mechanisms 442
CNS vasculopathy 1553
crack 435, 1829
stroke 1835, 1943
violent crime 1833
craving 436
cue craving 433
dopamine depletion 436
fetal effects 1835–6
GABA neurotransmission 437
norepinephrine depletion 437
olfaction 599
overdose 437
reward effect 435
seizures 1834
serotonin depletion 437
signal transduction changes 436
stroke 1835
cochlea 658, 660
abnormal afferent excitation 665
damage 672
destruction 675
dysfunction in chronic renal failure 1995
innervation 660–1
lesions 670–2
reciprocal interaction 667
cochlear nuclei 661
Cockayne syndrome 1140–1, 1884
cod liver oil extract 1220
codeine 923, 1940
coeliac disease 526
coeliac ganglia 797
coenzyme Q 1222
Huntington’s disease 1907
coenzyme Q10 deficiency 1222
Cogan’s syndrome 1583–4
primary angiitis CNS differential
diagnosis 1552
vasculitis of CNS 1548
cognition mapping 137–8
Cognitive Assessment Screening Test
(CAST) 244
cognitive brain mapping, paradigm design
137–8
cognitive decline/dysfunction
acquired hepatocerebral degeneration
1973–4
AD 260–1
aging-related 242
chronic hepatic encephalopathy 1971
Huntington’s disease 1897
hypothyroidism 2035
Lewy body dementia 268, 274
mild 242–3
multiple sclerosis 1609, 1627
neurofibromatosis type 1 2063
olfactory deficit 604
PD 484
poststroke depression 1374–6
prediction 205
cognitive function
AD 205, 260–1
brain aging 205
brain study 160
chronic renal failure 1989
domains 201–4, 205
lateralization with fMRI 1290–1
localization 1290–1, 1322
maintenance 205
cognitive interventions in attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder 428
cognitive neuroscience, neural basis of
language 322–5
cognitive tasks, fMRI Fig. 1.1
Cohen’s arbitrary criteria 110
coherence 167–8, 169, 170
cohort studies 120
COL3A1 gene mutations 1411
COLA3A1 gene mutations 2072, 2073
colchicine 1102
cold agglutinins 2056
cold allodynia 897, 898
collagenases 1511
collagen–vascular disease 1569–84
ANCA-associated vasculitides 1577–9
systemic vasculitides 1576–7
see also antiphospholipid syndrome;
Behçet’s disease; Churg–Strauss
vasculitis; Cogan’s syndrome;
cryoglobulinemia; microscopic
polyangiitis; polyarteritis nodosa;
Sjögren’s syndrome; systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE); Wegener’s
granulomatosis
collateral sprouting 85–6
colliculus
inferior 662
neglect 341, 343
Collier’s sign 1354–5
994 Index
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521793513 - Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutic Principles, Third EditionEdited by Arthur K. Asbury, Guy M. McKhann, W. Ian McDonald, Peter J. Goadsby and Justin C. McArthurIndexMore information
colonic motility inhibition 797
colour
acquired disorders of vision 628
constancy 628
cortical lesion disruption of processing
628
visual loss 627
coma 295
acute renal failure 1987
anoxic 1961
chronic hepatic encephalopathy 1972
fulminant hepatic 1971
hypophosphatemia 2010
myoclonic status 1277–8
paraproteinemia 2055
communication in autism 408
compartment syndrome 1994
compensation in low back pain 766–7
complement 1509
activation 1509, 1595–6
bacterial meningitis 1731
inflammatory brain disease 1598
cascade 1654
pathways 1509
complementarity-determining regions
(CDR) 1506, 1507
see also individual CDs
complementary therapies for pain control
917
complex I, III and IV deficiencies 1222
complex II 1222
complex regional pain syndrome 26
calcitonin 914
neurogenic inflammation 877
sensory symptoms 1084
compound muscle potentials 1990
compression neuropathies
diabetes mellitus 1100
pregnancy 1948
compressive neuropathy, renal
transplantation 1994
compulsions 552
see also obsessive–compulsive disorder
computational neuroscience 10
computed tomography (CT) 4
brain aging 197, 199–200
epilepsy 1288
conceptual priming 312
conduction block 1078
chronic inflammatory demyelinating
polyradiculoneuropathy 1115
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1078, 1111
multifocal motor neuropathy 1116, 1118
multiple sclerosis 1615
conduction velocity, uremic
polyneuropathy 1990
cone snails 1144
confusional states
dialysis dementia 1996
hypophosphatemia 2010
prolonged 1285
systemic lupus erythematosus 1572–3
congenital cataracts, facial dysmorphism,
neuropathy (CCFDN) syndrome
1134
congenital disorders of glycosylation
(CDG) 1919
congenital insensitivity to pain 26, 873
with anhidrosis (CIPA) 1132–3
congestive heart failure
acute renal failure 1988
encephalopathy 1962
connective tissue disease 725, 730
stroke 1411–13
vasculitic neuropathy 1122
connexin(s) 1235
connexin 32 gene mutations 1131
�-conopeptides 878
consciousness 289–300
AD 296
ancillary tests 297–8
attention 293
basilar artery occlusion 1354
central resources 291–2
cerebral blood flow 297
clinical evaluation 292–4
complex 290
components 290
core 290, 291, 292
brain structures 298
emotions 291
neural pattern 298
transient global amnesia 297
definitions 289–90
disorders 294–8
disruption 294
emotion 291, 293
extended 290
disruption with preserved core
consciousness 294
external view 289–90
functions separation 291
homeostasis regulation 298
imaged account 298
images 290
imaging 297
impairment 295
liver transplantation 1976
neuropathological correlates 297–8
internal view 289–90
neural patterns 290
neurobiological consciousness 298–300
non-verbal account 298
purposeful behaviour 293–4
simple 290
types 290–1
wakefulness 292–3
constipation 716
motor neuron disease 1874
constraint-induced forced use 87–8
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
(CAPD) 1100
continuous motor unit activity 1083, 1485
Addison’s disease 2039
continuous positive airway pressure
(CPAP) 822
conus medullaris 716, 719
infarction 720
lesions 719
convergence spasm 654
abducens nerve palsy differential
diagnosis 651
convergence:projection pain referral
theory 951
convulsions
alcohol withdrawal 1817
benign familial
infantile 1251, 1252
neonatal 1241, 1251, 1252
benign neonatal 1262
early onset prolonged febrile 1253
febrile 1268
see also epilepsy
convulsive movements, generalized 1283
copaxone 1543
copolymer-1 (COP-1) 1537–8, 1543
see also glatiramer acetate
copper
metabolism disorder 1978
overload 1882
serum levels 1979
copper chaperones 1850–1
copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1)
mutation 1863, 1868
see also SOD1, mutant
coproporphyria, hereditary 1136
Index 995
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coproporphyrinogen oxidase 1136
cordotomy, anterolateral 879
corneal grafts 222
corneal reflexes, brain death 353
Cornell Scale for depression in dementia
245
coronary artery bypass surgery
cognitive changes 1957–9
emboli 1959
intraoperative hypotension 1959
postoperative delirium 1956–7
stroke 1955–9
probability Fig. 122.1
coronary artery disease
depression 1963
neurological factors 1963
progeria 2075
psychosocial risk factors 1964–5
coronary spasm 1962
corpus callosotomy 1320
corpus callosum
agenesis
neuropathy 1134
spastic quadriplegia 572
apraxia 468
neglect 341
corpus cavernosa 847
correlation coefficient 106
cortical blindness 626–7
cyclosporin-induced 2084–5
cortical plate formation 178
cortical spreading depression 922
cortico-anal pathway 804
cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CTSC)
circuitry 391, 392
corticobasal degeneration 495–8
atypical phenotypes 497
clinical features 495–6
dementia 495
diagnostic criteria 496
differential diagnosis 497
dystonia 534
familial 497
FTD differential diagnosis 498
imaging 497
Lewy body dementia differential
diagnosis 269
limb-kinetic apraxia 468
multifocal myoclonus of hands 525
neurofibrillary tangles 256
nigrostriatal dopaminergic system
dysfunction 497
pathology 496–7
PD differential diagnosis 489
prevalence 495
prognosis 496
progressive supranuclear palsy
differential diagnosis 492
sporadic condition 497
supranuclear gaze palsy 491
tau-positive inclusions 285
therapy 497–8
corticocortical coherence 168
see also cerebral cortex
corticomedial amygdala 597, 598
corticomuscular coherence 168, 169, 170
corticospinal tract disease 713
corticosteroids
bacterial meningitis 1735
brain edema treatment 2020–1
brain metastases 1465–6
chronic inflammatory demyelinating
polyradiculoneuropathy 1117, 1118
cluster headache 929–30
cyclosporin neurotoxicity 2084
Duchenne muscular dystrophy 1167
immunosuppression for organ
transplantation 2083
inflammatory bowel disease 1980
injections 917
Landau–Kleffner syndrome 1240
multiple sclerosis relapses 1628
myasthenia gravis 1153–4
myopathy 1176
neuropathic pain control 914
pain control 913
pituitary apoplexy 2002
primary angiitis of the central nervous
system 1554, 1555
seizures in viral encephalitis 1669
transverse myelitis 1677
tuberculosis meningitis 1787
corticostriatal circuits 310
corticosubcortical circuit dysfunction
1379
corticotropin-releasing factor (hormone)
(CRF) 368
ACTH stimulation 854
obsessive–compulsive disorder 394
paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus
819
test 864
cough, benign headache 933–4
COX-assembly gene mutations 1930
COX gene mutations 1928, 1929
COX10 gene mutations 1930
CPI1 189 1696
cracked tooth syndrome 941
cramps in motor neuron disease 1873
cranial epidural hemorrhage,
anticoagulant-induced 2054
cranial nerves
abnormalities
hyperadrenalism 2038
hyperthyroidism 2034
hypothyroidism 2036
areflexia 353
deficit in tuberculosis 1700
dysfunction 1392
inflammatory bowel disease 1980
palsy
intracranial hypotension 2028
of lower 1346
sarcoidosis 1559
paraneoplastic syndromes 1476–81
cranial neuropathies
radiation damage 1494
systemic lupus erythematosus 1574
cranial osteosarcoma, radiation-induced
1494
cranial vault
decompression 2023
mechanics 2016
craniocervical junction anomaly 730–2
direct compression 731
craniocervical junction instability 738
craniosynostoses 730
craniovertebral junction anomalies 730–3
causes 731
craving addiction 431
creatine
Huntington’s disease 1907
motor neuron disease 1872
creatine kinase 1207, 1210
reaction 1211
CREB 83, 84, 1436, 1819
CREB-binding protein (CBP) 38, 1906
cretinism 2037
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 1890
accidental transmission 222
amyloid plaques 218
apo-E allele 22
Brownell–Oppenheimer variant 1718
dementia 20
differential diagnosis 224
electroencephalogram 224
996 Index
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epidemiology 217
familial 215
diagnosis 1724
PrP gene sequencing 224
PrPSc 218
FTD phenotype 498, 504
Heidenhain variant 1718
Huntington’s disease differential
diagnosis 1898
iatrogenic 1717–18
clinical features 1721
diagnosis 1722, 1724
imaging 1723–4, 1725
incidence 217
Lewy body dementia differential
diagnosis 269
methionine homozygotes 1716, 1717
myoclonus 254, 525
neuropathology 217–18
new variant 218, 222, 223, Fig. 15.4
parkinsonian syndrome 504
pathology 217–18, Fig 15.4
phenotype 219
presentation 214
sporadic 215, 216, 217, 1716–17, Fig.
15.4
age at death 1718, 1720
clinical features 1718–19
diagnosis 1722, 1724
imaging 1725
PrPSc 218
signs/symptoms 1719, 1720
variants 1718, 1719, 1721
stroke-like onset 1718
transmission 215
valine homozygotes 1717
variant 1716, 1718, 1721
age at death 1723
clinical features 1721–2
diagnosis 1722–3, 1724
imaging 1725
tonsil biopsy 1724
cribriform plate 595
critical illness polyneuropathy 1101–2
Crohn’s disease 1979
complications 1980
peripheral neuropathy 1101
cromakalim 1202
Crouzon syndrome 730
cryoglobulinemia 1579–80, 2056
peripheral neuropathy 1122
cryoglobulins 1579, 1580, 2056
cryptococcoma 1701, Fig. 103.18
cryptococcosis 1701, Fig 103.18
Cryptococcus neoformans 1657, 1701
CNS infection after organ
transplantation 2086, 2087
renal transplantation complication 1999
CST3 gene mutations 1408
CSTB gene 45
CTG trinucleotide repeats 33
myotonic dystrophy 43
cueing, brain aging 202
Cuprophan membrane 1994–5
cupulolithiasis 685, 686–7
Cushing reflex 351, 1797–8
intracranial hypertension 2020
Cushing’s disease 859–60, 1175
corticosteroid excess 1176
hyponatremia 869
osteopenic disorders of spine 729
polyuria 869
Cushing’s syndrome 367, 859–60
neurological complications 2038–9
cutaneomuscular reflexes (CMR) 735, 736
cutaneous information, postural control
582
cutaneous reflexes, innervation 714
cutaneous signs, spinothalamic tract
715–16
cyanide 504
cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
opiates 438
synaptic plasticity 82, 83
cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
phosphodiesterase 84
cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
response element binding protein
see CREB
cyclin D-associated CDKs 1438
cyclin-dependent kinases 1437
cyclo-oxygenase (COX)
cerebral ischemia 65
deficiency 1222, 1223
inhibition by NSAIDs 909–10
inhibitors in inflammation treatment
880
isoforms 910
cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-deficient
myopathy, benign infantile 1222–3
cyclo-oxygenase 1 (COX-1) 910
non-selective inhibitors 911
cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) 910
cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors 69
non-selective 911
selective 910, 911
paroxysmal hemicrania 931
cyclophilin 2083
cyclophosphamide
Behçet’s disease 1581
chronic inflammatory demyelinating
polyradiculoneuropathy 1117, 1118
cryoglobulinemia 1580
dosage 1534
IgA/IgG neuropathy 1121
immunosuppressive therapy 1533–4
multifocal motor neuropathy 1118–19
multiple sclerosis 1630
myasthenia gravis 1153, 1154
neurosarcoidosis 1565, 1566
POEMS neuropathy 1121
polyarteritis nodosa 1577
polymyositis 1172
primary angiitis of the central nervous
system 1554, 1555
primitive neuroectodermal
tumour/medulloblastoma 1451–2
side effects 1533–4
transverse myelopathy 1574
L-cycloserine 1640
cyclosporin A
Behçet’s disease 1581
chronic inflammatory demyelinating
polyradiculoneuropathy 1117, 1118
hypomagnesemia 2008
immunosuppressive therapy 1532, 1533
myasthenia gravis 1153, 1154
polymyositis 1172
cyclosporin neurotoxicity 2082, 2083–5
diagnosis 2085
management 2086
cyclosporin sirolimus 1532–3, 2083
CYP27 gene 1140
cystatin B
deficiency 1296
gene defect 1887
cysticercosis 1177, 1745, Fig. 107.1–2
epilepsy 1289–90
ocular 1749
cysticidals 1747–8
cystometry 837, 839
cytochrome c 1222
apoptosis 64
cytochrome c oxidase 1923, 1925
deficiency 1929
subunit mutations 1869
Index 997
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cytokines 1509–10
AD 9
apoptosis 242
astrocyte-derived 1694
bacterial meningitis 1732
cerebral ischemia 65
immune-mediated demyelination 1519
Lyme disease 1762
pro-inflammatory 1613
neural cells 1654
production in CNS 1654
synthesis 1509
traumatic brain injury 1801
see also chemokines
cytomegalic inclusion disease, congenital
1679
cytomegalovirus (CMV)
antigen in epilepsy patients 1240
congenital 1679
encephalitis/retinitis 1701–2
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1110, 1112,
1519, 1679
lumbosacral polyradiculitis 1677
polymicrogyria 189
polyradiculitis 1085
renal transplantation complication
1999
West syndrome 1263
cytotoxic agents 1531–4
cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)
clearance of viral infection 1656
HTLV-1 1711
virus-specific 1653
D2 receptors in schizophrenia 379
Dalrymple’s sign 2034
danaparoid 1366
date rape drugs 1831
Datura stramonium abuse 1833
DDAVP see desmopressin
o,p-DDD, Cushing’s disease 860
deafness 1679
death declaration 353–4
death receptors 65
debrancher deficiency see glycogen
debrancher deficiency
debranching enzyme 1218
decompression sickness 725
decorin binding proteins A and B 1755
deep brain stimulation (DBS) 170
dystonia 542–3
epilepsy 1321
essential myoclonus 527
essential tremor 519
PD 484–5, 514
rest tremor 516
deep brain surgery 398
deep infarction 1356
deep vein thrombosis (DVT) 1368
degenerative disc disease 765
dehydroepiandosterone 1231
Dejerine–Sottas disease 1131
delayed phase sleep syndrome 825
delirium
mood disorders 369–70
postoperative 1956–7
delirium tremens 517, 1817
barbiturate withdrawal 1830
Delta protein 56
Delta32 1686
delusions, poststroke 1379–80
demeclocycline 868–9
dementia 3
activities of daily living 245
adult-onset 20–2
single gene 21
aging 237–46
alcoholic 1823
aphasia 325
assessment scales 243–5
Borrelia burgdorferi 1758
clinical evaluation 245
compulsive rituals 389
corticobasal degeneration 495
definition 243
degenerative 245
depression assessment 244–5
diagnosis 243–6
dialysis 1996–7, 1998
differential diagnosis 245–6
drug abuse 1835
drugs delaying 243
DSM-IV criteria 243
environmental risk factors 243
epidemiology 124, 243
etiology 245
extrapyramidal 245
focal cortical 245
frontal lobe 269
functional imaging 140, 141
genetic basis 243
HIV 1685, 1688, 1690–6
hypothyroidism 2035–6
incidence 243
investigations 245
lacking distinctive histology 245
lifetime risk 242
mood disorders 369–70
motor neuron disease 1866
multi-infarct 20, 246
Lewy body dementia differential
diagnosis 269
normal pressure hydrocephalus 2026
obsessive–compulsive disorder
differential diagnosis 389
parkinsonism 254
PD 221
prevalence 243
progressive 245
pugilistica 489
radiation 1492
risk factors 246
screening 243–5
semantic 286, 323
smell impairment 599
static 245
of unknown etiology 243
vascular 245–6
see also Alzheimer’s disease;
frontotemporal dementia (FTD);
Lewy body dementia
demyelinating neuropathies 1086, 1114
immune-mediated 1078
perivenular inflammatory cells 1595
progression 1093
progressive multifocal
leukoencephalopathy 1702, Fig.
103.19
systemic lupus erythematosus 1573–4
demyelinating polyradiculopathy
acute inflammatory 1111, 1113
chronic inflammatory 1114–18, 1134
chronic inflammatory
polyradiculoneuropathy 1514
demyelination 1079
alcoholic neuropathy 1823–4
animal models 1517
cellular infiltration of CNS 1595–7
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1112–13
immune-mediated
CNS 1516–18, 1519
pathogenesis 1527
peripheral nervous system 1518–20
immunotherapy for prevention 1948
metachromatic leukodystrophy 1137
microglia 1597
998 Index
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motor neuron disease 1868
multiple sclerosis 1599–601, 1610
multiple sclerosis pathogenesis
1599–601
primary 1078
dendrimers 228–9
dendrites 1075, 1076
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1845
protein synthesis 10
schizophrenia 377
dendritic cells 1508
dendritic remodelling 86–7
denervation supersensitivity 84–5
dengue virus 1677
dental trauma 943
dentate gyrus 57–8
dentatorubro-pallidoluysian atrophy
33–4, 35, 1885, 1890, 1919
Huntington’s disease differential
diagnosis 1898
progressive myoclonic epilepsy 525,
1296
protein misprocessing 222
trinucleotide repeat expansions 42
depolarization, node of Ranvier 1595
deprenyl 561
depression
amygdala 369
anatomy 368–70
anorexia nervosa 809
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
423
cardiac surgery 1959
comorbidity with medical illness 366
coronary artery disease 1963
dementia assessment 244–5
electroencephalogram 828
epidemiology 364
frontal lobes 369
GABA studies 153–5
grey matter volume of prefrontal cortex
5
Huntington’s disease 1897, 1906
Lewy body dementia 269
limbic system 369
migraine 959–60
multiple sclerosis 124, 1537, 1609–10,
1626
obsessive–compulsive disorder
comorbidity 389–90
parkinsonian syndromes 779
PD 484, 831
poststroke 369, 1371, 1372, 1373–6
anatomical correlates 1373–4
apathy 1379
cognitive impairment 1374–6
cognitive recovery 1376
diagnosis 1371, 1373
DSM-IV 1371, 1373
duration 1373
epidemiology 1371, 1372
laterality 1373–4
mechanism 1374
minor 1373
physical impairment association 1374
treatment 1375
serotonergic neurotransmitter system
imaging 135
sleep disorders 828–30
with somatic features 388
stress response 367–8
systemic lupus erythematosus 1573
Tourette’s syndrome 553, 554, 555
transformed migraine 956
treatment 366–7
ventricular tachycardia 1964
depressive syndromes 364
clinical features 364–5
dermal sinuses 734
dermatomal pain 1678
dermatomes 715, 727
dermatomyositis 1172–3, Fig. 70.10
cancer incidence 1476
complement cascade 1509
inflammatory bowel disease 1980
myopathy 1176
paraneoplastic 1484–5
desipramine
pain control 912
Tourette’s syndrome 561
desmopressin 867
detrusor hyperreflexia treatment 840
detrusor areflexia 834
detrusor hyperreflexia 837
absence seizures 834
head injury 834
incomplete bladder emptying 841
intravesical agents 840–1
management algorithm 842
Parkinson’s disease 834
spinal cord disease 835
treatment 840–1
detrusor sphincter 835
developed world 3–4
developing world 3–4
Devic’s neuromyelitis optica
azathioprine 1630
multiple sclerosis differential diagnosis
1624
dexamethasone
brain metastases 1466
neurocysticercosis 1748–9
Dexedrine see dextroamphetamine
dextroamphetamine 427
narcolepsy 824
dextromethorphan 914
diabetes insipidus 865–6
brain death 351
central 866
differential diagnosis 866
management 867
nephrogenic 866
pituitary surgery 869
pituitary tumours 866
diabetes mellitus
autonomic failure 786, 787
compression neuropathies 1100
foot problems 786
gene identification 18
juvenile-onset 25, 229
mitochondrial disorders 1927
neuropathic ulcers 873
protein misprocessing 229
smell impairment 599
stroke prevention 1420
taste dysfunction 618
type II 229
diabetic amyotrophy 1097, 1098–9
diabetic autonomic neuropathy 779
diabetic ketoacidosis
hypomagnesemia 2008
hypophosphatemia 2009
diabetic mononeuropathies 1099–100
diabetic neuropathy 1097–100
autonomic dysfunction 1086
clinical pain 873
polyneuropathy 1097–8
uremic 1993–4
proximal 1097, 1098–9
sexual dysfunction 845–6
truncal 1100
urinary bladder dysfunction 836
diabetic ophthalmoplegia 1099
diabetic polyneuropathy 1082, 1097–8
acute 1098
progression 1092–3
Index 999
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diabetic thoracoabdominal neuropathy
1100
diacylglycerol (DAG) 1436
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (4th edition) see
DSM-IV
dialysis
acute renal failure 1988–9
chronic renal failure 1989
complications 1996–9
continuous ambulatory peritoneal
(CAPD) 1100
dementia 1996–7, 1998
disequilibrium 1997–8
myopathy 1177
uremic polyneuropathy 1992–3
3,4-diaminopyridine 1157, 1158
botulism 1159
diastematomyelia 734
diatoms 1810
diazepam
absence status 1276
cerebral palsy 576
delirium tremens 1817
motor neuron disease 1873, 1875
seizures in viral encephalitis 1669
tonic–clonic status epilepticus 1274
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)
1190
dideoxynucleosides 1697–8
diencephalic regions, declarative memory
306
diet, healthy in stroke primary prevention
1416
diffusion–perfusion mismatch 4
dihydroergotamine see ergotamine
L-dihydroxyphenylserine 786
dilantin 1798
diltiazem 965
dimenhydrinate 1940
DIMOAD 1887
dinoflagellates 1809, 1810
diphenhydramine 1874
diphenoxylate 1153
2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DGP) 2009,
2010
diphtheria, swallowing disruption 802
diplopia
chiasmal syndrome 625
clinical testing 648–9
cover tests 648–9
monocular 630, 648
myasthenia gravis 654
vestibular system abnormalities 1350
dipole model, equivalent 166
dipyridamole 1423
disability measures 113
disc(s)
degenerative disease 763–5
protrusion in cervical radiculopathy
743
stimulation test 750–1
whiplash 749
discogenic pain 748
disease modifying treatments 11
disequilibrium syndromes 586–7, 681
see also vertigo
disinhibition-dementia-parkinsonism-
amyotrophy complex 498
disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10
(ADAM 10) 1845, 1852
disopyramide, autonomic dysfunction
787
disseminated intravascular coagulation
(DIC) 2054, 2057, 2058
distal myopathies 1168–9
distal watering hypothesis 1082–3
distributed cortical surface model 166
disulfiram
alcoholism treatment 441
sensory–motor polyneuropathy 1102
diuresis, osmotic 866
diuretics
hypomagnesemia 2008
thiazide 867
divalproex sodium 965, 966
divergence paresis 651
DM-20 protein 1640
DMPK gene 43, 1200
DNA
damage and nucleotide excision repair
systems 33
defective repair-associated progressive
ataxias 1883–4
fingerprinting 32
fragmentation 64
metabolic disorder 2045–6
repair defects 1140–1
replication and strand-slippage 33
testing 6
docosahexaenoic acid deficiency 1220
dolichol, urinary sedimentary 1296
domperidone 923
donepezil 262
dopamine
deficiency in PD 479
depletion
by cocaine 436
in putamen 481
extracellular in nucleus acumbens 431,
432
inhibition by opiates 438
neurons 433–4
neurotransmission disruption 437
stimulant reward 435
transporter 435
dopamine agonist therapy
neglect 343
neuroprotection 483
obsessive–compulsive disorder 394
PD 483
prolactinoma 857–8
tic disorders 561
dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency
785–6
dopamine D4 gene 20
dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
378–9
dopamine neurons, alcohol action 440–1
dopamine neurotransmitter system 440
dopamine projections, ascending 342
dopamine receptor agonists
Huntington’s disease 1906
parkinsonism 504
rest tremor 516
dopamine receptors
dystonia 537
postsynaptic 435–6
schizophrenia 379
dopaminergic agents 539–40
dopaminergic agonists
periodic limb movement disorder 826
restless legs syndrome 826
sexual function 844
dopaminergic pathways
obsessive–compulsive disorder 393–4
receptor mapping 131
ventral tegmental area 1374
dorsal column 889
nuclei 889
stimulation 917
dorsal horn 873–5, Fig. 85.2
inputs 879
laminae 874, 885, Fig. 58.2, Fig. 58.12
anterior–lateral system 888
neurons
1000 Index
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injury 884
peripheral inflammation 883–4
outputs 879
dorsal motor nucleus 796
swallowing 800
dorsal root ganglia 1075
paraneoplastic syndromes 1481–2
dorsal root ganglion cells 1084
dorsal–ventral signalling centres 55
doublecortin (DCX) gene 184, 185
Down’s syndrome
AD manifestations 256
cerebral amyloid angiopathy 1408
craniovertebral junction anomalies 732
ligamentous laxity 732
doxepin
chronic daily headache 965
pain control 912
doxorubicin 542
dreaming 820
nightmares 827
REM sleep 820
drop attacks 1283
drowning 2025
DRPLA gene 35, 1890
drug abuse/addiction
acute mechanisms 442
altered mentation 1835
anticholinergic drugs 1833
barbiturates 1830–1
central stimulants 435–7
chronic pain 909
dementia 1835
drug-induced psychosis 374
ethanol use 1834, 1835
fetal effects 1835–6
hallucinogens 1831–2
HIV infection 1834
HTLV infection 1834
infection 1833–4
inhalants 1832
neural changes in brain 7
neurobiology 431–42
neurological complications 1833–4
neurological consequences 1827–36
opiates 1827–8
phencyclidine 1832–3
psychic dependence 1827
psychostimulants 1828–30
relapse 436
reward circuit 433–5
seizures 1834
sensitization 436
stroke 1834–5
tobacco use 1834, 1835
trauma 1833
treatment 442
tuberculosis 1834
withdrawal 431, 630
see also individual named drugs
drugs, therapeutic
aseptic meningitis 1663
autonomic dysfunction 787, 789
chronic pain 909
dysphagia 802
intoxication 687
metabolism 129
ototoxic 671
proconvulsant 1255, 1256
psychotropic 1255
radioligand challenge studies, 135
risk categories in pregnancy 1940, 1941
tolerance 1827
DSM-III criteria 1376
DSM-IV criteria
AD 259
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
422
autism 407
bulimia nervosa 810
dementia criteria 243
generalized anxiety disorder 1376
obsessive–compulsive disorder 389
poststroke depression 1371, 1373
schizophrenia 374, 375
Tourette’s syndrome 553
Duane’s retraction syndrome 649–50, 735
Duchenne muscular dystrophy 14, 1165–6
Galtonian model 16–17
Mendelian model 16, 17
neuromuscular scoliosis 729
ductus arteriosus, patent 186
dura, arteriovenous fistula 1400, 1402, 1403
dura mater grafts 222
dural sinus thrombosis 2025
dwarfism, short-limbed 730
dynamic imaging of coherent sources
(DICS) 167
dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC)
perfusion MRI 136
dynatomes, cervical radicular pain 745–6
dysarthria
chronic hepatic encephalopathy
1972–3
motor neuron disease 1873
dysarthria–clumsy hand syndrome 1356,
1358
dysautonomia
acute/subacute 780
cholinergic 780
familial 784–5
dyschromatopsia 628
dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour
1289
focal cortical dysplasia association 182
dysesthesia
cutaneous 715
peripheral neuropathy 1092
vesticular system abnormalities 1350
dysferlin protein 1169
dysfibrinogenemia 2057
dysgeusia 614
idiopathic 618
dyslexia, neurocognitive basis 5
dysmetropsia 629
dysnomia 322
aphasia 318
dysosmia 597, 603
dysostosis 729–30
dysphagia
management 803
motor neuron disease 1873
neurogenic 801
Parkinson’s disease 801
stroke 802–3
videofluoroscopy 803
dysproteinemic neuropathies 1093, 1096
dyssomnias 821–6
dysthymia 365
dystonia 532–44
animal models 537–8
basal ganglia dysfunction 539
bulbar 1978
cerebral blood flow 538
cervical 533–4, 542
classification 532
dopa-responsive 533, 536, 539–40, 574,
1919
epidemiology 535
focal 533–4
generalized torsion
early-onset 533
idiopathic 533, 535–6
genetic 574
genetics 535–6
idiopathic 574
Index 1001
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dystonia (cont.)
imaging 537
metal deposition 536
myoclonic 527, 533
neurochemistry 537–8
oromandibular 535
pathology 536–7
physiology 538–9
post-hemiplegic 535
primary 533
psychogenic 535
reciprocal inhibition 538
secondary 534–5
sensory system abnormalities 539
signs/symptoms 532, 533
striatal gliosis 536
surgery 542
treatment 539–43
dystonia-parkinsonism 534, 536
dystroglycan 1145, 1164, 1166, 1168
dystrophin 14, 1164, 1165, 1166
mutations 1166
proteinopathies 1166–8
dystrophinopathies 1165–6
DYT1 gene mutation 536
E-selectin 1516
E6–AP gene 39
Eagle’s syndrome 947
ear
external 658, 670
inner 658, 659, 660–1
disorders 670–2
middle 658, 659, 940
disorders 670
pain 940
surgery and taste dysfunction 616–17
see also hearing loss
eating disorders 808–13
cholecystokinin 812
leptin 812–13
neurobiology 811–13
see also anorexia nervosa; bulimia
nervosa
echolalia
aphasia 319
autism 408
eclampsia
cerebral vasculitis 1255
pregnancy 1946–7
ecological fallacy 120
ecological studies 119–20
ecstasy 439–40, 1829
Edinger–Westphal nucleus 1355
edrophonium 1150
education
AD risk 253
dementia risk 243
effornithine 1750
EGR2 gene mutation 1131, 1132
EGR2/Krox 20 gene mutation 1130
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome 2072–3
arterial dissection 2073
carotid–cavernous fistula 2072
genetics 2073
intracranial aneurysm 2072, 2073
type IV 1411
Ehrlichia 1763
ejaculation 843
Ekbom syndrome 2045
elastance, intracranial 2016–17
elderly people, therapeutics 129–30
electrical potentials, brain death 354–5
electrocochleogram (ECochG) 667
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) 367
obsessive–compulsive disorder 397–8
electrodynamic/hemodynamic measures
combination 166–7, Fig. 12.7
electroencephalography (EEG) 160
abnormal findings 1286
aging 238
ambulatory 1286
attention in visual perception 161, Fig.
12.1–12.3
autism 412, 413
brain death 354
cardiac arrest 1961
cerebral changes 1963
cognitive brain function 160
coherence studies 167–8, 169, 170
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 224
epilepsy 1285–7
idiopathic generalized 1286–7
partial 1287
photosensitivity 1286, 1287
high resolution 81
infantile spasms 1287
memory function 161–2, Fig. 12.4
normal findings 1286
parallel processing 165
recording techniques 1285–6
sequential cerebral processing stages
162–3, 164, 165
sleep 816
sporadic CJD 1723, 1725
temporal lobe seizures 1314
wakefulness 292–3
electrolyte balance in renal disease
2000–2
acute renal failure 1988
myopathy with renal failure 1995
electromagnetic activity, intracranial
sources 166
electromyelogram
anal sphincter 838
multiple system atrophy 840
single fibre 1150, 1151
urethral sphincter 838
electron-transfer flavoprotein (ETF)
deficiency 1221
Elk-1 transcription factor 1436
embolism
coronary artery bypass surgery 1959
mitral stenosis 1953
mitral valve prolapse 1953–4
stroke 1345
emotion
consciousness 293
core consciousness 291
neurophysiological properties 1329
emotional syncope see vasovagal syncope
empty sella syndrome 861
EMX2 homeobox gene 181
encephalitis
cytomegalovirus 1701–2
herpes simplex 1287
lead 1806
paraneoplastic syndromes 1480–1
Rasmussen’s 1240, 1259, 1278
saccadic oscillations 643
varicella zoster virus 1676
viral 1253, 1666, 1667, 1668–9
clinical manifestations 1667–8
CSF 1653
syndromes 1669–73
encephalitis lethargica 221, 478, 489, 490,
504
waking state 817
encephalomalacia, multicystic 572
encephalomyelitis
acute disseminated 1668
chronic progressive in Lyme disease
1757–8
experimental autoimmune (EAE) 1517,
1611
monophasic postinfectious 721
1002 Index
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postviral 1673–5
syndrome 1482
see also acute disseminated
encephalomyelitis
encephalopathy
anoxic 1159
West syndrome 1263
congestive heart failure 1962
early-infantile epileptic 1266
EEG 1287
HIV 1690–6
hypertensive 1947
hyponatremic 867
hypoxic–ischemic 575
epilepsy 1253
ischemic with raised intracranial
pressure 1385
lead 1832
Lyme disease 1757–8, 1760
mitochondrial 525, 1266
neurogastrointestinal 1924, 1931
neonatal 1912–13
posthypoxic 525
progressive of childhood 1913–14
rejection 1999
sulfasalazine-induced hypersensitivity
vasculitis 1980
uremic 1987–9
viral encephalitis differential diagnosis
1668
see also hepatic encephalopathy;
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
end-plate potentials 1144, 1163
endarteritis, obliterative 1767
endocarditis
drug abuse 1833
emboli 1943
infectious aneurysms 1393
atrial myxoma 1955
infective 1954
Libman–Sacks 2058
non-bacterial thrombotic (NBTE) 2058
endocrine disease 2033–40
endometriosis, low back pain 762
endonuclease 1688
�-endorphin 854
endorphins 440
endostatin 1439
endothelial cells
blood–brain barrier 1508
tight junctions 1655
endothelium
cerebrovascular tone 1338
immune cell trafficking 1516
endotoxins, bacterial 1732
endovascular embolization 1403
�-enolase deficiency 1217
ENT-1 nucleoside transporter 1819
enteric nervous system 795
enteroviruses
diagnosis 1662, 1664
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1679
meningitis 1662, 1665–6
diagnosis 1666
management 1664–5
entorhinal area 597, 598
entorhinal cortex 305, 306
entrainment 818
disorders 824–5
environmental toxins 1805–11
aquatic 1809–11
clinician roles 1811
olfactory deficit 605
see also chemical toxins; lead poisoning;
manganese
eosinophilic granuloma 2000
ependymoma 1434
brain tumour of childhood 1452–3
chemotherapy 1452–3
hypothalamic 855, 861
infants 1457–8
myxopapillary variant 1434
neurofibromatosis type 1 2062
postoperative tumour staging 1452
radiotherapy 1452
surgical resection 1452
ephedrine, CNS vasculopathy 1553
ephrins 89, 91, 94
epidemiology 118
study design/interpretation 119–22
epidermal growth factor 1594
neuronal growth 1593
stem cell requirements 59
tyrosine kinase receptor pathways 1435
epidural abscess 1737–9, 1738, Fig. 106.5
clinical features 1738–9
etiology 1738
pathology/pathogenesis 1738
treatment 1739
epilepsia partialis continua 1259, 1278–9
epilepsy
absence 1236–9
atypical 1264, 1281
childhood 1249, 1262
juvenile 1262
myoclonic 1266
spike-waves 1236–9
typical 1281
acidification 1235
acquired factors 1253, 1254, 1255
AD 1255
adverse drug reaction avoidance 1302
alcohol 1255
arteriovenous malformations 1255
autism 412, 413, 1255
autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal
lobe 1250, 1251, 1252
autosomal recessive rolandic with
paroxysmal exercise-induced
dystonia and writer’s cramp 1251,
1253
bacterial meningo-encephalitis 1253
behavioural assessment 1293
benign myoclonic in infants 1262
benign neonatal type 1 6
benign occipital 1287
benign of childhood
with centro-temporal spikes 1249,
1258
with occipital paroxysms 1258
benign rolandic 1283, 1287
benign self-remitting seizure disorders
1303
biochemical screen 1293
biopsies 1297
blood count 1293
blood investigations 1296–7
brain injury 1234
calcium-controlling genes 1241
calcium ion channels 1233–4
cardiac investigations 1293
cavernous angioma 1255
cellular basis 1229–42
central region 1260
cerebral abscess 1253
cerebral tumours 1253
cerebrovascular disease 1255
childhood absence 1249
classification of syndromes 1255–7,
1257–8
clinical features of
neurological/cognitive decline
1294
clinical spectrum 1248–68
continuous spike-and-waves during
slow wave sleep 1267
Index 1003
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epilepsy (cont.)
contralateral limb function loss 1320
convulsive movements 1283
cortical malformations 1253, 1254
cryptogenic 1256, 1263–4, 1265, 1266
partial 1261
CT 1288
cysticercosis 1289–90, 1746, 1749
differential diagnosis 1281
early-infantile encephalopathy 1266
EEG 1285–7
epidemiology 124–5, 1248, 1249, 1250
etiology 1250, 1251, 1252–3, 1254, 1255,
1256
excitation 1230
excitation/inhibition imbalance
1229–30
extrasynaptic mechanisms 1235–6
familial clustering 23
familial nocturnal frontal lobe 1240,
1241
familial temporal lobe 1251, 1252
focal 1255–6, 1257–61
focal cortical dysplasia 182
frontal lobe 1260
functional imaging 131
GABA 1230–3
studies 153–5
GABAergic neurons 1232–3
generalized 1255, 1257, 1261–3
with febrile seizures plus 1251, 1252
with febrile seizures plus type 2 6
idiopathic 1253, 1261–3
with generalized tonic–clonic seizures
1249
genes 1240–1
genetic factors 1250, 1251, 1252–3
grand mal seizure on awakening 1262
HD 1255
head injury 1253, 1255
hearing-induced 1259
hemiconvulsion–hemiparesis 1253
herpes encephalitis 1253
hippocampus 1233, 1235
sclerosis 1253, 1260, 1288
HIV infection 1253
hybrid depth electrodes 1326, 1327,
1328
hyperpolarization 1236
hyperthyroidism 2033
hypocalcemia 1255
hyponatremia 1255
hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy
1253
iatrogenic causes 1294–5
ictal electrographic patterns 1286
ictal hyperperfusion 131
ictal transition 1236
idiopathic 1256
generalized 1261–3, 1286–7
grand mal 23
partial 1257–9
IgA 1239
imaging 1287–92, 1296, 1316, 1317,
1319
inborn errors of metabolism 1293–4
infections 1253
inheritance 1240, 1250
multifactorial 1253
inherited forms 6, 23, 24
inhibition 1229, 1230–3
interictal activity 1236
interictal epileptiform discharges 1286
investigations 1285–94
juvenile
absence 1262
myoclonic 23, 1249, 1253, 1262
lobar 1259–61
magnetencephalography 165
magnetic resonance spectroscopy 151
medical intractability 1315–16
memory assessment 1293
mental handicap assessment 1293
mesial temporal lobe syndrome 1253
metabolic factors 1255
mood assessment 1293
mortality 1248
moyamoya disease 1408
MRI 1287–91, 1317
cavernomas 1290
functional 1290–1
granulomas 1289–90
indications 1288
malformations of cortical
development 1289
structural cerebral abnormalities
1288–90
surgical evaluation 1290
multidisciplinary research techniques
1328–9
multiple sclerosis 1255
multiple subpial transections 1320
myoclonic
early 1266
severe of infancy 1267
with myoclonic absences 1266
myoclonic–astatic 1264, 1266
natural history 1248–9
neural tube defects 1945
neurological disease 1255
neuromodulators 1233
neuronal synchrony 1233
neurophysiology 1296
neuropsychological assessment 1292–3
neurotransmitters 1233
non-epileptiform abnormalities 1286
occipital lobe 1261
parietal lobe 1260–1
partial 1255–6, 1257
and generalized seizures 1267
idiopathic 1257–9
with secondary generalized
tonic–clonic seizures 1249
symptomatic 1259–61
patient assessment 1281–97
cognitive decline 1294–7
data interpretation 1293
diagnosis 1281–5
individual potential assessment 1292
investigations 1285–94
neurological decline 1294–7
periventricular heterotopia 185–6
PET 1292
pharmacodependent 1249
pharmacological factors 1255, 1256
pharmacoresistant 1250
pharmacosensitive 1249
pharmacotherapy 1301–11
photosensitive 1262–3
polyopia 630
post-traumatic 1240
pregnancy 1945–6
presurgical neuropsychological
evaluation 1293
primary generalized 1278
primary reading 1258–9
prognosis 1249–50
progressive myoclonic 525, 1266, 1295
causes 1296
myoclonic status 1278
neurophysiology 1296
prolonged confusional state 1285
proton magnetic resonance
spectroscopy 1291
pyridoxine dependency 1253
relapse rate 1249
1004 Index
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relapse risk 1311
Rett’s syndrome 1255
seizures
frequency fluctuations 1310
precipitated by specific modes of
activation 1262–3
single 1302–3
with specific modes of presentation
1259
sexual dysfunction 844
single gene 1250, 1251, 1252–3
SISCOM scanning 1316
sodium channels 1234
special syndromes 1267–8
SPECT 1291
spike-waves 1236
spontaneously benign 1249
startle 528
startle-induced 1259
subclinical activity control 1301–2
sudden unexplained death syndrome
1248
surgery 1313–30
access to brain 1325
anesthesia 1317
complications 1319
corpus callosotomy 1320
curative 1314–15
epidemiology 1314–15
extratemporal 1319
gamma knife radiosurgery 1321–2
intraoperative recording 1317
medical intractability 1315–16
outcome 1320
palliative 1314–15
patient evaluation 1315–16
preoperative evaluation 1316
procedures 1314
research 1322–6, 1327, 1328–30
resected tissue investigation 1329–30
resection strategy 1319–20
seizure focus 1325
site determination 1319
temporal lobe resection 1315,
1317–19
types 1317–22
vagal nerve stimulation 1321
susceptibility loci 23, 25
symptomatic 1256
generalized 1263–4, 1265, 1266–7
T cells 1239
taste dysfunction 617–18
temporal lobe 165, 1240, 1259–60
chronic 1232
EEG 1287, 1314
hippocampus 1235
hypometabolism 1292
lateral 1260
medial entorhinal cortex cell loss
1233
medical intractability 1315
mesial 1260, 1317
mesial radiosurgery 1321–2
neocortical 1260
resection 1315, 1317–19
toxic factors 1255
transient focal motor and sensory
attacks 1283
tuberculoma 1289–90
tuberous sclerosis complex 2067
urinary incontinence 834
urine studies 1296
vestibular 689, 690
vigabatrin 153–4, 155
viral DNA 1240
viral encephalitis 1253
visual sensitive 1262–3
Wada testing of language laterality 1316
wellbeing assessment 1293
without unequivocal generalized/focal
features 1267
see also anti-epileptic drugs;
convulsions; deep brain
stimulation (DBS); Landau–Kleffner
syndrome; Lennox–Gastaut
syndrome; progressive myoclonic
epilepsy type 1; seizures; status
epilepticus; West syndrome
epileptic automatisms
awakeness 293
consciousness 295–6
seizures 295
epileptic fugue 295
epileptic syndromes 1257–61
epileptiform activity
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
426
ictal/interictal 1290
epileptiform neuron, disordered 1233
epileptogenesis 1234–5
apoptosis 1235
prevention 1302
episodic ataxia 6, 37, 1891
type 1 (EA1) and type 2 (EA2) 1891
episodic control disorders 553, 554, 555
epitope spreading 1543
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)
CNS infection after organ
transplantation 2087
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1110, 1679
multiple sclerosis 1615
optic neuritis 1674
primary CNS lymphoma 1703
renal transplantation complication
1999
transverse myelitis 1677
erectile dysfunction
multiple system atrophy 840
Parkinson’s disease 844
treatment 847–8
erections, psychogenic/reflexogenic 842
ergot alkaloids 923
ergotamine
brainstem binding 963
cluster headache 929, 930
derivatives 483
overuse 958, 963
overuse syndrome treatment 967
transformed migraine 964
erythema migrans 1756–7
erythrocytes
indices 2044
magnesium measurement 2009
erythromycin 1995
esmolol 1387
esophageal sphincter, lower/upper 798
esophagus 798
esotropia 649
estrogens
brain aging 242
nervous system effects 1939
protective effects for neurodegenerative
disease 11
ETF:CoQ10 oxidoreductase (ETFDH)
deficiency 1221
ethambutol
optic neuropathy 624
tuberculosis 1701, 1785, 1786
ethanol
clinical pharmacology 1814
hydrophobic binding pocket 1818
intoxication 1814–16
pathophysiology 1818–20
withdrawal syndrome 1816–17
ethchlorvynol overdose 1831
ethics, clinical trials 120
Index 1005
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ethopropazine 483
ethylene glycol toxicity 1988
etoposide 1452
eugenics 106
euphoria in multiple sclerosis 1610
event-related potentials (ERPs) 160
event-related responses 669
evoked potentials 1622
evoked waveforms, tract tracing methods
1323–4
exchange transfusion 2053
excitation in epilepsy 1229–30
excitation–contraction coupling 1198
excitatory amino acid transporter 2
(EAAT2) 1869, 1870
excitatory post-synaptic potentials
(EPSPs) 878
hippocampal pyramidal neuron 1230
excitotoxic substances 8
excitotoxicity
cerebral ischemia 66, 67, 68–70, 72–3
damage and oligodendrocyte sensitivity
1598
executive function
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
424–5
brain aging 203
deficit in multiple sclerosis 1608
obsessive–compulsive disorder 392
exercise intolerance 1209
exertional muscle injury 1212
glycogenoses causing 1214, 1216–18
lipid metabolism disorders causing
1218–20
muscle cramps 1211–12
muscle pain 1212
myoglobinuria 1212
myopathy 1928–9
protein-coding gene mutations 1928–9
respiratory chain defects 1222
rhabdomyolysis 1212
exertional fatigue
abnormal 1209
normal 1209–10
exotic ungulate encephalopathy 216
exotropia 649
Expanded Disability Rating Scale 108, 109
experimental autoimmune
encephalomyelitis (EAE) 1517,
1611
experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN)
1518–19
external ventricular drainage 1384
exteroceptive suppression 962
extinction
pathophysiology 336
reciprocal inhibition 336
tests 331–2
extradural hematoma 1797
extradural space metastases 723
extralemniscal system 663
extramedullary meningioma 723
extramedullary neurofibroma 723
extraocular muscles 646
extrapyramidal disturbance 1972
eye(s)
anemia 2044
deviation 333
wrong-way 1384
pain 939–40
see also vision; visual entries
eye movement
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
425
axes of rotation 646
cerebellar influences 640, 642
chronic hepatic encephalopathy 1973
constant velocity drift 644
control 634–54
corticobasal degeneration 496
downward 638
horizontal conjugate 635, 636, 637
innervation patterns 634
neglect 342
progressive supranuclear palsy 491
representational defects 339
torsional 638
upward 638
vestibular 642
see also gaze; saccades/saccadic eye
movements
eyeblink conditioning, classical delay 311
eyelid apraxia 473
Fabry disease 1139, 1919
stroke 1410
faces
recognition 628
visual loss 627
facial angiofibroma 2065, 2066
facial diplegia 649
facial motor nucleus 800
facial nerve
neuritis 947
taste buds innervation 611, 613
vasodilatation 1342
facial nerve palsy
cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities 1558
inflammatory bowel disease 1980
sarcoidosis 1559–60
facial neuropathy
idiopathic 1099–100
radiation-induced 1494
facial pain
neuropathic 941
vesticular system abnormalities 1350
facial palsy
hyperacusis 665
shingles 1678
Factor II 2059
Factor V Leiden
hemiplegic cerebral palsy 573
pre-eclampsia 573
protein C resistance 2057
Factor VII 2059
Factor VIII deficiency 2051
Factor IX 2059
deficiency 2051
Factor X
activation 2058
hypercoagulable state 2059
Factor XI deficiency 2051
Factor XII (Hageman factor) deficiency
2057
falls
carotid sinus hypersensitivity 788
patterns 586
progressive supranuclear palsy 491,
493, 494
familial amyloid polyneuropathy see
amyloid polyneuropathy, familial
familial dysautonomia see Riley–Day
syndrome
familial fatal insomnia (FFI) 26, 215, 1717
clinical features 1720
PrPSc 218
family grouping of neurological diseases
15
Fanconi syndrome 2000
Fas ligand 65, 1506, 1511
fasciculations, motor neuron disease 1865
fasL suppression 70
fast channel syndrome 1157
fat
emboli 1944
oxidation 1208
1006 Index
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fatal insomnia
sporadic 219
see also familial fatal insomnia (FFI)
fatigue
exertional 1209–10
motor neuron disease 1865, 1873
multiple sclerosis 1626
see also chronic fatigue syndrome;
exercise intolerance
fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase 1644
fecal incontinence 804–5
feline spongiform encephalopathy 216
fenoprofen 966
fentanyl overdose 1828
fertile soil hypothesis 1463
fetal alcohol syndrome 1824
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
423
autism 409
fetal striatal cell transplantation in
Huntington’s disease 1907
fetus, brain death 356
feverfew, migraine prophylaxis 922
fibrillation potentials 1990
fibrinogen gene 25
fibrinolytic abnormalities 2057
fibroblast growth factor 702
brain tumour angiogenesis 1438
tyrosine kinase receptor pathways 1435
fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) 1593,
1594
fibromuscular dysplasia
aneurysms 1394
stroke 1345
fibromyalgia
depression 366
exteroceptive suppression 962
low back pain 763
fibrous dysplasia, auditory nerve damage
672
Filamin 1 protein 186
filum terminale, tight 734
finger movement
manipulating 464
motor vocabulary 472
fish-kill events 1810, 1811
FK506 2082
flavivirus 1763
flecainide 914
flexible endoscopic evaluation of
swallowing (FEES) 803
FLICE-inhibitory protein (FLIP) 70
FLN1 gene 185, 186
flocculus, visual tracking 640, 642
fluconazole 1701
flucytosine 1701
fluid balance
acute renal failure 1988
myopathy with renal failure 1995
flumenazil 1831
flunarizine
chronic daily headache 965
hypnic headache 935
migraine prophylaxis 922
parkinsonism 504
flunitrazepam overdose 1831
fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)
1330
fluoxetine
bulimia nervosa 811
chronic daily headache 965
obsessive–compulsive disorder 397, 562
poststroke depression 1375, 1376
fluphenazine 949
flutter 644
fluvoxamine
chronic daily headache 965
obsessive–compulsive disorder 397, 562
FMR protein (FMRP) 44
FMR1 gene 44
focal cerebral symptoms in anemia 2045
focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) 181–2
Taylor-type 182
focal motor and sensory attacks, transient
1283
focal neurological disease 630
focal temporal slowing, aging 238
focal transmantle dysplasia 182
folate
deficiency 733, 1945, 2046, 2048
fragile sites 44
supplementation 1945
folic acid
antagonists 1533
supplementation 733
folinic acid, cerebral toxoplasmosis 1700
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 854
pituitary adenoma secretion 860
food avoidance 808–9
foot drop 587
foramen magnum lesions 718–19
Fore people (New Guinea) 222
forebrain
basal 306
injury 304
waking state 817, 818
diencephalic injury 304
pattern formation disorders 178
sexual behaviour 843
forkhead transcription factor (FKHR)
1436
fornix, global amnesia 305–6
foscarnet 1702
fosphenytoin 1669
Foster Kennedy syndrome 599, 600
fragile X syndrome 14, 34
autism 409
expanded trinucleotide repeats 32
folate-sensitive fragile site 44
FRAX fragile sites 44
trinucleotide repeat expansions 42,
43–4
triplet repeat mechanism 6
frataxin 47, 1886–7
frataxin gene 1886
FRDA gene 46–7
free fatty acids 1207, 1208
free radical scavengers 67
cerebral ischemia 69
free radicals
motor neuron disease 1870
oxygen 241
Freehand System 705, 706
Friedreich’s ataxia 1880, 1885, 1886–7
ataxia telangiectasia differential
diagnosis 1883
auditory nerve degeneration 673
GAA repeat expansion 1886
iron deposits 1887
kinetic tremor 519
oxygen reactive species 47
sensory neuronopathy 1085
trinucleotide repeat expansions 42,
46–7
frontal eye fields 639, 641
frontal gyrus, posterior superior 1324,
1325
frontal lobe(s)
akinesia 337
akinetic mutism 337
avoidance behaviour mediation 339
cerebrovascular lesions 296
depression 369
dorsolateral 337
dysfunction in Lewy body dementia
268
Index 1007
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frontal lobe(s) (cont.)
epilepsy 1260
glioma 600, 604
hemorrhage 1358
information retrieval 200
left in Tourette’s syndrome 557
lesions
sexual dysfunction 843
working memory deficit 310
micturition control 833
postural adjustments 582
pseudo-absences 1260
saccades control 639
stroke lesions and depression 1374
working memory 309–10
frontal subcortical circuits 557, 558
frontoparietal system
lesions and psychosis 1380
sequencing of movement 471
frontostriatal system
dysfunction 391, 392
sequencing of movement 471
frontotemporal dementia (FTD) 20,
283–7, 498
age at onset 285
corticobasal degeneration differential
diagnosis 497
diagnosis 285–6
differential diagnosis 498
epidemiology 124, 283–4
familial 220–1, 284
frontal lobe atrophy 285
gene 210
genetics 5, 284
imaging 224, 286, Fig. 19.1
incidence 211
insight loss 286
MRI 286, Fig. 19.1
neurochemistry 285
neurofibrillary tangles 221
neuronal inclusions 284
parkinsonism 450, 489
and parkinsonism linked to
chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) 258
pathogenesis/pathology 284–5
prevalence 284
semantic 286, 323
sporadic 220–1
subtypes 285–6
tau gene mutations 221, 284, 285
tau-positive inclusions 285
temporal lobe atrophy 285
terminology 283–4
transgenic models 226
treatment 286–7
frontotemporal dementia parkinsonism
17 (FTDP-17) 498
frovatriptan 923, 924
fruit, tropical 494
fugue states, prolonged 1285
fukutin gene 187–8
functional activation, task-specific 138
functional electrical stimulation (FES) 705
Functional Independence Measure (FIM)
108, 109, 110, 1375
functional mapping, electrical stimulation
1322, 1323
fungal infections of CNS 1657
renal transplantation complication
1999
fyn 83
G-protein-activated, inwardly rectifying K+
(GIRK) channel 1819
G proteins 82–3
G6PD deficiency 19
GABA 7, 66
agonists 914
alcohol action 440
antagonists 67
cocaine addition 437
cortical myoclonus 525
CRH inhibition 854
detection scheme 149, 154
effect efferent dysfunction/reduction
665
inhibition 1231
magnetic resonance spectroscopy in
brain 153–6
measurement 146
neurological injury 897
neurosteroid effects 1231
occipital lobe decline with seizures
1232
resonance parsing 155–6
status epilepticus 1272
swallowing 800
transporter 1231
GABA-A receptors 1230, 1231
ethanol intoxication 1818
inhibitory postsynaptic potential
mediation 1232
GABA-B receptors 1230, 1231
GABA receptors
agonists 441
seizures 1232
GABA transaminase (GABA-T) 153
GABAergic drugs 525
GABAergic neurons, epilepsy 1232–3
gabapentin
cluster headache 930
essential tremor 518
motor neuron disease 1875
multiple sclerosis 1627
neuropathic pain control 913
orthostatic tremor 518
paradoxical effects 1303
seizure control 1315
shingle pain 1678, 1679
short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform
headache with conjunctival
injection and tearing (SUNCT) 943
trigeminal neuralgia 945
gait/gait disorders 581–90
acquired hepatocerebral degeneration
1974
apraxia 473
ataxia 588, 2036
balance 582, 583–4
cautious 588–9
classification 582, 583–4
by clinical patterns 585–9
definition 581
diagnosis 589
disturbance 588
freezing 588
neural function levels 582, 583, 584–5
parkinsonian 478
patterns 587–9
eliciting 705
psychogenic 585, 589
rehabilitation 589
rigid 588
spinal cord injury 705
stiff 588
syndromes 587–9
treatment 589
veering 588
wide-based 588, 589
galactorrhea 856, 857
�-galactosidase deficiency 1139, 1410
galactosyl sulfatide 1137
galactosylceramidase
activity 1639
deficiency 1638
galactosylceramide �-galactosidase 1138
1008 Index
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GALC gene 1638
gallium nitrate 2005
gambling, pathological 395
gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) overdose
1831
ganciclovir 1702
ganglioglioma 182
GAP-23 93
GAP-43 85, 92–3
gap junctions 1235
gasoline
lead neurotoxicity 1805, 1806, 1807
manganese neurotoxicity 1808
sniffing 1832
gastrointestinal disorders 1979
neuropathy 1100–1
gastrointestinal tract
parasympathetic innervation 796
see also gut
gate control theory of pain 875
Gaucher’s disease 1919
investigations 1296, 1297
progressive myoclonic epilepsy 1296
gaze
convergence 1354
horizontal conjugate 635, 636, 637
hyperconvergence 1357
vertical 1354
vertical conjugate 637–8
see also eye movement
gaze-holding neural network 635
gaze-holding signal 638
gaze palsy
conjugate 635
hereditary 649
horizontal 649, 1353
upgaze 1354, 1357
vertical 1354
Wernicke’s encephalopathy 1821, 1822
(GCG)7 allele 41
gelatinases 1511
gelsolin 1136
Gemin proteins 1847
gene-targeted mice, AD 1848
gene therapy 6
Duchenne muscular dystrophy 1166
globoid-cell leukodystrophy 1639
genes
expression imaging 135
frame-shift mutations 14
identification
complex disorders 18–20
single gene disorders 17–18
interaction with environment 15
positional candidates 18
semidominant 18
susceptibility 5
transfer in spinal cord injury 704
genetic counseling 6
genetic diseases, familial grouping 15
genetic disorders
affecting kidneys 1999–2000
complex 18–20
see also single gene disorders
genetic distance 17–18
genetic models of neurological disease
16–17
genetic predictive testing 6
genetic risk (�1) 16, 22
genetically engineered models 1851–2
genetics
of neurological disorders 5–6, 14–26
reverse 17
geniculate ganglion 611, 613
genome-wide scans 18
genotyping 20
gentamicin ototoxicity 671
germ cell tumours
biochemical markers 1456–7
childhood 1456–7
treatment 1457
Gerstmann’s syndrome 321, 1356
Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker (GSS)
disease 215, 216, 218, 1717, Fig.
15.4
amyloid plaques 217–18, Fig 15.4
ataxic variant 1890
clinical features 1720
neuropathology 218, Fig 15.4
phenotype 219
Tg mouse models 226
geste antagoniste 532, 533
GFAP gene 1644
Ghrelin 855
Gi-proteins 436
giant axonal neuropathy 1133
giant cell arteritis 1581–2
aneurysms 1393
cervical radiculopathy 743
diagnosis 1582
ischemic optic neuropathy 623
pathology 1582
vasculitic neuropathy 1122
giant cells, multinucleated 1692
Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome see
Tourette’s syndrome
GIn residues, Machado–Joseph disease
227
glacial instability of spine 764–5
Glasgow Coma Scale 1794, 1795
intracerebral hemorrhage outcome
1389
glatiramer acetate 1628
multiple sclerosis 1629, 1948
see also copolymer-1 (COP-1)
glaucoma 2069
glia
axon survival 1601
growth factors 1593–4
olfactory bulb 1603
transplantation studies 1601–2
see also macroglia
glial cell line-derived nerve growth factor
(GDNF) 485, 1593
glial cells
production 57
proliferation with aging 238
radial 177, 178, Fig. 13.1
neuron progenitor cells 1330
glial cytoplasmic inclusions 502, Fig. 34.5
glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)
1876
glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) 56,
1594
Alexander disease 1643, 1644
glial gap junctions 1235
glial progenitors 56
glial syncytium 1235
glioblastoma multiforme 152, 1433, 1438,
Fig 11.4–11.5
gliogenesis 56
pathologic states 58
gliomas
chemotherapy 1443, 1444
hypothalamic 861, 1454–6
malignant
hypermetabolic anaerobic state 1442
tumour progression model 1449
optic nerve 1454–6
p53 function loss 1438
radiation-induced 1494
signalling pathways 1436
spontaneous hemorrhage 1440
tumour cell hypoxia 1439
vasculature 1439
see also astrocytomas
Index 1009
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gliosis
brain aging 238
schizophrenia 376
glissades see post saccadic drift
global amnesia see amnesia, global
Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) 254
global travel 3–4
globoid-cell leukodystrophy 1138
globus pallidus
essential myoclonus 527
extrapyramidal cerebral palsy 574
MPTP-induced parkinsonism 514
PD 481
progressive supranuclear palsy 492
Tourette’s syndrome 557
glomerular filtration rate 2002
glossalgia 618
glossitis 614
glossodynia 618
glossopharyngeal nerve
surgical injury 617
taste bud innervation 611–12, 613
glossopharyngeal neuralgia 618, 947
glucocorticoids
Churg–Strauss syndrome 1579
confusional state in systemic lupus
erythematosus 1573
cryoglobulinemia 1580
deficiency 1176
excess 1176
giant cell arteritis 1582
myasthenia gravis 1153, 1154
polyarteritis nodosa 1577
seizures in systemic lupus
erythematosus 1573
traumatic brain injury 1798
glucocorticosteroids 1530–1
exogenous 862
osteoporosis 1531
patient monitoring 1530–1
side effects 1530, 1531
glucose
cerebral utilization 131, 132, 134
metabolic rate of utilization 2007
glucose-6-P 1216
glucose-GH suppression test 855, 859
glucose transporter disorders 1913
�-glucosidase gene mutations 1217
�-1,4-glucosyl residues 1216
glue sniffing 1105, 1832, 1836
GLUT1 mutations 1913
glutamate 8
AD 256
antagonists 67
brain metabolism 157
cerebral ischemia 72
cochlear innervation 661
excess in brain 436–7
glutamine synthesis 1975
motor neuron disease 1869, 1870
neuronal death 62, 69
neuronal injury 698
neurotoxicity 7, 9
neurotransmitter system and alcohol
action 440, 441
pathways and phencyclidine 439, 440
pharyngeal swallowing 800
reduction of extracellular 66
schizophrenia 379
spinal nociceptive transmission 878
status epilepticus 1272
Tourette’s syndrome 559
toxicity 437
glutamate re-uptake transporter protein
1869
glutamate receptors (GluR) 59, 698–9, 878
central sensitization 882
excitation in epilepsy 1230
manipulation 66, 68–9
metabotropic 69
overactivation 63
glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies
1084
glutamine
brain metabolism 157
repeats 1900
synthesis 1975
glutamine synthetase 1975
glutaric aciduria type I 574
glutaric aciduria type II 1221
glutathione 1613
glutethimide overdose 1831
glyceryltrierucate 1636
glyceryltrioleate 1636
glycine receptor mutation 528
glycogen 1207
depletion in fatigue 1209–10
metabolism 1215
disorders 1214, 1215, 1216–18
oxidation 1207
glycogen debrancher deficiency 1209,
1214, 1217–18
glycogen synthase kinase 1436
glycogenolysis, anaerobic 1207, 1211–12
glycogenosis 1208
exercise intolerance 1214, 1216–17
fixed weakness 1217–18
myoglobinuria 1214, 1216–17
type V 1213
glycolysis 1215
glycoprotein disorder, carbohydrate-
deficient 575
glycosylation, congenital disorders 1919
GM1 antibodies 1118
GM1 gangliosides 1120
GM2 gangliosides
accumulation 1914
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1113
GM2 gangliosidosis
infantile 1914
startle response 529
see also Tay–Sachs disease
GMD2B gene 1169
Gnathostoma spinigerum
(gnathostomosis) 1751
goal-directed behaviour, memory-guided
434
Golgi-tendon organs 874
gonadotrophin, iatrogenic CJD 1717
gonadotrophin-releasing hormone
(GnRH) 854
long-acting analogues 855
gp120 envelope glycoprotein 1694
GQ1b antibodies 1120
gracile tract degeneration of AIDS 1082
Gradenigo’s syndrome 651, 670
Graefe’s sign 2034
graft-vs.-host disease 2088
Gram-negative bacilli, meningitis 1730
Gram-negative bacteria
brain abscess 1737
subdural empyema 1740
Gram-negative organism endotoxins 1732
Gram-positive organism cell walls 1732
granuloma
cell types 1560–1
formation 1561
non-caseating Fig. 95.3
granulomatous angiitis 1547
granulovacuolar degeneration 238
grasping
deficits of phase 469
observation 472
praxis 469
Graves’ disease 2034
exophthalmic 1176
1010 Index
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grey matter
brain aging 200
cortical in AD 254
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
2053
grey/white matter junction, brain
metastases 1463
Grb2 protein 1435
growth associated proteins
GAP-23 93
GAP-43 85, 92–3
growth cone
antibodies to inhibitory molecules 95
chemorepellants 91
lamellipodium 90
growth cone collapsing factors 90–2
growth factors 67
apoptosis 70–1
glia 1593–4
neurons 1593–4
transplantation of cells secreting in
Huntington’s disease 1907
tyrosine kinase receptor binding 1435–6
growth hormone (GH) 854–5
deficiency 862–3
adults 863–4
deficiency in children 863
long-term therapy 864
pituitary adenoma 858–9
secretion 859
growth hormone-releasing hormone
(GHRH) 855
growth inhibitors, neuron-associated 91
Gs-proteins 436
GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1) 536, 574
Guadeloupe (French West Indies),
progressive supranuclear palsy
incidence 494
guanfacine 561
cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)
847
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1110–14
acute polyradiculoneuropathy 1483
Addison’s disease 2039
alcoholic neuropathy differential
diagnosis 1824
antecedent events 1110
antibody response 1504
antiganglioside antibodies 1113
arsenic neuropathy differential
diagnosis 1104
autonomic dysfunction 1086
autonomic failure 787
bone marrow transplantation 2088
botulism differential diagnosis 1158
Campylobacter jejuni 1519
cancer incidence 1476
cerebrospinal fluid 1111
clinical course 1112
clinical features 1111
complement activation 1509
compound muscle action potentials
1111
conduction block 1078, 1111
critical illness polyneuropathy
differential diagnosis 1101
cytomegalovirus 1519
demyelination 1112–13
diagnosis 1110
electrodiagnostic studies 1111–12
Haemophilus influenzae 1519
heroin use 1836
hexacarbon neuropathy differential
diagnosis 1105
infection 1513
investigations 1111–12
Miller–Fisher syndrome 1120
Miller–Fisher variant 653, 1111, 1113
antibody response 1504
molecular mimicry 1113, 1514
oculomotor palsy 653
with ophthalmoplegia 1113
pathology/pathogenesis 1112–13
plasmapheresis 1114
recurrence 1112
sexual dysfunction 846
swallowing disruption 802
total parenteral nutrition 1982
treatment 1113–14
urinary bladder dysfunction 836
vaccine association 1110, 1112
variants 1111
viral association 1678, 1679
viral hepatitis 1100
gumma gummata 1768
neurosyphilis 1770–1
gustatory agnosia 614
gustatory cortical regions 612–14
imaging 613
gustatory dysfunction
causes 615–18
disorder classification 614
treatments 615–18
gustatory fibres, afferent 611, 613
gustatory function
clinical evaluation 614–15
imaging 614
gustatory nucleus, peripheral pathways
611–12, 613
gustatory system 610–14
gustatory testing, quantitative 614–15
gustatory transduction 610–11
gut
extrinsic neural pathways 797
function coordination 795
intrinsic neural pathways 797
spinal innervation 795, 796
vagal innervation 795, 796
gynecological neoplasms
paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
1476
paraneoplastic retinal degeneration
1481
gyrus
atrophy in AS 254–5
calcification 2070
dentate 57–8
frontal posterior superior 1324, 1325
parahippocampal 200
supramarginal 321
temporal
posterior superior 1324, 1325
superior 171
see also cingulate gyri; precentral gyrus
Hachinski Ischemic Score (HIS) 245
Haemophilus influenzae
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1110, 1519
immunization 1729
meningitis 1729, 1730
subdural empyema 1740
Haemophilus influenzae type b
vaccination 1735
hair, curly 1133
hair cells 658, 660
inner/outer 660, 661
outer 661
Hallervorden–Spatz disease 269, 1919
extrapyramidal cerebral palsy 574
parkinsonism 490, 505
hallucinations
gustative 1260
hypnagogic 824
olfactory 1260
poststroke 1379–80
rostral brainstem infarcts 1355
Index 1011
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hallucinogens 1831–2
haloperidol
chorea gravidarum 1946
Huntington’s disease 1906
immunosuppressive neurotoxicity
management 2086
tic disorders 561
halothane, ryanodine receptor mutation
15
Haltia–Santavouri disease 1917
hamartin 2068
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-
D) 245, 1376
poststroke anxiety disorder 1378
poststroke pathological effect 1379
hand(s)
focal dystonia 534
movement motor vocabulary 472
multifocal myoclonus 525
tremor 517
velocity in ideomotor apraxia 464, 464
and wrist representation loss 455, Fig.
31.8
Hartnup disease 1881, 1883
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis 2037
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease differential
diagnosis 224
head
motion 634
tilt 534
tremor 517
head injury
AD risk 253
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
423
dementia risk 243
dystonia 535
epilepsy 1253, 1255
medical intractability of seizures
1315
hemophiliacs 2052
ICP monitoring 2018
olfactory dysfunction 603, 604
parkinsonism 505
programmed cell death 1801–2
sexual dysfunction 843
swallowing disruption 802
taste dysfunction 616
urinary bladder dysfunction 834
see also brain injury
headache 920
anemia 2044
benign cough 933–4, 942
brain metastases 1463
caudate hemorrhage 1384
cerebellar hemorrhage 1359
cerebellar infarction 1352
chronic daily 955–68, 959
epidemiology 960–3
hospitalization criteria 963, 964
incomplete/incorrect diagnosis 968
induction by migraine medications
963
pain modulation 961–2
pathophysiology 960–1
peripheral mechanisms 961
pharmacotherapy 963–6
preventive treatment 964–6
prognosis 967–8
psychiatric comorbidity 960
psychophysiologic therapy 963
spontaneous central pain activation
962–3
supraspinal facilitation 962–3
treatment 963–7
treatment failure 967–8
chronic tension-type 955, 956–7, 960
Achilles tendon pain threshold 962
exteroceptive suppression 962
pericranial muscle disorder 963
pharmacotherapy 964
sensitization 961
cluster 927–31
acute attacks 930
clinical features 928–9
differential diagnosis 928, 929
management 929–30
orofacial pain 943
PET 927, Fig. 62.1
preventative treatment 929–30
cyclosporin-induced 2085
drug-induced 958–9, 963
episodic tension-type 956–7, 957, 959
exteroceptive suppression 962
giant cell arteritis 1582
hemicrania continua 932–3
hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
2074
hyperthyroidism 2033
hypnic 934–5
idiopathic intracranial hypertension
2027
immunosuppressive neurotoxicity 2086
internal carotid artery dissection 748
intracranial hemorrhage 1392
intracranial hypotension 2028
kindling model 962
new daily persistent 955, 957
pharmacotherapy 964
nitroglycerin-induced 961
OKT3 immunosuppression 2086
overuse syndrome of analgesics 921,
958–9, 963
ambulatory infusion treatment 967
inpatient treatment 967
outpatient treatment 966–7
paroxysmal hemicrania 930–1
polycythemia vera 2051
pregnancy 1942
primary stabbing 933
rebound 958–9
short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform
headache with conjunctival
injection and tearing (SUNCT)
931–5
subarachnoid hemorrhage 1345–6,
1393
systemic lupus erythematosus 1572
tension-type 962
transformation 962
see also migraine
health care
evaluation 106
improvements 196
health measurements 105–8
health rating scales
acceptability 108–9
to patients 111–12
administration method 111
appropriate health entity 111
candidate items 113
choosing 111–12
clinical usefulness 111
data quality 108
detection of change 112
development 113
evaluation 108–11
preliminary field test phase 113
reliability 109–10, 112
responsiveness 110
sample appropriateness 112
scaling assumptions 108
spectrum of health measured 112
validity 110, 112
health status concepts, abstract 107
hearing aids 675
1012 Index
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hearing disorders, etio-pathogenesis
670–3
hearing loss 663–4
conductive 663, 664
genetic syndromes 671
management 673–4
pharmacological treatment 674
rehabilitation 674
sensorineural 663–4
Cogan’s syndrome 1583, 1584
surgery 674
viral infection 1679
heart
brain influence 1962–5
influence on brain 1952–5
psychosocial risk factors 1963
see also cardiac entries
heat shock proteins (HSPs) 241
heavy chain diseases 2055–6
Heinz bodies 2049
Helicobacter pylori 911
hyperammonemia 1977
HELLP syndrome 2053
helminths 1751
helodermin 1342
helospectins 1342
helper T (TH) cells 1504, 1505
effector 1505
cytokine synthesis 1509–10
hematological disease
anemia 2044–8
hemoglobinopathies 2048–50
hemorrhagic diathesis 2051–4
hypercoagulable states 2057–9
myeloproliferative disorders 2051
neurological manifestations 2044–59
paraproteinemias 2055–7
thalassemia 2048–50
hematomyelia 720–1, 721
hematopoiesis, extramedullary 2051
heme arginate 1137
heme biosynthesis disruption 1136, 1137
hemi-inattention 332
hemianesthesia 332
hemianopia 622
bitemporal 625
cerebral artery posterior 1355
homonymous 626, 627
residual visual function 627
scan paths 627
hemianopsia 332, 333
hemispatial neglect 337
hemiballism 1355
hemiconvulsion–hemiparesis–epilepsy
1253
hemicord syndrome 717, 718
see also Brown–Séquard syndrome
hemicrania continua 932–3, 955, 957–8
hemidystonia 534, 535
hemifield slide phenomenon 625
hemimedullary infarction 1352
hemineglect, buccal 615
hemiparesis
anterior choroidal artery occlusion 1348
ataxic 1356
herald 1353
medial medullary infarction 1352
pontine hemorrhage 1358
Sturge–Weber syndrome 2069
Sylvian fissure hematoma 1392–3
hemiplegia
cerebral palsy 570, 572–3
childhood 737
denial 339–40
mirror movements 737
moyamoya disease 1408
see also anosognosia
hemiplegic migraine, familial 6
hemispace 338
hemispherectomy 1320
hemispheres
astrocytoma 1431
asymmetry 340–1
attacks with internal carotid artery
dissection in neck 1346
central behavioural testing 670
infarction 1349
information processing speed 336
ischemia 1346
oligodendrogliomas 1432, 1433, 1434
see also left hemisphere; right
hemisphere
hemispherotomy 1320
hemodialysis
chronic renal failure 1100, 1989, 1990
hyperammonemia 1977
secondary carnitine deficiency 1221
uremic polyneuropathy 1992–3
hemodynamic/electrodynamic measures
combination 166–7, Fig. 12.7
hemofiltration 1998
hemoglobin 2044, 2048–9
heterozygous states 2050
sickle 2049
hemoglobin A 2048–9
hemoglobin F 2049
hemoglobin S 1944
disease 2049–50
hemoglobinopathies 1944, 2048–50
hemolytic anemia, elevated liver function
tests, low platelets see HELLP
syndrome
hemolytic uremic syndrome 2053
hemophilia 2051–2
central nervous system complications
2051–2
head injury 2052
peripheral nervous system
complications 2051
hemophilia A 6
hemorrhagic disease of the newborn 2054
hemosiderin, subarachnoid deposition
739
Henoch–Schönlein purpura 2054
heparan sulfate endoglycosidase 1655
heparin
acute ischemic stroke 1366
deep vein thrombosis prevention 1368
heparinoids 1366
hepatic coma
fulminant 1970, 1971
liver transplantation 1976
hepatic disorders
neuropathy 1100–1
see also liver disease; liver
transplantation
hepatic encephalopathy 1970
chronic 1970–3
coma 1972
impaired consciousness 1972
movement disorders 1972
neurobehavioural disorders 1971
ocular motility 1973
seizures 1972
speech disturbance 1972–3
fulminant 1971
liver transplantation 1977
gut-derived toxins 1975–6
hyperammonemia 1977–8
intermittent 1973
liver transplantation 1976
pathogenesis 1974–6
portal–systemic 1977
subclinical 1971, 1973
syndromes 1970–4
synergism 1976
Index 1013
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hepatic failure, fulminant 2025
hepatic porphyria 15
hepatitis
infectious 1833
transverse myelitis 1677
hepatitis A 1679
hepatitis B
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1679,
2088
polyarteritis nodosa 1577
hepatitis C 1579–80
hepatocerebral degeneration, acquired
1971, 1973–4
cognitive dysfunction 1973–4
motor disorders 1974
hepatolenticular degeneration see Wilson’s
disease
hepatopathy
benign of infancy/childhood 1217
mtDNA depletion 1931
HER-2 allele overexpression 11
Herceptin 11
hereditary ataxias 1880–92
autosomal dominant 1880, 1887–90
autosomal recessive 1880
cerebellar 1886–7
degenerative 1885–6
enzyme defects 1880–3
episodic 6, 37, 1891
genetic testing 1892
metabolic 1880–3
diagnosis 1882
genetics 1881
intermittent 1880–2
progressive 1880, 1881, 1882–3
mitochondrial function defects 1880,
1891–2
mode of inheritance 1880
progressive
defective DNA repair association
1883–4
degenerative 1880
recessive 1887
triple repeat diseases 1885
X-linked 1880, 1891
see also spinocerebellar ataxia
hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with
amyloidosis 1408
hereditary coagulopathies 1919
hereditary endotheliopathy with
retinopathy, nephropathy and
stroke (HERNS) 1411
hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
1409, 2053–4, 2073–5
genetics 2074–5
hereditary motor and sensory
neuropathies 1129–32
hereditary ataxia differential diagnosis
1887
inherited with multisystem involvement
1133–5
Lom 1130–1
treatment 1134–5
hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy 1129,
1132
hereditary neuropathies 1129–41
with focally folded myelin 1130, 1131
with liability to pressure palsies 1129,
1132
hereditary olivo-pontocerebellar atrophy
1887
hereditary sensory neuropathy 1132–3
auditory nerve degeneration 673
Hering’s law 638
heritability 16
AD 22
multiple sclerosis 22
herniation syndromes 1385, 1440
brain tumours 1440
heroin 1827–8
addiction 442
cocaine combination 437
contaminant causing parkinsonism 480
fetal effects 1835
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1836
myelopathy 1834
with quinine 1836
stroke 1834
vapor smoking 1836
violent crime 1833
herpes simplex encephalitis 1287,
1669–71
epilepsy 1253
imaging 1670–1
laboratory findings 1670
mortality rate 1671
neonatal 1666
onset 1670
pathology/pathogenesis 1669–70
periodic lateralizing epileptiform
discharges (PLEDS) 1670
treatment 1671
herpes simplex type I 1240
herpes simplex virus (HSV)
diagnosis 1662, 1664
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1679
infection spread 1660
meningitis 1664, 1666
herpes zoster
ophthalmicus 1678
orofacial pain 949–50
oticus see Ramsay–Hunt syndrome
peripheral nerves 1677, 1678–9
Heschl’s gyrus 662
heterotopic nodules 186
heterozygous states, complex
combinations 2050
hexacarbons, neuropathy 1104–5
hexamethonium 774
n-hexane
neuropathy 1104–5
parkinsonism 504
hexosaminidases 1914–15
HHT gene mutations 1409
HHT1 and HHT2 genes 2074–5
high density lipoprotein (HDL) deficiency
1139
highly active antiretroviral therapy
(HAART) 1683, 1689
discontinuing 1690
long-term effects 1689
primary CNS lymphoma 1704
progressive multifocal
leukencephalopathy 1702
treatment interruption 1689, 1690
Hilbert transform 168
hippocampal pyramidal neuron 1230
hippocampus
astrocytes 1330
atrophy 1289
CA1 region 83
CA2-3 regions 271–2
epilepsy 1233, 1235
epileptiform activity 1236
Lewy neurites 271–2
major pathways 305
memory 200
storage 83
mossy fiber sprouting 85
MRI 1288–9, 1317
quantitative assessment 1289
neurogenesis 1330
NMDA receptors 84
resection 1318–19
schizophrenia 377
sclerosis 245, 1288–9
1014 Index
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in epilepsy 1253, 1260
status epilepticus 1272
volumetry 1289
Hirano bodies 238
Hirschsprung’s disease 792
histologically defined angiitis of the CNS
(HDACNS) 1547–8, 1548–9
HIV infection 3
antiretroviral agent neuropathy 1103
antiretroviral therapy 1688–90
biology 1683–8
CD4 counts 1688, 1689–90
chemokine receptors 1685–6
CNS opportunistic infections 1698–704
dementia 1688, 1690–6
adjunctive therapy 1696
astrocytes 1693–4, 1695
clinical features 1691–2
CSF abnormalities 1692
differential diagnosis 1685, 1692
imaging 1692–3, 1694
inflammatory mediators 1694
misdiagnosis 1692
pathophysiology 1693–4, 1695
pediatric 1691
prevalence 1691
treatment 1695–6
distal sensory polyneuropathy 1697,
Fig. 103.13, Fig. 103.14
drug abuse 1834
encephalopathy 1690–6
epidemiology 1683
epilepsy 1253
facial nerve palsy 1558
general paresis 1773
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1110, 1679
haplotype 25
immune system augmentation 1690
immunosuppression 1688
motor neuronopathies 1085
myopathy 1177–8
neurological complications 1683–704,
1685
incidence 1684
neurological manifestations 1690–6
neuropathic pain 1697, 1698
neurosyphilis 1773, 1774–5
new-onset mania 1692
peripheral nerve damage 1677
polymyositis 1697, 1698
provirus 1686–7
replication 1660
sensory neuropathies 1688, 1690, 1697,
Fig. 103.13
treatment 1698
T cell CD4 receptor 1685
tabes dorsalis 1773
toxoplasmosis 1657
tuberculoma 1784
tuberculosis 1777, 1778, 1782–3
vacuolar myelopathy 722, 1696
viremia 1688
wasting syndrome 1178, 1683
see also AIDS; human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
HLA-B8 allele 25, 1149
HLA B27 739
HLA-DQ6 1599
HLA-DQB1 0602 823
HLA-DR2 see HLA-DR15 allele
HLA-DR3 allele 25
HLA-DR4 1761
HLA-DR15 allele 1599
multiple sclerosis association 22, 1606,
1607
HLA Drw3 1149
HMGCoA reductase inhibitors
dementia effect 242
myotonia 1191
Hodgkin’s disease
acute polyradiculoneuropathy 1483
CNS vasculitis 1548
paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
1476
radiation-induced lower motor neurone
syndrome 1495
Holmes–Adie pupil 792
Holmes–Adie syndrome 773, 775
holocarboxylase synthetase (HLCS) gene
1882
holoprosencephaly 55, 178
spastic quadriplegia 572
homocarnosine 155–6
homocysteine 1413, 2046–7
cerebrovascular disease risk 1420
homocystinuria 25, 1919
aneurysms 1393
management 1413
stroke 1413
homovanillic acid, dystonia 537
Hopkins Motor and Vocal Tic Scale 553
horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex 637
hormonal manipulation 922
hormone replacement therapy 1424
Horner’s syndrome 651, 718
autonomic dysfunction 792
cluster headache 928
face 773
hyperthyroidism 2034
internal carotid artery dissection in
neck 1346, 1347
lateral medullary infarction 1351
superior cerebellar artery infarction
1355
horror autotoxicus 1513
HOXA1 gene 411
HSP 70 241
5-HT1A serotonin receptor subtype 66
HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (HAM)
1710
HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical
spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP)
1710, 1711
clinical features 1711–12
diagnosis 1711, 1712
histology 1712–13
spinal cord abnormalities 1712–13
treatment 1713
human genome 18, 20
Human Genome Project 5
human granulocytic erhlichiosis 1763
human growth hormone (hGH)
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease transmission
223
iatrogenic CJD 1717
human herpes virus 6 (HHV6) 1615
antigen in epilepsy patients 1240
human herpes virus 8 (HHV8) 1703
Kaposi’s sarcoma 1561, 1703
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
1683–6
clinical latency 1688
genes 1687–8
HIV-1 1684
drug resistant strains 1689
peripheral nerve disorders 1696–8
replication 1688
HIV-2 1684–5
life cycle 1686–8
plasma RNA levels 1688, 1689
replication 1688
reverse transcription 1688
structure 1686–8
virions 1687
release 1688
see also HIV infection
Index 1015
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human leukocyte antigens (HLA)
neurosarcoidosis association 1561–2
see also individual HLAs
human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)
drug abuse 1834
myelopathy 722–3
type 1 (HTLV-1) 1710
CTL response 1711
neurological manifestations 1710–13
replication 1710
transmission 1710
urinary tract dysfunction 835
humoral immune response to viral
infection 1660
Hunter syndrome 1918
huntingtin gene 7, 35, 1899
mouse models 1904
mutant proteins 214
mutations 14
neuronal inclusion bodies 1901
polyglutamine expansion 6
transcription abnormalities 1906
transgenic models 227
huntingtin protein
amyloid-like fibrils 1903
glutamine repeat 1903
Huntington’s disease 1902–3
localization of mutant 1903–4
proteolytic cleavage 1905
transgenic models 227
Huntington’s disease 1896–907
age of onset 1899–900
animal models 1901–2, 1904–5
inducible 1905
anticipation 32, 34, 1899
apo-E allele 22
autonomic failure 784
CAG repeats 1898–900
knockin gene studies 1904
caspase inhibitors 1907
cell models 1903–4
chorea 1896–7
chorea gravidarum 1946
clinical course 1896–8
cognitive dysfunction 1897
death 1896
depression 1897, 1906
differential diagnosis 1898
dystrophic neurites in brain 1901
emotional disorders 1897–8, 1906–7
epilepsy 1255
familial 222
fetal striatal cell transplantation 1907
genetics 1898–900
growth factor-secreting cell
transplantation 1907
incidence 211
juvenile 574, 1919
mitochondrial dysfunction 40, 1902
motor impairment 1896–7
neural xenotransplantation 704
neurodegeneration rating scale 1900,
1901
neuronal inclusion bodies 1901, 1902,
1905, Fig.118.3
neuronal inclusions 35
neuronal loss 1900
neuropathology 1900–1, Fig. 118.2–3
neurotoxic models 1901–2
obsessive–compulsive disorder 1897–8,
1906–7
olfactory deficit 604
onset 1896, 1897
parkinsonism 490, 505
pathogenesis 1900, 1902
penetrance 1899
polyglutamine aggregation 1905, 1907
polyglutamine pathogenesis models
1905–6
progression rate 1900
progressive myoclonic epilepsy 525
saccades control 640
strategic declarative memory deficit 310
striatal cell xenograft transplantation 95
survival 1896, 1897
toxic gain of function 1900
transgenic models 227
treatment 1906–7
trinucleotide repeat expansions 34–5, 42
triplet repeat mechanism 6, 14, 1898
Westphal’s variant 505
Huntington’s disease-like disorders 1898
Hurler syndrome 1918
Hutchinson–Gilford syndrome 2075–6
hybrid depth electrodes 1326, 1327, 1328
hydralazine 1103
hydrocephalus 729
Borrelia burgdorferi 1758
communicating
brain tumours 1440
intracranial hypertension 2019
CSF removal 2022
cysticercosis 1746, 1749
external ventricular drainage 1384
neurosarcoidosis 1565
normal pressure 2025–7
CSF pressure monitoring 2027
dementia 2026
Lewy body dementia differential
diagnosis 269
obstructive 1386, 2022, 2023, 2024
intracerebral hemorrhage 1388
intracranial hypertension 2019
Paget’s disease 737
progressive 734
spastic quadriplegia 572
tuberculosis 1700, 1778–9
ventricular shunting 1749
hydrogen ions 1235
hydromyelia 729
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA
reductase inhibitors see HMGCoA
reductase inhibitors
3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
deficiencies 1220
hydroxychloroquine 1565, 1566
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
anorexia nervosa 811
bulimia nervosa 812
4-hydroxynonenal 1870
hydroxyquinolones, halogenated 624
5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
agonists 67
partial in poststroke anxiety disorder
1378
allodynia with muscular face pain 951
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
426–7
brain aging 198
CRH stimulation 854
eating disorder neurobiology 811–12
obsessive–compulsive disorder 393
peripheral sensitization 880
receptors 368
antagonists 922
cocaine reward 437
schizophrenia 379
serotonin-2A receptor gene promoter
polymorphism 811
see also serotonin hypothesis;
serotoninergic entries
5-hydroxytryptamine1B/1D (5-HT1B/1D)
receptor agonists 923
1,25-hydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)D) 2005
hyperactivity 422–4
hyperacusis 664–5
1016 Index
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hyperadrenalism 2038–9
hyperaldosteronism 2039
hypomagnesemia 2008
hyperalimentation 2010
hyperammonemia 1977–8
hyperarousal, psychophysiological 822
hyperbilirubinemia 574
hypercalcemia 2004–5
hypercapnia
sleep apnea 822
vasodilatory response 1339–40
hypercapnic vasodilator response 1342
hypercholesterolemia 2084
hypercoagulable states 2057–9
blood vessel abnormalities 2059
malignancy 2058
nephrotic syndrome 2059
oral contraceptives 2059
pregnancy 2058–9
primary 2057–8
prothrombin complex infusions 2059
rheological abnormalities 2059
secondary 2058–9
hypercortisolism 860, 2039
hyperekplexia 527–8
hypereosinophilic syndrome 1175
hyperesthesia
cutaneous 715
spinal cord syndromes 717
hyperglycemia
acute ischemic stroke 1368
diabetic polyneuropathy 1098
hyponatremia 868
nerve growth factors 1098
raised intracranial pressure 2021
hyperhidrosis 773, 792
botulinum toxin 779
essential 775, 779
malodorous 858
percutaneous endoscopic
sympathectomy 779
hyperkalemia 2010–11
cyclosporin-induced 2083
hyperlipidemia 1093
hypermagnesemia 2007–8
hypomagnesemia treatment 2009
hypernatremia 2000–2
CNS complications 2001–2
hyperosmia 597, 605
hyperosmolality 2000–1
hyperparathyroidism
cerebral symptoms 2038
hypercalcemia 2004
neck pain 749
neurological complications 2038
neuromuscular disease 2038
osteopenic disorders of spine 729
primary 2038
secondary 1996, 1997, 2038
spinal symptoms 2038
hyperpathia, cutaneous 715
hyperpolarization
calcium-activated potassium 1230
epilepsy 1236
hyperprolactinemia 856–8
causes 857, 858
hypersexuality, sexual dysfunction 843–4
hypersomnolence 1282
hypertension
accelerated with hypertensive
encephalopathy 1988
acute renal failure 1988
aneurysms 1397
autoregulation 1339
benign intracranial 1980
cerebellar hemorrhage 1384
cyclosporin-induced 2083, 2084
encephalopathy 1947
penetrating artery disease syndromes
1356
pre-eclampsia 1946
hyperthermia 1368
hyperthyroid neuropathy 2034
hyperthyroidism 1175–6, 2033–5
autoimmune 2034
movement disorders 2033–4
myasthenia gravis 1151, 2034–5
myopathy 2035
neuromuscular disorders 2034–5
periodic paralysis 2035
hyperventilation, raised intracranial
pressure 2020
hyperviscosity syndrome 2055
Hypervolemic Hemodilution Treatment of
Acute Stroke Trial 1368
hypoadrenalism 2039
hypobetalipoproteinemia, familial 1140
hypocalcemia 2005–7
epilepsy 1255
hypomagnesemia 2008
magnesium deficiency 2007
management 2007
hypochondriasis in obsessive–compulsive
disorder
differential diagnosis 388
spectrum 395
hypocretins 823
hypofrontality, schizophrenia 379–80
hypogeusia 614
hypoglossal motor nucleus 800
hypoglossal nerve 1867
hypoglycemia
acute ischemic stroke 1368
loss of awareness 1282
hypogonadism, suspected secondary 864
hypokalemia 2011
bulimia nervosa 811
myopathy 1177
hypokinesia, directional 333, 338
hypomagnesemia 2008–9
cyclosporin-induced 2083, 2084
delirium tremens 1817
hypomelanotic macules 2065, 2066
hypomyelination, congenital 1132
hyponatremia 2002–4
aneurysms 1397
classification 2002, 2003
clinical features 2003
Cushing’s disease 869
epilepsy 1255
management 2003–4
pathophysiology 2003
pituitary surgery 869
SIADH differential diagnosis 867–8
water restriction 2004
hypoparathyroidism 2006, 2038
management 2007
hypophosphatemia 1982
hypophysial artery
inferior 854
superior 853
hypophysial–portal system 853
hypophysitis, lymphocytic 861
hypopituitarism 856, 862–5
diagnosis 863
prevention 865
signs/symptoms 862–3
hyposmia 597
causes 600
hypotension
intraoperative in cardiac surgery 1959
orthostatic 775–6, 777, 778
autonomic failure 782, 783
decrease in acute ischemic stroke
1367
dysautonomia 780
Index 1017
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hypotension (cont.)
reflex cerebral vasodilatation 1387
hypothalamic astrocytoma 861
childhood 1454–6
hypothalamic chorioepithelioma 861
hypothalamic ependymoma 861
precocious puberty 855
hypothalamic germinoma 861
precocious puberty 855
hypothalamic glioma 861, 1454–6
hypothalamic hamartoma 861
precocious puberty 855
radiosurgery 1321
hypothalamic neurofibroma 861
hypothalamic releasing/inhibiting factors
853
hypothalamic teratoma 855
hypothalamic–pituitary unit disorders 855
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis 367,
368, 854
hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis 854
hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis 854
hypothalamus
auditory pathway input 663
brain death 351
damage 2001
dysfunction in cluster headache 927,
Fig. 62.1
glutamatergic input 818
grey matter Fig. 62.1
hypocretin gene expression 823
lateral and nucleus acumbens
projections 433
metastases 861
nociceptive neurons 890
nucleus tractus solitarius projections
797
REM sleep 821
spinal projection neurons 888
suprachiasmatic nucleus 819
swallowing 801
sympathetic innervation of cerebral
circulation 1342
waking state 817
hypothermia 1368
hypothrombinemia 2054
hypothyroidism 1175, 1176
carpal tunnel syndrome 2037
cerebral symptoms 2035–6
cranial nerve abnormalities 2036
cretinism 2037
dementia 20
EEG 2036
gait ataxia 2036
muscle enlargement 2036
myasthenia gravis 1151, 2037
myopathy 1176, 2036–7
neurological manifestations 2035–7
neuromuscular disorders 2036–7
peripheral nerve disorders 2037
primary 863
seizures 2036
SIADH differential diagnosis 868
smell impairment 599
suspected secondary 864
hypoxia
status epilepticus 1272, 1273
tumour cells 1439
vasodilatory stimulus for cerebral
vasculature 1340
hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1439
hypoxic event, myoclonus 526
hypoxic vasodilatory response 1342
hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy 1253
hypoxic–ischemic insult
extrapyramidal cerebral palsy 574
fetal 181
oligodendroglia vulnerability 571
periventricular leukomalacia 571
polymicrogyria 188
hypsarrhythmia 1287
hysterectomy
sexual dysfunction 846
urinary bladder dysfunction 836
ibuprofen
chronic daily headache 966
shingle pain 1678
ICD-10
AD 259
autism 407
ictal urinary urge 834
ifenprodil 68
illusory visual spread, palinopsia 630
imaging 4–5
functional 81, 131–43
cognition mapping 137–8
radioactive tracers 132–5
gene expression 135
see also spectroscopic imaging
imipramine
motor neuron disease 1874
pain control 912
immune cell trafficking 1515–16
immune deviation 1541
immune disorders, synaptic transmission
1520
immune function of CNS 1654
immune globulin 1240
immune-mediated disorders of nervous
system 1515
immune-mediated neuropathies
sexual dysfunction 846
urinary bladder dysfunction 836
immune response
categories 1501
propagation 1596
termination 1511
immune system
adaptive 1502–8
augmentation in HIV infection 1690
innate 1501–2, 1509
immune therapies for PANDAS 561
immunization and autism 409, 411
immunoadsorption, selective 1540
immunoglobulin(s) 1502–3
immunoglobulin, intravenous 2052–3
chronic inflammatory demyelinating
polyradiculoneuropathy 1116, 1117
immunomodulation 1538–40
laboratory tests 1539
mode of action 1539
multifocal motor neuropathy 1118
multiple sclerosis 1630
myasthenia gravis 1155
polymyositis 1172
side effects 1539, 1540
transverse myelitis 1677
immunoglobulin A (IgA)
ataxia telangiectasia 1883
epilepsy 1239
paraproteins 1120–1
immunoglobulin E (IgE) 1883
immunoglobulin G (IgG)
antineuronal antibodies 1570
paraproteins 1120–1
immunoglobulin M (IgM) 2055
paraproteinemia 1119–20
paraproteins of non-MAG specificity
1120
immunologic ignorance 1512
immunological synapse 1542, 1543
immunologically mediated disease 1663
immunomodulatory agents 1534–40
immunomodulatory procedures, invasive
1540–1
1018 Index
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Cambridge University Press0521793513 - Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutic Principles, Third EditionEdited by Arthur K. Asbury, Guy M. McKhann, W. Ian McDonald, Peter J. Goadsby and Justin C. McArthurIndexMore information
immunophilin-binding agents 1532–3
see also cyclosporin A; sirolimus;
tacrolimus
immunosuppression
chronic inflammatory demyelinating
polyradiculoneuropathy 1117,
1118
HIV infection 1688
JC virus 1675
myasthenia gravis 1153
paraneoplastic syndromes 1476
polymyositis 1172
seizures 1240
immunosuppressive agents 1530–4
liver transplantation 1976
multiple sclerosis 1613
neurotoxicity in organ transplantation
2082, 2083–6
diagnosis 2085, 2086
management 2086
immunotherapy
biotechnological agents 1541, 1542
bone marrow transplantation 1541
combination therapy 1529
diagnosis establishment 1527
disease heterogeneity 1527–8
effectiveness 1527
future developments 1541–3
immunomodulation 1534–41
immunosuppression 1530–4
individualization 1542
neurological disease 1527–43
patient compliance 1527
phase-specific 1528–9
principles 1527–30
selective antigen-specific 1542
stem cell transplantation 1541
T-cell receptor targeting 1542
tolerance 1527
impact/impulsive loading in traumatic
brain injury 1799
implantable pulse generator (IPG) 842
inattention
contralateral 334
intracerebral hemorrhage 334
pathophysiology 334–7
tests 331–2
unilateral 334, 335–6
inborn errors of metabolism 1293–4
incidence of disease 123
incidentaloma, pituitary 861
inclusion bodies
Huntington’s disease 35, 1901, 1902,
Fig.118.3
motor neuron disease 1868, 1871, Fig.
116.5
inclusion body myositis 41, 1174–5, Fig.
70.11
Index of Activities of Daily Living (IADL)
244
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
(USA) 576
indomethacin 957, 958
industrial chemicals 605
infant Hercules appearance 2036
infants
autism 411
brain death 354
brain tumours 1457–8
infection
acute renal failure 1988
amoebal 1657
CNS
acute host response 1654
after organ transplantation 2086–7
host responses 1651–7
infectious pathogens 1656–7
inflammatory cell function regulation
1656
inflammatory cell recruitment 1655–6
MHC antigen expression 1654
TNF-� 1657
drug abuse 1833–4
epilepsy 1253
hemiplegic cerebral palsy 573
multiple sclerosis 1613, 1615
nosocomial and acute ischemic stroke
1368
oligodendroglia vulnerability 571
paraproteinemia 2056
parasitic 1657
periventricular leukomalacia 571
primary angiitis of the central nervous
system differential diagnosis 1552
renal transplantation complication
1999
systemic 3
taste disturbance 617
TORCH 572
visual hallucinations 630
see also bacterial infection; brain,
abscess; endocarditis; fungal
infections of CNS; viral infection
inflammation
local 881
mediators in oligodendrocyte sensitivity
1598
multiple sclerosis 1610
neurogenic 877
neuroprotection 1520–1, 1529–30
traumatic brain injury 1801
inflammatory bowel disease 1979–81
central nervous system 1980
multiple sclerosis 1980
neurological complications 1980
peripheral nervous system 1980
peripheral neuropathy 1101
therapeutic complications 1980
inflammatory brain disease
complement activation 1598
etiology 1599
inflammatory cells
function regulation in CNS 1656
perivenular 1595
inflammatory demyelinating
polyradiculoneuropathy
acute (AIDP) 1111, 1113
chronic (CIDP) 1114–18, 1134, 1514
clinical features 1114
course 1114–15
definition 1114
diagnosis 1114
electrodiagnosis 1115
intravenous immunoglobulin 1116,
1117
pathology/pathogenesis 1115–17
plasma exchange 1116, 1117
prevalence 1114–15
prognosis 1114–15
treatment 1116, 1117–18
HIV-1 infection 1697
inflammatory bowel disease 1980
inflammatory disease
low back pain 762
peripheral 880
inflammatory mediators 1509–11
HIV dementia 1694
production in CNS 1654
reduction 880
inflammatory response, multiprotein in
AD 9
influenza 1677
information
learning 202
processing 10
retrieval 200
Index 1019
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inhalants 1832
inhalation abuse 1105
inhibition
enhancement 1232
epilepsy 1229, 1230–3
GABA 1231
inhibitor neutralizing antibody (IN-1) 701
spinal cord injury 705
inhibitory basket cells 1232
inhibitory burst cells 634–5
inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)
GABA-A receptor mediated 1232
slow 1230
tetanic stimulation 1232
INK4 cdk inhibitors 1438
innominate artery occlusion/stenosis
1349
inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) 1436
synaptic plasticity 82, 83
insomnia 816, 821
cyclosporin-induced 2085
fatal sporadic 219
long term 822–3
primary 822–3
restless legs syndrome 2045
short term 822
treatment 822–3
visual hallucinations 630
see also familial fatal insomnia (FFI)
insula 321
nociception 894, 896
swallowing 801
insulin
autonomic failure in diabetes mellitus
786, 787
deficiency 229
tolerance test 864
insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) 257
insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
survival signals 241
tyrosine kinase receptor pathways 1435
insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) 854–5,
1594
apoptosis 70–1
growth hormone deficiency 863
recombinant human 1875–6
insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) 1594
�-integrins 71
integrinv3 1439
intelligence, brain aging 204
intention defects, neglect 331
interests, fixed/unusual in autism 408
interferon(s)
chronic inflammatory demyelinating
polyradiculoneuropathy 1117
immunomodulatory action 1534–7
types I and II 1535
interferon � (IFN�)
immunomodulatory effects 1534–5
multiple sclerosis 1536
trials 1542
receptor binding 1536
side effects 1537
signalling induction 1536
viral clearance from CNS 1656
interferon � (IFN�)
administration route 1537
compliance 1537
immunomodulatory effects 1534–6
multiple sclerosis 1534, 1536, 1537,
1541–2, 1628–9
contraindication in pregnancy 1948
neutralizing antibodies 1537
receptor binding 1536
recombinant preparations 1534
side effects 1536
teratogenicity 1536–7
interferon � (IFN�) 1504, 1505
helper T cell synthesis 1509
immune response 1510
immunomodulatory effects 1534–5
macrophage activation 1508
interictal activity in epilepsy 1236
interleukin 1 (IL-1)
bacterial CNS infection 1657
bacterial meningitis 1733
inflammatory response 1732
interleukin 1 (IL-1) converting enzyme 70
interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra)
71
interleukin 1� (IL-1�) 65
interleukin 2 (IL-2)
HIV immune system augmentation
1690
release by macrophages 1599
interleukin 4 (IL-4) 1505
interleukin 5 (IL-5) 1505
interleukin 6 (IL-6) 1594
bacterial meningitis 1733
interleukin 12 (IL-12) 1510
HIV immune system augmentation
1690
internal capsule
chronic renal failure 1989
hemorrhage 1357
internal carotid artery
angiogram 1551
bifurcation aneurysms 1394
dissection
neck 1346–7
neck pain 748
occlusion
intracranial 1347
neck 1346–7
proximal 1394
stenosis 1346–7
International Association for the Study of
Pain (IASP) 906
pain definition 939
International Headache Society (IHS) 920
benign cough headache 933
cluster headache diagnostic criteria
927, 928
idiopathic jabbing headache 933
orofacial pain classification 939
International Stroke Trial 1366, 1367
interneurons, segmental inhibitory 874
internuclear ophthalmoplegia 635
interstitial brachytherapy 1470
interstitial keratitis 1583–4
interstitial nucleus of Cajal 635
eccentric gaze after vertical saccade 637
intervertebral discs see disc(s)
intracardiac tumours 1955
intracarotid amobarbital testing (IAT) 139
intracavernous injection therapy 848
intracellular adhesion molecule(s)
(ICAMs) 1595, 1596
bacterial meningitis 1733
intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-
1) 1516
cerebral ischemia 71
intracellular signal transduction cascades
82
intracerebral hematoma 1799
intracerebral hemorrhage 1383–9
anticoagulant-induced 2054
biochemical effects 1385–6
blood volume 1389
brain edema 1389
caudate hemorrhage 1384
cerebellar hemorrhage 1384
cerebral edema 1385
clinical features 1383–4
complications 1386
diagnosis 1386–7
1020 Index
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epidemiology 1383
hematoma surgical evacuation 1387–8
hypertensive 1386
imaging 1386–7
inattention 334
intracranial pressure monitoring 2025
intraparenchymal hematoma 1383
intraventricular hemorrhage 1386
lobar hemorrhage 1384
medical therapy 1387
neurological damage mechanisms
1385–6
neuronal injury 1389
obstructive hydrocephalus 1386, 1388
prognosis 1389
putaminal hemorrhage 1384
stroke 1346
syndromes 1357–9
thalamic hemorrhage 1384
thrombolysis 1388–9
treatment 1387–8
vasogenic edema 1385, 1386
ventricular system 1388
intracranial aneurysms 1393, 1394, 2072,
2073
berry 2000
intracranial angioma 2068
intracranial blood flow cessation 354, 355
intracranial calcification 2070
intracranial elastance 2016–17
intracranial hemorrhage
headache 1392
hemophilia 2051–2
olfactory epithelium degeneration 603
thrombocytopenia 2052
intracranial hypertension, benign 2027–8
intracranial hypertension, idiopathic
2027–8
Addison’s disease 2039
surgery 2028
intracranial hypertension syndrome, age-
related 1758
intracranial hypotension 2028
intracranial mass removal 2023
intracranial neoplasms 942
intracranial physiology 2016–17
intracranial pressure 2016–28
A-waves 2018–19
B-waves 2019
brain death 350
brain injury 1797–8, 1799, 2016
C-waves 2019
chronic disorders 2025–8
compressive 2019
control 2025
diffuse 2019
disorders 2016, 2019–28
fluid-coupled 2017–18
indications for monitoring 2018
interpretation 2018–19
lowering 1798
lumbar catheters 2017–18
measurement 2017–18
monitoring 1797, 2017–19, 2025
outcome 2025
pressure wave 2016–17
solid-state systems 2018
waveforms 2018–19
intracranial pressure, raised
aggravating factors 2024
B-waves 2025
barbiturate coma 2022
brain edema treatment 2020–1
brain metastases 1463
brain tumours 1440
cerebral perfusion pressure reduction
1385
clinical aspects 2019–20
cranial vault decompression 2023
CSF volume reduction 2022–3, 2024
drowning 2025
endotracheal intubation 2020
fulminant hepatic failure 2025
head positioning 2020
hyperglycemia 2021
hyperosmolar therapy 2021–2
hyperventilation 2020
initiating factors 2024
intracerebral hemorrhage 2025
intracranial mass removal 2023
ischemic encephalopathy 1385
management 2020–3, 2024
medical 2020–2
surgical 2022–3, 2024
medulloblastoma 1450
metabolic suppression 2022
normal pressure hydrocephalus 2025–7
primitive neuroectodermal tumour
1450
subarachnoid hemorrhage 2025
traumatic brain injury 1797
intracranial territory
distal infarction 1354–6
middle 1353–4
proximal 1350–3
infarction 1352–3
intracranial tumour, cervical
radiculopathy 743
intramedullary astrocytoma 723
intramedullary ependymoma 723
intraparenchymal hematoma 1383
intraparietal sulcus lesions 469
intraspinal therapy, long-term 917
intrathymic deletion 1513
intravascular tracers 131
intraventricular catheter 2022, 2024
hydrocephalus drainage 1386
intraventricular hemorrhage 1386
ion channels 6–7
nociception 875–7, Fig. 58.5
tetrodotoxin resistant/sensitive 876
ipsaparone 829
iris hamartoma 2062, 2063
iron
deposits in Friedreich’s ataxia 1887
ferrous accumulation 241
irregular sleep–wake pattern syndrome
825
irritable bowel syndrome 805
Isaacs syndrome see neuromyotonia
isoniazid
optic neuropathy 624
sensory–motor polyneuropathy 1102–3
tuberculosis 1701, 1784–5, 1786
isovaleric acidemia 1881
IT15 34–5
Item Response Theory 114
Ixodes 1755–6
dual infections 1762–3
Ixodes ricinus 1754
Jacobsen’s syndrome 34
trinucleotide repeat expansions 42, 44
Jagged protein 56
Japanese B encephalitis 504
vaccine 1671
Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction 1774
jaw trauma 616
JC virus 1675
CNS infection after organ
transplantation 2087
jerks
brainstem myoclonus 528, 529
nystagmus 644
propriospinal myoclonus 529
reflex 528
Index 1021
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jet lag 824–5
jitter 1990
Joffroy’s sign 2034
Joubert’s syndrome 575
kainate 62
receptors 68, 878
Kaposi’s sarcoma 1703
human herpes virus 8 1561
Kayser–Fleischer rings 505, 1882, 1979
KCNA1 gene mutation 1891
Kearns–Sayre syndrome 1891, 1925
auditory nerve degeneration 672
Kennedy’s disease see spinobulbar
muscular atrophy
keratoconjunctivitis sicca 1575
kernicterus 574
Kernohan’s notch 1440, 2019
ketamine
neuropathic pain control 914
topical 915
ketoaciduria, intermittent branched-
chain 1881
ketoconazole 860
ketogenic diet 1913
�-ketoglutaric dehydrogenase 1822
ketoprofen 966
khat 1829
kidneys see polycystic kidney disease;
renal disease; renal failure; renal
transplantation; von
Hippel–Lindau disease; Wilson’s
disease
kinases 82
synaptic plasticity 83
Kleine–Levin syndrome 811
KLH1 gene 45
Klippel–Feil syndrome 734–5, 736, 737
atlantoaxial instability 732
congenital scoliosis 729
craniocervical junction anomaly 731
craniosynostosis 730
extravertebral anomalies 735
inheritance 735
knockin gene studies 1904
Kocher–Debré–Semélaigné syndrome
1176, 2036
Koch’s postulates 118–19
Koenen tumours 1266
Kojewnikow syndrome 1259
Korsakoff’s amnestic syndrome 306,
1822–3
cortical blindness 627
olfactory deficit 604
posterior cerebral artery infarction 1356
Krabbe disease 1138, 1919
see also leukodystrophies, globoid-cell
Kraepelin, Emil 253
krait snake bites 1155
Krebs–Henseleit cycle 1975
kuru 218, 222, 1716, 1717
clinical features 1718
Kveim antigen skin test 1563
kynurenic acid 1734
kyphoscoliosis 730
Riley–Day syndrome 1133
kyphosis 729
acquired 729
bracing 730
L-dopa see levodopa
L-selectin 1516
labetalol 1387
labyrinthectomy 674
postural normalization 682
labyrinthine dysfunction 680
lactate dehydrogenase deficiency 1217
lactate metabolism disorders 1881
lactic acid 1207, 1209
lactic acidosis 1223
resting 1932
lactic dehydrogenase 1213
lacunes 454
Lafora’s disease 1919
investigations 1297
progressive myoclonic epilepsy 525,
1266, 1296
Lambert–Eaton-like syndrome, congenital
1159
Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome
1093, 1144, 1157–8
autoimmune hypothesis 1475
immune-mediated 1475
neuromuscular junction autoimmune
attack 1520, 1521
paraneoplastic 1484
small-cell lung cancer 1474
voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC)
proteins 1520
Lambl’s excrescences 1955
lamin proteins 1170
laminin 1168
lamivudine
HTLV-1 1713
polyarteritis nodosa 1577
lamotrigine
multiple sclerosis 1627
neuropathic pain control 913
paradoxical effects 1304
seizure control 1315
LAMP-2 mutations 1217
Lance–Adams syndrome 1255
Landau–Kleffner syndrome 1240, 1267
corticosteroids 1240
language
abnormalities in multiple sclerosis 1608
acquired disorders 317–26
AD 254
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
425
autism 411
basal temporal area 322
bedside examination 319–20
function
brain aging 203–4
microelectrode recordings of cortex
171–2
laterality and functional MRI 139
left hemisphere system 320
Lewy body dementia 268
localization 1322
neural basis 322–5
semantic dementia 286
Wada testing of laterality 1316
Wernicke–Geschwind model of
anatomy 322
see also aphasia; speech
laryngeal nerve, superior 799
larynx, swallowing 798
Lasegue’s sign 1084
laser evoked potentials (LEP) 894, 895
late hyperpolarizing potentials (LHPs)
1230
lateral lemniscus 661–2
lateral medullary syndrome see
Wallenberg’s syndrome
lateral sclerosis, primary 1482, 1863, 1864
laterocollis 534
lathyrism 725
latrotoxin 1159
Lazarus sign 352
lead poisoning
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
423
children 1988
encephalitis 1806
1022 Index
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encephalopathy 1832
neuropathy 1093
neurotoxicity 1805–7, 1807
children 1806
optic neuropathy 624
palsy 1805
learning
autism 415, 416
long-term potentiation 301, 302
neurotransmitter release 301
learning disability 425, 428
Tourette’s syndrome 555–6
Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy
(atrophy) 6, 624, 1622, 1924, 1928
leflunomide 2083
left hemisphere
damage 341
dominance in praxis 466–7
inattention 340
infarction 1375
language system 320
rehabilitation 341
stroke correlation with depression
1373, 1374
Leigh-like syndrome 1929
Leigh’s syndrome 1891, 1926, 1929
hypophosphatemia differential
diagnosis 2010
morphological changes in muscle 1932
Lennox–Gastaut syndrome 1263–4, 1265
atypical absence status 1276
EEG 1287
immune globulin 1240
tonic–atonic seizures 1238
lenticulostriate territory, deep 1347
lentivirus 1683, 1684
properties 1685
leprosy 3
leptin, eating disorders 812–13
leptomeningeal angioma 2068–9
leptomeninges 1548, 1551
leptomeningitis, tuberculous 1778–9
leukemia
acute lymphoblastic (ALL) 1491
adult T-cell 1710–11
chronic myeloid (CML) 11
leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) 1594
leukocyte adhesion inhibitor 67
leukocyte function antigen 1 (LFA-1) 1595
leukocyte function antigen 3 (LFA-3) 1595
leukocytes
endothelial cell tight junctions 1655
inflammatory demyelination 1519
local control by brain 1656
magnesium measurement 2009
matrix metalloproteinase secretion
1516
migration 1516
rolling 1516
tethering 1516
leukodystrophies 1633, 1634
Alexander disease 1642–4
Canavan disease 1641–2
globoid-cell 1638–40
animal models 1639
clinical features 1638
diagnosis 1639
gene defect 1638
gene therapy 1639–40
pathology/pathogenesis 1639
stem cell transplantation 1639
treatment 1639–40
leukoencephalopathy 1645
metachromatic 1137–8, 1636–8
bone marrow transplantation 1638
carriers 1638
clinical presentation 1637
diagnosis 1637–8
gene defect 1637
gene therapy 1638
infantile/juvenile 1637
pathology/pathogenesis 1637
Pelizaeus Merzbacher disease 1640–1
polycystic lipomembranous
osteodysplasia with sclerosing
leukoencephalopathy 1644–5
progressive white matter destruction
1914
Sjögren Larsson syndrome 1644
vacuolating megencephalic
leukoencephalopathy with
subcortical cysts 1645
see also adrenoleukodystrophy, X-
linked; cerebrotendinous
xanthomatosis
leukoencephalitis, acute hemorrhagic
1674
leukoencephalopathy
cyclosporin-induced 2084, 2086
necrotizing 1492
with polyol metabolism disturbance
1645
progressive multifocal 1675–6, 2087
vanishing white matter 1645
leukotrienes 1508
levetiracetam 913
levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) 439
levodopa 210
cerebral palsy 576
corticobasal degeneration 497
dystonia 540
Huntington’s disease 1906
multiple system atrophy 503
neurotoxicity 482
orthostatic hypertension 787, 790
orthostatic tremor 518
PD 482–3
periodic limb movement disorder 826
rest tremor 516
restless legs syndrome 826
side-effects 483
Lewy bodies 214, 215, 267, 270–1, Fig. 18.2
antigens 270
idiopathic Parkinson’s disease 784
intracellular 228
Lewy body dementia 270–1, 273, 479,
Fig. 18.2
PD 221, 479
�-synuclein 275–6, 277
ubiquitin 240
Lewy body dementia 20, 221, 267–77, 476,
477, 503
Alzheimer changes 272, 274
amyloid plaques 272
autonomic failure 784
behavioural symptom treatment 270
clinical features 267–9
clinical management 270
clinico-pathological correlations 273
cognitive decline 268
cognitive deficit 503
cognitive dysfunction 274
CSF biochemical markers 269
degenerative 245
depression 269
diagnosis 254, 503
differential diagnosis 269
dopaminergic dysfunction 503
epidemiology 124
genetics 269–70
imaging 269, 503
incidence 267
laboratory investigations 269
language impairment 268
Lewy bodies 270–1, 273, 479, Fig. 18.2
Lewy body-related pathology 273–4
Index 1023
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Lewy body dementia (cont.)
Lewy neurites 271–2, 273–4
memory deficit 268
mental status fluctuation 268
neurochemical deficit 274
neurofibrillary tangles 272
neuroleptic sensitivity 268–9, 270
neuronal loss 272, 274
neurotransmitter deficits 273
parkinsonism 268, 489, 503
pathological features 270–3
prevalence 267
spongiform change 272–3
�-synuclein 240, 274–6
synucleinopathy 503
transgenic models 276–7
visual hallucinations 268
visuospatial function 268
Lewy body disease, diffuse see Lewy body
dementia
Lewy neurites 271–2, 273–4
lexicon, brain aging 204
lexipafant, HIV dementia 1696
Lhermitte’s phenomenon 716, 725, 1494
multiple sclerosis 1607
Libman–Sacks endocarditis 2058
lidocaine
cluster headache 930
creams 1679
dystonia 542
orthostatic tremor 518
patch 914, 948
sympathetically maintained pain 948–9
trigeminal neuralgia 945
Li–Fraumeni syndrome 1449
ligamentous laxity 732
light, bright 825
lignocaine
patches 881
sodium channel blockade 877
Likert scales 108
limb
constraint-induced forced use 87–8
rigidity in corticobasal degeneration
495
see also apraxia(s), limb
limbic encephalitis 1480
limbic leukotomy 398
limbic system 306, 307
akinesia 337
auditory pathway input 663
depression 369
drug reward states 432
neglect 334, 335
limited attention theory 336
lingual nerve, surgical injury 617
lingual plaque 614
linkage analysis 17, 18
non-parametric 18–19
linkage disequilibrium 19
lipid disorders 1208
lipid metabolism disorders 1137–40, 1208,
1218–21
exercise intolerance 1218–20
hereditary lipoprotein deficiencies
1139–40
myoglobinuria 1218–20
weakness 1220–1
lipidosis 525
sulfatide 1636–8
lipids 1208
lipofuscinosis, neuronal ceroid 525
lipomatosis
epidural 2039
multiple symmetric 1134
lipomyelomeningocele 734
lipoprotein deficiencies, hereditary
1139–40
LIS1 gene locus 183–4, 185
Lisch nodules 2062, 2063
lissencephaly 182–5
cell migration disorders 56
with cerebellar hypoplasia 185
cerebral palsy 575
classical 182–3
cobblestone 187
double cortex/X-linked syndrome
182–3, 184–5
isolated 182, 183–4
spastic quadriplegia 572
type II 187
X-linked 184
Listeria monocytogenes
CNS infection after organ
transplantation 2086, 2087
meningitis 1729, 1730
renal transplantation complication 1999
Listing’s law 646
lithium 367
mechanism of action 368
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus 866
lithium carbonate 869
cluster headache 930
hypnic headache 934–5
litigation, low back pain 766–7
liver disease
cholestatic in children 1101
neurological complications 1970–9
smell impairment 599
taste dysfunction 618
see also hepatic entries
liver transplantation
consciousness impairment 1976
familial amyloid polyneuropathy
1135–6
immunosuppressive agents 1976
neurological disorders 1976–7
procedures 1976–7
LMNA1 gene 1170
locomotion
force modulation 584
physiology 581–2
sensory modalities 582, 584
locomotor synergies 582
locus coeruleus
adrenergic supply of intraparenchymal
vessels 1343
descending innervation 874
facial nerve vasodilatation 1342
noradrenaline neurons 817, 818
REM sleep 821
logic, error 120
long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA
dehydrogenase deficiency 1220
long QT syndrome 1965
long-term potentiation (LTP) 301, 302
longitudinal studies, brain aging 196
loop diuretics 2008
lorazepam
absence status 1276
immunosuppressive neurotoxicity
management 2086
motor neuron disease 1874
seizures in viral encephalitis 1669
tonic–clonic status epilepticus 1274
lordosis 729
Lorenzo’s oil 1138, 1636
loudness
discomfort levels 664, 665
recruitment 664
lovastatin 1636
low-threshold (LT) neurons 889
lower motor neurone syndrome,
radiation-induced 1495
LRPAP1 genetic locus 5
lumbar chiropractic manipulation 917
1024 Index
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lumbar disc, herniated 763–4
lumbar discitis 762
lumbar nerves Fig. 47.2
lumbar radiculopathy 1084
lumbar spine, systemic disease in low
back pain 762
lumbar spinal cord, sympathetic efferent
pathways 797
lung
cancer
brain metastases 1463, 1465
paraneoplastic cerebellar
degeneration 1476
disease with tuberous sclerosis complex
2067
see also respiratory dysfunction; small-
cell lung cancer
lupus anticoagulant 1575, 2057–8
luteinizing hormone (LH) 854
pituitary adenoma secretion 860
Lyme disease 1754–63
animal models 1762
antibiotics 1760
prophylactic 1761
autoreactive antibodies 1762
CD4+ T-cells 1761, 1762
chronic 1760
chronic arthritis 1761–2
clinical presentation 1756–7
congenital infection 1757
CSF abnormalities 1759–60
cytokines 1762
diagnosis 1758–60
dual infections 1762–3
epidemiology 1755–6
facial nerve palsy 1558
late stage infection 1757
neurocognitive function tests 1760
neurological manifestations 1757–8
neurotoxins 1762
nitric oxide 1762
pathophysiology 1761–2
prevention 1761
prognosis 1761
prophylactic monovalent vaccine 1761
serology 1759
treatment 1760–1
vasculopathy 1761, 1762
Lyme encephalopathy 1757–8
Lyme urine antigen tests 1760
lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1
(LFA-1) 1516
lymphocytes
activated 1655
development 1502
retention in CNS during infection
1655–6
see also B cells; T cells
lymphocytoma cutis 1757
lymphoma
B-cell 1576
CNS in transplant recipients 2089, 2090
malignant with amyloid
polyneuropathy 785
metastatic systemic 1704
primary CNS 1703–4, Fig. 103.20
imaging 1703–4
lymphoproliferative disorder, post-
transplant 1999
lymphotoxins 1510
D-lysergic acid dimethylamide (LSD)
1831, 1832
stroke 1835
lysosomal storage disorders 1914–18
glycosaminoglycan metabolism
disorders 1917–18
lipid metabolism defects 1916
M proteins 1119, 1121
McArdle disease 1209, 1211, 1213, 1214,
1216
McCune–Albright syndrome 855
McGregor’s line 732
Machado–Joseph disease see
spinocerebellar ataxia, type 3
(SCA3)
McRae’s line 732
macroglia
death 58–9
lineages 1594–5
myelinating potential 1601
�2-macroglobulin 22
Lewy body dementia 269
macroglobulinemia 2055
sensory neuropathy 1121
macrophages 1508, 1560–1, 1733
activation 1508
HIV infection 1688
acute motor axonal neuropathy 1113
bone-marrow derived 1597
cerebral ischemia 65
demyelination in Guillain–Barré
syndrome 1112
HIV reservoir 1687
IL-2 release 1599
immune response 1510
mycobacterial growth 1657
perivascular 1651
HIV infection 1692, Fig. 103.10
MHC antigen expression 1654
phagocytosis 1654
recruitment in Wallerian degeneration
1080
macula sparing/splitting 626
Madelung’s disease 1134
magnesium
deficiency 2007
delirium tremens 1817
elemental 2009
serum levels 2007, 2008, 2009
magnesium ions
ischemia 63
seizures 1235
magnesium sulfate 2009
eclampsia 1947
magnetic fields 160
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 4, 131
anatomical tract tracing method 1323
brain aging 197, 199–200
brain tumours 152, Fig 11.4–11.5
clinical trials 11
diffusion 137
epilepsy 1287–91
functional (fMRI) 4, 131, 135–7, Fig. 1.1
blood oxygenation level dependent
(BOLD) contrast 135, 136–7, 138
brain aging 197, 200, 201
cerebral localization 1322–3
cognitive function
localization/lateralization 1290–1
contrast mechanisms 135, 136
dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC)
perfusion 136
epilepsy 1290–1
event-related 162
motor areas of brain 448–9
neurological diagnosis/management
138–43
presurgical localization of function
138–9
skilled behaviour acquisition 10
spatial resolution limits 136
magnetic field strength 148
motion sensitivity 148
perfusion 137
safety 148
Index 1025
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magnetic resonance spectroscopy 146,
147, 148–57, Fig. 11.2, Fig. 11.4–11.5
GABA studies in brain 153–6
magnetic field strength 148
metabolic rate studies 156–7
motion sensitivity 148
neurological disease 151–2
proton (1H) spectrum 148–50, 1291
safety 148
sensitivity 148
signal localization 150–1
signals 148
single volume 150–1
spectroscopic imaging 151
magnetoencephalography 81, 160
attention in visual perception 161, Fig.
12.1–12.3
cognitive brain function 160
coherence studies 167–8, 169, 170
epileptic patient evaluation 165
memory function 161–2, Fig. 12.4
parallel processing 165
presurgical mapping 165–6
sequential cerebral processing stages
162–3, 164, 165
sequential processing 165
magnocellular reticular nucleus 828
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
1502, 1504
antigen expression during CNS
infection 1654
class II 1508
inhibition by IFN� 1535
copolymer-1 (COP-1) binding 1537–8
mal perforans 1772
malabsorption 2008
malaria 3, 1657
cerebral 1749–50
diagnosis 1750
malignancy
hypercalcemia 2004
hypercoagulable states 2058
pain 915, 916
transplant patients 2088–9
malignant hyperthermia 14
central core disease 1171
malnutrition
anorexia nervosa 809
hypophosphatemia 2010
mamillary bodies 306
mamillothalamicus fiber tract 306
mandibuloacral dysplasia 2076
manganese
hepatic encephalopathy 1975, 1976
inhalation 1807–8, 1809
neurotoxicity 1807–9
occupational exposure 1808
parkinsonism 504, 1808
manganese superoxide dismutase 1869
manganism 1808
mania
anatomy 368–70
obsessive–compulsive disorder 390
treatment 367
manic syndromes 365
mannerisms 552
mannitol
intracerebral hemorrhage 1387
intracranial hypertension 2021
maple syrup urine disease 1912
Marchiafava–Bignami disease 1823
Marcus Gunn phenomenon 1675
Marfan’s syndrome 730
aneurysms 1393
aortic dissection 1411
stroke 1411, 1412
Marie’s ataxia 1887
marijuana 439, 1831, 1836
addiction 442
dopamine levels in nucleus acumbens
432
fetal effects 1835
intoxication 438
seizure control 1834
tic disorder therapy 561
withdrawal 438
Marinesco–Sjögren’s syndrome 1887
mass effect, brain tumours 1440
massage, therapeutic 917
Massion–Verniory disease 1131
matrilysin 1511
matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1439,
1511, 1655
bacterial meningitis 1733
giant cell arteritis 1582
HIV dementia 1694–5
IFN-mediated inhibition 1536
immune-mediated demyelination 1519
secretion by leukocytes 1516
Matthews Rundle syndrome 1887
Mattis Dementia Rating Scale 244
MCPH gene loci 180
Mdm2 protein 1438, 1439
MDMA see ecstasy
measles
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1679
optic neuritis 1674
subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
1675
MECP2 gene 414
defect 1919
medial geniculate body 662
medial longitudinal fasciculus 634, 635,
636
lesions 635, 637–8
oculomotor nerve neurons to abducens
nucleus 647, 648
saccadic innervation 637
medial preoptic area, sexual behaviour
843
medial rectus neurons 647, 648
medial vestibular nucleus 636
medulla
lateral infarction 1350–2
lesions localization 1349
medial infarction 1352
medullary reticular formation 888
medulloblastoma
chemotherapy 1451–2
childhood 1449, 1450–2
infants 1457–8
intracranial pressure management 1450
postoperative tumour staging 1451
radiotherapy 1451
surgery 1450
mefenamic acid 966
mefloquine 1750
melanin 1657
melanoma, paraneoplastic retinal
degeneration 1481
melarsoprol 1750
MELAS phenotype mutations 1928
MELAS syndrome 6, 1214, 1266, 1409–10,
1925–6
ataxia 1892
clinical features 1925
diagnosis 1926
management 1410
mtDNA point mutations 1926
phenotype 1409–10
prognosis 1926
stroke 1409–10
treatment 1925–6
melatonin 824, 825
Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome 1980
melphalan 1121
1026 Index
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memantine 68
HIV dementia 1696
membrane-attack complex 1509
membrane stabilizers 949
memory
AD 254
age-associated impairment 242
age-related changes 197
alcoholic syndromes 1822–3
brain aging 201, 202
cellular mechanisms 301, 302
declarative 303
basal forebrain 306
diencephalic regions 306
disorders 305
medial temporal lobe 305
neocortical basis 308–9
strategic 309–10
deficit
posterior cerebral artery infarction
1356
rostral brainstem infarcts 1355
emotional modulation 306, 308
encoding 303
epilepsy 1293
episodic 162
explicit 260
function
electroencephalography study 161–2,
Fig. 12.4
localization 1322
magnetoencephalography study
161–2, Fig. 12.4
functional neuroimaging 302–3
gist of experience 303
hippocampus 83, 200
immediate 303, 309
impairment in multiple sclerosis 1608
large-scale systems 302–3
Lewy body dementia 268
long-term 303, 304
ongoing use 303
processes 301
storage 86
temporal dynamics 304
temporal phases 303–4
loss in AD 239, 260
mechanisms 301–13
NMDA receptors 198
non-declarative 303, 310–13
conditioning 311–12
repetition priming 312–13
non-verbal 392
parahippocampal gyrus 200
postoperative deficit with hippocampal
resection 1318
primary (immediate/short-term) 201,
202, 304
recall 202
retrieval 303–4
retroactive interference 303
reward-related 433
secondary (long-term) 202
sensory 201
short-term 201, 202, 304
storage 303
hippocampus 83
suppressor genes 84, 86
system independence 310
types 303–4
working 303, 309–10
frontal lobe lesions 310
see also amnesia; skill learning
memory T-cells 1654
Menière’s disease 672
benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
differential diagnosis 687
cochlear function 667
management 674
meninges
bacterial infection 1728, Fig. 106.2
viral infections 1661–2, 1663, 1664–5
meningioma 1433, 1434
calcification 1441
fibrous 1434
meningoepithelial 1434
neurofibromatosis type 1 2062
pilocytic 1441
radiation-induced 1494
transitional 1434
vascular parkinsonism 504
meningitis
acute syphilitic 1769
after organ transplantation 2086
aseptic 1663
systemic lupus erythematosus 1574
bacterial 1728–32, Fig. 106.2
antibiotic therapy 1734–5
antibodies 1731
blood entry 1731
brain edema 1734
chemoprophylaxis of contacts 1735
CNS infection 1731–2
complement activation 1731
corticosteroids 1735
CSF entry 1732
epidemiology 1729–30
inflammation induction 1732–3
inflammation progression 1733–4
invasion 1731–2
nasopharyngeal colonization 1731
nasopharyngeal epithelial cell
invasion 1731
neonatal 1730
neuronal damage 1734–5
opsono-phagocytosis 1731
pathogenesis 1730–2
pathology 1734
replication 1732–3
serogroups 1730
survival in blood 1731–2
transport across blood–brain barrier
1732
treatment 1734–5
viral meningitis differential diagnosis
1662, 1663, 1665
carcinomatous 723
encapsulated bacteria 1657
eosinophilic 1751
inflammatory bowel disease 1981
Lyme disease 1757
meningococcal 1729–30
pneumococcal 1729
serous 1779–80
syphilis 1769–70
tuberculosis 1701, 1778, Fig. 110.1
clinical presentation 1779–80
corticosteroid therapy 1787
CSF examination 1781
diagnosis 1780–2
high-risk groups 1780
imaging 1781–2, 1783
mortality 1782
prognosis 1782
spontaneously remitting 1779–80
tuberculous 1777
uremic 1989
viral 1661–2, 1663, 1664–5
clinical manifestations 1662, 1665
complications 1665
diagnosis 1662, 1664
differential diagnosis 1662, 1663,
1665
epidemiology 1662
etiology 1662
laboratory findings 1662, 1665
Index 1027
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meningitis (cont.)
viral (cont.)
management 1662, 1664–5
prognosis 1665
meningocele 733
meningococcal vaccine serogroup C 1730
meningoencephalitis
ameobal 1657
bacterial 1728
Behçet’s disease 1580–1
chronic spirochetal 1771
enteroviral meningitis 1666
Lyme disease 1757
Naegleria fowleri 1751
meningomyelitis 1770
menstrual dysfunction 857
mental retardation
epilepsy 1293
Sturge–Weber syndrome 2069
tuberous sclerosis complex 2067
mental tests 106
meperidine
analogue 1836
migraine 1940
overdose 1828
seizures 1834
meralgia paresthetica 2048
mercury, autism 411
merosin 1168
MERRF syndrome 6, 1214, 1892, 1919, 1926
investigations 1297
myoclonus 525
progressive myoclonic epilepsy 1296
mescaline 1831, 1832
mesencephalic periaqueductal grey 888
mesencephalic reticular formation
inattention 335–6
sensory stimuli 334–5
mesenchymal disorders 730
mesenteric ganglia 797
metabolic acidosis 1987
metabolic disorders
myopathies 1207–23
neuropathies 1135–41
metabolic encephalopathy 254
metabolic myopathy 1207–23
abnormal fatigability mechanisms
1210–11
biochemistry 1212–14
diagnosis 1212–14
mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy
1213–14
muscle biopsy 1214
oxidative defects 1210
symptoms 1208–12
tissue-specific enzyme subunits 1213
tissue-specific isozymes 1213
weakness 1208–9
metabolic neuropathies 1092–102
clinical features 1092
electrodiagnosis 1093
patient evaluation 1092–3
pure motor/sensory presentation 1093,
1094–5, 1096, 1097
metabolic storage disorders 730
metalloproteinase
membrane-type 1511
vasogenic edema 1386
see also matrix metalloproteinase
(MMP)
metamphetamines 1834–5
metastases
extradural space 723
multiple 1463
see also brain tumours, metastases
methadone 439
fetal effects 1835
methamphetamine 1829
methanol toxicity 1988
methaqualone overdose 1831
methionine derivatives 1975–6
methionine synthetase 725
methotrexate
immunosuppressive therapy 1533
myasthenia gravis 1153
neurosarcoidosis 1565, 1566
polymyositis 1172
rheumatoid arthritis 737
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-
tetrahydropyridine see MPTP
methyl n-butyl ketone (MBK) 1104–5
methylcobalamin system 2046
methylcyclopentadienyl manganese
tricarbonyl (MMT) 1808
methylenedioxymethamphetamine 1829
methylmalonic acid 2046–7
methylmalonic aciduria 574, 575
methylphenidate 427–8
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
treatment 561
narcolepsy 824
methylprednisolone
multiple sclerosis relapses 1628
neurosarcoidosis 1565, 1566
spinal cord injury 695
transverse myelopathy 1574
methyprylon overdose 1831
methysergide
cluster headache 930
hypnic headache 935
migraine prophylaxis 922
metoclopramide
migraine 923
overuse syndrome treatment 967
metoprolol 922
metronidazole 1093, 1103
metyrapone
Cushing’s disease 860
test 864
mexiletine
dystonia 542
non-dystrophic myotonia 1200–1
pain control 914
topical 915
microangiopathy 1172
microcephaly 179
genetic causes 179
isolated 179, 180
neuronal progenitors 180
recurrence risk 180
vera 179–80
microelectrode recordings 168, 171
cortex 170–2
PD 168, 170
thalamus 170
microglia
activation 1597, 1599
AD 9
antigen-presenting cell activity 1597–9
demyelination 1597, Fig. 97.4
HIV reservoir 1687
neurons 1599
oligodendrocyte interactions 1598–9,
Fig. 97.6
perivascular 1508
phagocytosis 1654
T cell interaction Fig 97.4
microglial cells
memory T-cell reactivation 1654
MHC antigen expression 1654
perivascular 1651
pro-inflammatory cytokines 1654
�2-microglobulin amyloidosis 1994, 1995
microsatellites 17, 32
microscopic polyangiitis 1577, 1578–9
microsleeps 1281, 1282
1028 Index
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microsmia 597
microsomal triglyceride transfer protein
(MTP) mutations 1882
microsporidiosis 1178
microtubule associated protein (MAP)
240, 1801
see also tau proteins
microtubulin 1801
microvasculitis 1483
microvillar cells 595, 596
micturition 833
midazolam 1274
midbrain
compression 2019
essential tremor 515
infarction 1349
progressive supranuclear palsy 492
raphe nuclei serotonin neurons 818
REM sleep 821
serotonin neurons 817, 818
Tourette’s syndrome 557
vertical eye movements 637–8
middle latency response 669
migraine 920–5, 1939–40, 1941
analgesics 921, 922, 923
aura 920–1, 922
brainstem cerebral blood flow 963
breast-feeding 1940
caffeine 921, 922
central sensitization 882
chronic tension-type headache 957
cladistics 20
clinical features 920–1
cutaneous allodynia 961
diagnosis 920–1
differential diagnosis 921, 1940
epidemiology 921
episodic 958, 959, 960
ergot alkaloids 923
exteroceptive suppression 962
facial 942–3
familial hemiplegic 37, 921–2
heritability 23, 25
investigation 1940
medication induction of daily headache
963
monogenic 23, 25
myocardial infarction 1962
non-pharmacological treatment 922
pathophysiology 921–2, Fig. 61.1
peripheral sensitization 882
pregnancy 1939–40, 1942
prevalence 921
prophylactic drug treatment 922–3
psychiatric comorbidity 959–60
spontaneous recurrent 962
taste dysfunction 618
transformed 955, 960
chronic 955–6
treatment 963–4
treatment of attacks 923, 1940
trigeminal nerve activation 961
triptans 923–5
visual hallucinations 630
Migraine Disability Assessment Scale
(MIDAS) 923
milk–alkali syndrome 2004
Millard–Gübler syndrome 650–1
Miller–Dieker syndrome 182, 183–4, 185
lissencephaly 575
Miller–Fisher syndrome 1120
mind, consciousness 290
mineralocorticoid activity, excess 2001
Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE)
244
AD 260
poststroke depression 1374–5
miniature end-plate potentials (mepps)
1144, 1157
minicore disease 1171
minisatellites 32
mink encephalopathy 216
minocycline 1907
miosis, herniation syndromes 1440
mirror movements, congenital 735, 736,
737
mirror neurons 471
mirtazapine 516
misery perfusion 1367
mismatch concept, vertigo 679–80
mismatch negativity 669
misonidazole 1093, 1103
misoprostol
gastroprotection in NSAID
administration 911
multiple sclerosis 1627
mithramycin 2005
mitochondria
biogenesis/biochemistry 1922–31
Huntington’s disease 40, 1902
intracellular calcium store 1870
motor neuron disease 1870, 1871–2
genome alterations 1872
respiratory chain enzymes 1872
mitochondrial disorders 6
hypotonic/ataxic cerebral palsy 575
Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy 624
myopathies 1214
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 1222,
1922–3
defects 1924–9
depletion 1931
heteroplasmy 1213–14
inheritance 1923–4
oxidative stress 241
PD 23
respiratory chain 1221
single deletions 1924
mitochondrial encephalomyopathy 1214,
1922–33
mitochondrial encephalopathy 525, 1266
neurogastrointestinal (MNGIE) 1924,
1931
mitochondrial energy metabolism
disorders 570
mitochondrial genome 22
intergenomic signalling defects
1930–1
mitochondrial metabolism 1219
mitochondrial myopathies 1208, 1209
investigations 1931–3
mitochondrial inclusions 1932
mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy
with lactic acidosis and stroke see
MELAS syndrome
mitochondrial protein synthesis 1924–8
mitochondrial respiratory chain and
oxidative phosphorylation system
see MITOX system
mitochondrial respiratory chain defects
1221–3
Friedreich’s ataxia 1887
mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)
882, 1436
MITOX system 1922, 1923
complexes 1923
function analysis 1932–3
mitoxantrone (MIX) 1534, 1629
mitral annulus calcification 1955
mitral cells 597
olfactory bulb 596
mitral stenosis, embolic disease 1953
mitral valve
incompetence 2000
prolapse 1943, 2000
embolic disease 1953–4
Index 1029
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mixed connective tissue disease
myelopathy 725
myositis 1173
Miyoshi myopathy 1169
MJD1 gene 37
Möbius sign 2034
Möbius syndrome 649
modafinil 824
molecular mimicry 1514
autoreactive T cell activation 1517
inflammatory demyelination 1519–20
molecular misreading 240
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
367
monoaminergic amine depletion 1374
monoclonal gammopathy neuropathies
1119–21
monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain
significance (MGUS) 1119
monocyte chemoattractant protein 1
(MCP-1) 1655
monocytes
activated
cerebrovascular endothelium binding
1655
HIV dementia 1694
cerebral ischemia 65
monomers, misfolded 228
mononeuritis multiplex 1577
inflammatory bowel disease 1980
mononeuropathy, transplant patients
2087, 2088
mononeuropathy multiplex 1092
cryoglobulinemia 2056
mononuclear cells
CSF 1653
migration inhibition 1596
mononuclear phagocytes, granulomas
1560
Monro–Kellie doctrine 2017
mood disorders 364–71
behavioural change 365
bipolar 365
brain structure alterations 5
classification 365–6
clinical features 364–7
definitions 365–6
delirium 369–70
dementia 369–70
epidemiology 364
etiology 367–70
familial 370
functional impairment 365
genetic risk 370
instability 368
mixed states 365
monoaminergic hypotheses 368
neuroanatomic hypotheses 368
neurological disease 366
noradrenergic hypothesis 368
pathophysiology 367–70
somatic diseases 366
systemic lupus erythematosus 1573
therapy 366–7
morphine
migraine 923
motor neuron disease 1874
Morquio’s syndrome 730
mosaicism 14
Moschowitz disease 2053
mosquitoes, arborviral encephalitis
vectors 1671
mossy fibres, sprouting 85, 1235
motion sickness 680
motor axonal neuropathy
acute (AMAN) 1111
hyperthyroidism 2034
motor circuit, PD 480–1
motor disorders
acquired hepatocerebral degeneration
1974
chronic renal failure 1989
motor end plate 1163
repetitive firing 1083
motor evoked potentials, dystonia 539
motor-intention deficits 333
motor neglect 333
pathophysiology 336–7
motor neuron disease 1844–5, 1863–76
antiglutamate therapy 1875
antioxidant therapy 1875
autosomal dominant 1869
axonal loss 1868
Betz cell depletion in motor cortex 1867
Borrelia burgdorferi 1758
bronchopneumonia 1867
bulbar dysfunction 1865
cachexia 1865
classification 1863
clinical features 1863–7
clinical variants 1863–4
constipation 1874
cramps 1865, 1873
creatine 1872
cytochrome c oxidase subunit
mutations 1869
cytoskeletal protein defects 1871
dementia 1866
demyelination 1867
differential diagnosis 1867
disease progression 1866–7
dysarthria 1873
dysphagia 1873
emotional lability 1865, 1874
excitatory amino acid transporter 2
1869, 1870
familial 1863
fasciculations 1865
fatigue 1865, 1873
free radicals 1870
gene targeted mice 1850–1
genetic factors 1868–70
genetics 1846–8
glutamate 1869, 1870
glutamatergic toxicity 1870
inclusion bodies 1868, 1871, Fig. 116.5
ubiquinated 1871, Fig. 116.5
intracellular calcium homeostasis
1870–1
investigations 1867
limb weakness 1864
management 1872–6
manganese superoxide dismutase 1869
mechanical ventilation 1874, 1875
mitochondria 1870, 1871
dysfunction 1871
structural changes 1871–2
motor system hyperexcitability 1870
neck weakness 1865
neurofilament heavy protein gene 1869
neurofilament proteins 1871
neuroprotective therapy 1875–6
neurotrophic factors 1875–6
non-invasive intermittent positive
pressure ventilation 1874, 1875
oxidative stress 1870
pain 1866, 1874
pathogenesis 1868–72
pathology 1867–8
percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
1873
prognosis 1866–7
protective factors 1869–70
recombinant human IGF-1 1875–6
reflexes 1864–5
respiratory failure 1867, 1874
1030 Index
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respiratory symptoms 1866
RNA processing defect 1870
saliva drooling 1874
sensory impairment 1866
sleep 1866, 1874
disturbance 1866
spasticity 1873
specialist clinics 1872
swallowing disruption 802
symptom control 1873
terminal care 1874–5
tone 1865
toxic gain of function 1869
transgenic mouse models 1849–50
treatment models 1854–5
weakness 1873
weight loss 1865
see also amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
motor neuron syndromes, pure lower
1093
motor neuronopathies 1085
motor neurons 1844
motor phenomena, involuntary 1996
motor symptoms 1083–4
motor tracts, lamination 716
motor unit activity 1083
uremic polyneuropathy 1990
motor units 1163
motor vocabulary 472
motor–sensory polyneuropathy 1100
movement
constraint-induced therapy 456
cortical control 447–58
formulae 461
learning 466–7
perception deficit 628
praxis evaluation 462
sequencing 471
impairment 466
skilled 461
stereotyped 389, 395
visual loss 627
movement disorders
hyperkinetic 476
hyperthyroidism 2033–4
hypokinetic 476
liver transplantation 1976
systemic lupus erythematosus 1574
moyamoya disease 2062
aneurysms 1394
management 1409
polycystic kidney disease 2000
radiation vascular disease 1493
stroke 1408–9
MPTP
parkinsonism 480, 504
rest tremor induction 514
MPZ gene mutations 1131, 1132
MTMR2 gene mutation 1130
mucopolysaccharidoses 1917–18
craniofacial features 1914
ligamentous laxity 732
multicore disease 1171
multielectrodes 170
multifocal motor neuropathy 1078,
1118–19
with persistent conduction block 1116
multiple chemical hypersensitivity
syndrome (MCS) 605
multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B
1133–4
multiple myeloma 2055
amyloid polyneuropathy 785
diabetes insipidus differential diagnosis
866
M proteins 1119
paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathy
1483
multiple sclerosis 1623–4
acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
1675
differential diagnosis 1624
acute myelopathy 721
age at onset 1607
anal continence 805
animal model 1517
antibody response 1503–4
ataxia 1625–6
auditory system effects 673
autoantigen 1518
autoimmune mechanisms 1528
autoimmune theory 1611, 1612, 1613
axons
degeneration 1600–1, 1615–16
injury 10
loss 1610
B cells 1518
biotechnological agents 1542
bipolar affective disorder 1610
bowel symptoms 1626
brain-derived neurotrophic factor 1529
brain inflammation 1599
brainstem symptoms 1627
burden 124
cerebral cortex 1615–16
cerebrospinal fluid 1622
chronic progressive 1514, 1529
clinical presentations 1620
clinically definite 1608, 1609
clinically isolated syndromes 1608,
1622, 1624
imaging 1624
cognitive abnormalities 1608–9
cognitive dysfunction 1627
cognitive impairment 1609
complement activation 1509
conduction block 1615
cyclosporin A 1532–3
demyelinated axons 1615
demyelination 1078, 1599–601, 1610
depression 1537, 1609–10, 1626
Devic’s neuromyelitis optica differential
diagnosis 1624
diagnosis/diagnostic criteria 1620–2,
1623, 1624
disability 1600–1
measures 113
disease modifying treatments 1628–30
epidemiology 124, 1606
epilepsy 1255
etiology 1606–7
euphoria 1610
evoked potentials 1622
executive function deficit 1608
experimental approaches 1542
familial 229
fatigue 1626
function recovery 1600
genetic factors 1599, 1606–7
genetic susceptibility 1612
growth factors 1613
heritability 22
heterogeneity 1527–8
HLA-DR2 allele association 22
imaging 1609, 1621, 1622
diagnostic 1620, 1623
immune-mediated demyelination
1516–18
immunolgical events in lesions 1613,
1614
immunology 1611, 1612, 1613, 1614,
1615
immunopathogenesis 1527–8
immunosuppressive therapies 1613
infection 1513
infective factors 1613, 1615
Index 1031
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multiple sclerosis (cont.)
inflammation 1610
mechanisms 1613, 1614
inflammatory bowel disease 1980
interferon � 1536
trials 1542
interferon � 1534, 1536, 1537, 1541–2,
1628–9
intravenous immunoglobulins 1538,
1630
kinetic tremor 519
language abnormalities 1608
lesion evolution 1611
lesion histopathology 1611
Lhermitte’s sign 1607
magnetic resonance spectroscopy
151–2
management 1624–30
Marburg variant 124
memory impairment 1608
mobility-related symptoms 1625–6
myelin basic protein 1543
neurological rehabilitation 1627–8
neutralizing antibodies 1537
nurse specialists 1628
odour sensing 597
olfactory deficit 604
oligodendroglial progenitors 58
optic neuritis 622
optic–spinal form 1607
pain 1626–7
paroxysmal symptoms 1626–7
pathogenesis 229, 1599–601, 1611,
1612, 1613, 1614, 1615
pathogenetic routes 1611
pathology/pathophysiology 1606–16
phase-specific immunotherapy 1529
plaque 1611
plasmapheresis 1628
pregnancy 1947–8
preoligodendrocytes in lesions 1601
prevalence 124, 1606
primary progressive 1610–11, 1622
prognosis 1529
progression 1600–1
psychiatric abnormalities 1609–10
psychiatric dysfunction 1627
psychological dysfunction 1627
psychotic episodes 1610
relapse 1609, 1615
treatment of acute 1628
relapsing–remitting 1514, 1529, 1620
interferon � 1628, 1629
remission 1609, 1615
remyelination 1615
secondary progressive 1628, 1629
sexual dysfunction 844–5
spasticity 1625
sporadic 229
swallowing disruption 802
symptoms/signs 1607–8
T cells in lesions 1518, 1612, 1613
tonic spasms 1283
treatment 1624–30
trigeminal neuralgia 1627
twin concordance studies 16
urinary bladder symptoms 1626
urinary tract dysfunction 835
vertigo 1627
viral infection 1528
visual evoked potentials 1622, 1623
visual symptoms 1627
white matter lesions 1621, 1622
multiple subpial transections (MST) 1320
multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD) 1636,
1637
diagnosis 1637
multiple system atrophy 476, 477,
499–503, 773, 781–2, 783, 784
autonomic failure 780
cerebellar disorder 500, 502
clinical features 499–500, 501
clonidine–growth hormone testing 782,
783
cortical myoclonus 525
diagnosis 500–2
differential diagnosis 500
electromyelogram 840
erectile dysfunction 840
imaging 501–2
infratentorial atrophy 501
investigations 782, 783
Lewy body dementia differential
diagnosis 269, 503
misdiagnosis 489
oligodendroglial inclusions 502, Fig.
34.5
parkinsonism 489, 500, 502, 781, 782
pathology 502–3
presentation 775
prevalence 499
prognosis 782, 784
progressive supranuclear palsy
differential diagnosis 493
sexual dysfunction 844
sporadic 502
stereotactic surgery contraindication
503
subgroups 781
�-synucleinopathy 502
therapy 503
tracheostomy 779
urinary bladder dysfunction 834
urinary incontinence 840
multisystem degeneration, parkinsonism-
plus syndrome 489
multisystem disorders, mtDNA depletion
1931
mumps/mumps virus 1660
diagnosis 1662, 1664
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1679
meningitis 1662
complications 1665
optic neuritis 1674
transverse myelitis 1677
muscimol 66
muscle
action potential generation 1183
atrophy 1086
contraction and cross-bridge cycling
1209
contractures 1212
cramps 1208
exercise intolerance 1211–12
motor neuron disease 1865, 1873
denervation-induced changes 1086
disease in pregnancy 1948–9
disorders of striated 1163–78
energy source for contraction 1207
enlargement in hypothyroidism 2036
exertional injury 1212
fatigue
abnormal 1208, 1209
aerobic fitness 1210
cellular mechanisms 1210
glycogen depletion 1209–10
glycolysis/glycogenolysis defects
1210–11
high-frequency 1209
lipid defects 1211
low frequency 1209
fuel 1207–8
glycolysis/glycogenolysis defects
1210–11
hypertrophy in myotonia congenita
1184
1032 Index
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lipid defects 1211
myophosphorylase deficiency 1211
oxidative fuels 1207–8
oxidative metabolism disorders 1208
pain 1208
exercise intolerance 1212
paraneoplastic syndromes 1484–5
phosphofructokinase deficiency 1209,
1211, 1213
phosphorylase deficiency 1209,
1210–11, 1213
relaxants 540
segmental innervation 715
tone in chronic hepatic encephalopathy
1972
wasting 1169, 1175
limbs 1996
weakness 1169, 1175
motor neuron disease 1864, 1865
work 1207
see also skeletal muscle
muscle fibres
fast 1163, 1209
innervation 1143
slow 1163
transverse-tubule (T-tubule) 1183, 1186
muscle membrane, intermittent failure of
excitability 1183
muscle spindle innervation 874
muscle–eye–brain disease (MEB) 187–8
muscular dystrophy 1164–70
autosomal recessive distal 1168–9
classification 1165
Emery Dreifuss 1169–70
facioscapulohumeral 1169, 1171
Fukuyama-type congenital (FCMD)
187–8, 1168
limb girdle 1167, 1168
merosin-deficient congenital 1168
oculopharyngeal 1170, 1173
severe childhood autosomal recessive
1167
severity 14
swallowing disruption 802
musculoskeletal system
balance 584
gait 584
orofacial pain 950–2
mushrooms, hallucinogenic 1831, 1832
MuSK protein 1145
mutism, aphasia 318
myalgia 1208
myasthenia gravis
abducens nerve palsy differential
diagnosis 651
acetylcholine receptor 1144
acetylcholinesterase test 1149–50
antibody-negative 1148–9
antibody response 1504
associated conditions 1151–2
autoantibodies 1511
autoimmune 1146–55
autoimmune response 1520
clinical features 1147
complement-mediated lysis 1509
cyclosporin A 1532
diagnosis 1149–51
differential diagnosis 1151
diplopia 654
drug-induced 1155
electrophysiological testing 1150
etiology 1149
familial infantile 1159
fatigue 1865
grading 1147–8
heritability 25–6
hyperthyroidism 1151, 2034–5
hypothyroidism 2037
immune pathogenesis 1148
neuromuscular junction autoimmune
attack 1520, 1521
neuromuscular transmission
impairment 1145–6
paraneoplastic 1484
pathophysiology 1148
perinatal 1949
plasmapheresis 1154
postsynaptic blockade 1155
pregnancy 1948–9
snake bites 1155
swallowing disruption 802
systemic lupus erythematosus 1574
T cells 1149
thymectomy 1520, 1540–1
transient neonatal 1155
treatment 1152–5
myasthenic crisis management 1155
myasthenic syndromes 25
congenital 1145, 1155–7
mycobacterial growth in CNS 1657
Mycobacterium intracellulare 1178
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1700, 1777,
Fig. 110.1
pathogenesis 1778–9
renal transplantation complication
1999
mycophenolate mofetil 2082, 2083
immunosuppressive therapy 1532, 2086
myasthenia gravis 1153, 1154
Mycoplasma pneumoniae 1110
mycotic aneurysms 1833
myelin
axon survival 1601
brain aging 199
breakdown 1509
clearance 1080
congenital hypomyelination 1132
nerve growth-preventing proteins 701
P zero protein 1116
gene mutation 1130
primary disorders 1077
sheath 1076–7
formation 1603
myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) 91
gene 1078
antibodies 1119
multiple sclerosis 1518
myelin-associated neurite growth
inhibitors 701
myelin basic protein (MBP) 1517, 1518
immunodominant epitopes 1518
multiple sclerosis 1543
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
(MOG) 1517, 1518
myelination 1076–7, 1593–5
axon–glial interactions 1595
spinal cord injury 704
stem cells 1593, 1594, Fig. 97.1
see also demyelination; remyelination
myelinolysis, central 2004
myelitis, paraneoplastic 1482
myelocystocele, terminal 734
myeloma
neck pain 749
osteosclerotic 2056–7
paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathy
1483
myelomeningocele 733
myelopathies 713–25
acquired hepatocerebral degeneration
1974
causes 719–25
cervical spondylosis 723
classification 714
decompression 725
heroin 1834
Index 1033
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myelopathies (cont.)
infectious 722–3
inflammatory 721
multiple sclerosis 1608
necrotizing 723
neoplasia 723
nutritional deficiencies 725
radiation 725
systemic lupus erythematosus 1573
thalassemia 2050
toxic 725
vacuolar 722
vascular 719–20
myeloproliferative disorders 2051
myeloradiculopathy 723
myeloschisis 733
myoblasts 1163
myocardial infarction
cerebrovascular injury 1953
emboli to CNS 1953
migraine 1962
psychosocial risk factors 1965
myocardium
dermatomyositis 1172
necrosis and subarachnoid space blood
1962
myoclonic ataxia, progressive 525
coeliac disease 526
myoclonic epilepsy
progressive 525
with ragged red fibres see MERRF
syndrome
myoclonic jerks 526
myoclonus 254, 523–31
action-intention 1255
acute renal failure 1987
ataxia combined with 1887
brainstem 527–9
reticular reflex 529
chronic hepatic encephalopathy 1972
classification 523
cortical 523–6
clinical features 524–5
etiology 524–5
pathophysiology 523–4
pharmacology 525–6
prognosis 526
treatment 525–6
dystonia 527, 533
association 526–7
essential 526–7
focal/segmental jerks 523
generalized 523
multifocal 523, 525
nocturnal 2045
palatal 1353
posthypoxic 526
propriospinal 529, 530
psychogenic 530–1
seizures 1255
spinal 529–30
segmental 529–30
status epilepticus 1277–8
myocytes 1340
MyoD family transcription factors 1086
myofascial pain syndromes 951
myofilaments 1163
myogenic mechanism, intrinsic 1338
myoglobinuria 1208, 1214
acute renal failure 1995
exercise intolerance 1212
glycogenoses causing 1214, 1216–18
hereditary 1218
lipid metabolism disorders causing
1218–20
respiratory chain defects 1222
myoneurogastrointestinal
encephalopathy (MNGIE) 1924,
1931
myopathy
acquired 1175–8
alcoholic 1824
anorexia nervosa 810
congenital 1170, 1931
critical illness 1176
distal 1168–9
drug-induced 1176, 1177
endocrine 1175–6
exercise intolerance 1928–9
hypercortisolism 2039
hyperthyroidism 2035
hypothyroid 1176
hypothyroidism 2036–7
infantile 1931
infection 1176–8
inflammatory 1172–5, 1980
mitochondrial 1214, 1932, Fig.120.3
morphologically defined 1170–2
mtDNA depletion 1931
nemaline 1171–2, Fig. 70.8
overlap syndromes 1173
pure 1927
steroid 1172, 1176
systemic disease 1176–8
toxic 1176, 1177
transplant patients 2087, 2088
uremia 1177, 1995–6
see also metabolic myopathy
myophosphorylase deficiency 1211, 1213,
1214, 1216
myorhythmia 519
myosin 1163
myositis
connective tissue disorder association
1173
focal 1175
inclusion body 41, 1174–5, Fig. 70.11
myositis/myopathy 1758
myotomes 727
myotonia
acetazolamide-responsive 1191
acquired from disruption of skeletal
muscle chloride conductance
1190–1
Becker’s 1184
familial 6
fluctuans 1191
non-dystrophic 1183–91
clinical features 1185
diagnosis 1200
sodium channel blockers 1200
treatment 1200–1
painful congenital 1191
paradoxical 1183
pathophysiology 1195–7
permanens 1191
potassium-aggravated 1191, 1192
diagnosis 1200
pathophysiology 1196, 1197
recessive generalized 1184
skeletal muscle excitability 1184
sodium channel 1184, 1192
myotonia congenita 6, 1183, 1184–90
chloride channel dysfunction 1185–7,
1188, 1189
ClC-1 protein 1187
CLCN1 gene mutations 1187–90
diagnosis 1201
muscular hypertrophy 1184
skeletal muscle membrane chloride
conductance 1185–7
treatment 1201
myotonic dystrophy 14
anticipation 32
congenital 42–3
pregnancy 1948
1034 Index
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trinucleotide repeat expansion 41–3
myotonin 43
myotube 1163
myxedema 2035–7
CSF protein 2037
madness 2035
myxocarditis 1955
N-acetylaspartate (NAA) 148–9
accumulation in Canavan disease 1641,
1642
MRS in neurological disease 151–2
obsessive–compulsive disorder 391
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) see NMDA
Na+/K+-ATPase pump 72, 1190
glycolysis 1210
membrane excitability in muscle fatigue
1209
thyrotoxic periodic paralysis 1200
nadolol
chronic daily headache 965
migraine prophylaxis 922
physiologic tremor 517
nadroparin 1366
Naegleria fowleri 1751
naloxone 439
opiate overdose treatment 1828
naltrexone
alcoholism treatment 441, 1820–1
heroin euphoria blocking 439
naming 320
naproxen sodium 966
naratriptan 923, 924
narcolepsy 26, 817, 823–4
diagnosis 823
sleep apnea differential diagnosis 821
symptoms 823–4
narcotics 923
nasal septum 595
nasopharynx, taste bud innervation 612,
613
National Institute of Neurological
Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
NINDS-ADRDA criteria for AD 259
and Society for Progressive
Supranuclear Palsy, Inc.
(NINDS–SPSP) diagnostic criteria
493, 494
natural killer (NK) cells 1510
naturetic factor 2002
ND5 gene mutation 1928
NDRG1 gene mutation 1130–1
near-falls 586
nebulin gene 1171
neck
flexion inducing electric paresthesiae
716
fractures 748
neck pain 742, 747–54
clinical diagnosis 749
conservative therapy 751–3
disc stimulation test 750–1
epidemiology 747
etiology 747–8
imaging 750
invasive techniques 750–1
manual therapy 751–2
medical therapy 753
physical therapy 751–2
plain radiography 749–50
surgical therapy 753
treatment 751–4
recommendations 753–4
whiplash 752–3
zygopophyseal joint blocks 751
necrosis 8
pathologic states 58–9
necrotizing myelopathy, paraneoplastic
1481
necrotizing vasculitis 725
negative-predictive value (NPV) 121, 122
neglect 331–43
allocentric spatial 332
anosognosia 342–3
attentional bias 338
behavioural testing 331–4
cerebral infarction 334
colliculus 341, 343
dopamine agonist therapy 343
eye movement 342
functional reorganization 342
hemiplegia denial 340
hemispatial 338
eye movement 339
right hemisphere lesions 341
visual feedback 343
ipsilateral 339
limbic system 334, 335
motor 333
pathophysiology 334–40
personal 332
recovery 341–2
sensory deprivation 342
spatial 332–3
attentional bias 338–9
intentional bias 338–9
motor-intentional bias 338
pathophysiology 337–9
sensory-intentional bias 338
syndrome 340–1
treatment 342–3
unilateral 332
vestibular system 343
viewer-centred hemispatial 332
Neisseria meningitidis 1729
Nelson’s syndrome 860
nemaline myopathy 1171–2, Fig. 70.8
neocortex, declarative memory 308–9
neonates
meningitis 1730
opiate abstinence 1828
neoplasms/neoplastic disease
aseptic meningitis 1663
low back pain 762
Neoral 2082, 2083
nephrotic syndrome, hypercoagulable
states 2059
neprilysin (NEP) 257
nerve compression, orofacial pain
947–8
nerve conduction defects
mitochondrial myopathies 1932
spinocerebellar ataxias 1891
nerve disorders
pathophysiology
anatomical organization 1075–8
axonal degeneration 1078, 1079,
1080–3
signs/symptoms 1083–6
nerve fibres, regrowth 700–1
nerve growth factor (NGF) 70, 85, 86,
701
autoreactive T cell synthesis 1520
hyperglycemia 1098
inflammation site 884
local injection 96
peripheral sensitization 880
tissue injury 880
tyrosine kinase A interaction 242
nerve growth-preventing proteins 701
nerve injury
C-fibre central terminal degeneration
884–5, Fig. 58.12
response 884
nerve regeneration 948
nerve root compression syndrome 765
Index 1035
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nerve root disorders
pathophysiology
anatomical organization 1075–8
axonal degeneration 1078, 1079,
1080–3
signs/symptoms 1083–6
nerve–smooth muscle junction 1342
nervous system
autoimmunity 1514–21
immune-mediated disorders 1515
immune responses 1520–1
inflammation 1520–1
neuroprotection 1520–1
radiation harmful effects 1489–96
regenerative capacity 60
see also central nervous system (CNS);
peripheral nervous system
nervus intermedius neuralgia 947
netrins 91, 94
axon guidance 702
receptors 94
neural blockade 917
neural cells
antigen presentation to naive T cells
1654
apoptosis 59
immune capabilities 1654
loss 59
in vitro production 60
neural growth factors, aging 241–2
neural induction 55
neural integrator 635, 637
neural plate 55
neural tube
closure failure 733
defects in epilepsy 1945
formation 55
neuralgia
glossopharyngeal 618, 947
nervus intermedius 947
occipital 947
paresthetica in pregnancy 1948
periodic migrainous 943
pretrigeminal 946–7
see also postherpetic neuralgia;
trigeminal neuralgia
neuraxial analgesia 917
neuraxonal dystrophy 1296
neurites, dystrophic in HD 1901
neuritic plaques, brain aging 238
neuro-Behçet’s disease 1580, 1581
neuroablative drugs, dystonia 542
neuroacanthocytosis 1141
parkinsonism 490, 505
neuroanatomical spaces 138
neuroblastoma, opsoclonus–myoclonus
1479
neurocardiogenic syncope 1965
neurocognitive deficits, functional
imaging 138
neurocristopathy 1134
neurocutaneous disorders 1266, 2061–76
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome 1411, 2072–3
progeria 2075–6
see also hereditary hemorrhagic
telangiectasia; neurofibromatosis;
pseudoxanthoma elasticum;
Sturge–Weber syndrome; tuberous
sclerosis/tuberous sclerosis
complex
neurocysticercosis 1745–9, Fig. 107.1–2
anti-inflammatory agents 1748–9
classification 1746
clinical characteristics 1745–6
CSF analysis 1746–7
diagnosis 1746–7
imaging 1746
immune response 1745, Fig. 107.1
treatment 1747–9
neurodegeneration
aging 210–11
aphasia 325
definition 213–15
transgenic models 224, 226–8
neurodegenerative diseases 210
autosomal dominant inheritance
1841–2
brain imaging 779
cerebrospinal fluid 224
genetic 219–22
genetic abnormalities 1841
genetically engineered models
1841–55
inherited 215
Lewy bodies 479
mutant genes 216
neurologic signs 478
olfactory dysfunction 604–5
prevention 228–9
replacement therapy 229
spectrum 229–30
sporadic 219–22
therapeutics 228–9
traumatic brain injury 1800
see also Alzheimer’s disease;
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis;
frontotemporal dementia (FTD);
Huntington’s disease; Parkinson’s
disease; prion diseases;
spinocerebellar ataxia
neuroepidemiology 10–11
neurofibrillary disorders 492
neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) 218, 1844
AD 220, 255
topographic distribution 256
Alzheimer’s disease 1800
brain aging 238
FTD 221
hyperphosphorylated tau 240
Lewy body dementia 272
Niemann–Pick diseases 1916
paired helical filaments 220
progressive supranuclear palsy 491–2,
Fig. 34.1
neurofibroma 2061, 2062
hypothalamic 861
plexiform 2061–2
precocious puberty 855, 2062
neurofibromatosis 730, 2061–4
auditory nerve degeneration 672
diagnostic criteria 2064
pheochromocytoma 2040
neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)
arterial lesions 2062
astrocytomas in children 1449
cutaneous lesions 2061–2
diagnostic criteria 2064
genetics 2064
neurologic lesions 2062–3
ophthalmic lesions 2062, 2063
optic nerve tumours 1456
stroke 1412–13
neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2)
brain tumours of childhood 1449
central 624
clinical features 2063–4
diagnostic criteria 2064
genetics 2064
neurofibromin 1412, 1413
neurofilament(s) 93
changes in neurodegenerative disease
1800
genes 227
heavy protein gene 1869
SOD1 mutant mice 1854
traumatic brain injury 1800
1036 Index
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neurofilament proteins 1800, 1801, 1871
neurogenesis 56
adult brain 198
hippocampus 1330
pathologic states 58
therapeutic approaches 60
neurogenetic disorder diagnosis 6
neurogenic inflammation 877
neurogenic weakness, ataxia and retinitis
pigmentosa (NARP) 1214, 1928,
1929
Neuroimaging Commission of the
International League against
Epilepsy 1288
neurokinin A 961
neuroleptic drugs
anorexia nervosa 810
atypical 561
dystonia 534
parkinsonism 504
sensitivity in Lewy body dementia
268–9
tardive dyskinesia 540
tic disorders 561
tremor 517
neuroleptic malignant syndrome 540
neuroligand binding studies 134–5
neurological deficit in epilepsy 1294–7
neurological emergencies 128–9
neurological function recovery 79–96
anatomical plasticity 85–7
behavioural adaptation 79, 87
collateral sprouting 85–6
combination approaches 96
cortical remodelling 79–81
dendritic remodelling 86–7
denervation supersensitivity 84–5
memory suppressor genes 84
neuronal replacement 95–6
physical therapies 87–8
physiological plasticity 81–5
regeneration promotion 88–90
spontaneous recovery mechanisms
79–81
therapeutic approaches 87–96
neurological outcome measurement
105–14
neuroma formation 948
neuromodulators
epilepsy 1233
sympathetic innervation of cerebral
circulation 1343
neuromuscular blockade 2024
neuromuscular disorders 1538
neuromuscular irritability 2006
neuromuscular junction 1143, 1144
acetylcholine receptor clustering 1145
autoimmune attack 1520, 1521
disorders in transplant patients 2087
immune-mediated disorders 1520, 1521
myasthenic 1144
paraneoplastic syndromes 1484–5
postsynaptic events 1144–6
presynaptic events 1143–4
safety margin for transmission 1146
synapses 1146
neuromuscular junction transmission
disorders 1143–60
classification 1146, 1147
postsynaptic
acquired 1146–55
congenital 1155–7
presynaptic
acquired 1157–9
congenital 1159
synaptic
acquired 1159–60
congenital 1160
neuromyotonia 1083, 1485
voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC)
proteins 1520
neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein
(NAIP) gene 1847
neuronal cell bodies 1081
neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 1917, 1919
investigations 1297
juvenile 1917
late infantile 1917
progressive myoclonic epilepsy 1296
neurons
A-fibre 873–4
abducens internuclear 635, 636
abducens motor 635
action recognition/imitation 471
activation 1337
aging 242
amyloid precursor protein 1851, 1852
apoptosis 259, 884
apoptotic cell death cascades 1802
autorhythmic properties 512, 514
bipolar sensory receptor 595, 596
brain aging studies 197–9
C-fibre 873–4, Fig. 85.2
calcium entry 1081–2
central sensory 1084
communications 1075
cytoskeleton 93
damage
bacterial meningitis 1733–4
glutamate release 698
death 58–9
excitotoxicity 62–3
glutamate-induced 69
ischemic mechanisms 62–5
dopaminergic 1593
dorsal horn
injury 884
peripheral inflammation 883–4
early-onset degeneration 830
excitability in seizures 1233–4
excitatory burst 636, 638
fetal transplantation 95
gap junctions 1235
growth factors 1593–4
heterotopic 186
inclusions 40
inhibitory burst 636
intracerebral hemorrhage secondary
injury 1389
loss
AD 236, 256, 258–9
with age 7, 197–8, 238
HIV dementia 1692
Lewy body dementia 272
low-threshold (LT) 889
membrane lipids 1656
microglia 1599
migration 177, Fig. 13.1
disorders 182–6
radial 56, 177
tangential 178
mirror 471
morphology restructuring 81
neurological disease 8
nociceptive-specific 889
number in aging brain 197
omnipause 634, 638, 644
pause 635
postmitotic 177, 178
posture recognition/imitation 471
premature exhaustion of progenitors
180
primary sensory 873–5, Fig. 85.2
central sprouting 884–6
central terminal projections 874
classification 875
Index 1037
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neurons (cont.)
primary sensory (cont.)
peripheral inflammation 883–4
postinjury cell death 884–6
production 56
progenitor cells 1330
progenitors
microcephaly 180
neuronal replacement 96
propriospinal 452, 879
regeneration after injury 1235
saccadic burst 638
schizophrenia 377–8
dopamine 379
spinal cord injury Fig. 47.3
spinal projection 888
stop signal 177, Fig. 13.1
synchronization 170
epilepsy 1233, 1235
thrombin toxicity 1385–6
vulnerability in term infant 568
wide dynamic range 889
neuropathic pain, HIV infection 1697,
1698
neuropathic ulcers 873
neuropathy
dysproteinemic 1093, 1096
inherited
with defective DNA repair 1140–1
motor and sensory with multisystem
involvement 1133–5
recurrent 1132
lipid metabolic defects 1137–40
metabolic disorders 1135–41
relapsing 1093
vasculitic 1121–3
neuropeptide Y
alcohol intoxication 1819
autoregulation 1339
cerebral circulation 1343
receptors 947, 1343
neurophilins 1698
neuroprotection 8, 1520–1
inflammation 1520–1, 1529–30
T-cell mediated 1529
neuropsychiatric disorders 5
hyperthyroidism 2033
hypothyroidism 2035
Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) 244
neuroreceptors 134, 135
neurosarcoidosis 1558–66
biopsy 1562, 1563–4, 1564
cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities 1564
cranial nerve palsy 1559
diagnosis 1562, 1563, 1564
empty sella syndrome 861
environmental agent exposure 1562
epidemiology 1558
facial nerve palsy 1559–60
genetic factors 1561–2
imaging 1564, 1565
investigations 1562–4, 1565
Kveim antigen skin test 1563
meningeal 1561, Fig. 95.3
multiple sclerosis differential diagnosis
1622
optic nerve disease 1559
pathogenesis/pathophysiology 1560–2,
1766–7
prevalence 1558
spinal column 1560
treatment 1565–6
neurospheres 1593
neurosteroids 1231
neurosyphilis 1766–75, Fig. 109.2–3
acute syphilitic meningitis 1769
antibiotics 1772–3
asymptomatic 1769
Charcot joints 1772
clinical diagnosis 1774
clinical manifestations 1767–73
CSF 1770, 1771, 1773, 1774
deafferentation 1772
early syphilis 1768–9
epidemiology 1766
etiology 1766
general paresis 1771
gummatous 1770–1
HIV infection 1773, 1774–5
laboratory diagnosis 1773–4
mal perforans 1772
meningovascular syphilis 1769–70
sensory loss 1772
tabes dorsalis 1771–2
treatment 1774–5
see also syphilis
neurotomy, percutaneous radiofrequency
medial branch 753
neurotoxic shellfish poisoning 1809
neurotoxins
aquatic 1809–11
Lyme disease 1762
neurological disease 1805–11
neurotransmitters 6–7
age-related changes 238–9
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
426–7
autonomic ganglia 774
autonomic nervous system 773, 774,
775, 776
basal forebrain 306
binding 131, 132
brain aging 197–8
disorders of metabolism 575
endogenous 135
epilepsy 1233
postganglionic sites 774
release inhibition 878
reuptake 131, 132
sympathetic innervation of cerebral
circulation 1343
neurotrophic factors in motor neuron
disease 1875–6
neurotrophin(s) 86, 1508
neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) 1593, 1594
neurotrophin 4/5 (NT-4/5) 70, 94
neutrophils 1733
nevi, port-wine 2070
nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome
1449
NF1 gene 1412, 1413, 2064
NF2 gene 2064
niacin deficiency 1881
nicastrin 226, 1853
nicotine
addiction 440
acute mechanisms 442
dopamine levels in nucleus acumbens
432
tic disorder therapy 561
withdrawal 440
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
antibodies 1484
nicotinic receptors 440
Niemann–Pick diseases 1140, 1882, 1916
diagnosis 1916
neurofibrillary tangles 1916
slow saccades 642–3
type C 1916
supranuclear gaze palsy 491
nifedipine
chronic daily headache 965
HIV dementia 1696
migraine prophylaxis 922
neuropathic pain control 914
nightmares 827
1038 Index
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nimodipine
aneurysm 1397
arteriovenous malformation 1402
migraine prophylaxis 922
Nissl substance 1075, 1844
nitric oxide 1508
axon degeneration 1599–600
bacterial meningitis 1733
cerebral circulation 1338
cerebral ischemia 65
corpus cavernosa smooth muscle
relaxation 847
dorsal horn neurons 882
hypercapnic hyperemia 1340
hyperemic response modulation 1340
inhibition 1339
Lyme disease 1762
neuronal aging 242
parasympathetic system 1342
proerectile transmitter 843
spinal cord conduction impairment
1599
swallowing 800
nitric oxide synthase
endothelial (eNOS) 65, 1338
inducible (iNOS) 65, 71
inhibitors 71, 1338, 1340
neuronal 1338
nitric oxide synthesis inhibitors 961
nitric oxide synthetase 843
nitric oxide:L-arginine pathway 1338
nitrite sniffing 1832
7-nitro-indazole (7NI) 1340
nitrofurantoin 1103
nitroglycerin 961
nitrosoureas 1443, 1444
3-nitrotyrosine 1870
nitrous oxide
myelopathy 725
sniffing 1832, 1836
NK1 877, 878
spinothalamic tract neurons 879
NK1 receptors
central sensitization 883
substance P toxin conjugate 879
NMDA 62, 63
antagonists 9, 66, 67, 68, 71, 72
neuropathic pain 914
Pfiesteria toxins 1811
phencyclidine 439
blockade 68
swallowing 800
transmission and alcohol withdrawal
441
NMDA receptor-associated ion channels
1801
NMDA receptors 9, 439
blockade 68
brain aging 198
calcium permeable ion channels 1870
central sensitization 882, 883
dorsal horn neurons 882
ethanol sensitivity 1818
excitation in epilepsy 1230
glutamate 301, 436
antagonists 374
schizophrenia 379
hippocampus 84
subunit-selective antagonists 68
L-NMMA 961
Nocardia asteroides 1999
CNS infection after organ
transplantation 2087
nociception/nociceptors 873–86
activation 875–80
high-frequency 879–80
sustained 881
central nervous system 951
cortex 893–4, 895, 896
cingulate 896
facilitation of spinal AMPA receptor-
mediated responses 882
insula 894, 896
ion channels 875–7, Fig. 58.5
modification 883–6
modulation 880–3
peripheral terminal degeneration 877
polymodal 874
primary
activation 875–7, 878
sensitivity modulation 880–1
spinal transmission 878–9
dorsal column 889
synaptic vesicles 878
terminal depolarization 876
terminal excitability 880, 881
nociceptive processing 165
nociceptive-specific (NS) neurons 889
nocispecific cells 879
nodes of Ranvier 876, Fig. 58.5
acute motor axonal neuropathy 1113
connexin 32 1131
depolarization 1595
immunoglobulin binding 1078
sodium channel blockade 1078
Nogo 90–1, 95
noise generators, low-level 675
non-24 hour sleep–wake syndrome 824
non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis
(NBTE) 1954
non-epileptic attack disorder 1282–3
non-ergolines 483
non-Hodgkin lymphoma 2089, 2090
non-invasive intermittent positive
pressure ventilation (NIPPV) 1874,
1875
non-nociceptive projection cells 889
non-nocispecific cells 879
non-parametric technique 18
non-REM sleep 816, 818, 819–20
Alzheimer’s disease 830
brain activity 820
depression 828
parasomnias 826–7
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs)
chronic daily headache 966
chronic pain 909–11
gastropathy 911
migraine 922, 923
multiple sclerosis 1627
protective effects for neurodegenerative
disease 11
renal toxicity 911
topical 915
toxicity 911
transformed migraine 964
Noonan syndrome
congenital scoliosis 729
short stature 863
noradrenaline 775
autoregulation 1339
cerebral circulation 1343
peripheral sensitization 880
noradrenergic hypothesis
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
426
mood disorders 368
noradrenergic neurotransmitter system
441
norepinephrine 537
nortriptyline
chronic daily headache 965
pain control 912
poststroke anxiety disorder 1378
poststroke depression 1375, 1376
Index 1039
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nortriptyline (cont.)
poststroke pathological effect 1379,
1380
Tourette’s syndrome 561
nose
nasal septum 595
neural systems 595
olfactory dysfunction in nasal disease
603
pain 940
Notch family 56
Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD) 1849,
1853
Notch3 gene mutations 25
CADASIL 1405–6
Nothnagel’s syndrome 652
notochord signalling, abnormal 727
Nova gene 1480
NT-3 701
spinal cord injury 699
nuclear corepressor protein (NCoR) 1903
nuclear DNA (nDNA) 1221–2, 1922
defects 1929–31
nuclear factor of kappa-binding (NF�-B)
1597, 1599, Fig. 97.5
nuclear inclusions, intracellular 228
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
spectroscopy 146
physical basis of measurement 146,
147, Fig 11.1
nucleoside analogues 1103
nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTIs) 1689,
1697–8
nucleotide arrays, high-density 20
nucleotide excision repair systems 33
nucleus acumbens
cholinergic neurons 432–3
drug reward states 432
extracellular dopamine 431, 432
GABA-containing projections 433
nicotinic receptors 440
opioid-containing projections 433
pathways 432–3
reward circuit dopamine projections
432
reward information 433
serotonin terminals 432
shell region 432
stimulation by glutamate-containing
axons 432
nucleus ambiguous 796
dysfunction 1354
swallowing 800
nucleus basalis of Meynert 238–9
nucleus caudalis, trigeminal complex
960–1
nucleus gracilis 889
nucleus reticularis 336
nucleus tractus solitarius 796
swallowing afferent system 799
vagus afferent projections 797
Numb protein 56
number needed to treat (NTT) 121
nutrition, total parenteral 1981–2
nystagmus
abducting 635
central vestibular disorders 689, 690
congenital 644, 645
convergence-retraction 645–6
downbeat 645, 718
gaze-evoked 644, 645
gaze paretic 1353
horizontal gaze-evoked 635, 640
jerk 644
latent 645
mechanisms 644–6
optokinetic 1355
pendular 644, 645
quick phases 634
see–saw 646
torsional 637, 645
upbeat 645
vertical positional 645
vestibular 645
vestibular system abnormalities 1350
voluntary 644
obesity 812–13
object representation 298
obliterative endarteritis 1767
obsessive–compulsive disorder 385–98
age of onset 387
aggressive obsessions 387
anemia 2045
autism 393, 395
autoimmune pathology 393
behavioural therapy 396
checking 387
clinical features 386–9
comorbid conditions 389–90
compulsions 392
contamination fears 387
cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CTSC)
circuitry 391, 392
demographic variables 386
diagnosis 389
differential diagnosis 389
disease course 387
dopamine blockers 394
dopaminergic systems 393–4
DSM-IV 389
eating disorders 390
electroconvulsive therapy 397–8
epidemiology 385–6
etiology 390–6
executive function 392
fronto-striatal dysfunction 391, 392
functional studies 391–2
genetics 390
hoarding 388
Huntington’s disease 1897–8, 1906–7
5-hydroxytryptamine 393
immunomodulatory treatment 397
misdiagnosis 386
natural history 387
neuroanatomical models 391–2
neurochemistry 393–6
neuropeptides 394–5
neuropharmacology 393–6
neuropsychology 392–3
neurosurgery 398
non-verbal memory 392
pathophysiology 390–6
personality disorder 389, 390
pharmacotherapy 397–8
precision 387
prevalence 385–6
quality of life 386
rheumatic fever 393
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
393, 397
serotonergic agent response 397
serotonin hypothesis 393
serotonin receptor studies 396
sexual obsessions 387
somatic obsessions 388
spectrum disorders 395–6
streptococcal infection 391, 393
striatal dysfunction 391, 392
structural studies 391
subtyping 388–9
symmetry 387
symptomatology 387
tic disorders 388, 392
Tourette’s syndrome 390, 393–5, 552,
554, 562
1040 Index
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Cambridge University Press0521793513 - Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutic Principles, Third EditionEdited by Arthur K. Asbury, Guy M. McKhann, W. Ian McDonald, Peter J. Goadsby and Justin C. McArthurIndexMore information
treatment 396–8
augmentation with neuroleptics 397
resistance 397–8
visuospatial skills 392
occipital lobe disorders 626–7
bilateral lesions 626
epilepsy 1261
hemorrhage 1358
imaging 626
occipital neuralgia 947
occipito-frontal head circumference 179
occipitotemporal lesions, prosopagnosia
628
occupational therapy
behavioural adaptation 79, 87
cerebral palsy 576
dystonia 543
ocular alignment 646
disorders 653–4
ocular motility see eye movement
ocular skew 1357
ocular tilt reaction 637
skew deviation 654
ocular torsion, vesticular system
abnormalities 1350
oculomotor control 634–54
cerebellar influences 640–2
diplopia clinical testing 648–9
higher-level of saccades 638–40
horizontal conjugate gaze 635, 636, 637
nystagmus mechanisms 644–6
ocular alignment 646
oculomotor nerve courses 646, 647, 648
oculomotor nerve palsy diagnosis
649–54
saccadic movement disorders 642–4
signals 634–5
smooth pursuit 640, 641
disorders 644
vertical conjugate gaze 637–8
oculomotor nerve courses 646, 647, 648
oculomotor neuropathies 1099
oculomotor nucleus 646, 647, 648
oculomotor palsies
causes 651, 652
diagnosis 649–54
differential diagnosis 653
etiology 652–3
multiple 653
oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy
40–1
pathology 40–1
trinucleotide repeat expansions 42
odansetron 519
odds ratio (OR) 119
OKT3 2083, 2086
olanzapine 561
olfaction 595–606
anatomy/physiology 595–7
function 599
tests 599
see also olfactory dysfunction
olfactory agnosia 597
olfactory bulb 596, 597
centrifugal fiber connections 597, 598
ensheathing glia 96
glia 1603
granule cell production 58
neuron production 57, 58
olfactory cortex, primary 596–7
olfactory cortical regions 597
olfactory dysfunction
aging 600, 603
causes 599–600, 601–2, 603–5
classification disorders 597
CNS neoplasms 604
head injury 603
nasal disease 603
neurodegenerative disease 604–5
neurological disease 604–5
respiratory tract infection 600, 603
sensorineural causes 605
sinus disease 603
treatment 605–6
olfactory event-related potentials 599
olfactory groove meningioma 600, 604
olfactory nerve cells 595
olfactory nerve regeneration 96
olfactory neural transduction 596
olfactory neuroepithelium 595–6
olfactory nucleus, anterior 596
olfactory receptors 595
olfactory sensory signals 597, 598
olfactory tubercle 597, 598
olfactory vector hypothesis 596
oligodendrocytes 1594–5
anoxia sensitivity 1598
apoptotic cell death cascades 1802
cerebral ischemia 72
excitotoxic damage sensitivity 1598
excitotoxicity 699
inflammation mediator sensitivity 1598
inhibitory effects 91
microglia interactions 1598–9, Fig. 97.6
multiple system atrophy 502, Fig. 34.5
processes 1595, 1596
progenitors 1593, 1596, 1601, 1602
migration 1595
remyelination of CNS 1603
radiation toxicity 1490
reversible injury 1598
spinal cord injury 699, 700, 705, Fig.
47.3
stem cell differentiation 1593
stimulation of
differentiation/maturation 1594
survival 1597, Fig. 97.5
factors 1594
tumour necrosis factor � 1598–9
oligodendroglia 56
inclusion-bearing 1702, Fig. 103.19
progenitors 57, 58
radiosensitivity 1490
oligodendroglioma 1432, 1433, 1434
anaplastic 1432, 1434
chemotherapy 1443–4
calcification 1441
oligomers, misfolded 228
oligonucleotide arrays, dense 20
olivary complex, superior 661
olivocochlear bundles 662
olivocochlear fibres 660, 661
olivocochlear suppression test 667
olivocochlear system 662
lateral 663
medial efferent 662–3
oncogene proteins 241
oncovirus 1683–4
Ondine’s curse 1351
one-and-a-half syndrome 1353, 1354,
1358
Onuf’s nucleus 804
degeneration 784
sphincteric weakness 834
ophthalmic artery 1347
ophthalmic signs of hyperthyroidism
2034
ophthalmopathy 654
ophthalmoplegia
internuclear 1353
Wernicke’s encephalopathy 1821, 1822
see also chronic progressive external
ophthalmoplegia (CPEO)
opiate(s) 437–9
addiction 438–9
acute mechanisms 442
Index 1041
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Cambridge University Press0521793513 - Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutic Principles, Third EditionEdited by Arthur K. Asbury, Guy M. McKhann, W. Ian McDonald, Peter J. Goadsby and Justin C. McArthurIndexMore information
opiate(s) (cont.)
cAMP 438
antagonists 67
dependence 1827–8
dopamine inhibition 438
dopamine levels in nucleus acumbens
432
intoxication 438
neuron hyperpolarization 438
overdose treatment 1828
periodic limb movement disorder 826
reward 437, 438
seizures 1834
shingle pain 1678, 1679
withdrawal 438, 438–9, 961–2
opiate abstinence syndrome 1828
opiate neurotransmitter system 440
opioid(s)
abstinence syndrome 916
addiction 916
analgesics 915–16
non-malignant pain 916, 917
overuse 958, 963
physical dependence 916
opioid receptor activation by opiates 437
opioid system in obsessive–compulsive
disorder 394
oppositional defiant disorder 423
opsoclonus 644
opsoclonus–myoclonus 1479
antibody-positive 1479–80
opsonization of pathogens 1508
opsono-phagocytosis in bacterial
meningitis 1731
optic atrophy 623
optic neuropathy 622–3
optic chiasm disorders 625
optic disc
edema 622–3
optic atrophy 623
swelling 624
optic nerve/optic neuropathy 621–5
astrocytoma 1454–6
incidence 1455–6
treatment 1455
cobalamin deficiency 2047–8
glioma 624–5, 2062, 2063
heredo-familial 623–4
ischemic 622–3
arteritic 623
non-arteritic 622–3
nutritional 624
radiation-induced 1494
remyelination 1603
retinal ganglion cells 1595
sarcoidosis 1559
systemic lupus erythematosus 1573
toxic 624
tumours 624–5, 1454–6, 2062, 2063
optic nerve sheath meningiomas 624
optic neuritis 621–2, 1674–5
atypical 621, 623
multiple sclerosis 1608
typical 621, 623
optic tract
lesions 625–6
nucleus 640
optical imaging of intrinsic signal 1329
optociliary venous shunt vessels 624
oral cavity, swallowing 798
oral contraceptives
hypercoagulable states 2059
stroke prevention 1424
orbital trauma sequelae 654
orbitofrontal circuit in Tourette’s
syndrome 558
orbitofrontal cortex
lesions 597
taste function 613
orexin(s) 823
orexin receptor 2 mutations 26
organ donation 357
organ of Corti 658, 659, 660
organ procurement 357
organ transplantation 2082–9, 2090
de novo tumours of CNS 2088–9
neurological complications 2082–9,
2090
CNS infections 2086–7
diagnosis 2089, 2090
epidemiology 2082–3
neuromuscular 2087–8
organ donation/procurement 357
see bone marrow transplantation; liver
transplantation; renal
transplantation
organic acids 1912
organomegaly 859
organophosphates
axonopathy 1105
intoxication 1093, 1159–60
neuropathy 1105
parkinsonism 504–5
orgasm 843
ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
(OTC) 1881, 1882
hyperammonemia 1978
orofacial pain 939–52
classification 939
cluster headache 943
extracranial 939–41
intracranial 941–2
migraine 942–3
muscle disorders 951–2
musculoskeletal system 950–2
nerve compression 947–8
neuropathic 943–50
neurovascular 942–3
psychogenic 942
treatment 948–9
oropharynx 1351
orthographic lexicons 323–4
Osler–Weber–Rendu disease see hereditary
hemorrhagic telangiectasia
osmotic factors 865
OspA 1761–2
osteitis, tuberculous 722
osteoarthritis 873
osteoarthrosis of temporomandibular
joint 951
osteochondrodysplasias 729–30
osteoclasts, Pagetic 737
osteogenesis imperfecta 729
osteomalacia 729
osteomyelitis, tuberculous 1700–1
osteopenia in anorexia nervosa 809
osteopenic disorders of spine 729
osteopetrosis 672
osteoporosis
anorexia nervosa 809
glucocorticosteroids 1531
osteopenic disorders of spine 729
otic ganglion 1341, 1342
otitis externa/media 670
otoacoustic emissions 666, 668
otolaryngological examination 599
otoliths 634
otosclerosis 672
ototoxic drugs 671
ototoxicity 671–2
out-of-wind phenomenon 1211
ovarian hormones 1939
oxcarbazepine 913
oxidative phosphorylation 1207
oxidative stress 241
PD 480
1042 Index
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Cambridge University Press0521793513 - Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutic Principles, Third EditionEdited by Arthur K. Asbury, Guy M. McKhann, W. Ian McDonald, Peter J. Goadsby and Justin C. McArthurIndexMore information
oxybutynin 840, 841
oxygen
cerebral blood flow 1339–40
cerebral metabolism (CMRO2) 131, 132,
134, 2024
delivery to brain 2022
free radicals 241
hyperbaric 577
see also reactive oxygen species
oxygenation, apneic 353
oxytocin 865
cerebral vasculature effects 1940
obsessive–compulsive disorder 394
pituitary storage 854
P zero protein 1116
p14ARFprotein 1438, 1439
p53
activation mechanism 1438
function loss with glioma 1438
pathways 1438
p120 Ras GTPase-activating protein 1435
PABP2 gene 41, 1170
pacemaker–effector coupling disorders
825–6
pacemakers
circadian disturbances in elderly 825–6
function disorders 825–6
neurons 512, 514
output decrease 825–6
pachygyria, spastic quadriplegia 572
paclitaxel see taxol
Paget’s disease 737
auditory nerve damage 672
neck pain 749
neurological sequelae 737
pain 873–86
alternative therapies 917
burning 897, 898
cancer 915, 916
central nervous system mechanisms
888–98
central pathways
activation 878–80
modulation 881–3
central syndrome 896–8
chronic
assessment 906–9
associated phenomena evaluation
909
characteristics 907
classification 907
definition 906
etiology 907–8
evaluation 907
interventions 909
intractable syndrome 908
management 906–18
non-malignant syndrome 907–8
NSAIDs 909–11
pathophysiology 907–8
pharmacologic therapies 909–16
site-specific 908
syndromes 907–8
thalamic lesioning 893
clinical 873
congenital insensitivity 26, 873
with anhidrosis (CIPA) 1132–3
cortical areas in perception 893–5, 896,
897
deafferentation 891
definition 906, 939
dermatomal 1678
ear 940
eye 939–40
gate control theory 875
hypersensitivity 880
build-up 884
neuropathic 882
peripheral sensitization 881
postsurgical 882
inflammatory 880–1
injection therapy 917
institutional care 907
invasive therapies 917
lateral spinothalamic tract lesions 716
motor neuron disease 1866, 1874
multiple sclerosis 1626–7
musculoskeletal 915
neural blockade 917
neuropathic
adjuvant analgesics 913–14
corticosteroids 913
HIV 1697, 1698
hypersensitivity 882
nociceptive 873
non-malignant 913
nose 940
paranasal 940
paroxysmal 896, 913
pathways 879
projection 874
persistent states 875
poststroke 898
postsurgical 883
hypersensitivity 882
processing alterations 880–3
protective system 875
psychological interventions 917
rehabilitative therapies 917
sensitivity
heritability 26
lateral medullary infarction 1350–1
shingles 1678, 1679
sinuses 940
somatic referred pain 742, 747, 754
sympathetically maintained 948–9
teeth 941
thalamic 941–2
thalamus Vc cell response 890–1, 892–3
throat 940
trigger point 951
vestibular system abnormalities 1350
see also back pain; headache; migraine;
orofacial pain
pain specialists 917
paired helical filaments 1844
palilalia, aphasia 319
palinopsia 630
pallidal–thalamocortical circuit 433
pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration (PPND)
498
pallidotomy
dyskinesias 482
dystonia 542–3
PD 484, 485, 514
rest tremor 516
palmitoyl-protein thioesterase (PPT1)
gene mutations 1917
pamidronate 2005
Pancoast tumour, cervical radiculopathy
743
panic attacks 1282
panic disorder 366
migraine 959–60
papillae, taste bud 610, 611
papilledema, brain metastases 1463
Papoviridae 1702
parabrachial nucleus 888
paracentral lobes
bilateral in micturition control 833
hemorrhage 1358
paracetamol 923
paraflocculus, visual tracking 640
Paragonimus westermanni 1751
parahippocampal gyrus 200
Index 1043
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Cambridge University Press0521793513 - Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutic Principles, Third EditionEdited by Arthur K. Asbury, Guy M. McKhann, W. Ian McDonald, Peter J. Goadsby and Justin C. McArthurIndexMore information
parahippocampal region 305, 306
paraldehyde toxicity 1988
paralytic shellfish poisoning 1809
paramedian tracts 635
paramyotonia congenita 1183–4, 1191,
1192, 1193
molecular defects 1193–4
pathophysiology 1196, 1197
sodium channel mutations 1196
sodium currents in skeletal muscle
1193
paranasal pain 940
paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
1475, 1476–8
antibody-positive (anti-Yo) 1478–9
imaging 1477–8
limbic encephalitis 1480
opsoclonus–myoclonus 1479
pathology 1478
remission 1478
paraneoplastic syndromes 1085, 1474–85,
2056
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1481–2
antibody-positive 1475–6
autoimmune hypothesis 1475
autonomic neuropathy 1483–4
brachial neuritis 1483
brain 1476–81
continuous motor unit activity 1083,
1485
cranial nerves 1476–81
diagnosis 1476
dorsal root ganglia 1481–2
immunosuppression 1476
incidence 1474
muscle 1484–5
myasthenia gravis 1484
myelitis 1482
necrotizing myelopathy 1481
neuromuscular junction 1484–5
neuromyotonia 1083, 1485
pathogenesis 1474–5
peripheral nerves 1482–4
sensory neuronopathies/neuropathies
1482–3
spinal cord 1481–2
treatment 1476, 1477
visual loss 1481
see also dermatomyositis;
Lambert–Eaton myasthenic
syndrome; polymyositis
paraparesis, spastic 719, 724
lathyrism 725
paraphasia 318–19
paraplegia, thoracic spinal cord lesions
719
paraproteinemias 2055–7
parasitic disease 1745–51
parasomnias 826–8
parasympathetic innervation
anatomy 1341
cerebral circulation 1341
major organs 774
modulators 1341–2
physiological effects 1342
transmitters 1341–2
parathyroid disease 2037–8
parathyroid hormone (PTH) 2005
parent of origin effect 32
parental imprinting 14–15
paresis, general in neurosyphilis 1771,
1773
paresthesiae 715
electric 716
radiculopathy 742
parietal eye field, saccades control 639
parietal lobe
approach behaviour mediation 339
epilepsy 1260–1
hemorrhage 1358
saccades control 639
stroke correlation with depression 1374
parietal lobule
left inferior 461, 470
superior 469
parieto-frontal circuits
apraxia-related deficits 469, 471
limb apraxias due to dysfunction 472
parallel for sensorimotor integration
468–9, 470
parieto-occipital region, left 467
parieto-temporal region, left 467
Parinaud’s syndrome 646
parkin gene 8
juvenile onset PD 39
mutations 221, 479–80, 1842
parkinson-like syndrome 1974
parkinsonian gait 478
parkinsonian state 1491
parkinsonian syndromes
autonomic failure 784
depression 779
imaging 139–40
parkinsonian–dementia complex 784
parkinsonian–dementia complex of Guam
autonomic failure 784
olfactory deficit 604
postencephalitic parkinsonism
differential diagnosis 504
parkinsonism 221
with Alzheimer’s disease 476, 477
atypical 476, 477
classification 476, 477
clinical symptoms 476
dementia 254
drug-induced 478–9, 504
dystonia-parkinsonism 534, 536
FTD 286
head injury 505
hereditary/heredodegenerative
disorders 490, 505
heroin contaminant 480
Lewy body dementia 268
Mendelian disorders 23
MPTP-induced 514
multiple system atrophy 489, 500, 502,
781, 782
postencephalitic 221, 478, 489, 490, 504
secondary 490, 503–5
symptomatic 476, 477, 490, 503–5
toxins 504–5
trauma 505
vascular 479, 489, 504
parkinsonism-plus 485
syndromes 476, 477
see also corticobasal degeneration;
multiple system atrophy;
parkinsonism, vascular; progressive
supranuclear palsy
Parkinson’s disease 3, 476–85
AD association 221
animal models 8, 9
apoE4 genotype 480
coexisting illness 484
cognitive impairment 484
dementia 221
depression 484, 831
detrusor hyperreflexia 834
dopaminergic neuronal degeneration
135
dopaminergic system imaging 139, 140
dysphagia 801
dystonia 534
early diagnosis 139
early-onset 22–3
environmental toxins 480
1044 Index
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Cambridge University Press0521793513 - Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutic Principles, Third EditionEdited by Arthur K. Asbury, Guy M. McKhann, W. Ian McDonald, Peter J. Goadsby and Justin C. McArthurIndexMore information
etiology 479–80
familial 221
genetic basis 275
fetal neuron transplantation 95
fetal neuronal grafts 12
functional imaging 131, 139–40
gene 210
genetics 5
heredity 480
idiopathic
autonomic failure 784
olfactory deficit 604–5
urinary bladder dysfunction 834
imaging 224
incidence 211, 217
inheritance 22–3, 221
juvenile onset 39
L-dopa 482–3
late-onset 22
Lewy bodies 221
microelectrode recordings 168, 170
misfolded protein deposition in
neuronal inclusions 40
multiple system atrophy differential
diagnosis 500
mutations 479–80
neuroleptic drugs unmasking 504
neuroprotective strategies 483
onset 476
oxidative stress 480
pathogenesis 139–40
pathophysiology 480–2
pharmcotherapy 482–3
physical exercise 482
primary 476, 477, 478
progressive supranuclear palsy
differential diagnosis 493
receptor mapping of dopaminergic
system 131
replacement therapy 229
rigidity 478
secondary disability control 482
sexual dysfunction 844
sildenafil 848
sleep disorders 484, 831
sporadic 215, 221
stem cell transplantation 7–8
stereotactic surgery 210
strategic declarative memory deficit
310
stretching 482
surgical therapy 484–5, 514
swallowing disruption 802
symptomatic 478–9
�-synuclein 240
gene mutations 221
thalamo-cortical-spinal pathway
overinhibition 514
therapeutic principles 482–3
transgenic models 226–7
transplant studies 485
tremor 476, 478
essential 516
re-emergent 515–16
rest 512, 513, 515–16
parotid epidermoid carcinoma, cerebral
metastasis 931
paroxetine
chronic daily headache 965
obsessive–compulsive disorder 397, 562
paroxysmal depolarization shift (PDS)
1233
hippocampal pyramidal neuron 1230
paroxysmal hemicrania 930–1
chronic 943
episodic 931
PARP repair enzyme 69–70
parvalbumin 1870, 1871
patent foramen ovale 1943
stroke 1954–5
pathogenesis-based treatments 4
Pathological Crying and Laughing Scale
(PLACS) 1379, 1380
pattern-recognition receptors 1501–2
Pax-1 gene 727
Pearson syndrome 1927
Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric
Disorders Associated with
Streptococcal infections (PANDAS)
393, 397, 559
diagnostic criteria 559–60
immune-mediated hypothesis 560
therapy 561
tic disorders 559–60
Tourette’s syndrome 559–60
peduncular hallucinations 630
pegvisomant 859
peliosis, bacillary 1702
Pelizaeus Merzbacher disease 1640–1
pellagra 1881
pelvic floor muscles 843
pelvic neoplasia 762
pelvic nerve injury
sexual dysfunction 846
urinary bladder dysfunction 836
pelvic organ dysfunction 838
pelvic plexus 804
pemoline 824
Pendred syndrome 672
penetrance, age-dependent 18
penetrating artery disease syndromes
1356–7
D-penicillamine 1155
Wilson’s disease 505, 1155, 1882, 1979
penicillin
intoxication 1988
neurosyphilis 1774
PANDAS 561
spike-wave production 1238
penile prostheses 848
pentamidine isothionate 1750
Pentastarch 1368
pentazocine
overdose 1828
stroke 1834
pentoxifylline 1696
penumbra, ischemic 1368, 1385
peptide histidine methionine (PHM)
1341, 1342
perception, disordered 1816–17
perceptual classification, preserved 628
perceptual priming 312
percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
(PEG) 1873
perforin 1654
pergolide 483
tic disorders 561
perhexiline maleate 787
periamygdaloid cortex 597, 598
periaqueductal grey 874, 890
perihematoma vasogenic edema 1385
perikaryon 1075, 1076
perilymph fistula 687
periodic lateralizing epileptiform
discharges (PLEDS) 1670
periodic limb movement disorder 826,
2045
periodic paralyses 6, 1183, 1191, 1192,
1193–200
carbohydrate intake 1201, 1202
clinical features 1185
diagnosis 1201
hyperkalemic 1191, 1192, 1193
adrenal insufficiency 2039
diagnosis 1201
molecular defects 1193–4
Index 1045
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Cambridge University Press0521793513 - Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutic Principles, Third EditionEdited by Arthur K. Asbury, Guy M. McKhann, W. Ian McDonald, Peter J. Goadsby and Justin C. McArthurIndexMore information
periodic paralyses (cont.)
hyperkalemic (cont.)
sodium channel mutations 1195,
1196
sodium currents in skeletal muscle
1193
hyperthyroidism 2035
hypokalemic 1191, 1192, 1197–9
calcium channel subunit gene
1197–8
calcium ion movement 1198–9
diagnosis 1201
excitation–contraction coupling 1198
functional defects 1198–9
molecular defects 1197–8
pathogenesis 1199
sodium channel mutations 1198,
1199
normokalemic 1201
paramyotonia 1201
skeletal muscle excitability 1184
sodium channel mutations 1193–5
thyrotoxic 1176
thyrotoxic periodic 1176, 1199–200
diagnosis 1201
treatment 1201–2
peripheral inflammatory disease 880,
883–4
peripheral motor nerves 584
peripheral motor neuropathy 1678
peripheral nerve fiber degeneration 1082
peripheral nerve sheath tumours,
radiation-induced 1494
peripheral nerves/peripheral neuropathy
AIDS 1081
biopsy 779
bridges 94–5
chronic renal failure 1994
collateral sprouting 85
denervated distal stump 89
dysmetabolic 1092
HAART 1689
herpes zoster 1677, 1678–9
HIV-1-associated disorders 1696–8
hyperthyroidism 2034
hypothyroidism 2037
injury 884
anatomical plasticity 897
neuropathic pain 914
isolated vasculitis 1122–3
leprosy 3
microvasculitis 1483
monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain
significance (MGUS) 1119
muscle atrophy 1086
paraneoplastic 1482–4
pregnancy 1948
regeneration 85, 88–90
shingles 1677, 1678–9
systemic lupus erythematosus 1574
systemic vasculitis 1121–2
toxic 1092
tremor 519
uremic polyneuropathy 1991–2
varicella zoster virus 1677, 1678–9
viral infections 1677–9
Wernicke’s encephalopathy 1822
see also metabolic neuropathies; toxic
neuropathies
peripheral nervous system
antigen presentation 1508–9
autonomic dysfunction 1086
axons 1075–8, 1079, 1080–3
disorders 1075
immune-mediated demyelination
1518–20
inflammatory bowel disease 1980
lead effects 1806–7
nerve/nerve root disorder symptoms
1083–6
neuronal cell bodies 1075
radiation-induced malignancy 1494
Schwann cells 1076–8, 1079, 1080
spontaneous axonal regeneration 88–90
systemic lupus erythematosus 1574
peripheral sensitization 880
local hypersensitivity 881
migraine 882
peripheral sensory system, nociception
873–86
peripheral stem cell rescue 1452
perirhinal cortex 305, 306
perivascular inflammation 1651–2
periventricular band heterotopias 56
periventricular hemorrhagic infarction
571
periventricular heterotopia 185–6
periventricular leukomalacia 568, 570–1
spastic diplegia 570–1
spastic quadriplegia 572
periventricular nodular heterotopia 56
peroneal mononeuropathy 2088
peroneal neuropathy 1100
peroneal palsy 2048
peroxisomal disorders
biogenesis abnormality 1138
craniofacial features 1914
neonatal 1913
peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme
1913
peroxynitrate 1734
perseveration 319
persistent vegetative state 295
awakeness 293
consciousness 294
detrusor hyperreflexia 834
personality change in chronic hepatic
encephalopathy 1971
personhood, autism 415–16
pethidine 923
petrous bone infection 651
PEX gene defects 1913
peyote cactus 1831, 1832
Pfiesteria piscicida 1810–11
phaeochromocytoma 2040
phagocytosis 1654
phakomatoses, brain tumours of
childhood 1449
phantosmia 597
pharmacokinetics 129
pharyngeal airway occlusion 821
pharyngopalatine arch 1353
pharynx, swallowing 798
phencyclidine (PCP) 374, 379, 439–40
addiction 1832–3
acute mechanisms 442
altered mentation 1835
dopamine levels in nucleus acumbens
432
GABA inhibition 439
glutamate pathways 439, 440
intoxication 438
seizures 1834
stroke 1835
withdrawal 438
phenobarbital 441
cortical myoclonus 525
ethanol withdrawal seizures 1817
trigeminal neuralgia 945
phenobarbitone 1277
phenol
dystonia 542
intraneural injection for multiple
sclerosis 1625
phenothiazines 949
phenoxybenzamine 914
1046 Index
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Cambridge University Press0521793513 - Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutic Principles, Third EditionEdited by Arthur K. Asbury, Guy M. McKhann, W. Ian McDonald, Peter J. Goadsby and Justin C. McArthurIndexMore information
phentolamine 948
4-phenylbutyrate 1636
phenylhydantoin 1817
phenylketonuria 1912
phenytoin 66
brainstem myoclonus 528
complex partial status epilepticus 1277
motor neuron disease 1873
multiple sclerosis 1627
neuropathic pain control 913
neuropathy 1103
non-dystrophic myotonia 1201
seizures in viral encephalitis 1669
side effects 1307
tonic–clonic status epilepticus 1274
trigeminal neuralgia 945
fos-phenytoin 1274
pheochromocytoma 2062
phobia, vasovagal syncope 779
phonological lexicons 324
phonology
brain aging 204
input/output 324
phosphate
inorganic 1207
intracellular 2009
serum levels 2009, 2010
phosphatidylcholine precursor 67
phosphatidylinositol 3’ kinase (PI3 kinase)
241, 1435, 1436
phosphocreatinine 1207, 1211
phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) 847, 848
phosphofructokinase 1213
deficiency 1211, 1213, 1216
phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency 1214,
1216
phosphoglycerate mutase 1213
deficiency 1216–17
phospholipase, calcium-dependent 1801
phospholipase A2 65
cytoplasmic (cPLA2) 69
phospholipase C 65, 1435, 1436, 1437
phosphorylase 1213
phosphorylase b kinase deficiency 1216
phosphorylase-limit dextrin 1216
phrenic nerves, foramen magnum lesions
719
physical activity, stroke primary
prevention 1415–16
physical deprivation in autism 409
Physical Self-Maintenance Scale (PSMS)
244
physiotherapy
cerebral palsy 576
corticobasal degeneration 498
dystonia 543
multiple sclerosis 1627
multiple system atrophy 503
neurological function recovery 87–8
partial body weight supported treadmill
training 88
physostigmine
progressive supranuclear palsy 494
REM sleep 829
phytanic acid storage disease 1138–9
pial surface integrity disorders 186–8
pial–glial barrier abnormalities 187
pica 2045
Pick bodies 214, 283, 497
intracellular 228
Pick cells 283
Pick-complex disorder 284
Pick’s disease 283
apo-E allele 22
corticobasal degeneration differential
diagnosis 497
familial 220–1, 498
FTD differential diagnosis 498
Lewy body dementia differential
diagnosis 269, 503
limb-kinetic apraxia 468
neurofibrillary tangles 256
neuropathological overlap with
corticobasal degeneration 496, 497
olfactory deficit 604
progressive supranuclear palsy
differential diagnosis 492
sporadic 220–1
pillow speakers 675
pimozide
tic disorders 561
trigeminal neuralgia 945
pindolol 829
pineal region germ cell tumours 1456–7
piracetam 525–6
piriform cortex 596, 598
Pisa syndrome 500
pituitary
brain death 351
craniopharyngioma 861
failure 862
fluid abnormalities after surgery 869
hormones 853
metastases 861
microadenoma 931
normal function 853–5
posterior 865–9
somatotroph axis 854–5
tumours 855–61, 931, 942
diabetes insipidus 866
imaging 864–5
visual field testing 864–5
pituitary adenoma 855–61
ACTH-secreting 859–60
cavernous sinus invasion 856
gonadotroph-secreting tumours 860
growth hormone-secreting 858–9
incidentaloma 861
non-functional 861
prolactin-secreting 856–8
thyroid-stimulating hormone 860–1
visual abnormality 856
pituitary apoplexy 861, 865, 2001
corticosteroids 2002
pizotifen 922
PKD genes 1413
planum temporale 321
plasma cell dyscrasias 2055–7
malignant 1121, 2055
plasmapheresis
cryoglobulinemia 1580
immunomodulation 1540
multiple sclerosis 1628
myasthenia gravis 1154
PANDAS 561
pregnancy 1949
Rasmussen’s encephalitis 1240
plasminogen activators 1439
Plasmodium falciparum 1749, 1750
platelet activating factor (PAF)
cerebral ischemia 65
inactivation in lissencephaly 184
platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) 702
demyelination 1597, Fig. 97.5
giant cell arteritis 1582
oligodendrocyte progenitors 1593
tyrosine kinase receptor pathways 1435
platelet-derived growth factor � (PDGF�)
56, 57
receptor signalling 1597
platelets
hypercoagulable states with
abnormalities 2059
SSRIs 1965
transfusion in thrombocytopenia
2052–3
Index 1047
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platinum
coils 1398
germ cell tumour treatment 1457
pleconaril 1664–5
pleocytosis 1769
plexopathy
radiation-induced 1495
transplant patients 2087–8
plicamycin 2005
PMP22 gene mutations 1130, 1131, 1132,
1134
pneumocephalus 2019
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)
1683
prophylaxis 1577
pneumonia, acute ischemic stroke 1368
POEMS syndrome 1114, 1121, 2056–7
polar zipper formation 40
model 1903
polioencephalopathies 1914
poliomyelitis
paralytic 1676–7
swallowing disruption 802
poliosis of hair/eyelids 2065, 2066
poliovirus, motor neuron destruction
1085
poly(A)-binding protein 2 (PABP2) 40
polyarteritis 1177
polyarteritis nodosa 1576–7, Fig. 96.2
microscopic polyangiitis differential
diagnosis 1578
peripheral neuropathy 1121
primary angiitis of the central nervous
system differential diagnosis 1552
polycystic kidney disease 1999–2000
aneurysms 1394
autosomal dominant 1413
polycystic lipomembranous
osteodysplasia with sclerosing
leukoencephalopathy 1644–5
polycystin-1 1413
polycythemia vera 2051
polydipsia 866
diabetes insipidus differential diagnosis
867
polyglucosan 1218
deposits 1216
polyglucosan body disease, adult 1218
polyglutamine/polyglutamine diseases
33–40
aggregation 40, 1905, 1907
inclusions 39, 40
molecular pathogenesis 38–40
pathogenesis models of Huntington’s
disease 1905–6
polyglutamine tract 35
expansion 35, 36, 38–40
self-aggregation 40
polyhydramnios 1155
polymicrogyria
cobblestone dysplasia 187, 188
cytomegalovirus 189
four-layered type 188
hypoxic–ischemic insult 188
pathogenesis 181
schizencephaly 181, 188
unlayered 188
polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs)
1801
polymyositis 1172–3, Fig. 70.9
eosinophilic 1175
HIV-1 infection 1697, 1698
myopathy 1176
paraneoplastic 1484–5
swallowing disruption 802
polyneuritis, idiopathic 1679
polyneuropathy
alcoholic 1823
critical illness 1101–2
drug-associated 1095–6
environmental toxin-associated 1095–6
motor–sensory 1092
paraproteinemias 2056
progressive 1092
sensory distal 1697, Fig. 103.13–15
systemic disease association 1094–5
transplant patients 2087, 2088
uremic 1990–4
see also inflammatory demyelinating
polyradiculoneuropathy
polyneuropathy, organomegaly,
endocrinopathy, M protein and
skin changes see POEMS syndrome
polyopia 630
polyradiculitis, lumbosacral 1677
polyradiculoneuropathy
acute 1111, 1113, 1483
Lyme disease 1757
see also inflammatory demyelinating
polyradiculoneuropathy
polyuria 867
Cushing’s disease 869
diabetes insipidus 866
Pompe disease 1217, 1914
pons
capillary telangiectasias 1400
hemorrhage 1358–9
ischemia 1353–4
micturition control 833
REM sleep 821
pontine micturition centre 834–5
pontine nucleus, dorsolateral 640, 641
pontine reticular formation
paramedian 634, 637
progressive supranuclear palsy 492
REM sleep 821
swallowing 801
population-based research 118–21
populations 118
porencephaly see schizencephaly; West
syndrome
porphyrias
acute attacks 1137
acute intermittent 1136
neuropathy 1093, 1136–7
variegate 1136
port-wine nevi 2070
portal systemic encephalopathy see
hepatic encephalopathy
Poser criteria for multiple sclerosis 1620
positive-predictive value (PPV) 121, 122
positron emission tomography (PET) 4,
131, 132–5
apo-E4 heterozygotes 5
brain aging 197, 200
brain imaging 140–1
cerebral blood flow/metabolism 133–4
dementia 140, 141
dyslexia 5
epilepsy 1292
function recovery 142–3
misery perfusion 1367
motor areas of brain 448–9
radiotracers 133
spatial resolution 132–3
post-hypoxic encephalopathy 221
Post-stroke Depression Rating Scale
(PSDRS) 1373
post-traumatic stress disorder 827
postencephalitic parkinsonism 221, 478,
489, 490, 504
posterior circulation ischemia see
vertebrobasilar ischemia
posterior fossa tumour tumours 1450–1
postherpetic neuralgia 947–8, 949–50,
1678–9
1048 Index
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Cambridge University Press0521793513 - Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutic Principles, Third EditionEdited by Arthur K. Asbury, Guy M. McKhann, W. Ian McDonald, Peter J. Goadsby and Justin C. McArthurIndexMore information
clinical pain 873
nociceptor terminal excitability 881
sympathetic nerve block 949–50
posthypoxic encephalopathy 525
postmicturition residual 841
postpolio syndrome 1677
postsaccadic drift 642, 643
postural control
adaptation to environmental conditions
585
force modulation 584
neuroanatomical 582
physiology 581–2
sensory modalities 582, 584
postural response
bradykinetic 587
disinhibition of inappropriate 585
hypokinetic 587
modification 582
postural synergies 582
postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS)
773, 789, 792
potassium
calcium-activated 1230
ingestion in periodic paralysis 1201,
1202
supplementation 2009
potassium ion channels
activation 1183
agonists 66, 67
alcohol intoxication 1818–19
blockers in spinal cord injury 705
openers 66
voltage-gated 1083
gene mutations 1891
potassium ions
apoptosis 64, 70
extracellular during seizures 1235
homeostasis 2010
propagated action potentials 1195
release in neuronal activation 1337
serum concentration 2010
see also Na+/K+-ATPase pump
potentiation, long-term (LTP) 81, 83–4
dendritic remodelling 86
early 83–4
hippocampus CA1 region 83
late 83–4
pottery glazes 1807
Pott’s disease 1777, 1784
treatment 1788
Pott’s paraplegia 722
PPP2R2B gene 46
Prader–Willi syndrome 14
2-pralidoxime 1160
pramipexole 483
pravastatin 1191
praxis
conceptual system 462
errors 462, 463
grasping 469
limb 462–4
anatomofunctional substrates 468
production system 462
skills and interhemispheric differences
464, 466–7
praziquantel 1177, 1747–8
prazocin 914
pre-eclampsia 1946–7
Factor V Leiden 573
precentral gyrus
atrophy in motor neuron disease 1867
motor cortex 449
precocious puberty 855, 2062
neurofibroma 2062
prednisolone
cluster headache 930
neurosarcoidosis 1565, 1566
prednisone
Duchenne muscular dystrophy 1167
giant cell arteritis 1582
migraine 1940
myasthenia gravis 1153–4
neurocysticercosis 1749
neuropathic pain control 914
POEMS neuropathy 1121
polyarteritis nodosa 1577
polymyositis 1172, 1173
primary angiitis of the central nervous
system 1554
prefrontal cortex
declarative memory 309
dopamine fibres 432
dopamine neurons 434
dorsal lateral 325
drug reward states 432
dual synapses 432
glutamate-containing pyramidal cells
434
left dorsal lateral 323
obsessive–compulsive disorder 391
strategic declarative memory 309–10
pregnancy
anti-epileptic drugs 1945
Bell’s palsy 1948
brain death 356
cerebrovascular disease 1941, 1942,
1943–5
chorea gravidarum 1946
CNS vasculopathy 1553
compression neuropathies 1948
drug risk categories 1940, 1941
eclampsia 1946–7
epilepsy 1945–6
headache 1942
hypercoagulable states 2058–9
membrane rupture 1944
migraine 1939–40, 1942
multiple sclerosis 1947–8
muscle disease 1948–9
myasthenia gravis 1948–9
myotonic dystrophy 1948
neuralgia paresthetica 1948
neurologic aspects 1939–49
peripheral nerve disease 1948
plasmapheresis 1949
prolactinoma 858
seizures 1945
stroke 1941, 1942, 1943–5
subarachnoid hemorrhage 1943
taste 610
therapeutics 129
pregnenolone 1231
prekallikrein deficiency 2057
prematurity
cerebral palsy 569
periventricular leukomalacia 570
preoptic area, nucleus acumbens
projections 433
presbyosmia 597
presenilin genes 226
AD 258
mutations 258
see also PS1 gene; PS2 gene
presenilin(s) 259
prestriate lesions 627–8
pretrigeminal neuralgia 946–7
prevalence of disease 123
primary angiitis of the central nervous
system (PACNS) 1547, 1548
angiographic abnormalities 1550–1
autoimmunity 1548
brain biopsy 1551
clinical features 1548–51
course 1554–5
diagnosis/diagnostic criteria 1551–2
Index 1049
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primary angiitis of the central nervous
system (cont.)
differential diagnosis 1552–4
etiology 1548
imaging 1549–51
pathogenesis/pathology 1548
symptoms/signs 1548–9
treatment 1554–5
primidone
cortical myoclonus 525
essential tremor 518
primitive neuroectodermal tumours
(PNET) 1449
chemotherapy 1451–2
diagnosis 1450–2
infants 1457–8
intracranial pressure management 1450
postoperative tumour staging 1451
radiotherapy 1451
surgery 1450
treatment 1450–2
Pringle adenoma 1266
prion(s) 210, 211, 212, 213
biology 215–19
bovine 223
concepts 213
diversity 218
enhanced clearance 228–9
immunoassays 224, 225
replication
dominant negative inhibition 220
mechanisms 214–15
strains 218–19
prion amyloid 211
prion diseases 215–19, 1716–26
amyloid plaques 214
animals 216
ataxia 1890
classification 1716–18
clinical features 1718–22
clinical presentation 214
diagnosis 1722–4
diagnostic tests 223–4
EEG 1723, 1725
epidemiology 217
familial 214, 216, 1717
clinical features 1719–20, 1721
diagnosis 1722
FTD phenotype 498
genetic 219–20
iatrogenic 222
imaging 1723–4, 1725
infectious 222–3
investigations 1723–4
large aggregates of misprocessed
proteins 228
Lewy bodies 479
misfolded proteins 228
deposition in neuronal inclusions 40
MRI scan 224
neuropathology 217–18
phenotypes 219
species barrier 218
spinocerebellar ataxia differential
diagnosis 1890
sporadic 214, 216, 219–20
supranuclear gaze palsy 491
Tg mouse models 223, 224, 226
transgenic models 226
prion protein
isoforms 211, 212, 213, 1721
see also PrPC; PrPSc
prion protein gene
familial fatal insomnia 26
mutations 1716
PRNP gene 211
mutations 217, 1716
familial prion disease 1719, 1721
PRNP genotype distribution 1717
pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) 854
procarbazine 1443
prochlorperazine
migraine 1940
multiple sclerosis 1627
progenitor cells
neurons 1330
spinal cord injury 704, 706
progeria 2075–6
adult 2076
progesterone
nervous system effects 1939
neurosteroid effects 1231
programmed cell death see apoptosis
progressive bulbar palsy 1863
progressive cerebral degenerations of
childhood 1911–19
encephalopathies 1913–14
evaluation 1911–12
neonatal encephalopathies 1912–13
progressive multifocal
leukoencephalopathy (PML) 1702,
Fig. 103.19
progressive muscular atrophy 1481, 1863
progressive myoclonic epilepsies 1919
progressive myoclonic epilepsy type 1 34,
1240, 1241, 1885, 1919
cystatin B gene defect 1887
trinucleotide repeat expansions 42, 45
see also Unverricht–Lundborg disease
progressive supranuclear palsy 476, 477,
489–94
clinical aspects 490–1
corticobasal degeneration differential
diagnosis 497
diagnostic tests/criteria 493, 494
differential diagnosis 493
epidemiology 124
eye movement 491
familial 493
French West Indies 494
FTD differential diagnosis 498
imaging 493
Lewy body dementia differential
diagnosis 269, 503
management 494
misdiagnosis 489, 493
multiple system atrophy differential
diagnosis 500
neurofibrillary tangles 256
neuropathological overlap with
corticobasal degeneration 496, 497
parkinsonism 491
pathology 491–3, Fig. 34.1, Fig. 34.2
phenotypic variants 493
postencephalitic parkinsonism
differential diagnosis 504
prevalence 490–1
slow saccades 642
sporadic 492, 493
tau-positive inclusions 285
tau proteins 492, Fig. 34.2
tufted astrocytes 492, 497, Fig. 34.2
progressive tactile hypersensitivity (PTH)
884
prolactin 854, 855
prolactin-secreting macroadenoma 857
Prolyse in Acute Cerebral
Thromboembolism II (PROACT II)
1364, 1365–6
propantheline 840
propiverine hydrochloride 840
propofol
sedation 2024
tonic–clonic status epilepticus 1274
propoxyphene overdose 1828
propranolol
1050 Index
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Cambridge University Press0521793513 - Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutic Principles, Third EditionEdited by Arthur K. Asbury, Guy M. McKhann, W. Ian McDonald, Peter J. Goadsby and Justin C. McArthurIndexMore information
chronic daily headache 965
essential tremor 518
migraine prophylaxis 922, 1940
motor neuron disease 1874
physiologic tremor 517
proprioception loss 716
proprioceptors 582
propriospinal neurons 452, 879
prosencephalon, dorsal–ventral
patterning event failure 55
prosopagnosia 291, 627, 628
posterior cerebral artery infarction 1356
prostaglandins
inflammatory response in bacterial
meningitis 1732
pain modulation 881
peripheral sensitization 880
synthesis reduction 880
NSAIDs 910
prostanoids 1508
prostatectomy
sexual dysfunction 846
urinary bladder dysfunction 836
prosthetic devices, neural signals 456,
457, 458
proteasomes
function impairment 6
subunits 39
Protection against Recurrent Stroke Study
(PROGRESS) 1422
protein(s)
aberrant processing 214
large aggregates of misprocessed 228
misfolded 6, 40, 240–1
misprocessing 228, 229
trifunctional deficiency 1220
protein C 2057
protein-coding gene mutations 1928–9
protein kinase A (PKA) 82
activation 880
ethanol responses 1819
protein kinase B (AKT) 1437
protein kinase C (PKC) 82, 882, 1436
activation 880, 1437
ethanol responses 1819
protein kinase signalling 1819–20
protein S deficiency 2057
protein–calorie malnutrition 2008
proteinemic polyneuropathy 1093
proteinopathies, dystrophin-associated
1166–8
proteoglycans 701
proteolipid protein (PLP) 1517, 1518, 1641
deficiency 1640
prothrombin complex infusions 2059
prothrombin gene mutation 2057
proto-oncogenes 1435
proton (1H) -13C magnetic resonance
spectroscopy 156–7
proton (1H) spectroscopic imaging
brain tumours 152
GABA brain studies 153–6
antiepileptic drugs 153–5
epileptics receiving vigabatrin 153–4,
155
proton (1H) spectrum 148–50
prourokinase 1364, 1365–6
proverb interpretation tests 203
proximal myotonic myopathy (PROMM)
43, 1200
proximal tubular reabsorption of fluid
2002
PrP amyloid plaques 211, 214
extracellular space of CNS 228
Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker
disease (GSS) Fig. 15.4
PrP-deficient mice 226
PrP gene 211
dominant negative inhibition 220
mutations 215, 216, 219
polymorphisms 220
sequencing 224
PrP immunostaining in lymphoreticular
tissue 1724
PrPC 211, 212, 213
amino acid sequence 218
conversion to PrPSc 214
structure 211, 212, 213
wild-type 214, 216
PrPSc 211, 212, 213
amino acid sequence 218
bovine 223
sheep 223
structure 211, 212, 213, 218
wild-type 216
PS1 gene 216, 220
Lewy body dementia 269
mutation 253, 1842, 1846
PS1 null mice 1849
PS2 gene 216, 220
mutation 253, 1842, 1846
PS2 null mice 1849
pseudo-Chiari malformation 733
pseudo-chorea-athetosis 168
pseudo-parkinsonism 504
pseudo-sixth nerve paresis 1357
pseudoaneurysm in internal carotid artery
1346
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
brain abscess 1737
otitis externa 670
pseudosulfatase deficiency (PSD) 1637–8
pseudotumour cerebri 1980, 2027–8, 2037
pseudoxanthoma elasticum 1919, 2070–2
aneurysms 1393
genetics 2072
neurological dysfunction 2071–2
stroke 1412
psilocin 1831, 1832
psilocybin 1831, 1832
psychiatric disorders
Borrelia burgdorferi 1758
gene identification 18
psychiatric dysfunction in multiple
sclerosis 1627
psychic experiences 1283
psychological dysfunction in multiple
sclerosis 1627
psychometrics 105–8
developments 113–14
neuroscience applications 113
raw scores 113
tests in AD 260
psychophysics 105
scaling methods 106
psychosine 1638, 1639
psychosis
cyclosporin-induced 2084
drug-induced 374
systemic lupus erythematosus 1573
psychostimulants
altered mentation 1835
dependence 1828–30
dopamine levels in nucleus acumbens
432
psychotic episodes in multiple sclerosis
1610
PTCH gene 1449
pterygopalatine ganglion 1341, 1342
puberty
delayed 599
precocious 855, 2062
pudendal nerve 796–7, 804
pelvic floor muscle innervation 843
puffer fish poison see tetrodotoxin
(TTX)
Index 1051
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pulpitis, reversible 941
pulse generator, implantable 842
pulse-step of innervation 634, 635
pupillary reflexes
brain death 353
rostral brainstem lesions 1355
pure autonomic failure (PAF) 773, 781
purinoreceptors 875
Purkinje cell loss 45
opsoclonus–myoclonus 1479
paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
1478
purposeful behaviour, consciousness
293–4
pursuit, smooth 640, 641
disorders 644
pursuit commands 637
putamen
dopamine depletion 481
hemorrhage 1357
intracerebral hemorrhage 1384
pyramidal system abnormalities 1972
pyramidal tract decussation 735
pyrazinamide 1701, 1785, 1786
pyridostigmine
motor neuron disease 1873
pregnancy 1949
pyridostigmine bromide
fast channel syndrome 1157
myasthenia gravis 1152–3
pyridoxine
dependency in epilepsy 1253
intoxication 1083, 1085
isoniazid neuropathy 1103
sensory neuronopathy 1096, 1097
sensory neuropathy 1103
pyrimethamine 1700
pyruvate dehydrogenase 1822
deficiency 1882, 1883, 1932
pyruvate metabolism disorders 1881
quadrantanopia 622
quality of life in obsessive–compulsive
disorder 386
Quebec Task Force on Whiplash
Associated Disorders 752, 753
quetiapine 561
quinidine syndrome 1157
quinine
with heroin 1836
malaria 1750
quinolinic acid 1762
rabies vaccine, transverse myelitis 1677
rabies virus 1660
diagnosis 1672–3
disease forms 1672
encephalitis 1668, 1672
radiation
acute brain toxicity 1491
cranial neuropathies 1494
dementia 1492
early-delayed brain toxicity 1491
late brain toxicity 1492
lower motor neurone syndrome 1495
malignancy-induction 1494
mineralizing microangiopathy 1493
necrosis 1492–3
necrotic lesions 1490
nervous system harmful effects 1489–96
diagnosis of damage 1490–1
syndromes 1491–4
time course 1491
Parkinsonian state 1491
pathological effects 1490
physical principles 1489–90
plexopathy 1495
therapy for GH-secreting pituitary
adenoma 859
vascular disease 1493
Radiation Therapy Oncology Group
(RTOG) 1466–7, 1469–70
radicular artery, lumbosacral 720
radicular pain 742
radiculopathy differential diagnosis 744
see also cervical radicular pain
radicular syndrome, acute 761
radiculomyelopathy syndromes 718
radiculopathy 742
infiltrative/compressive 1085
see also cervical radiculopathy
radiolabelled ligands 134–5
radiopharmaceuticals 135
radiosurgery
cavernous malformations 1321, 1402
gamma knife 1321–2
subarachnoid veins 1403
radiotherapy
brain metastases 1466–7
brain tumours of childhood 1449
complications 1467
conditioned taste aversion 617
fractionation schemes 1489–90
myelopathy 725
physical principles 1489–90
side effects 1467
spinal cord damage 1494–5
whole brain 1466, 1468, 1469
ragged red fibres 1223, 1925, 1926
chronic progressive external
ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) Fig.120.3
COX-positive 1222
mtDNA depletion 1931
see also MERRF syndrome
Ramsay–Hunt syndrome 672, 1678, 1887
facial nerve palsy 1558
facial palsy 947–8
hyperacusis 665
rapamycin 1532–3, 2083
raphe nuclei
descending innervation 874
REM sleep 821
rapid eye movement sleep see REM sleep
rapid time zone change syndrome 824–5
rapsyn 1145
RAS, activated 1436
Rasch item analysis 114
rash
dermatomyositis 1172, 1173
heliotrope 1172
Rasmussen’s encephalitis 1259
epilepsia partialis continua 1278
intractable focal seizures 1240
plasmapheresis 1240
Rasmussen’s hemispherectomy 1279
reaching, somatosensory transformation
469
reactive oxygen species 47
bacterial meningitis 1733
metabolite ototoxicity 671
traumatic brain injury 1801
reading
assessment 320
information recall 195, 196
reagin tests 1773
reasoning deficit with frontal lobe lesions
310
recall, delayed 202
receiver–operator characteristic (ROC)
curve 122
receptor editing 1511–12
reciprocal inhibition 538
recoverin photoreceptor protein 1481
recurrent laryngeal nerve sectioning in
dystonia 542
red blood cell indices 2044
red nucleus, essential tremor 515
1052 Index
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reef fish poisoning 1093
Reelin protein 177, 185, Fig. 13.1
receptors 185
reflex sympathetic dystrophy see complex
regional pain syndrome
refocoxib 931
Refsum disease 1138, 1882–3
infantile 1139, 1913
registration 201
rejection encephalopathy 1999
relative risk (RR) 119, 121
RELN gene 185
REM sleep 816, 820
atonia system 828
behaviour disorder 828
cholinergic agents 829
depression 828
forebrain activation 820–1
inhibition 829
antidepressants 829
intrusion in narcolepsy 823
PET studies 821, Fig. 55.4
see also non-REM sleep
remacemide 1907
remyelinating cell 1601–2
remyelination 1601–4
cerebellar peduncle 1603–4
endogenous of CNS 1603
inflammation and repair 1603
multiple sclerosis 1615
optic nerve 1603
spinal cord injury 1603
renal angiomyolipoma 2066
renal artery dysplasia/stenosis 2062
renal disease 1987–2011
dialysis complications 1996–9
electrolyte disturbances 2000–2
end-stage and uremic polyneuropathy
1992–3
genetic 1999–2000
hypercalcemia 2004–5
hyperkalemia 2010–11
hypermagnesemia 2007–8
hypocalcemia 2005–7
hypokalemia 2011
hypomagnesemia 2008–9
hyponatremia 2002–4
hypophosphatemia 2009–10
low back pain 762
myopathy in uremia 1995–6
renal transplantation complications
1999
SIADH differential diagnosis 868
systemic 1999–2000
uremic encephalopathy 1987–9
uremic neuropathies 1990–5
see also polycystic kidney disease; von
Hippel–Lindau disease; Wilson’s
disease
renal failure
acute 1987–9
differential diagnosis 1988
EEG 1987, 1988
myoglobinuria 1995
chronic 1989–90
cachexia 1995–6
cholinergic autonomic nervous
system abnormality 1989, 1991
EEG 1989
peripheral nerve dysfunction 1994
motor–sensory polyneuropathy 1100
smell impairment 599
taste dysfunction 618
uremic polyneuropathy 1992–3
renal transplantation
chronic renal failure 1100, 1990
complications 1999
compressive neuropathy 1994
uremic polyneuropathy 1993
repeat expansion detection (RED),
spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 37
repetition priming 312–13
repetitive behaviour in autism 408
repetitive nerve stimulation 1150
representational defects 339
reserpine 576
resiniferatoxin 841
respiratory chain 1221–2
mutations in genes encoding subunits
1930
respiratory chain defects
exercise intolerance 1222
myoglobinuria 1222
weakness 1222–3
respiratory dysfunction
chronic insufficiency in polyneuropathy
1101
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
1101
failure of automatic 1351
lateral medullary ischemia 1351
motor neuron disease 1866
secondary anoxic seizures 1283
see also lung
respiratory failure in motor neuron
disease 1867, 1874
respiratory tract infection, olfactory
dysfunction 600, 603
rest–activity cycles 818
restless legs syndrome 826, 2045
restriction fragment length
polymorphisms (RFLPs) 17
RET proto-oncogene mutation 1134
reticular activating system, waking state
817
reticular formation
auditory pathway input 663
nociceptive neurons 889–90
swallowing 800
waking state 817
reticuloendothelial cells 1916
reticuloendothelial system (RES) 1660
retinal degeneration, paraneoplastic 1481
retinal ganglion cells 1595
circadian timing 818
retinal hamartoma 2065–6
retinal hemorrhage 2044–5
retinitis, cytomegalovirus 1701–2
retino-choroidal anastomoses 624
retinoblastoma protein (Rb) 1437–8
retinohypothalamic tract 818–19
retinoic acid 1593, 1884
retroviruses
multiple sclerosis 1615
oncogenic transformation 1434–5
Rett’s syndrome 414, 1255, 1919
reward centres
endogenous 432–5
functional integrity disruption 435
reward circuit
drug addiction 442
nicotine stimulation 440
reward systems 442
rhabdomyolysis 1208
exercise intolerance 1212
transplant patients 2088
rheumatic fever
molecular mimicry 1514
obsessive–compulsive disorder 393
rheumatoid arthritis
atlantoaxial subluxation 738
cervical spine 738
clinical pain 873
immunosuppressive therapy 737
low back pain 760, 763
myopathy 1176
Index 1053
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Cambridge University Press0521793513 - Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutic Principles, Third EditionEdited by Arthur K. Asbury, Guy M. McKhann, W. Ian McDonald, Peter J. Goadsby and Justin C. McArthurIndexMore information
rheumatoid arthritis (cont.)
neck pain 748
neurological manifestations 738
primary angiitis of CNS differential
diagnosis 1552
prognosis 737
surgical intervention 738
temporomandibular pain 951–2
vertebral column 737–8
rheumatoid vasculitis 1121
rhizotomy, selective dorsal in cerebral
palsy 577
riboflavin
glutaric aciduria type II 1221
migraine prophylaxis 922
ribosomal RNA (rRNA), point mutations
1924
rickettsia-like bacteria 1762
Riddoch’s phenomenon 627
rifampin 1701, 1784–5, 1786
right hemisphere
activation domination 341
contralateral limb akinesia 340, 341
damage 341
hemispatial neglect 341
inattention 340
intention domination 341
stroke correlation with depression
1373–4
right–left confusion 334
Riley–Day syndrome 773, 775, 784–5, 1133
riluzole 66, 483
motor neuron disease 1875
risk reduction, absolute 121
risperidone
dystonia 540
tic disorders 561
Ritalin see methylphenidate
rituals, obsessive–compulsive disorder
differential diagnosis 389
Rituximab 1121
rizatriptan 923, 924
RNA processing defect 1870
rolipram 84
Romberg sign 2047
ropinirole 483
Rosenthal fiber accumulation 1642
rubella virus
congenital 1679
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1679
transverse myelitis 1677
rubeola virus 1675
transverse myelitis 1677
see also measles
Rush Video-based Tic Rating Scale 553
Russian Spring Summer encephalitis
vaccine 1671
ryanodine receptor mutations 14, 15,
1171
S100� autoantigen 1518
saccades/saccadic eye movements
catch-up 644
commands 637
generation 635
disorders 642–4
initiation 643
dysmetria 642
higher-level control 638–40
intrusions 643
oculomotor control signal 634, 635
oscillations 643–4
slow 642–3
vertical 634
saccadic pulse
decrease 642–3
disorders 642
premotor command 634
saccadic step disorders 642
sacral nerves 696, Fig. 47.2
motor pathways 797
sacral pathway 796
sacral spinal cord 804
St Anne-Mayo classification system of
astrocytomas 1431–2
St Louis encephalitis 1671
salicylates
ototoxicity 671
toxicity differential diagnosis from acute
renal failure 1988
saline, hypertonic 868
intracranial hypertension 2021–2
saliva 611
drooling
motor neuron disease 1874
Wilson’s disease 1978
proteins/peptides 611, 612
Salmonella, subdural empyema 1740
salt intake 1415, 1417
sampling 118
Sandhoff’s disease 529
Sanfilippo syndrome 1918
saposin D deficiency 1636
diagnosis 1637
sarcoglycan(s) 1164, 1166
mutations 1167
sarcoglycanopathies 1167, 1168
sarcoid granuloma
pathology/pathogenesis 1560–2
sarcoidosis
cervical radiculopathy 743
hypercalcemia 2004
myopathy 1176
see also neurosarcoidosis
sarcolemma
chloride conductance 1190
depolarization 1163
sarcolemma-related cytoskeleton proteins
1164
sarcolemmal proteins, dystrophin-
associated 1166–7
sarcomeres 1163
SCA genes 36, 46
SCA1 gene 1888–9
SCA2 gene 1889
SCA3 gene 1889
scala media 658, 659, 660
scala tympani 658
scala vestibuli 658
scaling models 107–8
scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor
brain tumour angiogenesis 1439
tyrosine kinase receptor pathways 1435
Scheuermann’s kyphosis 729
Schistosoma 1751
myelopathy 722
schizencephaly 180–1
closed-lip 181
hemiplegic cerebral palsy 573
open lip 181
pathogenesis 181
polymicrogyria 181, 188
schizophrenia 374–82
AD 376–7
animal models 8
antipsychotics 381
apo-E allele 22
catechol-o-methyltransferase gene
variant 5
cerebral metabolic activity 379–80
clinical features 374–5
dendrites 377
diagnosis 374–5
dopamine hypothesis 378–9
DSM-IV criteria 374, 375
epidemiology 374–5
1054 Index
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Cambridge University Press0521793513 - Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutic Principles, Third EditionEdited by Arthur K. Asbury, Guy M. McKhann, W. Ian McDonald, Peter J. Goadsby and Justin C. McArthurIndexMore information
genetics 15, 16
gliosis 376
glutamate 379
glutamatergic functioning
enhancement 382
hippocampus 377
5-hydroxytryptamine 379
hypofrontality 379–80
imaging 375–6
lifetime risk 375
negative syndrome 830
neural connectivity 381
neural cryoarchitecture 377
neurochemistry 378
neurodevelopmental disorder 380, 381
neurons 377–8
neuropathology 376–8
neuropharmacology 378
neurophysiology 380
olfactory deficit 604
onset 374
pathogenic theories 380–1
pathology 378
pathophysiology 378–80
positive syndrome 830
psychosocial treatments 382
segregation analysis 16
sensory evoked potentials 380
sleep disturbance 830
synapses 377–8
treatment 381–2
twin concordance studies 16
visual hallucinations 630
schizophrenia-like syndromes, diagnosis
374
Schmidt–Lanterman incisures 1131
Schwann cells 89, 1076–7
axon relationship 1076, 1077
connexin 32 1131
denervated 89
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1113
MHC class II antigen expression 1508
onion bulb changes 1129, 1130
primary disorders 1077, 1078
proliferation in Wallerian degeneration
1080
radiation toxicity 1490
reinnervation 90
repopulation of demyelinated lesions
1601
spinal cord injury bridging 702, 703
schwannoma
brain tumours of childhood 1449
neurofibromatosis 2063, 2064
radiation-induced 1494
scleroderma
myositis 1173
primary angiitis of the central nervous
system differential diagnosis 1552
sclerotomes 727
SCN1A mutation 6
SCN4A gene mutations 1191, 1192, 1193
SCO1 and SCO2 gene mutations 1930
scoliosis
arthrodesis 730
causes 728
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1
1130
congenital 728–9
idiopathic 727–8
bracing 730
Marfan’s syndrome 730
neuromuscular 729
structural 727–8
surgery 730
syringomyelia 734
scopolamine
olfactory sensitivity 604
REM sleep 829
vestibular disorders 682
scotoma 622
homonymous central 626
size reduction 627
scrapie 216, 218, 223
screening tests for neurological diseases
121–2
second messengers 82, 83
�-secretase 262
inhibitor 11
�-secretase 228, 262, 1845, 1846, 1852
inhibitor 1853
sedatives
abuse 1830–1
hypnotics addiction 441
seeded forward solution 167
segregation analysis 16
seizures
absence 294, 295, 1261
detrusor hyperreflexia 834
acute renal failure 1987
alcohol withdrawal 440, 1817, 1818
amniotic fluid emboli 1944–5
amphetamines 1834
anoxic 1283
astrocyte proliferation 1235
atonic 1264, 1282
autism 412, 413
axo-rhizomelic 1263, 1264, 1265
benign self-remitting disorders 1303
brain metastases 1463–4, 1465
brain tumours 1440
calcium 1235
chronic hepatic encephalopathy 1972
chronic renal failure 1989
classification 1257–8
CMRO2 2024
cocaine 1834
collateral sprouting 85
complex partial 1282, 1283
surgical techniques 1318
control 1315–16
convulsive 1308
cyclosporin-induced 2084, 2085
cysticercosis 1749
differential diagnosis 1281
drug abuse 1834
eclampsia 1946
epileptic automatisms 295
extracellular potassium 1235
foci 1235
functional MRI 139
GABA occipital lobe decline 1232
GABA receptors 1232
gap junctions 1235
generalized tonic–clonic 1261, 1262,
1263
head injury 1253, 1255
hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
2074
hydrogen ions 1235
hyperthyroidism 2033
hypocalcemia 2006
hypophosphatemia 2010
hypothyroidism 2036
immune mechanisms 1239–40
immunosuppressive therapy 1240
infrequent 1303
intractable focal 1240
isolated 1268
magnesium ions 1235
marijuana 1834
medical intractability 1315–16
meperidine 1834
myoclonic 1255, 1261
neonatal 1267
neuronal excitability 1233–4
Index 1055
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Cambridge University Press0521793513 - Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutic Principles, Third EditionEdited by Arthur K. Asbury, Guy M. McKhann, W. Ian McDonald, Peter J. Goadsby and Justin C. McArthurIndexMore information
seizures (cont.)
nocturnal convulsive 1248
non-epileptic 1287
opiates 1834
organ transplantation 2082
palinopsia 630
periventricular heterotopia 185–6
phencyclidine 1834
prediction 1329
pregnancy 1945
recurrence prevention 1301
rehabilitation phase of hyponatremia
2002
severity reduction 1302
single 1302–3
sodium 1235
with specific modes of presentation
1259
specific triggers 1303
startle epilepsy 528
Sturge–Weber syndrome 2069
substantia nigra pars reticulata 1238
systemic lupus erythematosus 1240,
1573
tacrolimus-induced 2084, 2085
taste dysfunction 617–18
temporal-lobe 295
tonic–clonic 1238
traumatic brain injury 1798
tripelennamine 1834
tuberous sclerosis complex 2067
vaccine 1240
vestibular 689, 690
viral encephalitis 1669
see also epilepsy
selectins 1516
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
(SSRIs) 367, 368
bulimia nervosa 811
chronic daily headache 965
depression in AD 262
FTD 286–7
Huntington’s disease 1906
narcolepsy 824
obsessive–compulsive disorder 393,
397, 562
parkinsonism 504
platelet effects 1965
poststroke depression 1375
poststroke pathological effect 1379
REM sleep suppression 829
selegiline 483
HIV dementia 1696
self 290
autobiographical 291, 297
consciousness 290
core 291
kinds 291
sella turcica 856
enlargement 861
imaging 864, 866
semantic knowledge 204
semantic lexicon 322–3
semantic processing 323
semicircular canals 634, 638
semidominance 18
senescence 239–40
see also aging
sensitivity of tests 121, 122
sensorimotor function localization 1322
sensorimotor neuropathy 1482–3
sensory deprivation
disequilibrium patterns 587
neglect 342
visual hallucinations 630
sensory disorganization 587
sensory evoked potentials 380
sensory motor polyneuropathy 2056
sensory nerve action potentials 1990
sensory neuronopathies 1085, 1097
paraneoplastic 1482
presentation 1096
progression 1096
pure 1093
sensory neuropathies 1097
biliary cirrhosis 1093
HIV 1093, 1688, 1690, 1697, Fig. 103.13
treatment 1698
hyperlipidemia 1093
paraneoplastic 1482–3
pure 1093
sensory perineuritis 1093
sensory polyneuropathy, distal 1697, Fig.
103.13–15
HIV infection Fig. 103.13–15
sensory symptoms 715, 1084
sensory tracts
lamination 715, 716
symptoms 715
sensory transmission, central inhibition
885
sentence comprehension 320
sepsis, hypomagnesemia 2008
serotonin see 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
serotonin-2A receptor gene promoter
polymorphism 811
serotonin hypothesis 368
obsessive–compulsive disorder 393
serotoninergic neurotransmitter system
440, 441
radiolabelled ligand imaging 135
serotoninergic transmission, Tourette’s
syndrome 559
sertraline 397, 562
serum response factor (SRF) 1436
sexual dysfunction
hypersexuality 843–4
intracavernous injection therapy 848
intraurethral therapy 848
neurological disorders 843–6
investigation 846–7
treatment 847–8
penile prostheses 848
prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma
857
sildenafil treatment 847–8
vacuum devices 848
sexual function control 842–3
SF-36 measure 109
SH2 protein activation 1435–6
shagreen patch 2065, 2066
shingles
complications 1678
pain 1678, 1679
peripheral nerves 1677, 1678–9
varicella zoster virus 1677
short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA
dehydrogenase deficiency 1220
short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
deficiency 1221
short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform
headache with conjunctival
injection and tearing (SUNCT)
931–2
management 932
orofacial pain 943
secondary 932
short stature 863–4
short tandem repeats 17
Shy–Drager syndrome see multiple system
atrophy
sialidosis
investigations 1296
progressive myoclonic epilepsy 525,
1296
type 1 1919
1056 Index
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sibling pairs, affected 18
sickle cell disease 1919
aneurysms 1394
diabetes insipidus differential diagnosis
866
fat embolism 2049, 2050
G6PD deficiency association 19
myopathy 1177
painful crisis 2049
pregnancy 1944
sepsis 2049, 2050
vascular disease 2049
siderosis, superficial 739–40
signalling molecules, post-translational
changes 880
sildenafil citrate 847–8
multiple sclerosis 1626
silencing of survival signals (SOSS) 242
Silver Russell syndrome 863
simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV-1)
1684–5, Fig. 103.10
simvastatin 1191
single cell electrophysiological recording
1330
single gene disorders 20
complexity 14–15
gene identification 17–18
single nucleotide polymorphism 19
single photon emission computed
tomography (SPECT) 131, 132–5
brain death 355
brain imaging 140–1
cerebral blood flow/metabolism 133–4
dementia 140
epilepsy 1291
ictal 1291
interictal 1291
postictal 1291
radiotracers 133
spatial resolution 132–3
single-stranded DNA breakage 69
sinonasal tract disruption 603, 604
sinuses
disease and olfactory dysfunction 603
pain 940
sinusitis, chronic 940
siphon, internal carotid artery occlusion
1347
sirolimus 1532–3, 2083
SISCOM scanning 1316
SIX3 gene 178
sixth nerve palsy, radiation-induced 1494
Sjögren Larsson syndrome 1644–5
Sjögren’s syndrome 1575–6
CNS involvement 1576
diabetes insipidus differential diagnosis
866
myelopathy 725
primary angiitis of the central nervous
system differential diagnosis 1552
sensory neuronopathy 1085, 1097
sensory neuropathy 1482
skeletal dysplasia 729–30
skeletal muscle 1163
disorders 1164
innervation 1163
skill learning 310–11
functional imaging 310
skilled behaviours 10
skin
biopsy 11
hyperelasticity 2072
skull
distortion in traumatic injury 1798–9
Pagetic softening 737
sleep-promoting substance (S) 819
sleep/sleep disorders 816, 821–31
abnormal movements, sensations and
behaviours 821
advanced sleep phase syndrome 825
airway patency 821
Alzheimer’s disease 830
apnea/sleep apnea syndrome 730,
821–2, 859
central 821, 822
obstructive 821
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
555
chronic hepatic encephalopathy 1971
delayed phase sleep syndrome 825
depression 829–30
deprivation 816, 1281, 1282
adenosine accumulation 819
dreaming 820, 827
electroencephalogram 816
episodic phenomena 1283, 1284
functional neuroimaging 829–30
heritability 26
homeostatic drive 819
medical/psychiatric illness association
821, 828–31
motor neuron disease 1866, 1874
neurobiology 816–18
non-24 hour sleep–wake syndrome 824
onset paralysis 824
PD 484, 831
psychiatric illness 828–31
states 816
swallowing 798
syndrome associated with decreased
amplitude 825–6
Tourette’s syndrome 555
see also familial fatal insomnia (FFI);
insomnia; non-REM sleep; REM
sleep; waking state
sleep spindles 831
sleep terrors 826, 827
sleepiness, excessive daytime 821
narcolepsy 823–4
sleep apnea syndrome 821
visual hallucinations 630
sleeping sickness 1750
sleep–wake cycles 816, 818
dreaming and rostral brainstem infarcts
1355
regulation 818–21
sleepwalking 826–7
slow channel syndrome 1157
slowness, obsessional 387
Sly syndrome 1918
small capillary/arteriolar dilatations
(SCADS) 1959
small-cell lung cancer
Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome
1158, 1474, 1476
paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
1476
paraneoplastic retinal degeneration
1481
small vessel ischemia 454
smallpox vaccine, transverse myelitis
1677
smell sense see olfaction
Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome 178
smoking
aneurysms 1394
bacterial meningitis 1730
drug abuse 1834, 1835
olfaction 599
olfactory dysfunction 605
optic neuropathy 624
stroke primary prevention 1416
snake bites 1155
Sneddon syndrome 2058
snoring 859
sleep-related 821
Index 1057
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Cambridge University Press0521793513 - Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutic Principles, Third EditionEdited by Arthur K. Asbury, Guy M. McKhann, W. Ian McDonald, Peter J. Goadsby and Justin C. McArthurIndexMore information
social awareness in autism 408
social deficit in Asperger’s
sydnrome/autism 412
social deprivation in autism 409
Social Functioning Examination (SFE)
1375
SOD-/- mice 1849–50, 1854
SOD1 216, 221
copper chaperone 1850
missense mutations 1846–7
mutant 227
copper binding 1854
D90A 1869–70
G93A 1871
motor neuron disease 1863, 1868–70
toxic property 1850
mutant mice 1849–50, 1854
sodium
renal excretion 2002
seizures 1235
sodium channel gene 1191, 1192
mutations 6, 1183, 1184, 1196
functional defects 1194–5
missense 1191, 1193, 1194
sodium channels
antagonists 66, 67
non-dystrophic myotonia 1200
topical 915
blockade 66, 877, 1078
depolarization-induced paralysis from
defects 1195–7
epilepsy 1234
hypokalemic periodic paralysis 1198,
1199
sensory neuron-specific 877
voltage-gated 1183, 1193
sodium ions
defective transport 2002
serum levels 867, 2000, 2002
white matter injury 72
see also Na+/K+-ATPase pump
sodium nitroprusside 1397
sodium valproate see valproate
sodium–calcium exchanger 62, 1082
white matter injury 72
soft tissue osteosarcoma, radiation-
induced 1494
somatesthetic stimuli 331
somatic mutation theory 240
somatic referred pain 742, 747, 754
somatosensation 165
somatosensory cortex
intensity encoding capacity 894
laser evoked potentials (LEP) 894, 895
primary 893–4
secondary 894, 895
somatosensory evoked potentials 1990–1
somatosensory system, auditory pathway
input 663
somatostatin 855
analogues
GH-secreting pituitary adenoma 859
radiolabelled 141
obsessive–compulsive disorder 394
somatosympathetic reflexes 879
somatotroph axis 854–5
somnolence, diurnal see sleepiness,
excessive daytime
sonic hedgehog (SHH) 55
holoprosencephaly 178
mutations 55
spasms
infantile
adrenocorticotrophic hormone 1240
EEG 1287
tonic 528
spastic ataxia of Charlevoix–Saguenay,
autosomal recessive 1887
spastic diplegia 570–2
cranial ultrasound 571–2
imaging 571
periventricular leukomalacia 570–1
spastic paraparesis 719, 724
adrenal insufficiency 2039
HAM/tSP 1711
lathyrism 725
spastic paraplegia, X-linked 1640
spastic quadriplegia 570
spasticity
cerebral palsy 569
motor deficits in stroke 455
motor neuron disease 1873
multiple sclerosis 1625
progressive orthopedic deformity 576
spatial maps 584
specificity of tests 121, 122
spectrin 1801
spectroscopic imaging 146
brain tumours 152–3, Fig 11.4–11.5
NMR 151
postacquisition signal processing 153,
Fig 11.4
speech
apraxia 321, 473
arrest 322
autism 408
disturbance
chronic hepatic encephalopathy
1972–3
dialysis dementia 1996
fluency 318
production 324
semantic dementia 286
superior cerebellar artery infarction
1355
see also aphasia; language
speech audiometry 666
speech therapy
corticobasal degeneration 498
multiple system atrophy 503
progressive supranuclear palsy 494
speedballing 437
sphenopalatine ganglion see
pterygopalatine ganglion
sphincterotomy, sexual dysfunction 846
sphingolipidoses 1914–15
sphingomyelin
accumulation in reticuloendothelial
cells 1916
lipidoses 1140
sphingosine 1638
synthesis inhibition 1640
spider
black widow venom 1159
funnel web 1144
spike-waves
absence epilepsy 1236–9
epilepsy 1236
interictal 1237
spina bifida
neuromuscular scoliosis 729
occulta 733, 734
open defects 734
sexual dysfunction 845
sildenafil 848
urinary bladder dysfunction 835
spinal afferents, visceral 797
spinal artery, anterior 719–20
spinal cavernous angioma 721
spinal column
anterior–lateral 888–9
dorsal system 889
neurosarcoidosis 1560
spinal cord/spinal cord disease
action potential propagation 878
adrenal insufficiency 2039
1058 Index
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Cambridge University Press0521793513 - Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutic Principles, Third EditionEdited by Arthur K. Asbury, Guy M. McKhann, W. Ian McDonald, Peter J. Goadsby and Justin C. McArthurIndexMore information
anatomy 695–6, Fig. 47.2
anterior horn 1075
ascending sensory pathways 695
axons 695
collateral sprouting 85
complete transection 717
dorsal column 888
laminated fibres 716
dural arteriovenous malformations 713
early-delayed myelopathy 1494–5
fetal transplants 95
functional recovery 8
hyperadrenalism 2039
infarction 719–20
intradural tumours 762
late-delayed myelopathy 1495
motor signs/symptoms 713
myoclonus 529–30
neurons 878–9
nitric oxide impairment of conduction
1599
paraneoplastic syndromes 1481–2
patterns 716, 717, 718
posterior column signs/symptoms 716
radicular signs/symptoms 713–15
repair 695–706
sacral 804
sensory signs/symptoms 713–16
sexual dysfunction 844–5
signs/symptoms 713–16
somatosensory tracts 888
sphincter effects 716
subacute combined degeneration 2047
transfer of sensory information 874
tuberculoma 1777
tumours 728
urinary bladder dysfunction 834–5
ventral horn reactive gliosis 1867
ventral root atrophy 1867
viral infections 1676–7
white matter degeneration 2047
see also cervical cord; dorsal horn;
thoracic spinal cord
spinal cord injury 695–706
anti-excitotoxic treatments 699
apoptosis 699
autonomic failure 787
axons 697
direction 700, Fig. 47.5
functional connections 702
regeneration promotion 700, Fig. 47.5
bridge building 702–3, Fig. 47.5
causes 696
cell transplants 703
classification 696–7
clinical approaches 697–8
demyelination prevention Fig. 47.5
environmental factors 698
excitotoxicity 698–9
function restoration 705
gait 705
gene transfer 704
genetically engineered cell replacement
703
growth factors 701–2
imaging 697
lesion expansion 696, Fig. 47.3
long-tract neurotransmission
restoration 704–5
lost cell replacement 703–5, Fig. 47.5
myelination 704
nerve fibre regrowth 700–1
nerve outgrowth promotion 701–2
neural activity optimizing 698
neuroprotection 1599
new neuron formation 704
oligodendrocytes 699, 700, 705
transplantation 705
pharmacological treatment 695
potassium channel blocker 705
progenitor cells 704, 706
progression to secondary injury
prevention Fig. 47.5
radiation-induced 1494–5
regeneration 698, 700, 701
inhibition blocking Fig. 47.5
rehabilitative strategies for rebuilding
function 705–6
remyelination 705, 706, 1603
secondary injury limitation 698–700
sexual dysfunction 844–5
stem cell replacement 703–4
steroid therapy 695
syrinx 696, 697, Fig. 47.5
terminology 696–8
traumatic 696, 696, Fig. 47.3
treatment 696, Fig. 47.5
urinary tract dysfunction 835
white matter 699
spinal cord syndrome 718–19
acute 721
constipation 716
patterns 716, 717, 718
urinary retention 716
spinal dysraphism 733–5, 736, 737
spinal motor neurons
calcium-mediated injury 1870–1
differentiation 55
spinal muscular atrophy
clinical signs 1845
genetics 1847–8
motor neuronopathy 1085
spinal pathways, ascending 888–9
spinal projection neurons 888
spinal shock 718
spinal stepping 581
spine
autosensitization 880
central pattern generators 88
deformity management 730
disorders in hyperthyroidism 2034
embryology 727
epidural abscess 1981
epidural hemorrhage 2054
extradural lesions 714
injury and anal continence 805
instability with low back pain 764–5
interneuron differentiation 55
intramedullary hemorrhage 2054
intramedullary lesions 714–15
osteopenic disorders 729
stenosis in low back pain 764
tumours 723
vascular malformations 720–1
spinobulbar muscular atrophy 34, 35–6
expanded trinucleotide repeats 32, 42
pathology 38
protein misprocessing 222
spinocerebellar ataxia 34, 1885,
1887–90
anticipation 32
autosomal dominant 36, 1890–1
classification 1887
familial 222
genetic testing 1891
incidence 211
infantile onset 1887
nerve conduction defects 1891
supranuclear gaze palsy 491
transgenic models 227–8
trinucleotide repeat expansions 42
triplet repeat mechanism 6
type 1 (SCA1) 36, 1888–9
type 2 (SCA2) 36, 1889
Huntington’s disease differential
diagnosis 1898
Index 1059
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spinocerebellar ataxia (cont.)
type 3 (SCA3) 37, 1889
GIn residues 227
Huntington’s disease differential
diagnosis 1898
mutant genes 222
type 4 (SCA4) 1889
type 5 (SCA5) 1889
type 6 (SCA6) 37, 1889
type 7 (SCA7) 37, 1889–90
type 8 (SCA8) 45, 1890
type 10 (SCA10) 46, 1890
type 11 (SCA11) 1890
type 12 (SCA12) 46, 1890
type 13 (SCA13) 1890
type 14 (SCA14) 1890
spinocerebellar atrophy 14
spinothalamic tract 888
anterolateral 879
central pain syndrome 897
lamination of fibres 716
lateral 716
NK1 receptor 879
signs/symptoms 715–16
terminations 890, 891
spirochaetes 1754, 1755
spironolactone 1202
spondylarthropathies 738–9
spondylosis, low back pain 763–5
spongiform degeneration in
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 217–18,
Fig 15.4
sporadic olivopontocerebellar atrophy see
multiple system atrophy
spumavirus 1684
Standard Treatment with Alteplase to
Reverse Stroke (STARS) 1364
stapedial reflex 658, 666
Staphylococcus, subdural empyema 1740
Staphylococcus aureus, brain abscess 1737
Staphylococcus epidermidis, meningitis
1730
startle epilepsy 528
startle response 527–8
unknown physiology 529
startle syndrome 527–9
epilepsy 528
statins 71
cholesterol reduction 1419–20, 1422
dementia effect 242
neuropathy 1103–4
status epilepticus 1271–9
absence 1274, 1276
alcohol withdrawal 1817
antiepileptic drugs 1273
causes 1272–3
cell death mechanisms 1272
classification 1271
complex partial 1276–7
definition 1271
diagnosis 1272–3
drug administration route 1308
electrical in slow wave sleep 1287
epidemiology 1271
frontal lobe epilepsy 1260
GABA receptor 1232
hippocampus 1272
hypoxia 1272, 1273
isolated 1268
management 1272–3
mechanisms 1271–2
myoclonic 1277–8
neurogenesis 58
non-convulsive partial 1276
pathology 1271–2
tonic–clonic 1272, 1273–4
EEG 1274
hypoxia 1273
mortality 1273
physiological changes 1273
treatment 1274, 1275
stavudine 1103
steal syndromes, Takayasu’s arteritis 1583
Stellwag’s sign 2034
stem cells 7–8
apoptosis 1593
brain 59
division 56
embryonic 704
ethical concerns over research 8
expanded neural 60
fetal 11
multipotentiality 59
myelination 1593, 1594, Fig. 97.1
neuronal replacement 96
pluripotent
embryonic 7–8
neurogenesis 198
spinal cord injury 703–4
therapeutic use 8
transplantation 7–8
globoid-cell leukodystrophy 1639
immunotherapy 1541
step of innervation 634
stepping, precision 585
stereopsis in albinos 625
stereotactic surgery
brain metastases 1469–70
cerebral palsy 577
microelectrode recordings 168
PD 210
see also deep brain stimulation (DBS);
pallidotomy; thalamotomy
stereotyped movements in
obsessive–compulsive disorder
389, 395
stereotypical behaviour in autism 408
stereotypical utterances 319
stereotypies 551–2
steroid therapy
ischemic optic neuropathy 623
low back pain 761
olfactory disorders 605
optic neuritis 622
spinal cord injury 695
stiff person syndrome see continuous
motor unit activity
stomatodynia 618, 941
storage disorders 1914–18
strabismus
concomitant 653–4
diplopia 648
vertical 649, 650
streptococcal infection
Group A hemolytic (GABHS) 559
Group B 1730
meningitis 1729, 1730
obsessive–compulsive disorder 391,
393, 395
subdural empyema 1740
viridans 1737
Streptococcus pneumoniae
bacterial meningitis 1729
vaccine 1735
streptokinase 1361
streptomycin
trigeminal neuralgia 945
tuberculosis 1785, 1786
stress-related neuro-humoral activity
665–6
stretch reflex–muscle spindle feedback
515
stria terminalis bed nucleus 432, 433
striatal disease/dysfunction
gliosis 536
obsessive–compulsive disorder 391, 392
1060 Index
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reasoning impairment 310
striate cortex, visual information
processing 627
striatocapsular ischemia 1347
striatonigral degeneration see multiple
system atrophy
striatum
atrophy in Huntington’s disease 1900
neurons in Huntington’s disease 1901
Tourette’s syndrome 557
string sign 1393
stroke
acute ischemic
ancrod 1366–7
antihypertensive agents 1368
aspirin 1367
collateral flow 1367–8
complication prevention 1368
heparin 1366
intra-arterial thrombolysis 1364–6
intravenous thrombolysis 1361,
1362–3, 1364, 1365
ischemic cascade alteration 1367
restoration of flow 1361, 1363
stroke units 1369
transcranial Doppler 1362–3, 1365,
1367
treatment 1361, 1362–3, 1364–9
alcohol abuse 1943
anal incontinence 805
anterior cerebral artery ischemia 1348
anterior choroidal artery occlusion
1348
apathy 1378–9
atherosclerosis 1346
atherosclerotic plaque 1345, 1346
atrial fibrillation 1417–19, 1952–3
behavioural manifestations 1371, 1372,
1373–80
cardiac arrhythmias 1952–3
cardiac origin 1952
cardioembolic causes 1943–5, 1952
catastrophic reaction 1379
cerebroretinal vasculopathy 1410–11
childhood progressive disorders 1919
cladistics 20
connective tissue disease 1411–13
constraint-induced forced use 87–8
coronary artery bypass surgery 1955–9
cortical plasticity 80
depression 369
distal intracranial territory infarcts 1356
drug abuse 1834–5
dysphagia 802–3
embolism 1345, 1953, 1954
epidemiology 123
function recovery 455, 456
imaging 142–3
functional imaging 141–2, 455, Fig. 31.8
gustatory disturbance 615
hemiplegic cerebral palsy 573
hemispheric 2025
hemorrhagic syndromes 1345–6
cerebral amyloid myopathy 1408
familial cerebral cavernoma 1406–8
moyamoya disease 1408–9
hereditary causes 1405–14
hereditary endotheliopathy with
retinopathy, nephropathy and
stroke (HERNS) 1411
heritability 25
homocystinuria 1413
internal carotid artery
intracranial occlusion 1347
stenosis/occlusion in neck 1346–7
intracardiac tumours 1955
intracerebral hemorrhage 1346
intracranial pressure monitoring 2025
ischemic 11, 62–6, 67, 68–73
CADASIL 1405–6
cerebral amyloid myopathy 1408
moyamoya disease 1408–9
ischemic mechanisms 1345
kinetic tremor 519
lacunar 454
magnetic resonance spectroscopy
151
Marfan’s syndrome 1411, 1412
mass strategy 1415, 1416–17
mendelian syndromes 1405
middle cerebral artery
ishemia 1347–8
occlusion/stenosis 1347
middle intracranial territory ischemia
1354
migraine-related 25
monogenic disorders in complex
syndrome 1409–10
motor cortex reorganization 455, Fig.
31.8
motor deficits 454–5
motor function recovery 455
movement poverty 455
myogenic disorders 1405–10
neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)
1412–13
neuropsychiatric disorders 1371, 1372
organ transplantation 2082
patent foramen ovale 1954–5
pathological effects 1379
periventricular heterotopia 186
polycystic kidney disease 1413
polycythemia vera 2051
posterior circulation 1366
pregnancy 1941, 1942, 1943–5
prevention
ACE inhibitors 1424
antiplatelet therapy 1417, 1418,
1422–3
aspirin 1416, 1417, 1418–19, 1422,
1423
atrial fibrillation 1417–19, 1423–4
blood pressure lowering 1415, 1417,
1422
carotid angioplasty/stenting 1426
carotid endarterectomy 1420, 1424–5
cholesterol lowering 1419–20, 1422
clopidogrel 1422–3
diabetes mellitus 1420
dipyridamole 1423
homocysteine levels 1420
hormone replacement therapy 1424
mass strategy 1415, 1416–17
oral anticoagulants 1423–4
oral contraceptives 1424
primary 1415–20
high-risk individuals 1417–20
principles 1417, 1420–1
risk factor modification 1421–2
salt intake 1415, 1417
secondary 1420–6
ticlopidine 1422–3
vertebrobasilar ischemia 1426
progeria 2075
proximal intracranial territory
infarction 1352–3
pseudoxanthoma elasticum 1412
psychosis 1379–80
pure motor 1356
pure sensory 1356
recurrent 1420, 1421
risk 1415, 1416
high-risk strategy 1417
recurrent 1420, 1421
sexual dysfunction 843–4
spasticity 455
Index 1061
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stroke (cont.)
stem cell therapy 8
substance abuse 1943
subtypes 1345–6
sudden onset 1346, 1347
swallowing disruption 802–3
syndromes 1345–59
systemic hypoperfusion 1345
thrombolytic therapy 142
thrombosis 1345
tPA therapy 123
triage 1364
units 1369
urinary incontinence 834
valvular heart disease 1953–4
vertebrobasilar ischemia 1348–56
vulnerable brain tissue 4
see also anxiety/anxiety disorder,
poststroke; depression, poststroke;
intracerebral hemorrhage
stromelysins 1511
Strongyloides 1751
Sturge–Weber syndrome 1267, 2068–70
cutaneous features 2068–9
diagnostic studies 2070
neurologic features 2069–70
ophthalmologic features 2069
pheochromocytoma 2040
stuttering, cerebral processing study
162–3, 164, 165
stylohyoid ligament calcification 947
subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
(SSPE) 1675
subarachnoid bolt 2017
subarachnoid hemorrhage 1345–6, 1392
aneurysm 1943
anticoagulant-induced 2054
arteriovenous malformation 1943
clinical presentation 1392
headache 1345–6, 1393
hemophilia 2051–2
imaging 1396–7
incidence 1394
intracranial pressure 2025
myocardial injury 1962
pregnancy 1943
spinal 720–1
subarachnoid inflammation 1733
subarachnoid space
bacterial infection 1657
blood in myocardial necrosis 1962
exudate in meningitis 1734
subarachnoid veins 1403
subcaudate tractotomy 398
subclavian artery, occlusion/stenosis 1349
subcortical atrophy
poststroke psychosis 1380
stroke correlation with depression 1373
subdural empyema 1739–40
subdural hematoma
dialysis complication 1998–9
traumatic brain injury 1797
treatment 1999
subdural hemorrhage, anticoagulant-
induced 2054
subdural implants 1329
subependymal giant cell astrocytomas
2067–8
subependymal nodules, calcified 2067
suboccipital craniotomy, open 1384
substance abuse
inhalation abuse 1105
stroke 1943
see also alcohol/alcohol abuse; drug
abuse/addiction
substance P 877
inflammation site 884
migraine 961
nerve compression 947
toxin conjugate 879
see also NK1
substantia nigra
Lewy bodies 270
pars reticulata seizures 1238
PD 479
pigmentation loss 479
progressive supranuclear palsy 492
saccades control 639
swallowing 801
subthalamic nucleus (STN)
microelectrode recording 170, 171
MPTP-induced parkinsonism 514
progressive supranuclear palsy 492
saccades control 640
succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) 1923,
1925, 1932, Fig.120.3
sudden infant death syndrome 1159
sudden unexplained death syndrome in
epilepsy (SUDS) 1248
suicide 364
sulfadiazine 1700
sulfasalazine 737
sulfasalazine-induced hypersensitivity
vasculitis 1980
sulfatide lipidosis 1636–8
sumatriptan 923, 924–5
cluster headache 930
migraine 963
sun-downing 830
superantigens 1514, 1517
superior colliculus 663
frontal eye field projection 639
progressive supranuclear palsy 492
saccades control 638, 639, 640
superior oblique myokymia 651–2
superior oblique palsy 651
superior temporal gyrus (STG) 171
posterior 1324, 1325
superoxide dismutase (SOD)
cytoplasmic 216, 221, 227
mutations 1841, 1844, 1863, 1868
see also SOD1, mutant
superstitions 389
supplementary eye fields 639
supplementary motor area
bimanual interactions 471
medial premotor region 453–4
movement formulae 461
speech arrest 322
suppression bursts 1266
suppressor T-cells (Ts) 1512
supra-bulbar regions 801
suprachiasmatic nucleus
cluster headache 927
hypothalamic 819
supramarginal gyrus 321
supranuclear gaze palsy 491, 493
suprasellar region, germ cell tumours
1456–7
suprasellar ridge meningioma 604
supraspinal centres, nociceptive 888,
889–91, 892, 893–4, 895, 896
supraspinal facilitation 962–3
Suramin 1750
SURF1 gene mutations 1930
surgical procedures and taste dysfunction
616–17
survival motor neuron (SMN)
EAAT2 mutations 1869
gene encoding 1841
gene targeted mice 1851
spinal muscular atrophy gene 1847
survival signals 241
silencing 242
sustentacular cells 595, 596
swallowing
1062 Index
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afferent input 799–800
anatomy of tract 798
central regulatory system 800–1
corticobasal degeneration 498
dysfunction 801–3
efferent system 800
flexible endoscopic evaluation 803
mechanisms 798–804
motor neuron pools 800
neurophysiology 799
phases 798
physiological events 798
progressive supranuclear palsy 491, 494
reflex alteration 803
supra-bulbar regulatory system 800–1
syncope 789
trigger 799
see also dysphagia
sweat gland disorders 773
Sydenham’s chorea 552
molecular mimicry 1514
Sylvian fissure hematoma, hemiparesis
1392–3
sympathetic innervation
cerebral circulation 1342–3
major organs 774
sympathetic nervous system efferents in
brain–gut axis 797
sympathetic thoracolumbar outflow 844–5
sympathetically maintained pain 948–9
synapses 1146
brain aging 198, 238
contacts
reorganization 80
strength 81, 83, 86
plasticity
cortical map reorganization 81
long-term potentiation 83
molecular mechanisms 82
schizophrenia 377–8
transmission in immune disorders
1520, 1521
wiring 1235
synaptic potentials, slow 879–80
synaptic vesicles, nociceptor neurons 878
synaptophysin, aging brain 198
synaptotagmin 1159
syncope
with jerking leg movements 1283
neurally mediated 787–9, 791
swallowing-induced 789
see also vasovagal syncope
syndrome of inappropriate secretion of
antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
865–6, 867–9
differential diagnosis 867–8
hyponatremia 2002
management 868–9
viral encephalitis 1669
syntax 324–5
brain aging 204
�-synuclein 214, 215
gene 8
missense mutations 275, 1842
mutations 221, 226–7
PD 23
intracellular aggregation 40
Lewy bodies 275–6, 277
Lewy body dementia 240, 270, 274–6,
503
multiple system atrophy 502
PD 240, 275
�-synucleinopathies 490
ubiquitin pathway 221
�-synucleinopathies 489, 490
Lewy body dementia 503
multiple system atrophy 502
syphilis
aneurysms 1393
chorioretinitis 1769, Fig.109.3
CSF 1769, 1770, 1771, 1773, 1774
dementia 20
early 1768–9
disseminated 1767
localized 1767, 1768
HIV infection 1702
late 1768
latent 1767, 1768
meningovascular 1769–70
neurological complications 1768
papillitis 1769, Fig.109.2
see also neurosyphilis
syringohydromyelia 731
syringomyelia 723–4, 734, 735
syrinx, spinal cord injury 696, 697, Fig.
47.5
systemic connective tissue disease 1085
aseptic meningitis 1663
systemic hypoperfusion, stroke 1345
systemic infections 3
systemic inflammatory response
syndrome (SIRS) 1101
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 1569,
2058
antiphospholipid syndrome 1574–5
anxiety 1573
cerebral vasculitis 1255
cerebrovascular disease 1574
chorea gravidarum 1946
confusional states 1572–3
cranial neuropathies 1574
demyelinating neuropathies 1573–4
depression 1573
haplotype 25
headache 1572
meningitis 1574
mood disorders 1573
movement disorders 1574
myelopathies 725, 1573
myopathy 1176
neuropsychiatric 1569–74
apoptosis 1571
autoantibodies 1569–70
autoantigens 1571
imaging 1571–2
laboratory tests 1571–2
pathogenesis 1569–71
optic neuropathy 1573
peripheral nervous system
manifestations 1574
primary angiitis of the central nervous
system differential diagnosis 1552
psychosis 1573
seizures 1240, 1573
transverse myelopathy 1573–4
vasculitic neuropathy 1121
vasculitis of CNS 1548
systemic necrotizing vasculitis 1121–2
systemic sclerosis, myopathy 1176
systemic vasculitides 1576–7
T-cell receptor 1506–8, 1511
binding of antigen-specific 1508
peptide vaccines 1542
targeting in immunotherapy 1542
variable regions 1507
T cells 1502, 1504–5
anergy 1512
apoptosis 1511
autoaggressive response 1518
autoreactive 1517
neurotrophic factor synthesis 1520
CD4 receptor 1685
defective Fas function 1518
encephalitogenic 1517
epilepsy 1239
Index 1063
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T cells (cont.)
immune response 1510
inhibition 1512
memory 1654
multiple sclerosis 1518, 1612, 1613
peptide vaccines 1542
regulation by CNS 1656
self-reactive 1512
superantigen-driven broad proliferation
1517
suppression 1512
thymic education 1504, 1512, 1520
tolerance 1512, 1513
breakdown 1512–14
trimolecular complex (TMC) of
stimulation 1542
see also helper T (TH) cells
T-tubule membranes 1183
action potentials 1186
T-tubules, potassium inflow 1195, 1196
tabes dorsalis
HIV infection 1773
neurosyphilis 1771–2
tachykinin antagonists 877
tacrine 262
tacrolimus 1532–3, 2083
neurotoxicity 2083, 2084, 2085, 2086
polymyositis 1172
seizure induction 2084, 2085
tactile processing 165
Taenia solium 1177
CNS inflammatory reaction 1657
life cycle 1745
Takayasu’s arteritis 1582–3
primary angiitis of the central nervous
system differential diagnosis
1552
Talairach space 138
tardive dyskinesia 540
target motion signals 640
Tarui disease 1209, 1216
taste buds 610–11, 611
innervation 611–12, 613
taste dysfunction
dysgeusia 614, 618
regional deficit 615
surgical iatrogenesis 616–17
taste/taste sense 610–18
auras 618
conditioned aversion 617
potencies 612
pregnancy 610
saliva 611
sensations 610–11
taste–salivary reflex impairment 616
TATA-binding protein, polyglutamine
expansion 37–8
tau genes 20
AD 258–9
mutations 221
tau proteins 214
AD 258–9, 1848, Fig. 115.4
brain injury 1800
corticobasal degeneration 496
FTD 498
hyperphosphorylated 238, 240, 1844
AD 256
immunoreactivity 1844
intracellular aggregation 40
isoforms 220
mutations 258
progressive supranuclear palsy 492, Fig.
34.2
tauopathies 450, 489
tauopathies 8, 256, 450, 476, 477, 489
neurofibrillary lesions 258–9
no tau 284
taurine 1201
taxol
neuropathy 1104
sensory neuronopathy 1096, 1097, 1103
Tay–Sachs disease 20, 1914–15
acoustic startle 1914
diagnosis 1915
startle response 529
�/�Tcell receptor 1507
TdT-mediated biotinylated dUTP nick
end-labeling (TUNEL) 64
tea, herbal 494
tears, crocodile 792
teeth pain 941
referred to ear 940
telangiectasias
ataxia telangiectasia 1883
mucocutaneous 1409
see also hereditary hemorrhagic
telangiectasia
telomerase 240
telomeric shortening 240
temozolamide 1443
temperature
loss 716
sensitivity
lateral medullary infarction 1350–1
superior cerebellar artery infarction
1355
see also hyperthermia; hypothermia
temporal arteritis 1552
temporal gyrus, superior 171
posterior 1324, 1325
temporal lobe
anterior resection 1290
anteromesial resection 1315
basal, language area 322
hemorrhage 1358
lateral resection 1318
lesions and sexual dysfunction 843
medial 305
sclerosis 1317
medial injury 304
conditioning impairment 311
neural networks 1326
resection 1317–19
see also epilepsy, temporal lobe
temporal neocortex 1318
temporal visual area
medial superior 640, 641
middle 640, 641
temporalis muscle 962
temporo-parieto-frontal system 471–2
temporomandibular joint
articular remodelling 950
orofacial pain 950
osteoarthrosis 951
referred pain to ear 940
tenascin-R 91
tendon reflexes
deep 1990, 2006
hypermagnesemia 2007
innervation 714
tendon xanthomata 1644
TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve
stimulation) 1627
terminal nerve 595
testicular feminization syndrome 35
testicular tumours 1495
tetanic stimulation 1232
tetanus 1083
tethered cord syndrome 734
urinary bladder dysfunction 836
tetrabenazine
cerebral palsy 576
tic disorders 561
tetraethyl lead 1806
tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) 536
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 439
1064 Index
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kinetic tremor 519
tic disorder therapy 561
tetrahydrofolic acid 2048
tetrodotoxin (TTX) 66, 876, 1086
TGIF gene 178
thalamic hemorrhage 1357–8
intracerebral hemorrhage 1384
thalamic nuclei
intralaminar 337
lesioning in chronic pain 893
nociceptive neurons 891, 893
saccades control 639
lateral 890–1
medial
dorsal 891
lesioning in chronic pain 893
nociceptive neurons 891, 893
mediodorsal 433
relay 820
reticular 820
taste 613
thalamic pain 941–2
thalamo-cortical pathway auditory fibres
662
thalamo-cortical-spinal pathway
overinhibition in PD 514
thalamotomy
dystonia 542–3
essential tremor 519
parkinsonian motor signs 482, 484, 514
rest tremor 516
surgical intervention 1626
thalamus
action potential bursts in nervous
system lesions 897
akinesia 337
anterior nucleus 306
anterior–lateral spinal system 888
declarative memory 306
dorsomedial nucleus 306
essential tremor 515
glutamatergic input 818
infarction 1349
injury
causing ageusia 615
extrapyramidal cerebral palsy 573–4
medial
akinetic mutism 337
obsessive–compulsive disorder 391
sensation stimulation 891, 893
microelectrode recordings 170
neurofibromatosis type 1 2063
nucleus tractus solitarius projections
797
olfactory tract connections 596, 598
oscillations 170
paroxysmal pain 896
spike-wave generation 1237
stimulation 1626
Vc region 890–1, 892–3
ventral posterior lateral nucleus 889
visceral spinal afferents 797
waking state 817, 818
thalassemia 2048–9, 2050
myelopathies 2050
thalidomide
Behçet’s disease 1581
neuropathy 1104
ototoxicity 671
therapeutic agents
smell/taste alteration 605–6
taste disturbance 617
therapeutics, principles 127–30
clinical trial evaluation 127–8
dose selection 128–9
special populations 129–30
therapy effectiveness 121
thiabendazole 1177
thiamine
alcohol cerebellar degeneration 1823
alcohol intoxication 1816
Korsakoff’s amnestic syndrome 1823
Wernicke’s encephalopathy 1822
thiazide diuretics 867
thioctic acid 1696
thiotepa 1452
Thomsen’s disease 1189
thoracic cord, sympathetic efferent
pathways 797
thoracic nerves Fig. 47.2
thoracic polyradiculopathy 1100
thoracic spinal cord lesions 719
watershed infarction 720
throat 940
thrombin 1385–6, 1655
thrombocytopenia 2052–3
heparin-induced 2053
HIV-1 infection 1697
thrombocytopenic purpura
idiopathic 2052, 2053
immune 2052
see also thrombotic thrombocytopenic
purpura (TTP)
thrombolysis
acute ischemic stroke
intra-arterial 1364–6
intravenous 1361, 1362–3, 1364, 1365
blood pressure control 1383
intracerebral hemorrhage 1388–9
thrombophilic disorders, hemiplegic
cerebral palsy 573
thrombosis
left atrial appendage 1953
stroke 1345
venous sinus 573
Behçet’s disease 1581
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
(TTP) 1944, 2053
thryroid ophthalmopathy 2034
thymectomy in myasthenia gravis 1153,
1520, 1540–1
thymic education 1504, 1512, 1520
thymic tumours 1151
thymidine kinase 1671
thymus in myasthenia gravis 1520
thyroid disease
myopathy 1175–6
neurological complications 2033–7
thyroid ophthalmopathy 654
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 854,
855
pituitary adenoma 860–1
primary hypothyroidism 863
serum level measurement 864
thyroid storm 2033
thyrotoxicosis 1199–200
Na+/K+-ATPase pump 1200
thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH)
854
stimulation test 864
thyroxine (T4) 854, 1594
free 864
hyperthyroid myopathy 1175–6
hypothyroidism 863
tiagabine
neuropathic pain control 913
paradoxical effects 1303
seizures with glial tumours 1305
tic douloureux 944
tic(s)/tic disorders
chronic 553
neurosurgery 561
obsessive–compulsive disorder 388, 392
differential diagnosis 389
PANDAS 559–60
presentation 1283
Index 1065
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tic(s)/tic disorders (cont.)
secondary 557
Tourette’s syndrome 551–2
treatment 560–1
tick paralysis 1093
ticks 1754, 1755–6
antibiotic prophylaxis for bites 1761
dual infections 1762–3
ticlopidine 1422–3
timolol 922
Tinel sign 884
carpal tunnel syndrome 1084
tinnitus
idiopathic intracranial hypertension
2027
management 674–5
maskers 675
mechanisms 665–6
pulsatile 1346, 1347
retraining therapy 675
tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
antihypertensive agents 1368
intra-articular thrombolysis 1365–6
intracerebral hemorrhage 1383, 1387
intravenous
acute ischemic stroke 1361, 1362–3,
1364, 1365
outcome 1364
intraventricular hemorrhage 1386
stroke therapy 123, 1361, 1362–3, 1364,
1365
tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
ischemic stroke 11
titubation 519
tizanidine
corticobasal degeneration 497
dystonia 540
motor neuron disease 1873
pain control 913
TNF-� converting enzyme (TACE) 1511,
1845
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
(TRAIL) 65
tocainide 914
�-tocopherol transfer protein 1882
Todd’s paralysis 1230
tolerance 1511–14
reverse 436
tolfenamic acid 966
Tolosa–Hunt syndrome 653
eye pain 939
paroxysmal hemicrania 931
tolterodine 840
toluene exposure 1835
tone decay 664
tonotopic reorganization 665
top of the basilar syndrome 1354–5
topiramate
chronic daily headache 965–6
cluster headache 930
essential tremor 518
neuropathic pain control 913
seizure control 1315
TORCH infections 572
Torsin A gene 536
torticollis
dystonia 533
spasmodic 533–4, 538
total parenteral nutrition 1981–2
Tourette Syndrome Questionnaire (TSQ)
553
Tourette Syndrome Severity Scale (TSSS)
553
Tourette Syndrome Symptom List (TSSL)
553
Tourette’s syndrome 551–62
anxiety 553, 554, 555
associated behaviours 553–6
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
552, 554–5
autistic condition components 413
clinical features 551–2
depression 553, 554, 555
diagnostic criteria 553, 559
DSM-IV criteria 553
epidemiology 556
episodic control disorders 553, 554, 555
genetic linkage analysis 558
genetics 556–7
genomic imprinting 556–7
Group A hemolytic streptococcal
infection 559
imaging 557, 558, 559
learning problems 555–6
neuroanatomy 557–8
neurochemistry 558–9
neuroimmunology 559–60
obsessive–compulsive disorder 390,
393, 394, 395, 552, 554, 562
pathophysiology 557–60
prevalence 556
psychopathology 553–6
rating scales 553
sleep disturbance 555
startle response 529
strategic declarative memory deficit
310
tics 551–2
treatment 560–2
Tourettism 557
toxic gain of function
Huntington’s disease 1900
motor neuron disease 1869
toxic neuropathies 1092–7, 1102–5
clinical features 1092
drugs 1102–4
electrodiagnosis 1093
environmental toxins 1104–5
patient evaluation 1092–3
pure motor/sensory presentation 1093,
1094–5, 1096, 1097
toxins, autonomic dysfunction 787, 789
Toxoplasma gondii 1750
toxoplasmosis 1657
cerebral 1699–700, Fig. 103.16
treatment 1700
CNS infection after organ
transplantation 2087
congenital 1750
primary CNS lymphoma differential
diagnosis 1703
TP53 gene germline mutations 1449
tractus solitarius nucleus 612
traditional medicines 1807
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
81, 367
dystonia 539
Tourette’s syndrome 558
transendothelial migration 1516
transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
1953
patent foramen ovale 1955
transfer RNA (tRNA) point mutations
1924
transforming growth factor � (TGF-�)
1656
transgenic animal models of
neurodegenerative disease 1842
transgenic (Tg) mouse models
AD 226, 1848
ALS 227
FTD 226
HD 227, 1904
mutant �-synuclein 227
prion diseases 223, 224, 226
spinocerebellar ataxia 227–8
1066 Index
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transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
involuntary movements 1283
multiple brief 1347
recurrent stroke risk 1420, 1421
transketolase 1822
translational research 11–12
transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT)
19, 20
transporter associated with antigen
processing (TAP) genes 1562
transthyretin 779, 785
mutations 229–30
transverse myelitis 1677
acute 721, 722
urinary tract dysfunction 835
immune-mediated 1677
transverse myelopathy 1573–4
trauma
ageusia 616
drug abuse 1833
dystonia 535
false aneurysms 1393
hypermetabolism 1177
kinetic tremor 519
orbital 654
parkinsonism 505
spinal cord injury 696, Fig. 47.3
travel, global 3–4
trazodone 1375
Treacher–Collins syndrome 672
treadmill training 88
tremor 512–20
acquired hepatocerebral degeneration
1974
action 479, 512, 513, 516–20
alcohol withdrawal syndrome 1816
central mechanisms 512, 514–15
central oscillators 514
classification 512, 513–14
differential diagnosis 513–14
essential 512, 513, 514–15, 517–19
clinical criteria 517
diagnosis 517
inheritance 518
neurosurgical intervention 519
PD development 516
prevalence 517
rest tremor 516
treatment 518–19
hand 517
head 517
isometric 512, 513
kinetic 512, 513, 517, 519
neuroleptic drugs 517
orthostatic 518
parkinsonian 484
pathophysiologic mechanisms 512,
514–15
PD 476, 478
peripheral mechanisms 512, 515
peripheral neuropathy 519
physiologic 513, 515, 516–17
position-specific 512, 513, 518
postural 512, 517
psychogenic 519–20
rest 512, 513
clinical features 515–16
induction by MPTP 514
treatment 516
tardive 517
task-specific 512, 513, 518
Wilson’s disease 1978
see also delirium tremens
Treponema pallidum 1702, 1766
chromosome 1766
hypersensitivity response 1767
laboratory diagnosis 1773–4
microhemagglutination (MHA-TP)
assay 1773
Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke
Treatment trial (TOAST) 1366
triamterene 1202
tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle 1210
trichinosis 1177
trichotillomania 395
tricyclic antidepressants 367, 368
abuse 1833
chronic daily headache 965
pain control 912–13
poststroke depression 1375
triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride
(trientine) 1882, 1979
trifunctional protein deficiency 1220
trigeminal afferents 595
trigeminal dysesthesia 944, 947
antidepressants 949
orofacial 948
trigeminal ganglion
depolarization 922
facial nerve vasodilatation 1342
middle ear disease 670
tumours 942
trigeminal motor nucleus 800
trigeminal nerve
focal demyelination 944
stimulation 962
trigeminal neuralgia 670, 944–6
gamma knife radiosurgery 946
microvascular decompression 946
multiple sclerosis 1627
paroxysmal pain 913
surgery 945–6, 949
tooth pain 941
treatment 944–5
trigger zone 944
unilateral 944
vestibular paroxysmia differential
diagnosis 687
trigeminal neuropathy, radiation-induced
1494
trigeminal pain 729
trigeminal schwannoma, childhood 1449
trigeminovascular system 922, Fig. 61.1
activation Fig. 61.1
trigger point pain 951
triglyceride stores in adipose tissue 1208
trihexiphenidyl 483
cerebral palsy 576
dystonia 540
triiodothyronine (T3) 854, 1594
trilostane 860
trimolecular complex (TMC) 1542
trinucleotide repeat expansion 32
classification of disorders 33
mechanisms 33
neurological disease 32–47
strand-slippage 33
type I disorders 33–41, 42
inheritance 33
polyglutamine diseases 33–40
type II disorders 33, 34, 41–7
tripelennamine 1834
triple repeat diseases 1885
triplet repeat expansion 1898–900
triplet repeat mechanism 6
triptans
adverse events 924, 925
centrally penetrant 963
cluster headache 930
mechanisms 923–4
migraine 923–5, 959
overuse 958
paroxysmal hemicrania 931
transformed migraine 964
trisomy 21 732
see also Down’s syndrome
Index 1067
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TRKA gene mutations 1132
trochlear nerve palsy 650, 651–2
tropia 649
tropical spastic paraparesis 1710
myelopathy 722
urinary tract dysfunction 835
�-tropomyosin gene 1171
Trousseau’s sign 2006, 2008
truncal neuropathies 1100
truncal radiculoneuropathy 1100
Trypanosoma brucei 1750
Trypanosoma cruzii 792
tryptophan depletion 368
tryptophan-linked polyvinylalcohol gels
1540
Ts and blues 1834
TSC1 and TSC2 genes 2068
TTR gene 1135
mutations 1136
tuberculin skin test 1780
tuberculoma 1783–4
brain 1777
CNS 1700
epilepsy 1289–90
HIV-associated 1784
imaging 1783–4
spinal cord 1777
treatment 1784, 1788
tuberculosis 3, 1777–88
caseous foci 1778
clinical presentation 1779–80
CNS 1700–1
drug abuse 1834
epidemiology 1777–8
granuloma 1778
HIV-related 1777, 1778, 1782–3
hydrocephalus 1778–9
imaging 1779
meningitis 1701, 1778, Fig. 110.1
clinical presentation 1779–80
corticosteroid therapy 1787
CSF examination 1781
diagnosis 1780–2
high-risk groups 1780
imaging 1781–2, 1783
mortality 1782
prognosis 1782
spontaneously remitting 1779–80
miliary 1778
pathogenesis 1778–9
racial differences 1778
transmission 1778
treatment 1784–8
vertebral 1777, 1784
tuberculous abscess 1700
tuberculous meningitis 1777
tuberculous osteitis 722
tuberculous osteomyelitis 1700–1
tuberin 2068
tuberothalamic arteries 1357
tuberous sclerosis/tuberous sclerosis
complex 2064–8
autism 409
brain tumours of childhood 1449
cardiac lesions 2066
diagnostic criteria 2065
epilepsy 1266–7
focal cortical dysplasia association
182
genetics 2068
neurologic dysfunction 2067–8
pheochromocytoma 2040
pulmonary dysfunction 2067
renal lesions 2066
retinal lesions 2065–6
skin lesions 2065, 2066
subependymal giant cell astrocytomas
1431
West syndrome 1263
tufted cells 596, 597
tumour cells, hypoxia 1439
tumour necrosis factor (TNF)
cerebral malaria 1749
inflammatory response in bacterial
meningitis 1732
tumour necrosis factor � (TNF-�) 1504
cerebral ischemia 65, 71
CNS infection 1657
helper T cell synthesis 1509–10
oligodendrocytes 1598–9
tumour necrosis factor (TNF) � converting
enzyme (TACE) 1511, 1845
tumour progression model 1449
tuning fork tests 666
turbinate bones 595
Turcot’s syndrome 1449
Turner’s syndrome
autism 410
short stature 863
twin studies, concordance rates 15–16
tympanometry 666
TYRO protein tyrosine kinase protein
1644–5
tyrosine 775
tyrosine kinase A 242
tyrosine kinase receptors 82
growth factor binding 1435–6
pathways 1435–7
ubiquitin 39, 214
immunoreactivity 1844
Lewy bodies 240
pathway 221
ubiquitin-proteasome pathway 38–9
Uhtoff’s phenomenon 621
ulceration, Behçet’s disease 1580, 1581
ulcerative colitis 1979
peripheral neuropathy 1101
ulnar neuropathy 1100
ulnar palsy 2048
ultrasound
cranial 571–2
transcranial Doppler 355
UNC-5 netrin receptor 94
uncal herniation syndrome 2019, 2021
understanding in autism 408
ungual fibroma 2065, 2066
Uniform Determination of Death Act
(1981; USA) 358
unipolar disorders 365
United States, West Nile encephalitis 4
United States Joint Commission on the
Accreditation of Healthcare
Organizations 907
universal addiction site 431
Unverricht–Lundborg disease 1266, 1887,
1919
cystatin B gene defect 1887
progressive myoclonic ataxia 525
progressive myoclonic epilepsy 1296
see also progressive myoclonic epilepsy
type 1
upper airway resistance syndrome 821
Urbach–Weithe syndrome 306, 308
fear conditioning absence 311
urea cycle
enzyme deficits 1881, 1883
neonatal disorders 1912
uremia, myopathy 1177, 1995–6
uremic and diabetic polyneuropathy,
subacute 1994
uremic encephalopathy 1987–90
uremic mononeuropathies 1994–5
uremic neuropathies 1990–5
uremic neurotoxins 1989, 1991–2
uremic polyneuropathy 1990–4
1068 Index
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combined diabetic 1993–4
neurophysiology 1990–1
renal failure 1992–3
urethral sphincter
electromyelogram 838
external 835
urinary bladder
cystometry 837, 839
dysfunction
investigations 837–8, 839, 840
neurogenic 835
neurologic disease 833–6, 837–8, 839,
840
treatment 840–2
dysfunctional voiding in women 836
function 833
incomplete emptying 841
innervation 835
multiple sclerosis 1626
neural stimulation 842
neurophysiological investigations 838,
840
storage mode 833
ultrasonography 837
voiding mode 833
urinary continence 833
urinary incontinence
epilepsy 834
multiple system atrophy 840
neurogenic 841, 842
normal pressure hydrocephalus 2026
stroke 834
urological surgery 842
urine
collection devices 842
examination 837
retention 716, 841
women 836
voiding problems 841
urodynamic investigations 837
uroflowmetry 837, 839
urokinase
intracerebral hemorrhage 1388
intraventricular hemorrhage 1386
urological surgery 842
Usher’s syndrome 672
utrophin 1145, 1166
uvula lesions 642
vaccine development 11
vacuolar myelopathy, HIV-1-associated
1696
vacuolating megencephalic
leukoencephalopathy with
subcortical cysts 1645
vacuum devices for sexual dysfunction
848
vagal afferents 796
vagal efferents 796
vagal motor nuclei 800
vagal nerve stimulator 1315
vagus nerve
afferent projections to nucleus tractus
solitarius 797
motor pathways 797
stimulation 1321
taste bud innervation 612, 613
valganciclovir 1702
valproate
benign epilepsy of childhood with
centro-temporal spikes 1258
chronic daily headache 965
cluster headache 930
cortical myoclonus 526
hyperammonemia 1978
migraine prophylaxis 922
myoclonic status in progressive
myoclonic epilepsies 1278
neuropathic pain control 913
primary reading epilepsy 1259
secondary carnitine deficiency 1221
side effects 1307
tonic–clonic status epilepticus 1274
valproic acid 944
valvular heart disease 1953–4
valvular papillary fibroelastoma 1955
varicella zoster virus
encephalitis 1676
optic neuritis 1674
peripheral nerves 1677, 1678–9
primary angiitis of the central nervous
system differential diagnosis
1552–3
shingles 1677
transverse myelitis 1677
vasa nervorum occlusion 1123
vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1)
1516
interferon effects 1536
vascular arteritis, stroke 1345
vascular disease, radiation 1493
vascular dissection, stroke 1345
vascular endothelial cells, radiosensitivity
1490
vascular endothelial growth factors
(VEGF)
brain tumour angiogenesis 1438
neuronal aging 242
promoter 1439
tyrosine kinase receptor pathways 1435
vascular lesions
distal intracranial territory infarcts 1356
middle intracranial territory ischemia
1354
proximal intracranial territory
infarction 1352–3
vascular malformation rupture 1345
vasculitic neuropathy 1121–3
non-systemic 1122–3
vasculitis of CNS 1547–55
classification 1547–8
definitions 1547–8
drug-induced 1553
Hodgkin’s disease 1548
see also primary angiitis of the central
nervous system (PACNS)
vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) 843
parasympathetic system 1341, 1342
vasodilatation, cerebral blood flow 1337
vasogenic edema
brain metastases 1465
brain tumours 1440
intracerebral hemorrhage 1385, 1386
vasoneural coupling 1337–8
adenosine mediation 1338
vasopressin 854
vasospasm, aneurysms 1396, 1397
vasovagal syncope 775, 779, 788, 1965
Venereal Disease Reference Laboratory
(VDRL) test 1773, 1774
venlafaxine 824
venous sinus thrombosis 573
ventilation, mechanical 1874, 1875
ventilatory support in tonic–clonic status
epilepticus 1274
ventral pallidum 433
ventral posterior lateral nucleus 889
ventral posterior medial nucleus 893
ventral tegmental area
dopamine projections 432
dopaminergic neurons 433–4
disruption and poststroke depression
1374
drug reward states 432, 433
GABA interneurons 434
neglect 342
Index 1069
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ventral tegmental area (cont.)
nicotinic receptors 440
swallowing 801
ventricular drainage
aneurysms 1397
external 1384
ventricular enlargement, secondary 254–5
ventricular system, thrombolytic
administration 1388–9
ventricular tachycardia 1964
ventricular zone 177
ventriculomegaly 572
ventroamygdalamofugal fiber tract 306
verapamil
chronic daily headache 965
cluster headache 930
hypnic headache 935
migraine prophylaxis 922
verbal fluency 204
verbal intelligence 204
vermis, dorsal 642
vertebral artery
extracranial
dissection 1348, 1349
embolism 1353
occlusion 1349
stenosis 1349
intracranial 1350
aneurysms 1393
atherosclerosis 1348
embolism 1353
occlusion in neck 1348
vertebral column
abnormalities 727–30
diseases 727–40
see also spine
vertebral venous system 1463, 1465
vertebrobasilar ischemia
benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
differential diagnosis 687
brain lesion localization 1349
stroke 1348–56
outcome 1366
surgery for secondary prevention
1426
vertigo 678–81
benign paroxysmal positional 685–7
liberatory maneuvers 685–6
central vestibular syndromes 687–8,
689, 690
episodic 687
lateral medullary infarction 1350
management 681–2
mismatch concept 679–80
multiple sclerosis 1627
patient approach 680–1
psychogenic 687
signs/symptoms 678–9
syndromes 678–81
classification 679
frequency 684
viral infection 1679
very-late antigen 4 (VLA-4) 1516
interferon effects 1536
very-long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
deficiency 1220
very-long chain fatty acids 1633, 1634,
1635, 1636
beta oxidation defects 1913
very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL)
receptor 22
vestibular commands 637
vestibular compensation 682–3
vestibular disorders 678–88, 689, 690
central 687–8, 689, 690
pitch plane 690
roll plane 690
yaw plane 690
chronic renal failure 1995
classification 679
management 681–2
types 683–4
vestibular failure, bilateral 684
vestibular function substitution 682–3
vestibular loss 683
vestibular neuritis 685
vestibular paresis 645
vestibular paroxysmia 687
vestibular rehabilitation 684
vestibular schwannoma, bilateral 1449,
2064
vestibular system 678, 679
neglect 343
vestibular tone imbalance 684
vestibulo-cerebellar signs/symptoms
1350
vestibulo-ocular reflex
brain death 353
defective 684
smooth pursuit 644
vertical 637–8
vestibulocerebellum 640, 642
vestibular attacks 684
vestibular failure 683
vestibular information for postural control
582
vestibular nerve section 674
Viagra see sildenafil citrate
vibration sense loss 1990, 2047
video–EEG telemetry 1286
videofluoroscopy 803
vigabatrin
epilepsy 153–4, 155
paradoxical effects 1303
seizure control 1315
side effects 1307
vincristine
autonomic dysfunction 787
brain tumour therapy 1443
neuropathy 1083, 1084, 1104
axonal 1085–6
optic 624
ototoxicity 671
primitive neuroectodermal
tumour/medulloblastoma 1451–2
SIADH 868
violent crime 1833
viper, Malaysian pit venom 1366–7
viral DNA, epilepsy 1240
viral encephalitis 1253, 1666, 1667, 1668–9
CSF 1653
epilepsy 1253
syndromes 1669–73
viral infection
adhesion molecules 1655
autoreactive T cell activation 1517
brain 1253, 1661, 1666, 1667, 1668–9
syndromes 1669–73
cellular immune response 1660
chronic 1675–6
CNS 1660–79
congenital 1679
deafness 1679
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1100, 1678,
1679
host defences 1660–1
humoral immune response 1660
inflammatory cell function 1656
meninges 1661–2, 1663, 1664–5
multiple sclerosis 1528
neurological syndromes 1661
peripheral nerves 1677–9
prodromal syndromes 1660
routes 1660–1
spinal cord 1676–7
subacute 1675–6
1070 Index
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Cambridge University Press0521793513 - Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutic Principles, Third EditionEdited by Arthur K. Asbury, Guy M. McKhann, W. Ian McDonald, Peter J. Goadsby and Justin C. McArthurIndexMore information
systemic 1660
vertigo 1679
see also meningitis, viral
viral myelopathy 722
viral nucleic acids 1656
Virchow–Robin spaces 1651–2
cryptococcoma 1701, Fig. 103.18
viremia 1660
virulence factors 1657
viruses
axonal transport time 595–6
CTL-mediated clearance 1656
replication 1660
vision
abnormalities with pituitary tumours
856
disorders 621–30
loss
functional with prestriate lesions
627–8
paraneoplastic syndromes 1481
transient monocular 1346, 1347
postural control 582
visual agnosia 628–9
apperceptive 628
associative 628–9
visual allesthesia 629
visual evoked potentials 1622, 1623
visual field defects 621, 622
visual hallucinations 630
visual illusions 628–9
visual inattention 332
visual information processing in striate
cortex 627
visual perception, attention role 160–1,
Fig. 1.1–12.3
visual priming 312
visual processing, higher 627–30
visual stimuli 331
visuokinesthetic motor engrams 461
visuospatial function
brain aging 203
Lewy body dementia 268
visuospatial skills in
obsessive–compulsive disorder 392
vitamin(s)
deficiencies in entrapment
neuropathies 2048
supplementation
olfactory dysfunction 606
optic neuropathy 624
vitamin A deficiency 1882
vitamin B deficiency 624
vitamin B1 see thiamine
vitamin B6 see pyridoxine
vitamin B12 deficiency 2046–8
AIDS 1696
dementia 20
mental changes 2047
optic neuropathy 2047–8
subacute combined degeneration of
cord 725
vitamin C 241
vitamin D 2005
hypocalcemia treatment 2007
vitamin E
AD treatment 262
antioxidant 241
deficiency 1882
secondary 1101
motor neuron disease 1875
supplementation 1882
vitamin K 1945, 2054
vocal cords
focal dystonia 534
hypertrophy 859
paralysis 1351
vocal outbursts 1283
voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs)
876
proteins 1520
volume transmission 1235
vomeronasal organ 595
vomiting, subarachnoid hemorrhage
1392
Von Frei’s hairs 331
von Hippel–Lindau disease 1999
hemangiomas of CNS 1449
pheochromocytoma 2040
von Recklinhausen’s syndrome 855
see also neurofibromatosis
VR1 receptor 875, 876–7
Waardenburg syndrome 672
Wada testing 1316
waddling 587
wakefulness
brainstem 298
consciousness 292–3
disruption 294
non-24 hour sleep–wake syndrome 824
preserved with disrupted consciousness
294
waking state 816
behavioural adaptation 817–18
circadian control 819
see also sleep/sleep disorders;
sleep–wake cycles
Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia 1119
amyloid polyneuropathy 785
paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathy
1483
Walker–Warburg syndrome 187–8
walking 581
brainstem synergies 584–5
disturbance 473
gait syndromes 587–8
spinal synergies 584–5
Wallenberg’s syndrome 629, 637, 683
lateropulsion 688
saccadic dysmetria 642
Wallerian degeneration 88–9, 1078,
1080–1, Fig. 85.5
acute motor axonal neuropathy 1113
latency period 1080
Wallerian-like degeneration 1083
war, impact on population 196
warfarin
antiphospholipid syndrome 1575
stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation
1423
warm-up phenomenon 1183, 1190
wasting disease, chronic 216
water deficit, hypernatremia 2002
water deprivation test 866–7
water restriction, hyponatremia 2004
weakness
fixed 1217–18
lipid metabolism disorders causing
1220–1
motor neuron disease 1864, 1873
respiratory chain defects 1222–3
Weber’s syndrome 652
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
executive function 203
language function 204
visuospatial function 203
Wegener’s granulomatosis 1577, 1578
peripheral neuropathy 1121
primary angiitis of CNS differential
diagnosis 1552
vasculitis of CNS 1548
weight reduction, stroke primary
prevention 1416
Werdnig–Hoffmann disease 1845
Werner’s syndrome 2075–6
Index 1071
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Wernicke–Geschwind model of anatomy
of language 322
Wernicke–Lichtheim model 320
Wernicke’s aphasia 317, 326, 1348
see also aphasia, Wernicke-type
Wernicke’s area 321
auditory comprehension 326
functional connection with Broca’s area
1324
Wernicke’s encephalopathy 1816, 1821–2
alcohol cerebellar degeneration 1823
diagnosis 1822
dialysis complication 1999
gaze-evoked nystagmus 645
hypophosphatemia differential
diagnosis 2010
management 1822
pathophysiology 1822
total parenteral nutrition 1982
vestibular paresis 645
West Nile encephalitis 4, 1671
flaccid paralysis 1676
West syndrome 1263
immune globulin 1240
Western equine encephalitis 504
whiplash, neck pain 748–9, 752–3
Whipple’s disease 1981
myorhythmia 519
supranuclear gaze palsy 491
white matter
brain aging 198–9
chronic renal failure 1989
damage in apraxia 467–8
degeneration in spinal cord 2047
focal lesions in inflammatory bowel
disease 1980
HIV dementia 1692, 1693
lesion imaging 1621, 1622
obsessive–compulsive disorder 391
periventricular leukomalacia 568, 571
spinal cord
HIV-1-associated vacuolar
myelopathy 1696
injury 699
wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons 889
Wildervanks’ syndrome 672
Wilhelmsen–Lynch disease 498
Wilson’s disease 1882, 1919, 1978–9, 1999,
2000
chorea gravidarum 1946
diagnosis 1979
dystonia 534, 535
genetics 1978
hepatic dysfunction 1978
Huntington’s disease differential
diagnosis 1898
imaging 1979
myorhythmia 519
neurological manifestations 1978–9
ocular signs 1979
parkinsonism 490, 505
pathophysiology 1978
treatment 1979
wind-up 880
Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome 1449
Witebsky’s postulates 1514
withdrawal symptoms
addiction 431, 630
see also alcohol/alcohol abuse
Wnt 55
Wolfram syndrome 1887
women of child-bearing age, therapeutics
129
word comprehension 320
word fragment completion, neural indices
167, Fig 12.7
work shift syndrome 825
World Health Organisation (WHO)
brain tumour classification for children
1448
classification system of astrocytomas
1431, 1432
wrist drop, lead neuropathy 1093
wrist velocity, ideomotor apraxia 462, 464–6
writer’s cramp 538
dystonia 543
writing assessment 320
X25 gene 1886
xenotransplantation, neural 704
xeroderma pigmentosum 1140, 1884
xerostomia 1575
Yale Global Tic Severity Scale 553
Yasargil technique of selective
amygdalohippocampectomy 1318
Z band 1163
zalcitabine neuropathy 1103
Zellweger syndrome 1913
ZIC2 gene 178
zidovudine
HIV dementia 1695–6
HIV infection 1178
secondary carnitine deficiency 1221
zinc
epileptogenic tissue 1234
neurotoxicity 63
supplementation in olfactory
dysfunction 606
translocation 63
zinc ions 63
ziprasidone 561
zolmitriptan 923, 924
cluster headache 930
zonisamide
myoclonic status in progressive
myoclonic epilepsies 1278
neuropathic pain control 913
Zung depression scale 1374
zygohypopphyseal joint
blocks 751
pain 748
1072 Index
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A-fibres 873–4
activation 875
brain-derived nerve growth factor 884,
885
sprouted 885, Fig. 58.12
A2M genetic locus 5
A� fibres 874
A� antibody passive transfer 1853–4
A� fibres 874
AD 1844
formation in familial AD 1845
see also amyloid
A� immunization 1853–4
A� peptide 12, 215
AD 255–6, 257, 258
clearance 229
degradation/clearance stimulation 262
immunization against 262
production blocking 262
see also A� amyloid plaques
A�42
AD 1844, 1846
CSF levels 262
ABCC gene mutations 1412
abdominoperineal resection of carcinoma
846
abducens motoneurons 636
abducens nerve
fascicle lesions 650
middle ear disease 670
palsy 649–51
petrous bone infection 651
abducens nucleus
abducens nerve palsy 649
horizontal conjugate eye movements
635, 636, 637
lesions 635
oculomotor nerve neurons 647, 648
abetalipoproteinemia 1139–40, 1882,
1883
abulia 1962
acamprosate, alcoholism treatment 441,
1821
acanthocytosis 1882
acceleration, rotational in brain injury
1799
acetaldehyde 1820, 1821
acetaldehyde–protein adducts 1821
acetaminophen
migraine 1940
shingle pain 1678
acetazolamide
acidification 1235
idiopathic intracranial hypertension
2027
periodic paralysis 1201–2
acetyl CoA 1210
acetylcholine
AD 256
brain aging 198
Lewy body dementia 273, 274
neuromuscular junction 1143, 1144
olfactory deficit 604
parasympathetic system 1341, 1342
quantal release 1143–4
release at neuromuscular junction
1143–4
swallowing 800
acetylcholine receptor (AChR) 1143, 1144,
1144–6
antibody assay 1150–1
channel abnormalities 1145
2093
Index
Note: this is a complete two-volume index
Note: page numbers in italics refer to figures and tables; ‘Fig.’ refers to illustrations in the plates section
Abbreviations of conditions used in subheadings (without explanation):
AD Alzheimer’s disease
AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
CJD Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
FTD Frontotemporal dementia
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus
HD Huntington’s disease
PD Parkinson’s disease
SIADH syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone
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acetylcholine receptor (cont.)
clustering at neuromuscular junction
1145
deficiency 1155–7
myasthenia gravis 1148, 1520
acetylcholinesterase 1143, 1146
end-plate deficiency 1160
achondroplasia
craniocervical junction anomaly 732
low back pain 763
achromatopsia 627, 628
acid maltase deficiency 1208, 1217
acoustic neuroma
auditory nerve degeneration 673
childhood 1449
pain 940
radiotherapy 1494
surgery 674
acoustic reflex thresholds 666, 668
acousticomotor system 663
acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans 1757
acromegaly 858–9
glucose-GH suppression test 855, 859
acrylamide neuropathy 1082–3, 1104
actin 1163
fibrous (f-actin) 90
�-actin gene 1171–2
action potentials
bursts in nervous system lesions 897
compound muscle 1111, 1157, 1159
orthodromic 877
propagated and potassium flow 1195
propagation to spinal cord 878
saltatory conduction 1077, 1078, 1595
fast 876, Fig. 58.5
actions, meaningful 472
activation-flow coupling (AFC) 131, 132
spatial extent 136
activator-complex protein-1 (AP-1) 1436
activities of daily living
AD 254
dementia 245
acupuncture
dystonia 543
pain control 917
acute disseminated encephalitis 1529
acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
1514, 1624, 1673–5
imaging 1673–4
management 1674
multiple sclerosis differential diagnosis
1624
onset 1673
optic neuritis 1674–5
acyclovir
herpes simplex encephalitis 1671
herpes simplex meningitis 1664
acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
short-chain 1221
very-long chain 1220
acyl-CoA oxidase deficiency 1913
acylcarnitines, long-chain 1219
adamalysins 1511
addiction 431
definition 916
glutamate pathways 440
Addison’s disease 1175, 2039
Guillain–Barré syndrome 2039
addressins 1595
adeno-associated virus vaccine against
NR1 subunit 68
adenosine
alcohol intoxication 1819
cerebral blood flow regulation 1337–8
peripheral sensitization 880
sleep promotion 819
adenosine diphosphate 1207
muscle glycolytic defects 1211
adenosine triphosphate
hydrolysis 1207
muscle fatigue 1209
adenosyl cobalamin system 2046
adhalin deficiency 1167
adhesion molecules
bacterial meningitis 1733
viral infection 1655
adjustment disorders 364
adoption studies 15
adrenal disease, neurological
complications 2038–40
adrenal hormone replacement therapy
1635
adrenal insufficiency
hypercalcemia 2004
hyperkalemia 2010–11
secondary 862
SIADH differential diagnosis 868
suspected secondary 864
adrenalectomy, bilateral 860
�2-adrenergic agonists 913
�-adrenergic receptor 26
�-adrenoceptors, cerebral circulation
1343
adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
infantile spasms 1240
obsessive–compulsive disorder 394
pituitary adenoma 859–60
rapid stimulation test 864
secretion 854
adrenoleukodystrophy 1138, 1882
neonatal 1633, 1913
X-linked 1633–6, 1913
adrenal function 1635, 2039
animal model 1635
bone marrow transplantation 1635–6
clinical features 1633–4
diagnosis 1635
dietary therapy 1636
gene defect 1634–5
imaging 1635, 1636
pathology/pathogenesis 1635
phenotypes 1634
therapy 1635–6
adrenomyeloneuropathy 1138, 1633–4,
1635
adrenal function 2039
ataxia 1891
bone marrow transplant
contraindication 1636
adult T-cell leukemia 1710–11
advanced sleep phase syndrome 825
Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS)
1796
aerobic fitness 1210
affective disorders see mood disorders
age-related changes
accumulation 242
intrinsic 240–2
molecular mechanisms 239–42
ageusia 614
thalamus injury 615
aggression
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
423
periaqueductal grey 890
aggressive outbursts 1283, 1284
aging
alpha frequency 238
Alzheimer’s disease 253
anatomical changes 237–9
apoptosis 241
brain 237–8
caloric restriction 241
cellular basis 241
cerebral blood flow 238
dementia 237–46, 242–3
2094 Index
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risk factor 246
electroencephalogram 238
estrogens 242
focal temporal slowing 238
genetic basis 243
neural growth factors 241–2
neurodegeneration 210–11
neurotransmitter function 238–9
olfactory dysfunction 600, 603
penetrating artery disease syndromes
1356
physiological changes 237–9
aging population 3
agnosia, visual associated 628–9
agraphia 321
agrin 1145
AIDS
cytomegalovirus polyradiculitis
1085
dementia complex 1690–6
epidemic 3, 4, 123
epidemiology 1683
gracile tract degeneration 1082
neurological manifestations 123
orphans 3
pandemic 1685
peripheral neuropathy 1081
sensory neuropathy 1093
vacuolar myelopathies 722
see also HIV infection
air emboli 1944–5
air travel 4
airway patency, sleep 821
akathisia 2045
akinesia 333
corticobasal degeneration 495
directional 333
hemispatial 333
liver transplantation 1976
pathophysiology 336–7
akinetic mutism
attention 293
awakeness 293
cingulate gyri 337
consciousness 295, 296
frontal lobes 337
medial thalamus 337
variant CJD 1722
akinetopsia 627
alachryma 792
alanine tract expansion 41
albendazole 1747, 1751
albinism, optic chiasm disorders 625
albuterol in facioscapulohumeral
muscular dystrophy 1169, 1172
alcohol/alcohol abuse 1814
addiction 440–1
acute mechanisms 442
autonomic dysfunction 787
binge drinking 1817, 1824
cerebellar degeneration 1823
dopamine levels in nucleus acumbens
432
drug abuse 1834, 1835
endorphins 440
epidemiology 1814
epilepsy 1255
essential tremor 518
hypomagnesemia 2008
intoxication 438, 1814–16
benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
differential diagnosis 687
severe 1815–16
intraneural injection for multiple
sclerosis 1625
kinetic tremor 519
level of response (LR) 1820
neurotoxicity 1814–24
olfaction 599
opiate mechanisms in reward 440
optic neuropathy 624
pharyngeal muscle tone suppression
822
reward 433
stroke 1943
primary prevention 1416
tolerance 1815
withdrawal 433, 438
delirium tremens 517
nightmares 827
NMDA transmission 441
REM sleep behaviour disorder 828
seizures 440
syndrome 1816–17
alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) 1820
alcoholic blackouts 1815
alcoholic dementia 1823
alcoholic flush reaction 1820
alcoholic myopathy 1824
alcoholic neurological disorders 1821–4
alcoholic neuropathy 1823–4
alcoholism 1814
amplitude P3 on event-related potential
paradigm 1820
antisocial personality disorder
relationship 1820
central pontine myelinolysis 1823
disulfiram sensory–motor
polyneuropathy 1102
dopamine 440
epidemiology 1814
ethanol resistance 1815
ethanol tolerance 1815
genetic risk 1820
genetics 1820
Marchiafava–Bignami disease 1823
treatment 441, 1820–1
see also fetal alcohol syndrome
aldolase A deficiency 1217
aldosterone 2011
ALDP protein 1634
alertness 294
Alexander disease 1642–4
alexia 324
primary reading epilepsy 1258
algal blooms 1809, 1810
alien limb phenomenon, corticobasal
degeneration 495–6
ALK1 gene 2075
allelic association 19, 20
allelic heterogeneity 14–15
allesthesia 332
testing 334
allokinesia testing 334
allopurinol, azathioprine interaction 1532
Alpers disease 1919
alpha beta-crystalline 1643
alpha frequency, aging 238
Alport syndrome 672
alprostadil 848
altered peptide ligands (APLs) 1508
immunomodulation 1543
alternative therapies
cerebral palsy 577
dystonia 543
pain control 917
aluminium
accumulation 241, 1996
intoxication 1998
serum levels 1996
alveolar hypoventilation 822
Alzheimer, Alois 253
Alzheimer’s disease 3, 253–63
activities of daily living 254
aging 253
Alzheimer’s description 253–4
Index 2095
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Alzheimer’s disease (cont.)
amnesia 254
�-amyloid deposition 240
amyloid hypothesis 5, 256–8
amyloid plaques 135, 214, 255, 258
animal models 8
anomia 254
APP gene 256–7
apraxia 254
assessment scales 260
autosomal dominant 21
biological markers 261–2
brain appearance 254–5
brainstem nuclei damage 296
cerebral amyloid angiopathy 1408
cholinesterase inhibitors 262
clinical course 253–4
clinical features 253–4
clinical signs 1843–5, Fig. 115.2
cognitive function decline 260–1
prediction 205
conceptual priming 312
consciousness impairment 296
cortical myoclonus 525
corticobasal degeneration differential
diagnosis 497
cost of care 211
cytoskeletal abnormalities 1844
dementia 20
degenerative 245
diagnostic accuracy 261
diagnostic evaluation 259–62
Down’s syndrome 256
DSM-IV criteria 259
early-onset 5, 21–2
genetic heterogeneity 14
epidemiology 124, 253
epilepsy 1255
etiology 256–9
extracellular aggregates 1844
familial 220
A�-amyloidogenesis 1853
inheritance 220
mutant genes 1845–6
FTD differential diagnosis 498
functional imaging 140, 141
gene 210
gene targeted mice 1848
genetic risk factors 5, 253
genetics 5
glutamate reduction 256
head injury as risk factor 1800
heritability 22
history 260
ICD-10 criteria 259
imaging 224, 260
incidence 211, 217
inflammatory component 9–10
language impairment 254
late-onset 6, 22
Lewy bodies 479
Lewy body dementia differential
diagnosis 503
memory 254, 260
misfolded protein deposition in
neuronal inclusions 40
molecular genetics 256–8
mutation 220
neurochemical abnormalities 256
neurofibrillary changes 258
neurofibrillary tangles 220, 255, 1800
neuronal loss 238, 256
neuropathology 254–6, 1843–5
neuropsychiatric manifestations 254
NINDS-ADRDA criteria 259
nucleus basalis of Meynert cholinergic
projection loss 238–9
olfactory deficit 604
paired helical filaments 1844
with parkinsonism 476, 477
pathogenesis-based treatments 4
perceptual priming 312
point mutations 253
positive family history 253
pre-clinical stage 242
presenilins 258
progression rate 254
protein aggregates 1844
psychometric tests 260
risk factors 5, 253
schizophrenia 376–7
sleep disorder 830
sporadic 215, 220
tau proteins 256, 258–9, 1848,
Fig. 115.4
therapy 262–3
transgenic models 226, 1848
Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale 260
amantadine
neuropathic pain control 914
PD 483
rest tremor 516
Amblyomma americanum 1756
amenorrhea, anorexia nervosa 808
American Academy of Neurology, blood
pressure control guidelines 1383
American College of Obstetricians and
Gynecologists (ACOG) 1941
American College of Rheumatology (ACR)
systemic lupus erythematosus
criteria 1569, 1570
American Heart Association, blood
pressure control guidelines 1383
American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA)
Impairment Scale 696, 698
Americans with Disabilities Act (USA) 576
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-
isoxazolepropionic acid see AMPA
amino acids, neonatal disorders of
metabolism 1912
gamma amino butyric acid see GABA
aminoacidurias 1881
aminoglutethimide 860
aminoglycosides
cochlear dysfunction 1995
hypomagnesemia 2008
neuromuscular transmission defect
1995
ototoxicity 671
vestibular dysfunction 1995
aminoguanidine 71
aminolevulinic acid (ALA) deficiency 1136
4-aminopyridine 705
amiodarone 1102
amitriptyline
abuse 1833
chronic daily headache 965
migraine prophylaxis 922
motor neuron disease 1874
multiple sclerosis 1627
pain control 912, 913
post-herpetic neuralgia 949
traumatic neuralgia 949
ammonia
hepatic encephalopathy 1975, 1976
hyperammonemia 1977–8
ammonium tetrathiomolybdate 1882
amnesia
AD 254
alcoholic blackouts 1815
declarative memory system 304–6
diencephalic 306
global 294, 295, 296–7, 304–5, 312–13
fornix injury 305–6
transient 297
posterior cerebral artery infarction 1356
2096 Index
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pure 305
repetition priming 312–13
retrograde 304
rostral brainstem infarcts 1355
skill learning 310
see also Korsakoff’s amnestic syndrome
amnesic shellfish poisoning 1810
amnestic syndromes 304–6
amniotic fluid emboli 1944
AMPA 62
AMPA receptors 68, 878
antagonists 72
blocking in spinal cord injury 699
calcium permeable ion channels 1870
dorsal horn neurons 882
redistribution 87
amphetamines 435–7
activity 435
addiction 442
CNS vasculopathy 1553
dependence 1829–30
overdose treatment 1829
reward effect 435
seizures 1834
stroke 1834–5
withdrawal 1830
amphotericin B 1701
amputation, functional imaging 143
amtimyelin-associated glycoprotein
(MAG) antibody associated
neuropathy 1096
amygdala
aversive stimuli explicit/implicit
memory 308
central nucleus 432
depression 369
emotional modulation of memory 306,
308
fear conditioning 311–12
resection 1319
reward function 433
sclerosis 1319
sexual behaviour 843
swallowing 801
amygdalohippocampectomy, selective
1318
amygdaloid nucleus, accessory basal
272–3
amyl nitrite sniffing 1832
amyloid 1119
neuropathy
autonomic dysfunction 1086
urinary bladder dysfunction 836
see also cerebral amyloid angiopathy
amyloid A protein 229–30
amyloid hypothesis for Alzheimer’s
disease 5, 256–8
amyloid plaques
AD 255, 258
topographic distribution 256
CJD 218
Lewy body dementia 272
neurodegenerative diseases 214
A� amyloid plaques 220
AD 255–6, 257, 258, 1844
extracellular space of CNS 228
traumatic brain injury 1800
amyloid polyneuropathy 1093
light chain (AL) form 785
amyloid polyneuropathy, familial 775,
785, 1135–6
apolipoprotein A-1 related 1136
gelsolin-related 1136
genetic testing 779
transthyretin 785
reduction 779
amyloid precursor-like protein (APLP)
1849
A�-amyloid precursor protein (APP)
neuron source 1851–2
traumatic brain injury 1800
amyloid precursor protein (APP) 20, 216,
220
AD 258, 259, 1844, Fig. 115.2
axonal injury 1601
axonal transport 1851
enzymatic degradation 240
mutation 21–2, 253, 1842
Tg mice 226
neurons 1851, 1852, Fig. 115.4
A�-amyloidogenesis
secretase inhibition 1853–4
transgenic models 1848
treatment models 1852–5, Fig. 115.3
amyloidopathies 476, 477
amyloidosis
diabetes insipidus differential diagnosis
866
familial 2000
�2-microglobulin 1994, 1995
systemic 229–30
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) 1863
clinical signs 1844–5
familial 221
genetics 1846–7
SOD1 mutations 1846–7, 1854, 1855
genetic factors 1869
genetics 5
incidence 211
misfolded protein deposition in
neuronal inclusions 40
olfactory deficit 604
paraneoplastic 1481–2
pathogenesis 1872
PD 210
SOD1 accumulation 1850
sporadic 221
symptom control 1873
transgenic models 227, 1850
upper motor neuron involvement
1864
anal continence
mechanisms 804–5
neurophysiology 804
anal incontinence 804–5
anal sphincters 804
electromyelogram 838
analgesics
adjuvant 911–14
multipurpose 912
central sensitization 882
hepatic toxicity 959
migraine 921, 922, 923
motor neuron disease 1874
neuraxial 917
non-opioid 909–14
overuse syndrome 921, 958–9, 963
inpatient treatment 967
outpatient treatment 966–7
renal toxicity 959
topical therapy 914–16
ANCA-associated vasculitides 1577–9
ANCA tests 1577–8
ancrod 1366–7
Andermann’s syndrome 1134
androgen insensitivity syndrome 35
androgen receptor (AR) gene 35
mutant 36
anemia
HELLP syndrome 2053
iron deficiency 2045
megaloblastic 2045–8
neurological manifestations 2044–8
pernicious 2046
see also sickle cell disease
anergy 1512
Index 2097
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anesthesia
deep 295
local
nerve block 877
oral 914
pain control 917
topical gels/creams 914
aneurysms 1392–8
anterior circulation 1393
aortic 762
arterial 1345
arteriovenous malformations 1394,
1398
calcium channel blockers 1397
carotid artery 1348, 1394, 2072, 2073
cerebral perfusion pressure 1397
classification 1393, 1394
clinical presentation 1392–3
diagnosis 1396–7
dissecting 1393, 1394
endovascular management 1398
epidemiology 1394
false 1393, 1394
fusiform 1393, 1394
giant unruptured 1394
hypertension 1397
hyponatremia 1397
imaging 1395–7
infectious 1393, 1394
infectious endocarditis 1393, 1955
intracranial 1393, 1394, 2072, 2073
berry 2000
intraoperative angiography 1397
investigations 1396–7
lumbar puncture 1396
medical management 1397
middle cerebral artery 1394
mycotic 1833
natural history 1394–6
non-saccular 1393
obliteration 1397, 1398
oculomotor palsy 652
platinum coil packing of lumen 1398
posterior circulation 1393
prognosis 1394, 1395–6
rebleeding 1396
prevention 1397
rupture 1396
natural history 1395
risk 1394–6
saccular 1393, 1394
subarachnoid hemorrhage 1943
surgical management 1397–8
trapping 1397–8
vasospasm 1396, 1397
ventricular drainage 1397
angel dust 439, 1832–3
Angelman syndrome 15, 39
angiogenic inhibitors 1439
angiographically defined angiopathy of
the CNS (ADACNS) 1547, 1548–9
angiography, intravenous radionuclide 355
angiokeratoma corporis diffusum 1410
angiostatin 1439
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
(angiostrongyloidosis) 1751
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
inhibitors
olfaction 599
stroke secondary prevention 1424
taste disturbance 617
angular gyrus 321
anhidrosis 773
congenital insensitivity to pain 1132–3
animal models
HD 1901–2, 1904–5
knockin 1904
neurological disease 8, 9, 1842
ankylosing spondylitis 739
low back pain 760, 763
myopathy 1176
anomia, AD 254
Anopheles mosquitoes 4
anorexia nervosa 808–10
cholecystokinin 812
clinical assessment 808–10
comorbid psychiatric disorders 809
depression 809
diagnostic criteria 809
genetic linkage studies 811
heritability 808
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid 811
leptin 813
obsessive–compulsive disorder 390
outcome 808
prevalence 808
treatment planning 810
anosmia 597
causes 600
olfactory lesions 597
partial 597
anosodiaphoria 333–4
anosognosia 339–40, 626
defective feedback 340
neglect 342–3
testing 333–4
anoxia
oligodendrocyte sensitivity 1598
visual hallucinations 630
anoxic encephalopathy 1159, 1263
anterior cord syndrome 717, 718
anterior spinal artery occlusion 719
anthrax 3
anti-cholinergics, PD 483
anti-costimulatory agents 1541
anti-epileptic drugs 1235
immune changes in seizures 1235
pregnancy 1945
remission 1249
teratogenic risks 1945
anti-GM1 ganglioside antibodies 1240
anti-GQ1b antibodies 653
anti-Hu antibody 1479, 1480
microvasculitis 1483
anti-PrP 27–30 antibodies 214
anti-Ri antibody 1479–80
anti-Tr antibody 1478
anti-Yo 1478
antiamphiphysin antibody 1480
antibiotics
Lyme disease 1760
neurosyphilis 1772–3
toxicity 1085
see also individual drug names
antibodies
avidity 1503
bacterial infection in blood 1731
TH-cell-dependent production 1508
variable regions 1507–8
antibody-dependent cell-mediated
cytotoxicity (ADCC) 1504
antibody genes 1503
anticardiolipin antibody 2057, 2058
antiphospholipid syndrome 1575
systemic lupus erythematosus 1240
anticholinergic drugs
abuse 1833
detrusor hyperreflexia treatment 840
dystonia 540
PD 483
rest tremor 516
anticholinesterase agents 1157
�1-antichymotrypsin 269
anticipation 32
HD 34
hereditary ataxias 1885
2098 Index
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Huntington’s disease 1899
anticoagulants
hypothrombinemia 2054
stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation
1423–4
anticonvulsants
arteriovenous malformation 1402
brain metastases 1465
chronic daily headache 965
kinetic tremor 519
neuropathic pain control 913–14
traumatic brain injury 1798
antidepressants 367
anorexia nervosa 810
bulimia nervosa 811
chronic daily headache 965, 966
pain control 912–13
pharmacological interactions 366
REM sleep inhibition 829
topical 915
trigeminal dysesthesia 949
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 865
deficiency 2001
ectopic secretion 867
pituitary surgery 869
antidopaminergic drugs 540
antiemetic drugs 681–2, 684
migraine 923
antiepileptic drugs
administration
frequency 1309
route 1308
adverse effects 1305, 1306, 1307
availability 1308
combination therapy 1310
cost 1308
discontinuation 1311
dosage
adjustments 1309–10
escalation 1308–9
individualization 1308
dosing optimization 1308–10
drug selection 1303–5, 1306, 1307–8
ease of use 1308
effect monitoring 1292
efficacy spectrum 1303–4
etiology of disease 1305
formulation 1308
GABA brain studies 153–5
indications 1302–3
initial target maintenance dosage
1308–9
interaction potential 1306, 1307
mechanisms of action 1304–5
migraine prophylaxis 922
mortality/morbidity reduction 1301
objectives 1301–2
patient’s lifestyle 1302
serum drug concentration monitoring
1310
side effects minimization 1301
status epilepticus 1273
strategies for patients not responding
1310
therapeutic index 1308
therapeutic monitoring 1308–10
titration 1308
antiganglioside antibodies 1113
antigen presenting cells 1502, 1505,
1508–9
microglia 1597–9
non-professional 1597–8
professional 1597
antiglutamate therapy in motor neuron
disease 1875
antiglycolipid antibodies 1116
antihypertensive agents 1368
antiinflammatory agents 1748–9
see also non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
antileukocyte differentiation antigens
1541
antimyelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
(MOG) 1598
antimyelin protein antibodies 1116
antineoplastic agents 1085
antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody
(ANCA) 1577–8
antioncogene proteins 241
antioxidants
motor neuron disease therapy 1875
protective effects for neurodegenerative
disease 11
antiparkinsonian drug abuse 1833
antiphospholipid antibodies 1569, 1571,
1575
antiphospholipid syndrome 1574–5,
2057–8
catastrophic 1575
chorea gravidarum 1946
antiplatelet therapy
stroke prevention 1417, 1418, 1422–3,
1953
see also aspirin
antipsychotics
atypical 381
drug-induced parkinsonism 478–9
FTD 287
schizophrenia 381
antiretroviral toxic neuropathy (ATN)
1103, 1697
pathology 1697
antiribosomal P antibodies 1569, 1570
antisocial behaviour 552
antisocial personality disorder 1820
antispasmodics 540
antithrombin III deficiency 2057
antituberculous therapy 1701
antivertiginous drugs 681–2, 684
antiviral antibodies 1656
Anton’s syndrome 626–7
anxiety/anxiety disorder
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
423
generalized 1376–8
migraine 959–60
obsessive–compulsive disorder
comorbidity 390
poststroke 1376–8
anatomical correlation 1377, 1378
diagnosis 1376–7
epidemiology 1376
risk factors 1377
treatment 1377–8
systemic lupus erythematosus 1573
Tourette’s syndrome 553, 554, 555
vasovagal syncope 779
aortic aneurysm 762
aortic dissection 1411
aortic valve incompetence 2000
apathy, poststroke 1378–9
Apert syndrome 730
aphasia 317
anatomy 320–2
brain tumours 1440
classical taxonomy 317
degenerative conditions 325
epileptic 1240
fluent 318
functional imaging 143
global 326
left thalamic hemorrhage 1358
middle cerebral artery ischemia of
superior division 1347
mutism 318
non-fluent 318, 325
Index 2099
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aphasia (cont.)
non-fluent (cont.)
catastrophic reaction 1379
progressive 286
progressive
non-fluent 286
primary 325
recovery 325–6
semantic 323
signs/symptoms 318–19
treatment 325–6
Wernicke-type 1348, 1357, 1358
see also Wernicke’s aphasia
aphonia 320
APLP2 null mice 1849
Aplysia 301, 302
apnea, brain death 352–3
Apo-E allele 220
carriers 22
genotype testing 1387
variation 5
Apo-E4 allele 5, 22
AD diagnosis 262
cognitive function decline post-cardiac
surgery 1959
dementia risk 243
Lewy body dementia 269
motor neuron disease risk factor 1869
PD 480
ApoB gene mutations 1140, 1882
apoptosis 8, 9
aging 241
altruism 63
brain development 57
caspase 57
cerebral ischemia 63–5, 72–3
cytokines 242
DNA fragmentation 64
epileptogenesis 1235
growth factors 70–1
head injury 1801–2
molecular markers 64–5
molecular mechanisms 64
neural cell loss 59
neuronal cell bodies 1081
neuronal death 259, 884
neuropsychiatric systemic lupus
erythematosus 1571
pathologic states 58–9
presenilin sensitivity 259
spinal cord injury 699
stem cells 1593
T cells 1511
transmembrane ionic fluxes 70
apoptosome complex 64
apoptotic bodies 64
APP gene 256–7, 1848
familial AD 1845–6
mutations 257–8, 1408
APP null mice 1848, 1849, 1852
apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) 131
approach behaviour 339
APPswe mutation 1846
APPswe/PS1 mutant Tg mice 1848
APPV7171 mice 1852
apraxia(s) 461–73
AD 254
balance 585
callosal 468
conceptual 467
cortico-cortical/-subcortical
connection disruption 467–8
corticobasal degeneration 495
disassociation 468
disequilibrium 587
distribution 473
eyelid 473
gait 473, 585
ideational 461, 467
ideomotor 462–3, 464–6, 467–8
left hemisphere dominance 466
imaging 471
limb 461–4, 465, 466–9, 470, 471–3
dysfunction of parieto-frontal circuits
472
environment modification 473
treatment 472–3
types 467–8
limb-kinetic 468, 472
modality-specific 468
oral non-verbal 473
oral verbal 473
pantomiming 466, 468
sequential errors 471
of speech 321
visuomotor 469
white matter damage 467–8
aprosody 319
aquaporins 865
aquatic neurotoxins 1809–11
arachidonic acid 65
arachnoid cysts 2000
arachnoiditis 1749
arbovirus 1660
encephalitis 1671–2
morbidity/mortality 1668, 1672
arcuate fasciculus 321–2
arcuate gyrus, neglect 342
arecoline 829
areflexia, sensory deafferentation 1085–6
arginine vasopressin 394
argininosuccinic urea 1978
argyrophilic grain disease 245
Arnold–Chiari malformation 645, 724
auditory nerve degeneration 672–3
benign cough headache 934
arousal 294
confusional 826, 827
arsenic neuropathy 1104
arterial aneurysm rupture 1345
arterial dissection 1943, 2073
arterial spin labelling (ASL) 135, 136
arteriovenous fistula
dural 1400, 1402, 1403
endovascular embolization 1403
spinal 1403
arteriovenous malformations 1392–3,
1398–403
aneurysms 1394, 1398
angiomatous change 1398
cerebral 1392
classification 1398–400
clinical presentation 1392–3
dural of spinal cord 713
endovascular embolization 1402
epidemiology 1400
epilepsy 1255
grading scale 1398–9
hematoma evacuation 1402
hemorrhage 1393
hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
2074
high-flow 1398
imaging 1386–7, 1401–2
incidence 1400
intracerebral 1321
investigation 1401–2
management 1402–3
natural history 1400
nidus 1398
pathology 1398–400
pulmonary 1409, 2053
recurrent hemorrhage risk 1402
subarachnoid hemorrhage 1943
venous malformations 1399–400,
1401–2
2100 Index
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artery of Adamkiewicz 720
arthritis
Lyme disease 1757, 1761–2
osteoarthritis 873
see also rheumatoid arthritis
arthrogryposis 1155
aryepiglottic fold closure 798
arylsulfatase A (ASA) deficiency 1636,
1637
Ashworth scale 107
ASIC (acid-sensing ion channel) 875
asomatognosia 332
aspartoacylase (ASPA) deficiency 1641,
1642
Asperger’s syndrome 408
gender 410
social deficit 412
Aspergillus fumigatus 1999
CNS infection after organ
transplantation 2086, 2087
aspirin
acute ischemic stroke 1367
atrial fibrillation prevention 1418–19,
1953
heparin anticoagulation 1366
immunosuppressive neurotoxicity
management 2086
long-term 1416
migraine 923
stroke prevention 1418–19, 1422, 1423
primary 1416, 1417
asterixis
acquired hepatocerebral degeneration
1974
chronic hepatic encephalopathy 1972
asthma
gene identification 18
inhaler abuse 1833
astigmatism, diplopia 648
astrocyte-derived extracellular matrix
molecules 91–2
astrocytes 1594
apoptosis 1692
apoptotic cell death cascades 1802
chemokines 1694
complement cascade 1654
cytokines 1694
foot processes 1439
giant atypical 1702, Fig. 103.19
hepatic encephalopathy 1974–5
hippocampal 1330
HIV dementia 1693–4, 1695
local immune regulation 1656
neurological disease 8
perforin expression 1654
pro-inflammatory cytokines 1654
proliferation in seizures 1235
spinal cord injury Fig. 47.3
TGF-� production 1656
tufted 492, 497, Fig. 34.2
astrocytic gliosis in Creutzfeldt–Jakob
disease 217–18, Fig 15.4
astrocytic plaques 496, 497
astrocytomas 1431–2, 1433
anaplastic 1443
hypothalamic 861, 1454–6
neurofibromatosis type 1 2062
pilocytic 1431
imaging 1441
St. Anne-Mayo classification system
1431–2
subependymal giant cell 1431, 1449,
2067–8
astrocytosis
Alzheimer type II 1975
reactive 1900
astroglia 56
AT gene 1883, 1884
ataxia
combined with myoclonus 1887
episodic 645
ipsilateral limb 1355
multiple sclerosis 1625–6
sensory deafferentation 1085–6
vestibular system abnormalities 1350
ataxia telangiectasia 1140, 1883–4, 1887
Aicardi variant 1884
brain tumours of childhood 1449
ataxia–telangiectasia-like disorder (ATLD)
1884
ataxin(s) 36, 37
genes 227
ataxin-1 1888–9
ataxin-3 1889
atenolol, migraine prophylaxis 922
atheromatous branch disease 1356
atherosclerosis
CNS vasculopathy 1553
myopathy 1177
stroke 1346
atherosclerotic plaque 1345, 1346
athetosis, hyperthyroidism 2034
atlanto-occipital joint 747
atlantoaxial instability 730, 732
atlantoaxial joint 747
atlantoaxial subluxation 738
atlas assimilation 731
ATP binding cassette A(ABC) transporter
superfamily 1634
ATP7B gene 1882
atrial fibrillation
lone 1953
pregnancy 1943
stroke association 1417–19, 1419,
1952–3
stroke prevention
aspirin for 1418–19
secondary 1423–4
atrial flutter 1953
atrial myxoma, left 1955
atrial septal defects 1943
atrophin-1 protein 35, 1890
polyglutamine expansion 6
atropine 774
detrusor hyperreflexia treatment 841
organophosphate intoxication 1160
attention
brainstem 298
consciousness 293
defects and neglect 331
minimal/defective minimal 294
pathophysiology 336–7
visual perception 160–1, Fig. 12.1–12.3
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) 422–8
autistic condition components 413
cognitive interventions 428
comorbidity 423
cortical inhibitory pathway 426
diagnosis 422–4
differential diagnosis 423–4
dopamine 426
dopamine D4 gene association 20, 426,
427
DSM-IV 422
environment of child 424
epileptiform activity 426
executive function 424–5
eye movement 425
gender 423
genetic architecture 427
genetic basis 427
heterogeneity 422
imaging 426
language 425
learning disability 425, 428
Index 2101
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attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) (cont.)
negative reactions to 422–3
neurobiology 424–7
neurophysiology 425–6
neuropsychology 424–5
neurotransmitters 426–7
noradrenergic hypothesis 426
prognosis 424
secondary 423
serotonin 426–7
sleep disturbance 555
social rejection 422–3
subtypes 422
Tourette’s syndrome association 552,
554–5
treatment 427–8, 561
twin concordance studies 16
attentional treatment, bottom-up 343
audiometry
pure-tone 666, 667
speech 666
auditory activation, abnormal 665
auditory adaptation, abnormal 664
auditory brainstem response 667, 669
auditory comprehension 320
auditory cortical area 662
auditory cortical responses 669
auditory nerve 661
degeneration 672–3
lesions 672–3
mononeuritis 672
section 675
auditory neuropathy 673
auditory ossicles 658
auditory pathways 663, 673
auditory stimuli 331
auditory system
disorders 658, 663–75
causes 671
electrophysiological testing 667, 668,
669–70
functional correlates of pathology
663–6
functional imaging 670, Fig. 45.11
investigations 666–7, 668, 669–70
management 673–5
extra-auditory neural connections 663
functional anatomy 658, 659, 660–3
retrocochlear afferent 661–2
retrocochlear efferent 662–3
aura, migraine 920–1, 922
autism 406–18
animal models 412–13
associated conditions 412, 413
behavioural change 416
behavioural treatment 415
broader phenotype 409
causative factors 410–11
clinical presentation 411–12
diagnosis 406, 414
diagnostic criteria 407
DSM-IV 407
electroencephalogram abnormalities
412, 413
environmental adaptation 416
epidemiology 409–10
epilepsy 412, 413, 1255
following regression 409
fundamental deficit assignment 415–16
gender 410
genetic factors 410–11
high-functioning 408, 417
ICD-10 407
imaging 412
immunization 409, 411
incidence 406
infants 411
laboratory models 411
language 411
learning processes 415, 416
low-functioning 408
mercury 411
neurobiology 412–14
non-genetic factors 411
obsessive–compulsive disorder 393, 395
personhood 415–16
pharmacological treatment 416, 417
prevalence 409–10
prospects 417
risk factors 410–11
secondary to other disorders 409
seizures 412, 413
social deficit 412
subtypes 408–11
symptoms 407–8
treatment 415–17
coordination 416–17
twin concordance studies 16
autistic spectrum disorders 406–18
associated conditions 412, 413
diagnosis 414
immunological etiology 409
treatment 415–17
autoantibodies
autoimmune diseases 1511
generation 1513
natural 1503
removal of circulating 1540
systemic lupus erythematosus 1569–70
tolerance breakdown 1513
autoimmune diseases
autoantibodies 1511
neurological 1513
self-limiting 1514
autoimmune response, dynamic 1542–3
autoimmunity 1511–14
genetic control 1514
nervous system 1514–21
protective 1529–30
autonomic disorders
blood pressure measurement 777
classification 773, 775
heart rate measurement 777
investigation 776, 777–8, 779
localized 792
management 779, 780
orthostatic hypertension 775–6, 777,
778
surgical intervention 779
autonomic dysfunction 1086
cardiovascular 787
autonomic dysreflexia 787, 788
autonomic failure 777, 778
chronic syndromes 780–2, 783, 784
extrinsic neural systems 1341
idiopathic Parkinson’s disease 784
management 780
orthostatic hypotension 782, 783
parkinsonian disorders 784
primary syndromes 780–2, 783, 784
pure 773, 781
secondary 784–7
autonomic nervous system 773–93
classification of disorders 774
function investigation 776, 777–8, 779
tone 1964
autonomic neuropathy
paraneoplastic 1483–4
systemic lupus erythematosus 1574
autoregulation 1337
autonomic neural influences 1339
cerebral blood flow 1342
hypertension 1339
avoidance behaviour 339
awareness loss 1281–3
2102 Index
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axial compression test in cervical
radiculopathy 744
axon(s) 1075–6
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1845
anucleate 1081
backfiring 1235–6
brain aging 198–9
collateral sprouting 85, 86
damage 1509
dying back 1082–3
filopodia 90
function 1077
functional connections 702
growth cone 700
guidance molecules 700, 702
lamellipodium 90
loss
motor neuron disease 1868
multiple sclerosis 1610
myelin-associated growth inhibitors
90–1
remyelinating 1601, 1602
Schwann cell relationship 1076, 1077
spinal cord injury 697
sprouted collateral 885, Fig. 58.12
sprouting 1235
structure 1077
survival factors 1601
transport 1075, 1076
tufted 596, 597
axonal degeneration 1077, 1078, 1080–3
calpain inhibition 1083, 1084
cytoskeletal degradation 1082
distal 1082–3
mechanisms 1081–2
multiple sclerosis 1600–1
nitric oxide 1599–600
axonal injury 1075
amyloid precursor protein 1601
multiple sclerosis 10
axonal neuropathy 1085–6
motor 1111, 1113
motor and sensory 1111
axonal polyneuropathies 1092–3
axonal regeneration 703
central nervous system 90–5
age effects 92
neurofilaments 93
neuron-intrinsic factors 95
specificity 93–4
olfactory bulb glia 1603
peripheral nervous system 88–90
axon–glial interactions 1595
axonopathy, central–peripheral distal
1082
axotomy, conditioning 92
azathioprine 2083
Behçet’s disease 1581
chronic inflammatory demyelinating
polyradiculoneuropathy 1117, 1118
Devic’s neuromyelitis optica 1630
drug interactions 1532
immunosuppressive therapy 1531–2
mode of action 1531
multiple sclerosis 1630
myasthenia gravis 1153, 1154
neurosarcoidosis 1565, 1566
patient monitoring 1532
polymyositis 1171–2
side effects 1531–2
AZT see zidovudine
B-cell lymphoma 1576
B-cell receptor 1502–4
B cells 1502–4
antigen-presenting function 1508
immunoglobulin secretion regulation
1656
multiple sclerosis 1518
proliferation 1999
receptors 1511
tolerance 1511–12
�-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE) 1851,
1852, Fig. 115.3
�-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1)
1845, 1846
A�-amyloidogenesis 1853
Babesia 1762–3
Babinski sign 1356
bilateral 1352
BACE1-/- mice 1849
bacillary angiomatosis 1702–3
Bacillus anthracis 3
back pain, low 760–7
acute 760–1
management 761
associated conditions 762–5
chronic pain syndrome 761–2
classification 760–2
compensation 766–7
diagnostic blocks in decision-making
766
disability 766–7
etiology 762–5
imaging 761
impairment 766–7
infections 762
litigation 766–7
management paradigm 767
national study (NLBPS) 765–6
persistent 761
spinal instability 764–5
spinal stenosis 764
surgery 766
systemic disease 762
transient 760
back pain, spinal cord disease 713
back strain 763
baclofen
abstinence syndrome 914
cerebral palsy 576
corticobasal degeneration 497
dystonia 540
intrathecal 576–7
motor neuron disease 1873
multiple sclerosis 1625
neuropathic pain control 914
superior oblique myokymia 652
tic disorders 561
trigeminal neuralgia 945
bacteria 1657
see also individual named bacteria
bacterial infection 1728–40
brain 1728
brain abscess 1736–7, Fig. 106.3–4
epidural abscess 1737–9, Fig. 106.5
hyperammonemia 1977
meningeal 1728
meningo-encephalitis 1253
rickettsia-like 1762
subdural empyema 1739–40
see also endocarditis; meningitis,
bacterial
balance
apraxia 585
brainstem synergies 584–5
disorders 581–90
classification by clinical patterns
585–9
disequilibrium syndromes 586–7
levels of neural function 582, 583,
584–5
spinal synergies 584–5
balloon cells, focal cortical dysplasia 182
Baltic myoclonus see progressive
myoclonic epilepsy type 1
Index 2103
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Baltimore–Washington Cooperative Stroke
Study 1941
bands of Bünger 88, 89
barbiturate coma 2022
barbiturates 1830–1
addiction 441
altered mentation 1835
cortical myoclonus 525
hepatic porphyria 15
overuse 963
paradoxical effects 1304
tonic–clonic status epilepticus 1274
withdrawal 1830
Barthel Index 107, 108, 109
Bartonella 1702–3
basal ganglia
absence seizures 1238
akinesia 337
childhood disorders 1919
chronic renal failure 1989
development 178
diseases
sexual dysfunction 844
skill learning 310
strategic declarative memory 310
dysfunction in dystonia 539
Huntington’s disease 1901
hypoxic–ischemic insult 574
injury in extrapyramidal cerebral palsy
573–4
intrinsic connections 481
lateral 1357
neurofibromatosis type 1 2063
PD 480–1
REM sleep 821
saccades control 638, 640
stroke lesions and depression 1374
swallowing 801
Tourette’s syndrome 558
urinary bladder dysfunction 834
basal temporal language area 322
Basedow’s paraplegia 2034
basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)
56
apoptosis 70
stem cell requirements 59
basilar artery 1349, 1350
atherosclerosis 1348
dissection 1354
intracranial aneurysms 1393, 1394
occlusion 1349, 1354, 1366
pontine ischemia 1353–4
Bassen–Kornzweig disease see
abetalipoproteinemia
Batson’s plexus 1463, 1465
bcl-2 family 57, 64
apoptosis 1593
overexpression 70
BCNU brain tumour therapy 1443, 1444
Beck depression inventory 1375
Becker muscular dystrophy 14, 1165–6
Becker’s myotonia 1184
Beckwith–Wiedemann tumour and
mental retardation syndrome 15
bed head lowering 1367, 1368
Beevor’s sign 719
BEHAVE-AD 244
behaviour/behavioural disorders
antisocial 552
approach 339
autism 408
avoidance 339
brain–behaviour relationships 196–7
minimal/defective minimal 294
mood disorders 365
nocturnal disruption 830
skilled 10
Sturge–Weber syndrome 2070
tuberous sclerosis complex 2067
behavioural adaptation 79, 87
Behçet’s disease 1580–1
diagnostic criteria 1580, 1581
multiple sclerosis differential diagnosis
1622
primary angiitis of the central nervous
system differential diagnosis 1552
thalidomide neuropathy 1104
vasculitic neuropathy 1122
Bell’s palsy 123
clinical course 1558
diabetes 1099–100
facial nerve neuritis 947
hyperacusis 665
pregnancy 1948
taste dysfunction 615–16
Bell’s phenomenon 1354
Benedikt’s syndrome 652
benzodiazepines
absence status 1276
abuse 1831
addiction 441
alcohol withdrawal 1816–17
brainstem myoclonus 528
clomethiazole 66
complex partial status epilepticus 1277
cortical myoclonus 525
delirium tremens 1817
dystonia 540
essential tremor 518
myoclonic status in progressive
myoclonic epilepsies 1278
physiologic tremor 517
poststroke anxiety disorder 1377–8
REM sleep behaviour disorder 828
tonic–clonic status epilepticus 1274
benztropine 483
benztropine mesylate 527
benzyltetrahydroisoquinolones 494
Bergmann’s gliosis 45
beta blockers
chronic daily headache 965, 966
essential tremor 518
intracerebral hemorrhage 1387
migraine prophylaxis 922
physiologic tremor 517
superior oblique myokymia 652
Bethlem myopathy 1170
Betz cells depletion in motor cortex 1867
Bezold–Jarisch reflex 789
Bickerstaff’s encephalitis 653
bicuculline
dystonia induction 538
inhibitory postsynaptic potentials 1233
spike-wave production 1238
Bielschowsky head-tilt test 649, 650
biliary cirrhosis
neuropathies 1100–1
sensory neuropathy 1093
binge drinking 1817, 1824
binge eating 809, 810
Bing–Neel syndrome 2056
Binswanger’s disease 269
biofeedback, dystonia 543
biotin-responsive encephalopathy 1296
biperiden 483
bipolar disorders 5, 365
affective 1610
migraine 959–60
panic disorder comorbidity 366
bisphosphonates in Paget’s disease 737
bleomycin hydrolase 22
blepharospasm 473
focal dystonia 534
reciprocal inhibition 538
Blessed Dementia Rating Scale 244
AD 260, 261
2104 Index
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blindness
entrainment disorders 824
see also cortical blindness
blindsight 627
blood oxygenation level dependent
(BOLD) contrast 135, 136–7
functional localization 138
blood pressure
control
stroke primary prevention 1415, 1417
thrombolytic therapy 1383
lowering in stroke prevention 1422
traumatic brain injury 1797–8
see also hypertension; hypotension
blood vessel abnormalities in
hypercoagulable states 2059
blood–brain barrier
alcohol crossing 1814
angiogenesis 1438–40
antibiotics crossing 1735
antigen presentation 1508
bacterial meningitis transport across
1732
basement membrane 1655
brain metastases 1470
breakdown in HIV dementia 1692, 1695
cellular traffic 1596–7
cerebral autoregulation 2017
CNS infections 1651
cyclosporin crossing 2083–4
disruption in vasogenic edema 1386
function 1516
glucose transport 134
nitric oxide synthase inhibitor
penetration 1338
permeability imaging 1442
post-traumatic 1801
radioactive tracers 134
tuberculosis treatment 1786
viral infection 1660
blood–nerve barrier function 1516
body dysmorphic disorder 388, 395
Boltzmann distribution 147, 148
bone
Pagetic 737
polyostotic fibrous dysplasia 855
bone-derived nerve growth factor 485
bone marrow transplantation
Guillain–Barré syndrome 2088
immunotherapy 1541
metachromatic leukodystrophy 1638
neurological complications 2082–3, 2088
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy 1635–6
bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 55,
56
Borrelia burgdorferi 1754–5
dissemination in body 1757
dual infections 1762–3
immune abnormalities 1761
immune complexes 1762
inflammatory abnormalities 1761
sensu lato complex 1754, 1755
serology 1759
syndromes 1758
vasculopathy 1761, 1762
Borrelia lonestarii 1756
Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination
(BDAE) 317
botulinum toxin 1158
cerebral palsy 576
chronic daily headache 966
corticobasal degeneration 498
dystonia 540–1
eyelid apraxia 473
Huntington’s disease 1906
hyperhidrosis 779
multiple sclerosis 1625
orthostatic tremor 518
progressive supranuclear palsy 494
rest tremor 516
tic disorder therapy 561
botulism 1158–9
bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
216, 1726
variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 223,
1718
bowel
functional disorders 805
inflammatory disease 762
multiple sclerosis 1626
Bowman’s glands/ducts 595, 596
brachial neuritis 1483
brachial plexopathy
bone marrow transplantation 2088
inflammatory bowel disease 1980
radiation-induced 1495
brachytherapy, interstitial 1470
bracing for kyphosis 730
bradykinin, peripheral sensitization 880
brain
abscess 1736–7, Fig. 106.3–4
toxoplasmosis 1699–700, Fig. 103.16
acute radiation toxicity 1491
AD 254–5
adult 198
alcohol uptake 1814
apoptosis 57
arborviral encephalitis 1672
areas of functionally relevant activation
relating to neural processes 166–7,
Fig. 12.7
bacterial infection 1728
bionics 143
biopsy 224
cardiac disease development 1963–5
cardiac surgery effects 1955–6
cardiovascular system 1952–65
cognitive function study 160
development 57
dystrophic neurites in Huntington’s
disease 1901
early-delayed radiation toxicity 1491
edema
bacterial meningitis 1734
corticosteroid treatment 2020–1
intracerebral hemorrhage 1389
posttraumatic 1801
endothelial cells 1439–40
functional mapping 1322, 1323
functional properties of motor areas
448–9
genetic/developmental malformations
572
glutamate excess 436–7
heart influence on 1952–5
herniation 1798
hybrid depth electrodes 1326, 1327,
1328
imaging 448–9
cardiac arrest 1961–2
inflammation in multiple sclerosis 1599
inflammatory disease
complement activation 1598
etiology 1599
influence on heart 1962–5
psychosocial risk factors 1963
late radiation toxicity 1492
lesions within posterior circulation
1349
local control of leukocytes 1656
metabolic rate studies 156–7
metabolite pool labelling 146
brain aging 237–8
axons 198–9
function changes 197–201
gross changes 237–8
Index 2105
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brain aging (cont.)
hemodynamic response 201
imaging 237–8
functional 200, 201
studies 199–201
techniques 197
information recall 195, 196
inter-individual differences 195
longitudinal studies 196
memory
performance 201
primary 202
microscopic pathology 238
myelin 199
neuron number 197
neuronal loss 197–8
neuronal studies 197–9
neurotransmitter changes 197–8
optimally healthy older individuals 195
postmortem examination 196–7
structure changes 197–201
studies 195–6
synaptic integrity 198
white matter 198–9
Brain Attack Coalition 1364, 1365
brain death 348–58
animal models 351
apnea 352–3
apneic oxygenation 353
autonomic storm 351
biophilosophical basis 349–50
breathing 352–3
children 354
chronic 351–2
concept 348, 350
confirmatory tests 354
cranial nerve areflexia 353
criterion 350
declaration of death 353–4
definition 349–50
determination 351–2
diabetes insipidus 351
diagnosis 352–5
electrical potentials 354–5
electroencephalogram 354
epidemiology 352
ethics 355–7
history 348–9
hypothalamus function 351
infants 354
intracranial blood flow cessation 354,
355
intracranial pressure 350
legal issues 358
organ procurement 357
pathophysiology 350–1
physiological changes 350–1
pituitary function 351
pregnancy 356
progression to 350
prolonged somatic survival 351–2
religious acceptance/rejection 356–7,
358
research 357
spontaneous movement 352
teaching on subjects 357
unresponsiveness 352
ventilator discontinuation 358
brain-derived nerve growth
(neurotrophic) factor (BDNF) 70,
85, 94
A-fibres 884, 885
autoreactive T cell synthesis 1520
immune-cell derived 1529
inflammation site 884
local injection 96
motor neuron disease 1876
neuroprotection 1529
receptors 883
sensory neurons 884, 885
spinal cord injury 699
substantia nigra 242
Brain III sodium channel 884
brain injury
chronic traumatic syndrome 505
epilepsy 1234
hypoxic–ischemic 9
intracranial pressure 2016
ischemic 8, 9
neurogenesis 11
traumatic 1793–802
A� plaques 1800
biomechanics 1798–800
calcium-mediated cytoskeleton
proteolysis 1801
classification 1794, 1795
cytokines 1801
cytoskeleton-related 1800–1
emergency room treatment 1796
experimental models 1798–800
hospital treatment 1796–801
imaging 1796, 1797
inflammation 1801
long-term disability 1793–4
management 1794, 1795
minor 1796
moderate to severe 1796–801
mortality 1793, 1794, 1796
neurodegenerative disease 1800
pathobiology 1800–1
programmed cell death 1801–2
seizures 1798
skull distortion 1798–9
surveillance 1793–4
survival 1793
transport 1796
treatment in the field 1795–6
Brain Trauma Foundation (BTF),
guidelines for ICP monitoring
2018, 2022
brain tumours
angiogenesis 1438–9
aphasia 1440
cellular pathogenesis 1434–40
chemotherapy 1443–4
children 1448–58
classification 1448
diagnosis 1449–58
epidemiology 1448–9
pathogenesis 1448–9
treatment 1449–58
clinical features 1440
diagnosis 1442–4
epidemiology 123
epilepsy 1253
epileptogenic 1440
functional imaging 140–1
imaging 1440–2
infants 1457–8
mass effect 1440
metastases 1462–71
chemotherapy 1470–1
clinical presentation 1463–4
diagnosis 1464–5
distribution 1463
follow-up 1471
frequency 1462–3
hemorrhage 1464
imaging 1464–5
interstitial brachytherapy 1470
lung origin 1463, 1465
multiple 1468, 1469
prognosis 1465
radiotherapy 1466–7
seizures 1463–4, 1465
single 1467–8, 1469
2106 Index
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spread 1463
stereotactic surgery 1469–70
surgery 1467–9
treatment 1465–71
microelectrode recordings 1326
molecular pathogenesis 1434–40
MRI 152, Fig 11.4–11.5
myelin loss 238
neurogenesis 57–8
neuronal proliferation 198
optimally healthy older individuals 195
paraneoplastic syndromes 1476–81
parenchyma immune response
deficiency 1654
plasticity 10
polysynaptic transfer of sensory input
879
presurgical mapping 165–6
primary 1431–2, 1433, 1434–44
WHO classification 1431, 1432
proton (1H) spectroscopic imaging 152
radiation necrosis 1493
radiotherapy 1442–3
raised intracranial pressure 1440
regional function 131–2
respiratory 350
restoration of flow in acute ischemic
stroke 1361, 1363
seizures 1440
sensory adaptability 875
sex differences in structure/function
1939
somatostatin receptors 141
stem cells 59
temperature 2024
therapy 1442–4
toxoplasmosis abscesses 1699–700, Fig.
103.16
tract tracing methods 1323–4
tuberculoma 1777
vasogenic edema 1440
viral infection 1253, 1661, 1666, 1667,
1668–9
volume loss 2001
vulnerable tissue 4
watershed areas of arterial circulation
1463
see also deep brain stimulation (DBS)
brain–behaviour relationships 196–7
brain–gut axis 795–7
anal continence 804–5
spinal pathways 797
swallowing 798–804
vagal pathways 795–7
brainstem
anterior–lateral spinal system 888
atrophy in spinocerebellar ataxias
1890–1
attention 298
C-fibres 874
central behavioural testing 670
compression 1358, 1359
craniocervical junction anomaly 731
damage causing dysgeusia 615, 616
death 350
disturbance in multiple sclerosis 1608
glioma in children 1453–4
hemorrhage 1358–9
lesions and auditory function 673
motor nuclei in motor neuron disease
1867
multiple sclerosis symptoms 1627
myoclonus 527–9
neurofibromatosis type 1 2063
neurosarcoidosis 1560
nuclei
damage in AD 296
Lewy bodies 270
paraneoplastic encephalitis 1480–1
postural control 582
progressive descending signs 1440
respiratory centres 352
reticular reflex myoclonus 529
rostral ischemia 1354–5
saccades control 638, 639
saccades premotor commands 638
somatosensory inputs 888, 889
supraspinal nociceptive centres 889–90
swallowing centre 800–1, 801
ventral compression 729
visceral information relay 797
visceral spinal afferents 797
wakefulness 298
waking state 817
branched chain �-keto acid
dehydrogenase 1822
branching enzyme deficiency 1218
breast cancer
metastatic 11
radiation-induced brachial plexopathy
1495
sensorimotor neuropathy 1483
breast-feeding, migraine 1940
breathing and brain death 352–3
Brindley stimulator 842
Broca’s aphasia 317
speech apraxia association 473
Broca’s area 320–1
functional connection with Wernicke’s
area 1324
bromide salts overdose 1831
bromocriptine 483
prolactinoma 857–8
Brown’s syndrome 654
Brown–Séquard syndrome
Behçet’s disease 1580–1
hemicord 1495
see also hemicord syndrome
buccal hemineglect 615
bulbar dysfunction in motor neuron
disease 1865
bulbar muscle weakness 1353
bulimia nervosa 810–11
cholecystokinin 812
clinical assessment 810–11
diagnostic criteria 809, 810
DSM-IV criteria 810
heritability 810
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid 812
leptin 813
obsessive–compulsive disorder 390
serotonergic responsiveness 811–12
bupivacaine, sodium channel blockade
877
buprenorphine 439
bupropion 440, 826
poststroke apathy 1379
burning mouth syndrome 618, 941
buspirone
kinetic tremor 519
poststroke anxiety disorder 1378
busulfan 1451–2
butyl nitrite sniffing 1832
N-butyldeoxynojirimycin 1915
butyrylcholinesterase 269
bystander activation 1514
cytokine-mediated 1517
C-fibres 873–4, Fig. 85.2
action potential conduction 877
activation 875
antidromic activation 877
cell death 884
central terminal degeneration 884–5,
Fig. 58.12
inflammation 884
Index 2107
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C-fibres (cont.)
injury 885, Fig. 58.12
nerve injury 884
non-peptidergic/peptidergic 875
synapsing to second-order neurones
87413C metabolic rate studies 156–7
C5b-9 1509
cabergoline 857–8
cachexia
chronic renal failure 1995–6
motor neuron disease 1865
CACNA1A gene mutation 921
CACNA14 gene 37
CACNL1A4 gene mutations 23
CADASIL 25
dermal vessel 1407
primary angiitis of the central nervous
system differential diagnosis 1554
café-au-lait spots 855, 2061, 2062, 2063
caffeine
hypnic headache 935
migraine 921, 922
CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion 33
diseases 1841
HD 34
spinobulbar muscular atrophy 35
spinocerebellar ataxia 36, 37
Caisson disease 725
Cajal–Retzius cells 177
Reelin secretion 185
calbindin D28K 1870, 1871
calcification
dermatomyositis 1172, 1173
gyral 2070
intracranial 2070
meningioma 1441
mitral annulus 1955
oligodendroglioma 1441
optic nerve sheath 624
stylohyoid ligament 947
calcineurin 2083
calcitonin 2005
complex regional pain syndrome 914
calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)
chronic tension-type headache 957
migraine 922, 961
nerve compression 947
calcium
axonal neurofilament degeneration
1082
lead neurotoxicity 1806
seizures 1235
serum concentration 2007
supplementation in hypermagnesemia
2009
calcium-activated potassium in
hyperpolarization 1230
calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein
kinase II (CaMKII) 83, 882
calcium channel blockers 66, 67
alcohol withdrawal seizures 1818
aneurysm 1397
chronic daily headache 965, 966
migraine prophylaxis 922
parkinsonism 504
primary angiitis of the central nervous
system 1554, 1555
calcium channels
blocking 66
epilepsy 1233–4
ethanol intoxication 1818
genetic defects 2035
hypokalemic periodic paralysis 1197–8
migraine 921–2
missense mutation 1191
N-type 878
post-synaptic voltage-dependent 880
traumatic brain injury 1801
voltage-gated 62, 1144
calcium-controlling genes in epilepsy 1241
calcium gluconate 2007, 2008
calcium ions
concentrations in
ischemia/excitotoxicity 63
homeostasis 2005
hypercalcemia 2005
influx 1144
intracellular 2006
elevation 1082
free concentrations 62
homeostasis derangement in motor
neuron disease 1870–1
neuronal injury 698–9
long-term potentiation 83
low-threshold current 1236
mitochondrial accumulation 69
neuronal homeostasis 70
second messenger function 83
calf muscle hypertrophy 1165, 1166, 1167
calgranulin Mac 387 1561
caloric restriction, aging 241
calpain(s) 1082, 1801
cellular degradation 1082
inhibitors 1083, 1084
calpain II 1870–1
calpainopathy 1167, 1168
cAMP response elements (CRE) 83, 84
Campath-1H, multiple sclerosis 1630
Campylobacter jejuni
acute motor axonal neuropathy 1111
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1110, 1112,
1113, 1519
molecular mimicry 1514
canalolithiasis 685, 686
Canavan disease 1641–2
cancer
pain 915, 916
see also brain tumours; breast cancer;
lung, cancer; malignancy;
metastases; individual tumour
types
Candida infection
burning mouth syndrome 941
esophagitis 1683
cannabinoids
kinetic tremor 519
receptors 439
Cannabis sativa 1831
cannibalism, industrial/ritualistic 222
CANOMAD syndrome 1120
CAP-23 93
capillary-leak syndrome 1537
capillary telangiectasias 1400
imaging 1402
capsaicin 914–15
creams 1679
detrusor hyperreflexia treatment 841
sympathetically maintained pain 948
VR1 receptor 875, 876–7
capsulotomy, obsessive–compulsive
disorder 398
caput Medusa 1399, 1400, 1401–2
carbamazepine 367
autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal
lobe epilepsy 1250
benign epilepsy of childhood with
centro-temporal spikes 1258
brainstem myoclonus 528
cerebral palsy 576
complex partial status epilepticus 1277
multiple sclerosis 1608, 1627
neuropathic pain control 913
non-dystrophic myotonia 1201
paradoxical effects 1303
shingle pain 1678, 1679
2108 Index
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short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform
headache with conjunctival
injection and tearing (SUNCT) 943
SIADH 868
side effects 1307
superior oblique myokymia 652
trigeminal neuralgia 944, 945
carbidopa
corticobasal degeneration 497
periodic limb movement disorder 826
carbocysteine 1874
carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein
disorders 1919
carbohydrate intake 1201, 1202
carbon dioxide 1339–40
carbon monoxide
parkinsonism 504
poisoning and visual agnosia 628
carboplatin 1452
carcinoid syndrome 1176
carcinomatous meningitis 723
carcinomatous neuromyopathy 1176
cardiac abnormalities 1283
cardiac arrest 1959–62
brain imaging 1961–2
cerebral damage 628
cerebral evoked potentials 1961
neurological outcome 1960–1
neurophysiological testing 1961
recovery 1960–1
treatment 1962
cardiac arrhythmias
stroke 1952–3
transient 1282
cardiac disease
development and brain relationship
1963–5
established and brain relationship 1965
see also congestive heart failure
cardiac rhabdomyoma 2066
cardiac surgery
apo-E4 allele 1959
brain effects 1955–6
depression 1959
neurological injury 1959
stroke probability Fig. 122.1
cardiac valve prostheses 1954
cardioembolic stroke 1943–5, 1952
cardiolipin 1762
cardiomyopathy 1927
cardiomyopathy/ophthalmoplegia,
autosomal recessive (ARCO) 1931
cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction
787
cardiovascular disease, CNS influence
1962
CARE-HD Study (Coenzyme Q and
Remacemide Evaluation in
Huntington’s disease) 1907
caregiver obstreperous behaviour rating
assessment (COBRA) 244
carnitine deficiency 1208
primary myopathic 1220–1
primary systemic 1220
secondary 1221
carnitine palmitoyltransferase II
deficiency 1211, 1214, 1218–20
hepatocardiomuscular 1218, 1219–20
myopathic 1218–19
carnitine–acylcarnitine translocase
deficiency 1221
carotid amytal test 1290
carotid angioplasty/stenting 1426
carotid artery
aneurysms 1348, 2072, 2073
compression by pituitary adenoma 856
dysplasia 2062
occlusion 1348
stenosis and endarterectomy 1420,
1424–5
see also internal carotid artery
carotid cavernous fistula 1403
carotid massage 788, 790
carotid sinus hypersensitivity 788
carotid–cavernous fistula 2072
carotidynia 943
carpal tunnel syndrome 859
diabetes mellitus 1100
hypothyroidism 2037
renal patients 1994, 1995
Tinel sign 884, 1084
vitamin deficiencies 2048
case-control studies 120
case reports 119
case series 119
caspase 241, 1593
activation 35, 57, 64, 65
activity in axons 1082
apoptosis 57, 64, 65
inhibitors 9, 70, 241
Huntington’s disease 1907
polyglutamine diseases 40
caspase 1 activation 9
cat scratch disease 1703
cataplexy 824
catastrophic reaction 1379
catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT)
gene variant 5
inhibitors 483
catheterization
clean intermittent self-catheterization
(CISC) 841
permanent indwelling 841–2
suprapubic 842
cauda equina 716
lesions 719
sexual dysfunction 845
syndrome 739
urinary bladder dysfunction 836
caudate hemorrhage 1357
intracerebral hemorrhage 1384
caudate region, obsessive–compulsive
disorder 391
causal inference 118–19
causalgia, sensory symptoms 1084
causality, reverse 119
causation 118–19
deterministic model 119
cavernoma, familial 1405
cavernous angioma
epilepsy 1255
spinal 721
cavernous hemangioma 1399
cavernous malformations 1399, 1400
epidemiology 1400
familial 1400
radiosurgery 1321, 1402
treatment indications 1402
cavernous sinus 856
oculomotor palsy 652–3
pituitary adenoma invasion 856
tumours 652–3
cavernous venous angioma 1399
CBL2 proto-oncogene 44
CCM1 gene mutations 1407, 1408
CCNU
brain tumour therapy 1443
primitive neuroectodermal
tumour/medulloblastoma 1451–2
CCR5 1685
CCS-/- mice 1850–1, 1854
CD1 molecules 1504
CD4 1504
CD4+ T-cells 1504, 1505
cytolytic 1506
HIV infection 1688, 1689–90
Index 2109
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CD4+ T-cells (cont.)
Lyme disease 1761, 1762
macrophage stimulation 1508
quiescent memory 1688
CD8 1504
CD8+ T-cells 1504
cytotoxic 1506, 1510
suppression 1512
CD11a/CD18 71
CD44 1596
CD80 1505, 1517
CD86 1505, 1517
CD152 1512
celecoxib 931
cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) 86
axonal regeneration 89
cell cycle
arrest 1438
primary brain tumours 1437–8
cell death 8, 9
cell division, asymmetric/symmetric 56
cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) 1439,
1516
cellular differentiation process 56
cellular immune response, viral infection
1660
cellular injury mechanisms 8–10
central behavioural testing 670
central cord lesions 716
infarction 720
central cord syndrome 717, 718
central core disease 1170–1
central core myopathy 14
central herniation syndrome 2019, 2020
central nervous system (CNS)
acute host response 1654
anatomy and immune response to
infections 1651–3
bacterial meningitis invasion 1732
cardiovascular disease influence 1962
cytokine production 1654
depression in hypermagnesemia 2007
endogenous remyelination 1603
fetal tissue transplantation 703
growth cone collapsing factors 90–2
host responses to infection 1651–7
specific pathogens 1656–7
immune function 1654
immune-mediated damage 1656
immune-mediated demyelination
1516–18, 1519
pathogenesis 1527
infections after organ transplantation
2086–7
inflammatory bowel disease 1980
inflammatory cell recruitment 1655–6
inflammatory mediator production
1654
injury and swallowing dysfunction
801–3
intraneuronal determinants of
regeneration 92
lead effects 1806–7
lymphoma 123
matrix metalloproteinase production
1655
MHC antigen expression 1654
neoplasms 604
nerve/nerve root disorder symptoms
1083–6
nociception 951
opportunist infections in HIV 1698–704
osmotic receptors 865
pain mechanisms 888–98
primary lymphoma 1703–4, Fig. 103.20
protection by microglial cells 1654
radiation-induced malignancy 1494
regeneration
capacity enhancement 94
conditioning lesion effects 92
cytoskeletal proteins 93
fetal tissue transplants 95
GAP-43 92–3
inhibitory factor neutralization 95
intraneuronal factor modulation 95
neuronal survival 94
neurotrophic factors 94
peripheral nerve bridges 94–5
specificity 93–4
therapeutic approaches 94
spontaneous axonal regeneration 90–5
T cell regulation 1656
tuberculosis 1700–1
vasculitis 1547–55
viral clearance 1656
viral infections 1660–79
viral nucleic acid persistence 1656
Whipple’s disease 1981
central pain syndrome 896–8
mechanism 897–8
spinothalamic tract 897
central pattern generators 88, 581, 582
swallowing 800
central pontine myelinolysis 1823
anorexia nervosa 810
central sensitization 881–3
central sensory neurons 1084
central–peripheral distal axonopathy
1082
cerebellar artery
anterior inferior 1349, 1350
infarction 1354
posterior inferior 1349, 1350
cerebellar infarction 1352
superior 1349, 1350
infarction 1355
cerebellar ataxias, autosomal recessive
1886–7
cerebellar mutism with posterior fossa
tumours 1450–1
cerebellar peduncle remyelination 1603–4
cerebellar vermis, congenital
malformations 575
cerebellum
adaptive oculomotor control 640, 642
auditory pathway input 663
degeneration
alcohol 1823
lesions 645
disturbances in acquired
hepatocerebral degeneration 1974
essential tremor 515
hemorrhage 1359
intracerebral hemorrhage 1384
infarction 1352
neurofibromatosis type 1 2063
neurosarcoidosis 1560
olfactory stimulation 597
cerebral abscess
after organ transplantation 2086
epilepsy 1253
cerebral amyloid angiopathy
diagnosis 1387
intracerebral hemorrhage 1383
primary angiitis of the CNS differential
diagnosis 1553–4
sporadic 1408
stroke 1408
cerebral artery
anterior 1348
dysplasia 2062
middle
aneurysms 1394
dysfunction syndromes 1346
infarction 454
ischemia of inferior division 1348
2110 Index
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ischemia of superior division 1347–8
occlusion 1347
stenosis 1347
posterior 1349, 1350
infarction 1355–6
cerebral atrophy
AD 254–5
spinocerebellar ataxias 1891
cerebral autoregulation 2017
cerebral blood flow (CBF) 131, 132, 2017
adenosine in regulation 1337–8
aging 238
autoregulation 1338–9, 1342, 2017
carbon dioxide 1339–40
consciousness 297
dystonia 538
hypercapnic vasodilator response 1342
hypoxic vasodilatory response 1342
neurovascular influences 1337
nitric oxide 1338
non-REM sleep 820
oxygen 1339–40
PET 133–4
regional see activation-flow coupling
(AFC)
respiratory gas effects 1337, 1339–40
SPECT 133–4
vasodilatation 1337
cerebral blood volume (CBV) 131, 132
cerebral cavernous malformations 1406–8
cerebral circulation physiology 1337–43
autoregulation 1338–9
neurogenic control 1340–2
extrinsic/intrinsic systems 1340–1
nitric oxide 1338
parasympathetic influences 1341
sympathetic influences 1342–3
vasoneural coupling 1337–8
cerebral contusions 1799
cerebral cortex
afferent input modulation 80–1
anterior 896
association areas 334, 335, 336
injury effects on gustation 615
central behavioural testing 670
cingulate 896
motor area medial premotor region
453, 454
saccades control 639
congenital disorders of development
177–89
cell fate 179–82
neuronal migration 182–6
pattern formation in forebrain 178
pial surface integrity 186–8
convergence areas 334, 335
developmental malformations 1288
medical intractability of seizures
1315
MRI 1289
dorsolateral prefrontal 639
eloquent regions 1319–20
focal dysplasia 181–2
functional representation 1313–14
higher function investigations 1324–5
Huntington’s disease 1901
atrophy 1900
inhibitory pathway in attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder 426
insular region
nociception 894, 896
nucleus tractus solitarius projections
797
swallowing 801
lesions
sexual dysfunction 843–6
urinary bladder dysfunction 833–4
limbic region nucleus tractus solitarius
projections 797
lobar hemorrhage 1358–9
intracerebral hemorrhage 1384
localization studies 1313–14, 1322–4
malformations in epilepsy 1253, 1254
mapping during surgery 1322
microelectrode recordings 170–2
motor 449–50, 451, 452–4
action potentials 456, 457
clinical observations 449–50
coding of direction of movement 450,
451, Fig. 31.5
dystonia 538, 539
force field 450, 452
hand trajectories 450, 452
injury to swallowing areas 802
medial areas 455–6
movement 455
neural recording 450, 451, 452, Fig. 31.5
parieto-frontal circuits 469, 471
rehabilitation 455, 456
stimulation 450
motor areas 451, 452–4
motor map reorganization 80–1
movement control 447–58
multiple sclerosis 1615–16
multiple subpial transections 1320
neural plasticity 80
normal development 177–8
paracentral lobes
bilateral in micturition control 833
hemorrhage 1358
premotor 452–4
dorsal 452, 453
lateral 452–3
medial 453–4
ventral 452, 453
primary angiitis of the CNS 1548
processing 163, 164, 165
regions and immediate memory 309
REM sleep 821
reorganization following injury 455, Fig.
31.8
saccades control 638
sensory map reorganization 80–1
somatosensory 893–4, 895
spike-wave generation 1237
stimulation and functional MRI 138
superior frontoparietal atrophy in
corticobasal degeneration 496
supraspinal nociceptive centres 893–5,
896, 897
swallowing 801
ventricular zone 177
waking state 817
see also cingulate gyri; cortical entries;
cortico- entries; frontal lobe; gyrus;
occipital lobe; precentral gyrus;
prefrontal cortex; temporal lobe
cerebral damage and visual agnosia 628
cerebral edema 1385
intracranial pressure monitoring 2025
cerebral embolism see stroke
cerebral evoked potentials 1961
cerebral herniation in oculomotor palsy
652
cerebral infarction
brain metastases 1464
hemiplegic cerebral palsy 573
hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
2074
neglect 334
cerebral injury
dysphagia 803
swallowing recovery mechanisms 803–4
cerebral ischemia
anti-inflammatory approaches 71
antiapoptotic strategies 70–1
Index 2111
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cerebral ischemia (cont.)
antiexcitotoxic approaches 66, 67,
68–70, 72–3
apoptosis 63–5, 72–3
clinical trials 72–3
downstream mediator blocking 69–70
inflammation 65
neuroprotection 62–6, 67, 68–73
neuroprotective interventions 66, 67,
68–72
vasoactive mediators 71
white matter injury 71–2
cerebral malaria 1749–50
cerebral malformations in West syndrome
1263
cerebral oxygen metabolism (CMRO2)
131, 132, 134, 2022
cerebral palsy 568–77
associated impairments 576
bilateral spasticity 569
causation 568
clinical features 570
diagnostic evaluation 575–6
epidemiology 569
extrapyramidal 569–70, 573–5
hemiplegia 570, 572–3
hypotonia/ataxia 569–70, 574–5
imaging 575
neuroimaging 568
neuromuscular scoliosis 729
neurosurgery 577
periventricular leukomalacia 568, 570–1
prematurity 569
prenatal origin disorders 569
prognosis 577
rehabilitation 576–7
spastic diplegia 570–2
spastic quadriplegia 570, 572
spasticity 569
syndromes 569–75
unilateral spasticity 569
cerebral perfusion pressure 1387, 2017
aneurysms 1397
cerebral processing, sequential stages
162–3, 164, 165
cerebral tumours, epilepsy 1253
cerebral vasculitis 1255
cerebral vasodilatation, reflex 1387
cerebral venous thrombosis 1943–4
intracranial pressure monitoring 2025
cerebritis after organ transplantation
2086
cerebroretinal vasculopathy 1410–11
cerebroside sulfatide 1137
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
14-3-3 protein 1723
bacterial meningitis entry 1732
drainage in traumatic brain injury 1798
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1111
HIV dementia 1692
leakage 2028
Lyme disease 1759–60
monitoring in normal pressure
hydrocephalus 2027
mononuclear cells 1653
multiple sclerosis 1622
neurocysticercosis 1746–7
neurodegenerative diseases 224
neurosarcoidosis 1564
neutrophilic pleocytosis 1733
nutrients 1651
oligoclonal bands 1622
pH 1340
production 1652
protein antigens 1652
protein content 1651
protein levels in myxedema 2037
spaces and brain aging 199–200
syphilis 1769, 1770, 1771, 1773, 1774
tuberculosis meningitis 1781
viral encephalitis 1653
volume reduction 2022–3, 2024
cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis 1140,
1644, 1882
cerebrovascular disease 3
Borrelia burgdorferi 1758
cardioembolic causes 1943–5
epilepsy 1255
functional imaging 141–2
hemodynamic parameters 131
pregnancy 1941, 1942, 1943–5
investigations 1941
treatment 1941, 1943
sexual dysfunction 843–4
systemic lupus erythematosus 1574
urinary bladder function 834
cerebrovascular infarction, visual agnosia
628
cerebrovascular injury, myocardial
infarction 1953
ceruloplasmin 1978
cervical cord 716
dorsal column lesions 716
lesions 713, 719
sympathetic efferent pathways 797
cervical lymph nodes, antigen-specific
immune response 1653
cervical nerves Fig. 47.2
cervical osteoarthrosis, neck pain 748
cervical pain 742–55
cervical radicular pain 742, 744, 745–6
diagnosis 746
somatic referred pain differential
diagnosis 754
treatment 746
cervical radiculopathy 742, 743–4
cervical segmental arteries 720
cervical spine
rheumatoid arthritis 738
somatic pain referral 742
cervical spondylosis
cervical radiculopathy 743
myelopathy 723
neck pain 748
cervical zygohypophyseal joint 747
cervicomedullary compression 730
CGG trinucleotide repeats 33
fragile X syndrome 43–4
Chagas’ disease 792
Chamberlain’s line 732
chancre 1767
channelopathies 6–7, 2035
chaperone proteins 38, 39, 241
see also heat shock proteins
Charcot joints, neurosyphilis 1772
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT)
1077–8, 1129–31
complex 1131
Rosenberg & Chutorian type 1131
severe phenotype with deafness 1130–1
type 1 1083, 1129–31
clinical features 1129
inheritance 1129–30
onion bulb changes 1129, 1130
type 1A 1134
type 2 1131
Vizioli type 1131
X-linked 1131
Charcot’s joints 715–16
syringomyelia 724
tissue destruction 873
Charles Bonnet syndrome 630
Chédiak–Higashi disease 1134
chemical toxins 787, 789
industrial 605
chemical warfare 1160
2112 Index
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chemokines 1510–11, 1655
astrocyte-derived 1694
cerebral ischemia 65
demyelination 1597
immune-mediated demyelination 1519
leukocyte migration 1516
receptors 1511, 1685, 1686
chemotherapy
brain metastases 1470–1
conditioned taste aversion 617
chenodeoxycholic acid 1882
Cheyne–Stokes respiration 1440
Chiari malformation 728
craniocervical junction anomaly 731,
732–3
rheumatoid arthritis 738
types 733
chiasmal glioma, childhood 1456
chickenpox 1678
see also varicella zoster virus
childhood ataxia with diffuse central
nervous system hypomyelination
(CACH) 152
children
brain death 354
cerebral metastatic disease 1462–3
growth hormone deficiency 863
lead neurotoxicity 1806
opsoclonus–myoclonus 1479
therapeutics 129–30
see also brain tumours, children;
progressive cerebral degenerations
of childhood
Chinese Acute Stroke Trial 1367
chlorambucil
Behçet’s disease 1581
IgA/IgG neuropathy 1121
polymyositis 1172
chloramphenicol, optic neuropathy 624
chlordiazepoxide 441
chlorhexidine 618
chloride conductance in acquired
myotonia 1190–1
chloride ion channels 1183
myotonia congenita 1185–7, 1188, 1189
shunt current attenuation 1196
voltage gated 1189, 1190
chlorpromazine
chorea gravidarum 1946
motor neuron disease 1875
chlorpropamide
diabetes insipidus 867
syndrome of inappropriate secretion of
antidiuretic hormone 868
cholecystokinin, eating disorders 812
cholestanol 1140
serum levels 1644, 1882
cholestanolosis see cerebrotendinous
xanthomatosis
cholesterol
lowering in stroke prevention 1419–20,
1422
Niemann–Pick disease 1916
synthesis inhibition 1238–9
choline acetyltransferase 273, 274
cholinergic agents 829
cholinergic crisis 1155
cholinesterase inhibitors
AD 262
Lewy body dementia 270
myasthenia gravis 1152–3
chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans 91–2,
701
chorda tympani-lingual nerve 616
chorda tympani nerve, surgical injury 617
chorea
acquired hepatocerebral degeneration
1974
cerebral palsy 576
childhood disorders 1919
gravidarum 1946
Huntington’s disease 1896–7
hyperthyroidism 2034
polycythemia vera 2051
chorea–acanthocytosis 1919
choreoathetosis 1252, 1253
paroxysmal dystonic 533, 536
chorioretinitis in syphilis 1769, Fig.109.3
choroid plexus 1660
choroidal artery, anterior 1348
chromaffin cell tumours 2040
chromatin 64
chromatolysis 1075, 1076
chromosome 17q21 498
chronic fatigue syndrome 1211
depression 366
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) 1101
chronic progressive external
ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) 6, 1924,
1925, Fig.120.3
autosomal dominant 1931
mtDNA deletions 1925
ragged red fibres Fig.120.3
Churg–Strauss vasculitis 1577, 1579
peripheral neuropathy 1121
primary angiitis of CNS differential
diagnosis 1552
Chvostek’s sign 2006, 2008
chylomicron retention disease 1140
cidofovir 1676
cytomegalovirus 1702
ciguatera poisoning 1809–10
toxin neuropathy 1093
ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) 59,
1594
motor neuron disease 1875
Cimino–Brescia forearm
fistula/arteriovenous shunt 1994–5
cingulate gyri
akinetic mutism 337
bimanual interactions 471
cingulotomy in obsessive–compulsive
disorder 398
cinnarazine
multiple sclerosis 1627
parkinsonism 504
Cip/Kip cdk inhibitors 1438
circadian timing
disorders 824
disturbances in elderly 826
pacemaker 818, 819
photoreceptors 818–19
sleep homeostasis 819
sleep–wake regulation 818–19
cis-platinum ototoxicity 671
cisplatin
hypomagnesemia 2008
primitive neuroectodermal
tumour/medulloblastoma 1451–2
sensory neuronopathy 1096, 1097, 1103
sensory neuropathy 1102, 1482
citalopram
obsessive–compulsive disorder 397
poststroke depression 1375
poststroke pathological effect 1379
cladistic analysis 20
Claude’s syndrome 652
ClC-1 chloride channel 1189, 1190
ClC-1 protein 1187
CLCN1 gene mutations 1187–90
clean intermittent self-catheterization
(CISC) 841
Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 244
clinical trials 10–11, 120–1
double-blinded 128
Index 2113
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clinical trials (cont.)
evaluation 127–8
randomized 128
clinical variables
latent 107
measurement 106–8
CLN genes 1917
clobazam 1278
clodronate 2005
clofibrate 1190–1
clofibric acid 1201
clomipramine 397, 562, 824
clonal deletion 1504
peripheral 1512
clonazepam 948
brainstem myoclonus 528
burning mouth syndrome 941
cerebral palsy 576
cortical myoclonus 525, 526
corticobasal degeneration 497
dystonia 540
essential tremor 518
kinetic tremor 519
myoclonic status in progressive
myoclonic epilepsies 1278
neuropathic pain control 913
orthostatic tremor 518
propriospinal myoclonus 529
REM sleep behaviour disorder 828
segmental spinal myoclonus 529
tic disorders 561
clonidine
migraine prophylaxis 922
opiate withdrawal 438–9
pain control 913
sympathetically maintained pain 948
tic disorders 561
Tourette’s syndrome 561
clonidine–growth hormone testing 782,
783
cloning, positional 17
clopidogrel 1422–3
Clostridium botulinum 1158–9
Clostridium jejuni 653
clozapine 381
dystonia 540
rest tremor 516
tic disorders 561
coarctation of the aorta 1394
cobalamin deficiency 1836, 2046–8
Cobb angle 727, 728
cobblestone dysplasia 186–8
polymicrogyria 187, 188
cobra bite 1155
cocaine 435–7, 1829
activity 435
addiction 1836
acute mechanisms 442
CNS vasculopathy 1553
crack 435, 1829
stroke 1835, 1943
violent crime 1833
craving 436
cue craving 433
dopamine depletion 436
fetal effects 1835–6
GABA neurotransmission 437
norepinephrine depletion 437
olfaction 599
overdose 437
reward effect 435
seizures 1834
serotonin depletion 437
signal transduction changes 436
stroke 1835
cochlea 658, 660
abnormal afferent excitation 665
damage 672
destruction 675
dysfunction in chronic renal failure 1995
innervation 660–1
lesions 670–2
reciprocal interaction 667
cochlear nuclei 661
Cockayne syndrome 1140–1, 1884
cod liver oil extract 1220
codeine 923, 1940
coeliac disease 526
coeliac ganglia 797
coenzyme Q 1222
Huntington’s disease 1907
coenzyme Q10 deficiency 1222
Cogan’s syndrome 1583–4
primary angiitis CNS differential
diagnosis 1552
vasculitis of CNS 1548
cognition mapping 137–8
Cognitive Assessment Screening Test
(CAST) 244
cognitive brain mapping, paradigm design
137–8
cognitive decline/dysfunction
acquired hepatocerebral degeneration
1973–4
AD 260–1
aging-related 242
chronic hepatic encephalopathy 1971
Huntington’s disease 1897
hypothyroidism 2035
Lewy body dementia 268, 274
mild 242–3
multiple sclerosis 1609, 1627
neurofibromatosis type 1 2063
olfactory deficit 604
PD 484
poststroke depression 1374–6
prediction 205
cognitive function
AD 205, 260–1
brain aging 205
brain study 160
chronic renal failure 1989
domains 201–4, 205
lateralization with fMRI 1290–1
localization 1290–1, 1322
maintenance 205
cognitive interventions in attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder 428
cognitive neuroscience, neural basis of
language 322–5
cognitive tasks, fMRI Fig. 1.1
Cohen’s arbitrary criteria 110
coherence 167–8, 169, 170
cohort studies 120
COL3A1 gene mutations 1411
COLA3A1 gene mutations 2072, 2073
colchicine 1102
cold agglutinins 2056
cold allodynia 897, 898
collagenases 1511
collagen–vascular disease 1569–84
ANCA-associated vasculitides 1577–9
systemic vasculitides 1576–7
see also antiphospholipid syndrome;
Behçet’s disease; Churg–Strauss
vasculitis; Cogan’s syndrome;
cryoglobulinemia; microscopic
polyangiitis; polyarteritis nodosa;
Sjögren’s syndrome; systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE); Wegener’s
granulomatosis
collateral sprouting 85–6
colliculus
inferior 662
neglect 341, 343
Collier’s sign 1354–5
2114 Index
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colonic motility inhibition 797
colour
acquired disorders of vision 628
constancy 628
cortical lesion disruption of processing
628
visual loss 627
coma 295
acute renal failure 1987
anoxic 1961
chronic hepatic encephalopathy 1972
fulminant hepatic 1971
hypophosphatemia 2010
myoclonic status 1277–8
paraproteinemia 2055
communication in autism 408
compartment syndrome 1994
compensation in low back pain 766–7
complement 1509
activation 1509, 1595–6
bacterial meningitis 1731
inflammatory brain disease 1598
cascade 1654
pathways 1509
complementarity-determining regions
(CDR) 1506, 1507
see also individual CDs
complementary therapies for pain control
917
complex I, III and IV deficiencies 1222
complex II 1222
complex regional pain syndrome 26
calcitonin 914
neurogenic inflammation 877
sensory symptoms 1084
compound muscle potentials 1990
compression neuropathies
diabetes mellitus 1100
pregnancy 1948
compressive neuropathy, renal
transplantation 1994
compulsions 552
see also obsessive–compulsive disorder
computational neuroscience 10
computed tomography (CT) 4
brain aging 197, 199–200
epilepsy 1288
conceptual priming 312
conduction block 1078
chronic inflammatory demyelinating
polyradiculoneuropathy 1115
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1078, 1111
multifocal motor neuropathy 1116, 1118
multiple sclerosis 1615
conduction velocity, uremic
polyneuropathy 1990
cone snails 1144
confusional states
dialysis dementia 1996
hypophosphatemia 2010
prolonged 1285
systemic lupus erythematosus 1572–3
congenital cataracts, facial dysmorphism,
neuropathy (CCFDN) syndrome
1134
congenital disorders of glycosylation
(CDG) 1919
congenital insensitivity to pain 26, 873
with anhidrosis (CIPA) 1132–3
congestive heart failure
acute renal failure 1988
encephalopathy 1962
connective tissue disease 725, 730
stroke 1411–13
vasculitic neuropathy 1122
connexin(s) 1235
connexin 32 gene mutations 1131
�-conopeptides 878
consciousness 289–300
AD 296
ancillary tests 297–8
attention 293
basilar artery occlusion 1354
central resources 291–2
cerebral blood flow 297
clinical evaluation 292–4
complex 290
components 290
core 290, 291, 292
brain structures 298
emotions 291
neural pattern 298
transient global amnesia 297
definitions 289–90
disorders 294–8
disruption 294
emotion 291, 293
extended 290
disruption with preserved core
consciousness 294
external view 289–90
functions separation 291
homeostasis regulation 298
imaged account 298
images 290
imaging 297
impairment 295
liver transplantation 1976
neuropathological correlates 297–8
internal view 289–90
neural patterns 290
neurobiological consciousness 298–300
non-verbal account 298
purposeful behaviour 293–4
simple 290
types 290–1
wakefulness 292–3
constipation 716
motor neuron disease 1874
constraint-induced forced use 87–8
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
(CAPD) 1100
continuous motor unit activity 1083, 1485
Addison’s disease 2039
continuous positive airway pressure
(CPAP) 822
conus medullaris 716, 719
infarction 720
lesions 719
convergence spasm 654
abducens nerve palsy differential
diagnosis 651
convergence:projection pain referral
theory 951
convulsions
alcohol withdrawal 1817
benign familial
infantile 1251, 1252
neonatal 1241, 1251, 1252
benign neonatal 1262
early onset prolonged febrile 1253
febrile 1268
see also epilepsy
convulsive movements, generalized 1283
copaxone 1543
copolymer-1 (COP-1) 1537–8, 1543
see also glatiramer acetate
copper
metabolism disorder 1978
overload 1882
serum levels 1979
copper chaperones 1850–1
copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1)
mutation 1863, 1868
see also SOD1, mutant
coproporphyria, hereditary 1136
Index 2115
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coproporphyrinogen oxidase 1136
cordotomy, anterolateral 879
corneal grafts 222
corneal reflexes, brain death 353
Cornell Scale for depression in dementia
245
coronary artery bypass surgery
cognitive changes 1957–9
emboli 1959
intraoperative hypotension 1959
postoperative delirium 1956–7
stroke 1955–9
probability Fig. 122.1
coronary artery disease
depression 1963
neurological factors 1963
progeria 2075
psychosocial risk factors 1964–5
coronary spasm 1962
corpus callosotomy 1320
corpus callosum
agenesis
neuropathy 1134
spastic quadriplegia 572
apraxia 468
neglect 341
corpus cavernosa 847
correlation coefficient 106
cortical blindness 626–7
cyclosporin-induced 2084–5
cortical plate formation 178
cortical spreading depression 922
cortico-anal pathway 804
cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CTSC)
circuitry 391, 392
corticobasal degeneration 495–8
atypical phenotypes 497
clinical features 495–6
dementia 495
diagnostic criteria 496
differential diagnosis 497
dystonia 534
familial 497
FTD differential diagnosis 498
imaging 497
Lewy body dementia differential
diagnosis 269
limb-kinetic apraxia 468
multifocal myoclonus of hands 525
neurofibrillary tangles 256
nigrostriatal dopaminergic system
dysfunction 497
pathology 496–7
PD differential diagnosis 489
prevalence 495
prognosis 496
progressive supranuclear palsy
differential diagnosis 492
sporadic condition 497
supranuclear gaze palsy 491
tau-positive inclusions 285
therapy 497–8
corticocortical coherence 168
see also cerebral cortex
corticomedial amygdala 597, 598
corticomuscular coherence 168, 169, 170
corticospinal tract disease 713
corticosteroids
bacterial meningitis 1735
brain edema treatment 2020–1
brain metastases 1465–6
chronic inflammatory demyelinating
polyradiculoneuropathy 1117, 1118
cluster headache 929–30
cyclosporin neurotoxicity 2084
Duchenne muscular dystrophy 1167
immunosuppression for organ
transplantation 2083
inflammatory bowel disease 1980
injections 917
Landau–Kleffner syndrome 1240
multiple sclerosis relapses 1628
myasthenia gravis 1153–4
myopathy 1176
neuropathic pain control 914
pain control 913
pituitary apoplexy 2002
primary angiitis of the central nervous
system 1554, 1555
seizures in viral encephalitis 1669
transverse myelitis 1677
tuberculosis meningitis 1787
corticostriatal circuits 310
corticosubcortical circuit dysfunction
1379
corticotropin-releasing factor (hormone)
(CRF) 368
ACTH stimulation 854
obsessive–compulsive disorder 394
paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus
819
test 864
cough, benign headache 933–4
COX-assembly gene mutations 1930
COX gene mutations 1928, 1929
COX10 gene mutations 1930
CPI1 189 1696
cracked tooth syndrome 941
cramps in motor neuron disease 1873
cranial epidural hemorrhage,
anticoagulant-induced 2054
cranial nerves
abnormalities
hyperadrenalism 2038
hyperthyroidism 2034
hypothyroidism 2036
areflexia 353
deficit in tuberculosis 1700
dysfunction 1392
inflammatory bowel disease 1980
palsy
intracranial hypotension 2028
of lower 1346
sarcoidosis 1559
paraneoplastic syndromes 1476–81
cranial neuropathies
radiation damage 1494
systemic lupus erythematosus 1574
cranial osteosarcoma, radiation-induced
1494
cranial vault
decompression 2023
mechanics 2016
craniocervical junction anomaly 730–2
direct compression 731
craniocervical junction instability 738
craniosynostoses 730
craniovertebral junction anomalies 730–3
causes 731
craving addiction 431
creatine
Huntington’s disease 1907
motor neuron disease 1872
creatine kinase 1207, 1210
reaction 1211
CREB 83, 84, 1436, 1819
CREB-binding protein (CBP) 38, 1906
cretinism 2037
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 1890
accidental transmission 222
amyloid plaques 218
apo-E allele 22
Brownell–Oppenheimer variant 1718
dementia 20
differential diagnosis 224
electroencephalogram 224
2116 Index
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epidemiology 217
familial 215
diagnosis 1724
PrP gene sequencing 224
PrPSc 218
FTD phenotype 498, 504
Heidenhain variant 1718
Huntington’s disease differential
diagnosis 1898
iatrogenic 1717–18
clinical features 1721
diagnosis 1722, 1724
imaging 1723–4, 1725
incidence 217
Lewy body dementia differential
diagnosis 269
methionine homozygotes 1716, 1717
myoclonus 254, 525
neuropathology 217–18
new variant 218, 222, 223, Fig. 15.4
parkinsonian syndrome 504
pathology 217–18, Fig 15.4
phenotype 219
presentation 214
sporadic 215, 216, 217, 1716–17, Fig.
15.4
age at death 1718, 1720
clinical features 1718–19
diagnosis 1722, 1724
imaging 1725
PrPSc 218
signs/symptoms 1719, 1720
variants 1718, 1719, 1721
stroke-like onset 1718
transmission 215
valine homozygotes 1717
variant 1716, 1718, 1721
age at death 1723
clinical features 1721–2
diagnosis 1722–3, 1724
imaging 1725
tonsil biopsy 1724
cribriform plate 595
critical illness polyneuropathy 1101–2
Crohn’s disease 1979
complications 1980
peripheral neuropathy 1101
cromakalim 1202
Crouzon syndrome 730
cryoglobulinemia 1579–80, 2056
peripheral neuropathy 1122
cryoglobulins 1579, 1580, 2056
cryptococcoma 1701, Fig. 103.18
cryptococcosis 1701, Fig 103.18
Cryptococcus neoformans 1657, 1701
CNS infection after organ
transplantation 2086, 2087
renal transplantation complication 1999
CST3 gene mutations 1408
CSTB gene 45
CTG trinucleotide repeats 33
myotonic dystrophy 43
cueing, brain aging 202
Cuprophan membrane 1994–5
cupulolithiasis 685, 686–7
Cushing reflex 351, 1797–8
intracranial hypertension 2020
Cushing’s disease 859–60, 1175
corticosteroid excess 1176
hyponatremia 869
osteopenic disorders of spine 729
polyuria 869
Cushing’s syndrome 367, 859–60
neurological complications 2038–9
cutaneomuscular reflexes (CMR) 735, 736
cutaneous information, postural control
582
cutaneous reflexes, innervation 714
cutaneous signs, spinothalamic tract
715–16
cyanide 504
cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
opiates 438
synaptic plasticity 82, 83
cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
phosphodiesterase 84
cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
response element binding protein
see CREB
cyclin D-associated CDKs 1438
cyclin-dependent kinases 1437
cyclo-oxygenase (COX)
cerebral ischemia 65
deficiency 1222, 1223
inhibition by NSAIDs 909–10
inhibitors in inflammation treatment
880
isoforms 910
cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-deficient
myopathy, benign infantile 1222–3
cyclo-oxygenase 1 (COX-1) 910
non-selective inhibitors 911
cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) 910
cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors 69
non-selective 911
selective 910, 911
paroxysmal hemicrania 931
cyclophilin 2083
cyclophosphamide
Behçet’s disease 1581
chronic inflammatory demyelinating
polyradiculoneuropathy 1117, 1118
cryoglobulinemia 1580
dosage 1534
IgA/IgG neuropathy 1121
immunosuppressive therapy 1533–4
multifocal motor neuropathy 1118–19
multiple sclerosis 1630
myasthenia gravis 1153, 1154
neurosarcoidosis 1565, 1566
POEMS neuropathy 1121
polyarteritis nodosa 1577
polymyositis 1172
primary angiitis of the central nervous
system 1554, 1555
primitive neuroectodermal
tumour/medulloblastoma 1451–2
side effects 1533–4
transverse myelopathy 1574
L-cycloserine 1640
cyclosporin A
Behçet’s disease 1581
chronic inflammatory demyelinating
polyradiculoneuropathy 1117, 1118
hypomagnesemia 2008
immunosuppressive therapy 1532, 1533
myasthenia gravis 1153, 1154
polymyositis 1172
cyclosporin neurotoxicity 2082, 2083–5
diagnosis 2085
management 2086
cyclosporin sirolimus 1532–3, 2083
CYP27 gene 1140
cystatin B
deficiency 1296
gene defect 1887
cysticercosis 1177, 1745, Fig. 107.1–2
epilepsy 1289–90
ocular 1749
cysticidals 1747–8
cystometry 837, 839
cytochrome c 1222
apoptosis 64
cytochrome c oxidase 1923, 1925
deficiency 1929
subunit mutations 1869
Index 2117
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cytokines 1509–10
AD 9
apoptosis 242
astrocyte-derived 1694
bacterial meningitis 1732
cerebral ischemia 65
immune-mediated demyelination 1519
Lyme disease 1762
pro-inflammatory 1613
neural cells 1654
production in CNS 1654
synthesis 1509
traumatic brain injury 1801
see also chemokines
cytomegalic inclusion disease, congenital
1679
cytomegalovirus (CMV)
antigen in epilepsy patients 1240
congenital 1679
encephalitis/retinitis 1701–2
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1110, 1112,
1519, 1679
lumbosacral polyradiculitis 1677
polymicrogyria 189
polyradiculitis 1085
renal transplantation complication
1999
West syndrome 1263
cytotoxic agents 1531–4
cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)
clearance of viral infection 1656
HTLV-1 1711
virus-specific 1653
D2 receptors in schizophrenia 379
Dalrymple’s sign 2034
danaparoid 1366
date rape drugs 1831
Datura stramonium abuse 1833
DDAVP see desmopressin
o,p-DDD, Cushing’s disease 860
deafness 1679
death declaration 353–4
death receptors 65
debrancher deficiency see glycogen
debrancher deficiency
debranching enzyme 1218
decompression sickness 725
decorin binding proteins A and B 1755
deep brain stimulation (DBS) 170
dystonia 542–3
epilepsy 1321
essential myoclonus 527
essential tremor 519
PD 484–5, 514
rest tremor 516
deep brain surgery 398
deep infarction 1356
deep vein thrombosis (DVT) 1368
degenerative disc disease 765
dehydroepiandosterone 1231
Dejerine–Sottas disease 1131
delayed phase sleep syndrome 825
delirium
mood disorders 369–70
postoperative 1956–7
delirium tremens 517, 1817
barbiturate withdrawal 1830
Delta protein 56
Delta32 1686
delusions, poststroke 1379–80
demeclocycline 868–9
dementia 3
activities of daily living 245
adult-onset 20–2
single gene 21
aging 237–46
alcoholic 1823
aphasia 325
assessment scales 243–5
Borrelia burgdorferi 1758
clinical evaluation 245
compulsive rituals 389
corticobasal degeneration 495
definition 243
degenerative 245
depression assessment 244–5
diagnosis 243–6
dialysis 1996–7, 1998
differential diagnosis 245–6
drug abuse 1835
drugs delaying 243
DSM-IV criteria 243
environmental risk factors 243
epidemiology 124, 243
etiology 245
extrapyramidal 245
focal cortical 245
frontal lobe 269
functional imaging 140, 141
genetic basis 243
HIV 1685, 1688, 1690–6
hypothyroidism 2035–6
incidence 243
investigations 245
lacking distinctive histology 245
lifetime risk 242
mood disorders 369–70
motor neuron disease 1866
multi-infarct 20, 246
Lewy body dementia differential
diagnosis 269
normal pressure hydrocephalus 2026
obsessive–compulsive disorder
differential diagnosis 389
parkinsonism 254
PD 221
prevalence 243
progressive 245
pugilistica 489
radiation 1492
risk factors 246
screening 243–5
semantic 286, 323
smell impairment 599
static 245
of unknown etiology 243
vascular 245–6
see also Alzheimer’s disease;
frontotemporal dementia (FTD);
Lewy body dementia
demyelinating neuropathies 1086, 1114
immune-mediated 1078
perivenular inflammatory cells 1595
progression 1093
progressive multifocal
leukoencephalopathy 1702, Fig.
103.19
systemic lupus erythematosus 1573–4
demyelinating polyradiculopathy
acute inflammatory 1111, 1113
chronic inflammatory 1114–18, 1134
chronic inflammatory
polyradiculoneuropathy 1514
demyelination 1079
alcoholic neuropathy 1823–4
animal models 1517
cellular infiltration of CNS 1595–7
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1112–13
immune-mediated
CNS 1516–18, 1519
pathogenesis 1527
peripheral nervous system 1518–20
immunotherapy for prevention 1948
metachromatic leukodystrophy 1137
microglia 1597
2118 Index
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motor neuron disease 1868
multiple sclerosis 1599–601, 1610
multiple sclerosis pathogenesis
1599–601
primary 1078
dendrimers 228–9
dendrites 1075, 1076
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1845
protein synthesis 10
schizophrenia 377
dendritic cells 1508
dendritic remodelling 86–7
denervation supersensitivity 84–5
dengue virus 1677
dental trauma 943
dentate gyrus 57–8
dentatorubro-pallidoluysian atrophy
33–4, 35, 1885, 1890, 1919
Huntington’s disease differential
diagnosis 1898
progressive myoclonic epilepsy 525,
1296
protein misprocessing 222
trinucleotide repeat expansions 42
depolarization, node of Ranvier 1595
deprenyl 561
depression
amygdala 369
anatomy 368–70
anorexia nervosa 809
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
423
cardiac surgery 1959
comorbidity with medical illness 366
coronary artery disease 1963
dementia assessment 244–5
electroencephalogram 828
epidemiology 364
frontal lobes 369
GABA studies 153–5
grey matter volume of prefrontal cortex
5
Huntington’s disease 1897, 1906
Lewy body dementia 269
limbic system 369
migraine 959–60
multiple sclerosis 124, 1537, 1609–10,
1626
obsessive–compulsive disorder
comorbidity 389–90
parkinsonian syndromes 779
PD 484, 831
poststroke 369, 1371, 1372, 1373–6
anatomical correlates 1373–4
apathy 1379
cognitive impairment 1374–6
cognitive recovery 1376
diagnosis 1371, 1373
DSM-IV 1371, 1373
duration 1373
epidemiology 1371, 1372
laterality 1373–4
mechanism 1374
minor 1373
physical impairment association 1374
treatment 1375
serotonergic neurotransmitter system
imaging 135
sleep disorders 828–30
with somatic features 388
stress response 367–8
systemic lupus erythematosus 1573
Tourette’s syndrome 553, 554, 555
transformed migraine 956
treatment 366–7
ventricular tachycardia 1964
depressive syndromes 364
clinical features 364–5
dermal sinuses 734
dermatomal pain 1678
dermatomes 715, 727
dermatomyositis 1172–3, Fig. 70.10
cancer incidence 1476
complement cascade 1509
inflammatory bowel disease 1980
myopathy 1176
paraneoplastic 1484–5
desipramine
pain control 912
Tourette’s syndrome 561
desmopressin 867
detrusor hyperreflexia treatment 840
detrusor areflexia 834
detrusor hyperreflexia 837
absence seizures 834
head injury 834
incomplete bladder emptying 841
intravesical agents 840–1
management algorithm 842
Parkinson’s disease 834
spinal cord disease 835
treatment 840–1
detrusor sphincter 835
developed world 3–4
developing world 3–4
Devic’s neuromyelitis optica
azathioprine 1630
multiple sclerosis differential diagnosis
1624
dexamethasone
brain metastases 1466
neurocysticercosis 1748–9
Dexedrine see dextroamphetamine
dextroamphetamine 427
narcolepsy 824
dextromethorphan 914
diabetes insipidus 865–6
brain death 351
central 866
differential diagnosis 866
management 867
nephrogenic 866
pituitary surgery 869
pituitary tumours 866
diabetes mellitus
autonomic failure 786, 787
compression neuropathies 1100
foot problems 786
gene identification 18
juvenile-onset 25, 229
mitochondrial disorders 1927
neuropathic ulcers 873
protein misprocessing 229
smell impairment 599
stroke prevention 1420
taste dysfunction 618
type II 229
diabetic amyotrophy 1097, 1098–9
diabetic autonomic neuropathy 779
diabetic ketoacidosis
hypomagnesemia 2008
hypophosphatemia 2009
diabetic mononeuropathies 1099–100
diabetic neuropathy 1097–100
autonomic dysfunction 1086
clinical pain 873
polyneuropathy 1097–8
uremic 1993–4
proximal 1097, 1098–9
sexual dysfunction 845–6
truncal 1100
urinary bladder dysfunction 836
diabetic ophthalmoplegia 1099
diabetic polyneuropathy 1082, 1097–8
acute 1098
progression 1092–3
Index 2119
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diabetic thoracoabdominal neuropathy
1100
diacylglycerol (DAG) 1436
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (4th edition) see
DSM-IV
dialysis
acute renal failure 1988–9
chronic renal failure 1989
complications 1996–9
continuous ambulatory peritoneal
(CAPD) 1100
dementia 1996–7, 1998
disequilibrium 1997–8
myopathy 1177
uremic polyneuropathy 1992–3
3,4-diaminopyridine 1157, 1158
botulism 1159
diastematomyelia 734
diatoms 1810
diazepam
absence status 1276
cerebral palsy 576
delirium tremens 1817
motor neuron disease 1873, 1875
seizures in viral encephalitis 1669
tonic–clonic status epilepticus 1274
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)
1190
dideoxynucleosides 1697–8
diencephalic regions, declarative memory
306
diet, healthy in stroke primary prevention
1416
diffusion–perfusion mismatch 4
dihydroergotamine see ergotamine
L-dihydroxyphenylserine 786
dilantin 1798
diltiazem 965
dimenhydrinate 1940
DIMOAD 1887
dinoflagellates 1809, 1810
diphenhydramine 1874
diphenoxylate 1153
2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DGP) 2009,
2010
diphtheria, swallowing disruption 802
diplopia
chiasmal syndrome 625
clinical testing 648–9
cover tests 648–9
monocular 630, 648
myasthenia gravis 654
vestibular system abnormalities 1350
dipole model, equivalent 166
dipyridamole 1423
disability measures 113
disc(s)
degenerative disease 763–5
protrusion in cervical radiculopathy
743
stimulation test 750–1
whiplash 749
discogenic pain 748
disease modifying treatments 11
disequilibrium syndromes 586–7, 681
see also vertigo
disinhibition-dementia-parkinsonism-
amyotrophy complex 498
disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10
(ADAM 10) 1845, 1852
disopyramide, autonomic dysfunction
787
disseminated intravascular coagulation
(DIC) 2054, 2057, 2058
distal myopathies 1168–9
distal watering hypothesis 1082–3
distributed cortical surface model 166
disulfiram
alcoholism treatment 441
sensory–motor polyneuropathy 1102
diuresis, osmotic 866
diuretics
hypomagnesemia 2008
thiazide 867
divalproex sodium 965, 966
divergence paresis 651
DM-20 protein 1640
DMPK gene 43, 1200
DNA
damage and nucleotide excision repair
systems 33
defective repair-associated progressive
ataxias 1883–4
fingerprinting 32
fragmentation 64
metabolic disorder 2045–6
repair defects 1140–1
replication and strand-slippage 33
testing 6
docosahexaenoic acid deficiency 1220
dolichol, urinary sedimentary 1296
domperidone 923
donepezil 262
dopamine
deficiency in PD 479
depletion
by cocaine 436
in putamen 481
extracellular in nucleus acumbens 431,
432
inhibition by opiates 438
neurons 433–4
neurotransmission disruption 437
stimulant reward 435
transporter 435
dopamine agonist therapy
neglect 343
neuroprotection 483
obsessive–compulsive disorder 394
PD 483
prolactinoma 857–8
tic disorders 561
dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency
785–6
dopamine D4 gene 20
dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
378–9
dopamine neurons, alcohol action 440–1
dopamine neurotransmitter system 440
dopamine projections, ascending 342
dopamine receptor agonists
Huntington’s disease 1906
parkinsonism 504
rest tremor 516
dopamine receptors
dystonia 537
postsynaptic 435–6
schizophrenia 379
dopaminergic agents 539–40
dopaminergic agonists
periodic limb movement disorder 826
restless legs syndrome 826
sexual function 844
dopaminergic pathways
obsessive–compulsive disorder 393–4
receptor mapping 131
ventral tegmental area 1374
dorsal column 889
nuclei 889
stimulation 917
dorsal horn 873–5, Fig. 85.2
inputs 879
laminae 874, 885, Fig. 58.2, Fig. 58.12
anterior–lateral system 888
neurons
2120 Index
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injury 884
peripheral inflammation 883–4
outputs 879
dorsal motor nucleus 796
swallowing 800
dorsal root ganglia 1075
paraneoplastic syndromes 1481–2
dorsal root ganglion cells 1084
dorsal–ventral signalling centres 55
doublecortin (DCX) gene 184, 185
Down’s syndrome
AD manifestations 256
cerebral amyloid angiopathy 1408
craniovertebral junction anomalies 732
ligamentous laxity 732
doxepin
chronic daily headache 965
pain control 912
doxorubicin 542
dreaming 820
nightmares 827
REM sleep 820
drop attacks 1283
drowning 2025
DRPLA gene 35, 1890
drug abuse/addiction
acute mechanisms 442
altered mentation 1835
anticholinergic drugs 1833
barbiturates 1830–1
central stimulants 435–7
chronic pain 909
dementia 1835
drug-induced psychosis 374
ethanol use 1834, 1835
fetal effects 1835–6
hallucinogens 1831–2
HIV infection 1834
HTLV infection 1834
infection 1833–4
inhalants 1832
neural changes in brain 7
neurobiology 431–42
neurological complications 1833–4
neurological consequences 1827–36
opiates 1827–8
phencyclidine 1832–3
psychic dependence 1827
psychostimulants 1828–30
relapse 436
reward circuit 433–5
seizures 1834
sensitization 436
stroke 1834–5
tobacco use 1834, 1835
trauma 1833
treatment 442
tuberculosis 1834
withdrawal 431, 630
see also individual named drugs
drugs, therapeutic
aseptic meningitis 1663
autonomic dysfunction 787, 789
chronic pain 909
dysphagia 802
intoxication 687
metabolism 129
ototoxic 671
proconvulsant 1255, 1256
psychotropic 1255
radioligand challenge studies, 135
risk categories in pregnancy 1940, 1941
tolerance 1827
DSM-III criteria 1376
DSM-IV criteria
AD 259
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
422
autism 407
bulimia nervosa 810
dementia criteria 243
generalized anxiety disorder 1376
obsessive–compulsive disorder 389
poststroke depression 1371, 1373
schizophrenia 374, 375
Tourette’s syndrome 553
Duane’s retraction syndrome 649–50, 735
Duchenne muscular dystrophy 14, 1165–6
Galtonian model 16–17
Mendelian model 16, 17
neuromuscular scoliosis 729
ductus arteriosus, patent 186
dura, arteriovenous fistula 1400, 1402, 1403
dura mater grafts 222
dural sinus thrombosis 2025
dwarfism, short-limbed 730
dynamic imaging of coherent sources
(DICS) 167
dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC)
perfusion MRI 136
dynatomes, cervical radicular pain 745–6
dysarthria
chronic hepatic encephalopathy
1972–3
motor neuron disease 1873
dysarthria–clumsy hand syndrome 1356,
1358
dysautonomia
acute/subacute 780
cholinergic 780
familial 784–5
dyschromatopsia 628
dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour
1289
focal cortical dysplasia association 182
dysesthesia
cutaneous 715
peripheral neuropathy 1092
vesticular system abnormalities 1350
dysferlin protein 1169
dysfibrinogenemia 2057
dysgeusia 614
idiopathic 618
dyslexia, neurocognitive basis 5
dysmetropsia 629
dysnomia 322
aphasia 318
dysosmia 597, 603
dysostosis 729–30
dysphagia
management 803
motor neuron disease 1873
neurogenic 801
Parkinson’s disease 801
stroke 802–3
videofluoroscopy 803
dysproteinemic neuropathies 1093, 1096
dyssomnias 821–6
dysthymia 365
dystonia 532–44
animal models 537–8
basal ganglia dysfunction 539
bulbar 1978
cerebral blood flow 538
cervical 533–4, 542
classification 532
dopa-responsive 533, 536, 539–40, 574,
1919
epidemiology 535
focal 533–4
generalized torsion
early-onset 533
idiopathic 533, 535–6
genetic 574
genetics 535–6
idiopathic 574
Index 2121
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dystonia (cont.)
imaging 537
metal deposition 536
myoclonic 527, 533
neurochemistry 537–8
oromandibular 535
pathology 536–7
physiology 538–9
post-hemiplegic 535
primary 533
psychogenic 535
reciprocal inhibition 538
secondary 534–5
sensory system abnormalities 539
signs/symptoms 532, 533
striatal gliosis 536
surgery 542
treatment 539–43
dystonia-parkinsonism 534, 536
dystroglycan 1145, 1164, 1166, 1168
dystrophin 14, 1164, 1165, 1166
mutations 1166
proteinopathies 1166–8
dystrophinopathies 1165–6
DYT1 gene mutation 536
E-selectin 1516
E6–AP gene 39
Eagle’s syndrome 947
ear
external 658, 670
inner 658, 659, 660–1
disorders 670–2
middle 658, 659, 940
disorders 670
pain 940
surgery and taste dysfunction 616–17
see also hearing loss
eating disorders 808–13
cholecystokinin 812
leptin 812–13
neurobiology 811–13
see also anorexia nervosa; bulimia
nervosa
echolalia
aphasia 319
autism 408
eclampsia
cerebral vasculitis 1255
pregnancy 1946–7
ecological fallacy 120
ecological studies 119–20
ecstasy 439–40, 1829
Edinger–Westphal nucleus 1355
edrophonium 1150
education
AD risk 253
dementia risk 243
effornithine 1750
EGR2 gene mutation 1131, 1132
EGR2/Krox 20 gene mutation 1130
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome 2072–3
arterial dissection 2073
carotid–cavernous fistula 2072
genetics 2073
intracranial aneurysm 2072, 2073
type IV 1411
Ehrlichia 1763
ejaculation 843
Ekbom syndrome 2045
elastance, intracranial 2016–17
elderly people, therapeutics 129–30
electrical potentials, brain death 354–5
electrocochleogram (ECochG) 667
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) 367
obsessive–compulsive disorder 397–8
electrodynamic/hemodynamic measures
combination 166–7, Fig. 12.7
electroencephalography (EEG) 160
abnormal findings 1286
aging 238
ambulatory 1286
attention in visual perception 161, Fig.
12.1–12.3
autism 412, 413
brain death 354
cardiac arrest 1961
cerebral changes 1963
cognitive brain function 160
coherence studies 167–8, 169, 170
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 224
epilepsy 1285–7
idiopathic generalized 1286–7
partial 1287
photosensitivity 1286, 1287
high resolution 81
infantile spasms 1287
memory function 161–2, Fig. 12.4
normal findings 1286
parallel processing 165
recording techniques 1285–6
sequential cerebral processing stages
162–3, 164, 165
sleep 816
sporadic CJD 1723, 1725
temporal lobe seizures 1314
wakefulness 292–3
electrolyte balance in renal disease
2000–2
acute renal failure 1988
myopathy with renal failure 1995
electromagnetic activity, intracranial
sources 166
electromyelogram
anal sphincter 838
multiple system atrophy 840
single fibre 1150, 1151
urethral sphincter 838
electron-transfer flavoprotein (ETF)
deficiency 1221
Elk-1 transcription factor 1436
embolism
coronary artery bypass surgery 1959
mitral stenosis 1953
mitral valve prolapse 1953–4
stroke 1345
emotion
consciousness 293
core consciousness 291
neurophysiological properties 1329
emotional syncope see vasovagal syncope
empty sella syndrome 861
EMX2 homeobox gene 181
encephalitis
cytomegalovirus 1701–2
herpes simplex 1287
lead 1806
paraneoplastic syndromes 1480–1
Rasmussen’s 1240, 1259, 1278
saccadic oscillations 643
varicella zoster virus 1676
viral 1253, 1666, 1667, 1668–9
clinical manifestations 1667–8
CSF 1653
syndromes 1669–73
encephalitis lethargica 221, 478, 489, 490,
504
waking state 817
encephalomalacia, multicystic 572
encephalomyelitis
acute disseminated 1668
chronic progressive in Lyme disease
1757–8
experimental autoimmune (EAE) 1517,
1611
monophasic postinfectious 721
2122 Index
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postviral 1673–5
syndrome 1482
see also acute disseminated
encephalomyelitis
encephalopathy
anoxic 1159
West syndrome 1263
congestive heart failure 1962
early-infantile epileptic 1266
EEG 1287
HIV 1690–6
hypertensive 1947
hyponatremic 867
hypoxic–ischemic 575
epilepsy 1253
ischemic with raised intracranial
pressure 1385
lead 1832
Lyme disease 1757–8, 1760
mitochondrial 525, 1266
neurogastrointestinal 1924, 1931
neonatal 1912–13
posthypoxic 525
progressive of childhood 1913–14
rejection 1999
sulfasalazine-induced hypersensitivity
vasculitis 1980
uremic 1987–9
viral encephalitis differential diagnosis
1668
see also hepatic encephalopathy;
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
end-plate potentials 1144, 1163
endarteritis, obliterative 1767
endocarditis
drug abuse 1833
emboli 1943
infectious aneurysms 1393
atrial myxoma 1955
infective 1954
Libman–Sacks 2058
non-bacterial thrombotic (NBTE) 2058
endocrine disease 2033–40
endometriosis, low back pain 762
endonuclease 1688
�-endorphin 854
endorphins 440
endostatin 1439
endothelial cells
blood–brain barrier 1508
tight junctions 1655
endothelium
cerebrovascular tone 1338
immune cell trafficking 1516
endotoxins, bacterial 1732
endovascular embolization 1403
�-enolase deficiency 1217
ENT-1 nucleoside transporter 1819
enteric nervous system 795
enteroviruses
diagnosis 1662, 1664
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1679
meningitis 1662, 1665–6
diagnosis 1666
management 1664–5
entorhinal area 597, 598
entorhinal cortex 305, 306
entrainment 818
disorders 824–5
environmental toxins 1805–11
aquatic 1809–11
clinician roles 1811
olfactory deficit 605
see also chemical toxins; lead poisoning;
manganese
eosinophilic granuloma 2000
ependymoma 1434
brain tumour of childhood 1452–3
chemotherapy 1452–3
hypothalamic 855, 861
infants 1457–8
myxopapillary variant 1434
neurofibromatosis type 1 2062
postoperative tumour staging 1452
radiotherapy 1452
surgical resection 1452
ephedrine, CNS vasculopathy 1553
ephrins 89, 91, 94
epidemiology 118
study design/interpretation 119–22
epidermal growth factor 1594
neuronal growth 1593
stem cell requirements 59
tyrosine kinase receptor pathways 1435
epidural abscess 1737–9, 1738, Fig. 106.5
clinical features 1738–9
etiology 1738
pathology/pathogenesis 1738
treatment 1739
epilepsia partialis continua 1259, 1278–9
epilepsy
absence 1236–9
atypical 1264, 1281
childhood 1249, 1262
juvenile 1262
myoclonic 1266
spike-waves 1236–9
typical 1281
acidification 1235
acquired factors 1253, 1254, 1255
AD 1255
adverse drug reaction avoidance 1302
alcohol 1255
arteriovenous malformations 1255
autism 412, 413, 1255
autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal
lobe 1250, 1251, 1252
autosomal recessive rolandic with
paroxysmal exercise-induced
dystonia and writer’s cramp 1251,
1253
bacterial meningo-encephalitis 1253
behavioural assessment 1293
benign myoclonic in infants 1262
benign neonatal type 1 6
benign occipital 1287
benign of childhood
with centro-temporal spikes 1249,
1258
with occipital paroxysms 1258
benign rolandic 1283, 1287
benign self-remitting seizure disorders
1303
biochemical screen 1293
biopsies 1297
blood count 1293
blood investigations 1296–7
brain injury 1234
calcium-controlling genes 1241
calcium ion channels 1233–4
cardiac investigations 1293
cavernous angioma 1255
cellular basis 1229–42
central region 1260
cerebral abscess 1253
cerebral tumours 1253
cerebrovascular disease 1255
childhood absence 1249
classification of syndromes 1255–7,
1257–8
clinical features of
neurological/cognitive decline
1294
clinical spectrum 1248–68
continuous spike-and-waves during
slow wave sleep 1267
Index 2123
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epilepsy (cont.)
contralateral limb function loss 1320
convulsive movements 1283
cortical malformations 1253, 1254
cryptogenic 1256, 1263–4, 1265, 1266
partial 1261
CT 1288
cysticercosis 1289–90, 1746, 1749
differential diagnosis 1281
early-infantile encephalopathy 1266
EEG 1285–7
epidemiology 124–5, 1248, 1249, 1250
etiology 1250, 1251, 1252–3, 1254, 1255,
1256
excitation 1230
excitation/inhibition imbalance
1229–30
extrasynaptic mechanisms 1235–6
familial clustering 23
familial nocturnal frontal lobe 1240,
1241
familial temporal lobe 1251, 1252
focal 1255–6, 1257–61
focal cortical dysplasia 182
frontal lobe 1260
functional imaging 131
GABA 1230–3
studies 153–5
GABAergic neurons 1232–3
generalized 1255, 1257, 1261–3
with febrile seizures plus 1251, 1252
with febrile seizures plus type 2 6
idiopathic 1253, 1261–3
with generalized tonic–clonic seizures
1249
genes 1240–1
genetic factors 1250, 1251, 1252–3
grand mal seizure on awakening 1262
HD 1255
head injury 1253, 1255
hearing-induced 1259
hemiconvulsion–hemiparesis 1253
herpes encephalitis 1253
hippocampus 1233, 1235
sclerosis 1253, 1260, 1288
HIV infection 1253
hybrid depth electrodes 1326, 1327,
1328
hyperpolarization 1236
hyperthyroidism 2033
hypocalcemia 1255
hyponatremia 1255
hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy
1253
iatrogenic causes 1294–5
ictal electrographic patterns 1286
ictal hyperperfusion 131
ictal transition 1236
idiopathic 1256
generalized 1261–3, 1286–7
grand mal 23
partial 1257–9
IgA 1239
imaging 1287–92, 1296, 1316, 1317,
1319
inborn errors of metabolism 1293–4
infections 1253
inheritance 1240, 1250
multifactorial 1253
inherited forms 6, 23, 24
inhibition 1229, 1230–3
interictal activity 1236
interictal epileptiform discharges 1286
investigations 1285–94
juvenile
absence 1262
myoclonic 23, 1249, 1253, 1262
lobar 1259–61
magnetencephalography 165
magnetic resonance spectroscopy 151
medical intractability 1315–16
memory assessment 1293
mental handicap assessment 1293
mesial temporal lobe syndrome 1253
metabolic factors 1255
mood assessment 1293
mortality 1248
moyamoya disease 1408
MRI 1287–91, 1317
cavernomas 1290
functional 1290–1
granulomas 1289–90
indications 1288
malformations of cortical
development 1289
structural cerebral abnormalities
1288–90
surgical evaluation 1290
multidisciplinary research techniques
1328–9
multiple sclerosis 1255
multiple subpial transections 1320
myoclonic
early 1266
severe of infancy 1267
with myoclonic absences 1266
myoclonic–astatic 1264, 1266
natural history 1248–9
neural tube defects 1945
neurological disease 1255
neuromodulators 1233
neuronal synchrony 1233
neurophysiology 1296
neuropsychological assessment 1292–3
neurotransmitters 1233
non-epileptiform abnormalities 1286
occipital lobe 1261
parietal lobe 1260–1
partial 1255–6, 1257
and generalized seizures 1267
idiopathic 1257–9
with secondary generalized
tonic–clonic seizures 1249
symptomatic 1259–61
patient assessment 1281–97
cognitive decline 1294–7
data interpretation 1293
diagnosis 1281–5
individual potential assessment 1292
investigations 1285–94
neurological decline 1294–7
periventricular heterotopia 185–6
PET 1292
pharmacodependent 1249
pharmacological factors 1255, 1256
pharmacoresistant 1250
pharmacosensitive 1249
pharmacotherapy 1301–11
photosensitive 1262–3
polyopia 630
post-traumatic 1240
pregnancy 1945–6
presurgical neuropsychological
evaluation 1293
primary generalized 1278
primary reading 1258–9
prognosis 1249–50
progressive myoclonic 525, 1266, 1295
causes 1296
myoclonic status 1278
neurophysiology 1296
prolonged confusional state 1285
proton magnetic resonance
spectroscopy 1291
pyridoxine dependency 1253
relapse rate 1249
2124 Index
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relapse risk 1311
Rett’s syndrome 1255
seizures
frequency fluctuations 1310
precipitated by specific modes of
activation 1262–3
single 1302–3
with specific modes of presentation
1259
sexual dysfunction 844
single gene 1250, 1251, 1252–3
SISCOM scanning 1316
sodium channels 1234
special syndromes 1267–8
SPECT 1291
spike-waves 1236
spontaneously benign 1249
startle 528
startle-induced 1259
subclinical activity control 1301–2
sudden unexplained death syndrome
1248
surgery 1313–30
access to brain 1325
anesthesia 1317
complications 1319
corpus callosotomy 1320
curative 1314–15
epidemiology 1314–15
extratemporal 1319
gamma knife radiosurgery 1321–2
intraoperative recording 1317
medical intractability 1315–16
outcome 1320
palliative 1314–15
patient evaluation 1315–16
preoperative evaluation 1316
procedures 1314
research 1322–6, 1327, 1328–30
resected tissue investigation 1329–30
resection strategy 1319–20
seizure focus 1325
site determination 1319
temporal lobe resection 1315,
1317–19
types 1317–22
vagal nerve stimulation 1321
susceptibility loci 23, 25
symptomatic 1256
generalized 1263–4, 1265, 1266–7
T cells 1239
taste dysfunction 617–18
temporal lobe 165, 1240, 1259–60
chronic 1232
EEG 1287, 1314
hippocampus 1235
hypometabolism 1292
lateral 1260
medial entorhinal cortex cell loss
1233
medical intractability 1315
mesial 1260, 1317
mesial radiosurgery 1321–2
neocortical 1260
resection 1315, 1317–19
toxic factors 1255
transient focal motor and sensory
attacks 1283
tuberculoma 1289–90
tuberous sclerosis complex 2067
urinary incontinence 834
urine studies 1296
vestibular 689, 690
vigabatrin 153–4, 155
viral DNA 1240
viral encephalitis 1253
visual sensitive 1262–3
Wada testing of language laterality 1316
wellbeing assessment 1293
without unequivocal generalized/focal
features 1267
see also anti-epileptic drugs;
convulsions; deep brain
stimulation (DBS); Landau–Kleffner
syndrome; Lennox–Gastaut
syndrome; progressive myoclonic
epilepsy type 1; seizures; status
epilepticus; West syndrome
epileptic automatisms
awakeness 293
consciousness 295–6
seizures 295
epileptic fugue 295
epileptic syndromes 1257–61
epileptiform activity
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
426
ictal/interictal 1290
epileptiform neuron, disordered 1233
epileptogenesis 1234–5
apoptosis 1235
prevention 1302
episodic ataxia 6, 37, 1891
type 1 (EA1) and type 2 (EA2) 1891
episodic control disorders 553, 554, 555
epitope spreading 1543
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)
CNS infection after organ
transplantation 2087
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1110, 1679
multiple sclerosis 1615
optic neuritis 1674
primary CNS lymphoma 1703
renal transplantation complication
1999
transverse myelitis 1677
erectile dysfunction
multiple system atrophy 840
Parkinson’s disease 844
treatment 847–8
erections, psychogenic/reflexogenic 842
ergot alkaloids 923
ergotamine
brainstem binding 963
cluster headache 929, 930
derivatives 483
overuse 958, 963
overuse syndrome treatment 967
transformed migraine 964
erythema migrans 1756–7
erythrocytes
indices 2044
magnesium measurement 2009
erythromycin 1995
esmolol 1387
esophageal sphincter, lower/upper 798
esophagus 798
esotropia 649
estrogens
brain aging 242
nervous system effects 1939
protective effects for neurodegenerative
disease 11
ETF:CoQ10 oxidoreductase (ETFDH)
deficiency 1221
ethambutol
optic neuropathy 624
tuberculosis 1701, 1785, 1786
ethanol
clinical pharmacology 1814
hydrophobic binding pocket 1818
intoxication 1814–16
pathophysiology 1818–20
withdrawal syndrome 1816–17
ethchlorvynol overdose 1831
ethics, clinical trials 120
Index 2125
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ethopropazine 483
ethylene glycol toxicity 1988
etoposide 1452
eugenics 106
euphoria in multiple sclerosis 1610
event-related potentials (ERPs) 160
event-related responses 669
evoked potentials 1622
evoked waveforms, tract tracing methods
1323–4
exchange transfusion 2053
excitation in epilepsy 1229–30
excitation–contraction coupling 1198
excitatory amino acid transporter 2
(EAAT2) 1869, 1870
excitatory post-synaptic potentials
(EPSPs) 878
hippocampal pyramidal neuron 1230
excitotoxic substances 8
excitotoxicity
cerebral ischemia 66, 67, 68–70, 72–3
damage and oligodendrocyte sensitivity
1598
executive function
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
424–5
brain aging 203
deficit in multiple sclerosis 1608
obsessive–compulsive disorder 392
exercise intolerance 1209
exertional muscle injury 1212
glycogenoses causing 1214, 1216–18
lipid metabolism disorders causing
1218–20
muscle cramps 1211–12
muscle pain 1212
myoglobinuria 1212
myopathy 1928–9
protein-coding gene mutations 1928–9
respiratory chain defects 1222
rhabdomyolysis 1212
exertional fatigue
abnormal 1209
normal 1209–10
exotic ungulate encephalopathy 216
exotropia 649
Expanded Disability Rating Scale 108, 109
experimental autoimmune
encephalomyelitis (EAE) 1517,
1611
experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN)
1518–19
external ventricular drainage 1384
exteroceptive suppression 962
extinction
pathophysiology 336
reciprocal inhibition 336
tests 331–2
extradural hematoma 1797
extradural space metastases 723
extralemniscal system 663
extramedullary meningioma 723
extramedullary neurofibroma 723
extraocular muscles 646
extrapyramidal disturbance 1972
eye(s)
anemia 2044
deviation 333
wrong-way 1384
pain 939–40
see also vision; visual entries
eye movement
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
425
axes of rotation 646
cerebellar influences 640, 642
chronic hepatic encephalopathy 1973
constant velocity drift 644
control 634–54
corticobasal degeneration 496
downward 638
horizontal conjugate 635, 636, 637
innervation patterns 634
neglect 342
progressive supranuclear palsy 491
representational defects 339
torsional 638
upward 638
vestibular 642
see also gaze; saccades/saccadic eye
movements
eyeblink conditioning, classical delay 311
eyelid apraxia 473
Fabry disease 1139, 1919
stroke 1410
faces
recognition 628
visual loss 627
facial angiofibroma 2065, 2066
facial diplegia 649
facial motor nucleus 800
facial nerve
neuritis 947
taste buds innervation 611, 613
vasodilatation 1342
facial nerve palsy
cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities 1558
inflammatory bowel disease 1980
sarcoidosis 1559–60
facial neuropathy
idiopathic 1099–100
radiation-induced 1494
facial pain
neuropathic 941
vesticular system abnormalities 1350
facial palsy
hyperacusis 665
shingles 1678
Factor II 2059
Factor V Leiden
hemiplegic cerebral palsy 573
pre-eclampsia 573
protein C resistance 2057
Factor VII 2059
Factor VIII deficiency 2051
Factor IX 2059
deficiency 2051
Factor X
activation 2058
hypercoagulable state 2059
Factor XI deficiency 2051
Factor XII (Hageman factor) deficiency
2057
falls
carotid sinus hypersensitivity 788
patterns 586
progressive supranuclear palsy 491,
493, 494
familial amyloid polyneuropathy see
amyloid polyneuropathy, familial
familial dysautonomia see Riley–Day
syndrome
familial fatal insomnia (FFI) 26, 215, 1717
clinical features 1720
PrPSc 218
family grouping of neurological diseases
15
Fanconi syndrome 2000
Fas ligand 65, 1506, 1511
fasciculations, motor neuron disease 1865
fasL suppression 70
fast channel syndrome 1157
fat
emboli 1944
oxidation 1208
2126 Index
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fatal insomnia
sporadic 219
see also familial fatal insomnia (FFI)
fatigue
exertional 1209–10
motor neuron disease 1865, 1873
multiple sclerosis 1626
see also chronic fatigue syndrome;
exercise intolerance
fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase 1644
fecal incontinence 804–5
feline spongiform encephalopathy 216
fenoprofen 966
fentanyl overdose 1828
fertile soil hypothesis 1463
fetal alcohol syndrome 1824
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
423
autism 409
fetal striatal cell transplantation in
Huntington’s disease 1907
fetus, brain death 356
feverfew, migraine prophylaxis 922
fibrillation potentials 1990
fibrinogen gene 25
fibrinolytic abnormalities 2057
fibroblast growth factor 702
brain tumour angiogenesis 1438
tyrosine kinase receptor pathways 1435
fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) 1593,
1594
fibromuscular dysplasia
aneurysms 1394
stroke 1345
fibromyalgia
depression 366
exteroceptive suppression 962
low back pain 763
fibrous dysplasia, auditory nerve damage
672
Filamin 1 protein 186
filum terminale, tight 734
finger movement
manipulating 464
motor vocabulary 472
fish-kill events 1810, 1811
FK506 2082
flavivirus 1763
flecainide 914
flexible endoscopic evaluation of
swallowing (FEES) 803
FLICE-inhibitory protein (FLIP) 70
FLN1 gene 185, 186
flocculus, visual tracking 640, 642
fluconazole 1701
flucytosine 1701
fluid balance
acute renal failure 1988
myopathy with renal failure 1995
flumenazil 1831
flunarizine
chronic daily headache 965
hypnic headache 935
migraine prophylaxis 922
parkinsonism 504
flunitrazepam overdose 1831
fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)
1330
fluoxetine
bulimia nervosa 811
chronic daily headache 965
obsessive–compulsive disorder 397, 562
poststroke depression 1375, 1376
fluphenazine 949
flutter 644
fluvoxamine
chronic daily headache 965
obsessive–compulsive disorder 397, 562
FMR protein (FMRP) 44
FMR1 gene 44
focal cerebral symptoms in anemia 2045
focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) 181–2
Taylor-type 182
focal motor and sensory attacks, transient
1283
focal neurological disease 630
focal temporal slowing, aging 238
focal transmantle dysplasia 182
folate
deficiency 733, 1945, 2046, 2048
fragile sites 44
supplementation 1945
folic acid
antagonists 1533
supplementation 733
folinic acid, cerebral toxoplasmosis 1700
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 854
pituitary adenoma secretion 860
food avoidance 808–9
foot drop 587
foramen magnum lesions 718–19
Fore people (New Guinea) 222
forebrain
basal 306
injury 304
waking state 817, 818
diencephalic injury 304
pattern formation disorders 178
sexual behaviour 843
forkhead transcription factor (FKHR)
1436
fornix, global amnesia 305–6
foscarnet 1702
fosphenytoin 1669
Foster Kennedy syndrome 599, 600
fragile X syndrome 14, 34
autism 409
expanded trinucleotide repeats 32
folate-sensitive fragile site 44
FRAX fragile sites 44
trinucleotide repeat expansions 42,
43–4
triplet repeat mechanism 6
frataxin 47, 1886–7
frataxin gene 1886
FRDA gene 46–7
free fatty acids 1207, 1208
free radical scavengers 67
cerebral ischemia 69
free radicals
motor neuron disease 1870
oxygen 241
Freehand System 705, 706
Friedreich’s ataxia 1880, 1885, 1886–7
ataxia telangiectasia differential
diagnosis 1883
auditory nerve degeneration 673
GAA repeat expansion 1886
iron deposits 1887
kinetic tremor 519
oxygen reactive species 47
sensory neuronopathy 1085
trinucleotide repeat expansions 42,
46–7
frontal eye fields 639, 641
frontal gyrus, posterior superior 1324,
1325
frontal lobe(s)
akinesia 337
akinetic mutism 337
avoidance behaviour mediation 339
cerebrovascular lesions 296
depression 369
dorsolateral 337
dysfunction in Lewy body dementia
268
Index 2127
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frontal lobe(s) (cont.)
epilepsy 1260
glioma 600, 604
hemorrhage 1358
information retrieval 200
left in Tourette’s syndrome 557
lesions
sexual dysfunction 843
working memory deficit 310
micturition control 833
postural adjustments 582
pseudo-absences 1260
saccades control 639
stroke lesions and depression 1374
working memory 309–10
frontal subcortical circuits 557, 558
frontoparietal system
lesions and psychosis 1380
sequencing of movement 471
frontostriatal system
dysfunction 391, 392
sequencing of movement 471
frontotemporal dementia (FTD) 20,
283–7, 498
age at onset 285
corticobasal degeneration differential
diagnosis 497
diagnosis 285–6
differential diagnosis 498
epidemiology 124, 283–4
familial 220–1, 284
frontal lobe atrophy 285
gene 210
genetics 5, 284
imaging 224, 286, Fig. 19.1
incidence 211
insight loss 286
MRI 286, Fig. 19.1
neurochemistry 285
neurofibrillary tangles 221
neuronal inclusions 284
parkinsonism 450, 489
and parkinsonism linked to
chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) 258
pathogenesis/pathology 284–5
prevalence 284
semantic 286, 323
sporadic 220–1
subtypes 285–6
tau gene mutations 221, 284, 285
tau-positive inclusions 285
temporal lobe atrophy 285
terminology 283–4
transgenic models 226
treatment 286–7
frontotemporal dementia parkinsonism
17 (FTDP-17) 498
frovatriptan 923, 924
fruit, tropical 494
fugue states, prolonged 1285
fukutin gene 187–8
functional activation, task-specific 138
functional electrical stimulation (FES) 705
Functional Independence Measure (FIM)
108, 109, 110, 1375
functional mapping, electrical stimulation
1322, 1323
fungal infections of CNS 1657
renal transplantation complication
1999
fyn 83
G-protein-activated, inwardly rectifying K+
(GIRK) channel 1819
G proteins 82–3
G6PD deficiency 19
GABA 7, 66
agonists 914
alcohol action 440
antagonists 67
cocaine addition 437
cortical myoclonus 525
CRH inhibition 854
detection scheme 149, 154
effect efferent dysfunction/reduction
665
inhibition 1231
magnetic resonance spectroscopy in
brain 153–6
measurement 146
neurological injury 897
neurosteroid effects 1231
occipital lobe decline with seizures
1232
resonance parsing 155–6
status epilepticus 1272
swallowing 800
transporter 1231
GABA-A receptors 1230, 1231
ethanol intoxication 1818
inhibitory postsynaptic potential
mediation 1232
GABA-B receptors 1230, 1231
GABA receptors
agonists 441
seizures 1232
GABA transaminase (GABA-T) 153
GABAergic drugs 525
GABAergic neurons, epilepsy 1232–3
gabapentin
cluster headache 930
essential tremor 518
motor neuron disease 1875
multiple sclerosis 1627
neuropathic pain control 913
orthostatic tremor 518
paradoxical effects 1303
seizure control 1315
shingle pain 1678, 1679
short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform
headache with conjunctival
injection and tearing (SUNCT) 943
trigeminal neuralgia 945
gait/gait disorders 581–90
acquired hepatocerebral degeneration
1974
apraxia 473
ataxia 588, 2036
balance 582, 583–4
cautious 588–9
classification 582, 583–4
by clinical patterns 585–9
definition 581
diagnosis 589
disturbance 588
freezing 588
neural function levels 582, 583, 584–5
parkinsonian 478
patterns 587–9
eliciting 705
psychogenic 585, 589
rehabilitation 589
rigid 588
spinal cord injury 705
stiff 588
syndromes 587–9
treatment 589
veering 588
wide-based 588, 589
galactorrhea 856, 857
�-galactosidase deficiency 1139, 1410
galactosyl sulfatide 1137
galactosylceramidase
activity 1639
deficiency 1638
galactosylceramide �-galactosidase 1138
2128 Index
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GALC gene 1638
gallium nitrate 2005
gambling, pathological 395
gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) overdose
1831
ganciclovir 1702
ganglioglioma 182
GAP-23 93
GAP-43 85, 92–3
gap junctions 1235
gasoline
lead neurotoxicity 1805, 1806, 1807
manganese neurotoxicity 1808
sniffing 1832
gastrointestinal disorders 1979
neuropathy 1100–1
gastrointestinal tract
parasympathetic innervation 796
see also gut
gate control theory of pain 875
Gaucher’s disease 1919
investigations 1296, 1297
progressive myoclonic epilepsy 1296
gaze
convergence 1354
horizontal conjugate 635, 636, 637
hyperconvergence 1357
vertical 1354
vertical conjugate 637–8
see also eye movement
gaze-holding neural network 635
gaze-holding signal 638
gaze palsy
conjugate 635
hereditary 649
horizontal 649, 1353
upgaze 1354, 1357
vertical 1354
Wernicke’s encephalopathy 1821, 1822
(GCG)7 allele 41
gelatinases 1511
gelsolin 1136
Gemin proteins 1847
gene-targeted mice, AD 1848
gene therapy 6
Duchenne muscular dystrophy 1166
globoid-cell leukodystrophy 1639
genes
expression imaging 135
frame-shift mutations 14
identification
complex disorders 18–20
single gene disorders 17–18
interaction with environment 15
positional candidates 18
semidominant 18
susceptibility 5
transfer in spinal cord injury 704
genetic counseling 6
genetic diseases, familial grouping 15
genetic disorders
affecting kidneys 1999–2000
complex 18–20
see also single gene disorders
genetic distance 17–18
genetic models of neurological disease
16–17
genetic predictive testing 6
genetic risk (�1) 16, 22
genetically engineered models 1851–2
genetics
of neurological disorders 5–6, 14–26
reverse 17
geniculate ganglion 611, 613
genome-wide scans 18
genotyping 20
gentamicin ototoxicity 671
germ cell tumours
biochemical markers 1456–7
childhood 1456–7
treatment 1457
Gerstmann’s syndrome 321, 1356
Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker (GSS)
disease 215, 216, 218, 1717, Fig.
15.4
amyloid plaques 217–18, Fig 15.4
ataxic variant 1890
clinical features 1720
neuropathology 218, Fig 15.4
phenotype 219
Tg mouse models 226
geste antagoniste 532, 533
GFAP gene 1644
Ghrelin 855
Gi-proteins 436
giant axonal neuropathy 1133
giant cell arteritis 1581–2
aneurysms 1393
cervical radiculopathy 743
diagnosis 1582
ischemic optic neuropathy 623
pathology 1582
vasculitic neuropathy 1122
giant cells, multinucleated 1692
Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome see
Tourette’s syndrome
GIn residues, Machado–Joseph disease
227
glacial instability of spine 764–5
Glasgow Coma Scale 1794, 1795
intracerebral hemorrhage outcome
1389
glatiramer acetate 1628
multiple sclerosis 1629, 1948
see also copolymer-1 (COP-1)
glaucoma 2069
glia
axon survival 1601
growth factors 1593–4
olfactory bulb 1603
transplantation studies 1601–2
see also macroglia
glial cell line-derived nerve growth factor
(GDNF) 485, 1593
glial cells
production 57
proliferation with aging 238
radial 177, 178, Fig. 13.1
neuron progenitor cells 1330
glial cytoplasmic inclusions 502, Fig. 34.5
glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)
1876
glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) 56,
1594
Alexander disease 1643, 1644
glial gap junctions 1235
glial progenitors 56
glial syncytium 1235
glioblastoma multiforme 152, 1433, 1438,
Fig 11.4–11.5
gliogenesis 56
pathologic states 58
gliomas
chemotherapy 1443, 1444
hypothalamic 861, 1454–6
malignant
hypermetabolic anaerobic state 1442
tumour progression model 1449
optic nerve 1454–6
p53 function loss 1438
radiation-induced 1494
signalling pathways 1436
spontaneous hemorrhage 1440
tumour cell hypoxia 1439
vasculature 1439
see also astrocytomas
Index 2129
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gliosis
brain aging 238
schizophrenia 376
glissades see post saccadic drift
global amnesia see amnesia, global
Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) 254
global travel 3–4
globoid-cell leukodystrophy 1138
globus pallidus
essential myoclonus 527
extrapyramidal cerebral palsy 574
MPTP-induced parkinsonism 514
PD 481
progressive supranuclear palsy 492
Tourette’s syndrome 557
glomerular filtration rate 2002
glossalgia 618
glossitis 614
glossodynia 618
glossopharyngeal nerve
surgical injury 617
taste bud innervation 611–12, 613
glossopharyngeal neuralgia 618, 947
glucocorticoids
Churg–Strauss syndrome 1579
confusional state in systemic lupus
erythematosus 1573
cryoglobulinemia 1580
deficiency 1176
excess 1176
giant cell arteritis 1582
myasthenia gravis 1153, 1154
polyarteritis nodosa 1577
seizures in systemic lupus
erythematosus 1573
traumatic brain injury 1798
glucocorticosteroids 1530–1
exogenous 862
osteoporosis 1531
patient monitoring 1530–1
side effects 1530, 1531
glucose
cerebral utilization 131, 132, 134
metabolic rate of utilization 2007
glucose-6-P 1216
glucose-GH suppression test 855, 859
glucose transporter disorders 1913
�-glucosidase gene mutations 1217
�-1,4-glucosyl residues 1216
glue sniffing 1105, 1832, 1836
GLUT1 mutations 1913
glutamate 8
AD 256
antagonists 67
brain metabolism 157
cerebral ischemia 72
cochlear innervation 661
excess in brain 436–7
glutamine synthesis 1975
motor neuron disease 1869, 1870
neuronal death 62, 69
neuronal injury 698
neurotoxicity 7, 9
neurotransmitter system and alcohol
action 440, 441
pathways and phencyclidine 439, 440
pharyngeal swallowing 800
reduction of extracellular 66
schizophrenia 379
spinal nociceptive transmission 878
status epilepticus 1272
Tourette’s syndrome 559
toxicity 437
glutamate re-uptake transporter protein
1869
glutamate receptors (GluR) 59, 698–9, 878
central sensitization 882
excitation in epilepsy 1230
manipulation 66, 68–9
metabotropic 69
overactivation 63
glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies
1084
glutamine
brain metabolism 157
repeats 1900
synthesis 1975
glutamine synthetase 1975
glutaric aciduria type I 574
glutaric aciduria type II 1221
glutathione 1613
glutethimide overdose 1831
glyceryltrierucate 1636
glyceryltrioleate 1636
glycine receptor mutation 528
glycogen 1207
depletion in fatigue 1209–10
metabolism 1215
disorders 1214, 1215, 1216–18
oxidation 1207
glycogen debrancher deficiency 1209,
1214, 1217–18
glycogen synthase kinase 1436
glycogenolysis, anaerobic 1207, 1211–12
glycogenosis 1208
exercise intolerance 1214, 1216–17
fixed weakness 1217–18
myoglobinuria 1214, 1216–17
type V 1213
glycolysis 1215
glycoprotein disorder, carbohydrate-
deficient 575
glycosylation, congenital disorders 1919
GM1 antibodies 1118
GM1 gangliosides 1120
GM2 gangliosides
accumulation 1914
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1113
GM2 gangliosidosis
infantile 1914
startle response 529
see also Tay–Sachs disease
GMD2B gene 1169
Gnathostoma spinigerum
(gnathostomosis) 1751
goal-directed behaviour, memory-guided
434
Golgi-tendon organs 874
gonadotrophin, iatrogenic CJD 1717
gonadotrophin-releasing hormone
(GnRH) 854
long-acting analogues 855
gp120 envelope glycoprotein 1694
GQ1b antibodies 1120
gracile tract degeneration of AIDS 1082
Gradenigo’s syndrome 651, 670
Graefe’s sign 2034
graft-vs.-host disease 2088
Gram-negative bacilli, meningitis 1730
Gram-negative bacteria
brain abscess 1737
subdural empyema 1740
Gram-negative organism endotoxins 1732
Gram-positive organism cell walls 1732
granuloma
cell types 1560–1
formation 1561
non-caseating Fig. 95.3
granulomatous angiitis 1547
granulovacuolar degeneration 238
grasping
deficits of phase 469
observation 472
praxis 469
Graves’ disease 2034
exophthalmic 1176
2130 Index
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grey matter
brain aging 200
cortical in AD 254
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
2053
grey/white matter junction, brain
metastases 1463
Grb2 protein 1435
growth associated proteins
GAP-23 93
GAP-43 85, 92–3
growth cone
antibodies to inhibitory molecules 95
chemorepellants 91
lamellipodium 90
growth cone collapsing factors 90–2
growth factors 67
apoptosis 70–1
glia 1593–4
neurons 1593–4
transplantation of cells secreting in
Huntington’s disease 1907
tyrosine kinase receptor binding 1435–6
growth hormone (GH) 854–5
deficiency 862–3
adults 863–4
deficiency in children 863
long-term therapy 864
pituitary adenoma 858–9
secretion 859
growth hormone-releasing hormone
(GHRH) 855
growth inhibitors, neuron-associated 91
Gs-proteins 436
GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1) 536, 574
Guadeloupe (French West Indies),
progressive supranuclear palsy
incidence 494
guanfacine 561
cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)
847
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1110–14
acute polyradiculoneuropathy 1483
Addison’s disease 2039
alcoholic neuropathy differential
diagnosis 1824
antecedent events 1110
antibody response 1504
antiganglioside antibodies 1113
arsenic neuropathy differential
diagnosis 1104
autonomic dysfunction 1086
autonomic failure 787
bone marrow transplantation 2088
botulism differential diagnosis 1158
Campylobacter jejuni 1519
cancer incidence 1476
cerebrospinal fluid 1111
clinical course 1112
clinical features 1111
complement activation 1509
compound muscle action potentials
1111
conduction block 1078, 1111
critical illness polyneuropathy
differential diagnosis 1101
cytomegalovirus 1519
demyelination 1112–13
diagnosis 1110
electrodiagnostic studies 1111–12
Haemophilus influenzae 1519
heroin use 1836
hexacarbon neuropathy differential
diagnosis 1105
infection 1513
investigations 1111–12
Miller–Fisher syndrome 1120
Miller–Fisher variant 653, 1111, 1113
antibody response 1504
molecular mimicry 1113, 1514
oculomotor palsy 653
with ophthalmoplegia 1113
pathology/pathogenesis 1112–13
plasmapheresis 1114
recurrence 1112
sexual dysfunction 846
swallowing disruption 802
total parenteral nutrition 1982
treatment 1113–14
urinary bladder dysfunction 836
vaccine association 1110, 1112
variants 1111
viral association 1678, 1679
viral hepatitis 1100
gumma gummata 1768
neurosyphilis 1770–1
gustatory agnosia 614
gustatory cortical regions 612–14
imaging 613
gustatory dysfunction
causes 615–18
disorder classification 614
treatments 615–18
gustatory fibres, afferent 611, 613
gustatory function
clinical evaluation 614–15
imaging 614
gustatory nucleus, peripheral pathways
611–12, 613
gustatory system 610–14
gustatory testing, quantitative 614–15
gustatory transduction 610–11
gut
extrinsic neural pathways 797
function coordination 795
intrinsic neural pathways 797
spinal innervation 795, 796
vagal innervation 795, 796
gynecological neoplasms
paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
1476
paraneoplastic retinal degeneration
1481
gyrus
atrophy in AS 254–5
calcification 2070
dentate 57–8
frontal posterior superior 1324, 1325
parahippocampal 200
supramarginal 321
temporal
posterior superior 1324, 1325
superior 171
see also cingulate gyri; precentral gyrus
Hachinski Ischemic Score (HIS) 245
Haemophilus influenzae
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1110, 1519
immunization 1729
meningitis 1729, 1730
subdural empyema 1740
Haemophilus influenzae type b
vaccination 1735
hair, curly 1133
hair cells 658, 660
inner/outer 660, 661
outer 661
Hallervorden–Spatz disease 269, 1919
extrapyramidal cerebral palsy 574
parkinsonism 490, 505
hallucinations
gustative 1260
hypnagogic 824
olfactory 1260
poststroke 1379–80
rostral brainstem infarcts 1355
Index 2131
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hallucinogens 1831–2
haloperidol
chorea gravidarum 1946
Huntington’s disease 1906
immunosuppressive neurotoxicity
management 2086
tic disorders 561
halothane, ryanodine receptor mutation
15
Haltia–Santavouri disease 1917
hamartin 2068
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-
D) 245, 1376
poststroke anxiety disorder 1378
poststroke pathological effect 1379
hand(s)
focal dystonia 534
movement motor vocabulary 472
multifocal myoclonus 525
tremor 517
velocity in ideomotor apraxia 464, 464
and wrist representation loss 455, Fig.
31.8
Hartnup disease 1881, 1883
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis 2037
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease differential
diagnosis 224
head
motion 634
tilt 534
tremor 517
head injury
AD risk 253
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
423
dementia risk 243
dystonia 535
epilepsy 1253, 1255
medical intractability of seizures
1315
hemophiliacs 2052
ICP monitoring 2018
olfactory dysfunction 603, 604
parkinsonism 505
programmed cell death 1801–2
sexual dysfunction 843
swallowing disruption 802
taste dysfunction 616
urinary bladder dysfunction 834
see also brain injury
headache 920
anemia 2044
benign cough 933–4, 942
brain metastases 1463
caudate hemorrhage 1384
cerebellar hemorrhage 1359
cerebellar infarction 1352
chronic daily 955–68, 959
epidemiology 960–3
hospitalization criteria 963, 964
incomplete/incorrect diagnosis 968
induction by migraine medications
963
pain modulation 961–2
pathophysiology 960–1
peripheral mechanisms 961
pharmacotherapy 963–6
preventive treatment 964–6
prognosis 967–8
psychiatric comorbidity 960
psychophysiologic therapy 963
spontaneous central pain activation
962–3
supraspinal facilitation 962–3
treatment 963–7
treatment failure 967–8
chronic tension-type 955, 956–7, 960
Achilles tendon pain threshold 962
exteroceptive suppression 962
pericranial muscle disorder 963
pharmacotherapy 964
sensitization 961
cluster 927–31
acute attacks 930
clinical features 928–9
differential diagnosis 928, 929
management 929–30
orofacial pain 943
PET 927, Fig. 62.1
preventative treatment 929–30
cyclosporin-induced 2085
drug-induced 958–9, 963
episodic tension-type 956–7, 957, 959
exteroceptive suppression 962
giant cell arteritis 1582
hemicrania continua 932–3
hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
2074
hyperthyroidism 2033
hypnic 934–5
idiopathic intracranial hypertension
2027
immunosuppressive neurotoxicity 2086
internal carotid artery dissection 748
intracranial hemorrhage 1392
intracranial hypotension 2028
kindling model 962
new daily persistent 955, 957
pharmacotherapy 964
nitroglycerin-induced 961
OKT3 immunosuppression 2086
overuse syndrome of analgesics 921,
958–9, 963
ambulatory infusion treatment 967
inpatient treatment 967
outpatient treatment 966–7
paroxysmal hemicrania 930–1
polycythemia vera 2051
pregnancy 1942
primary stabbing 933
rebound 958–9
short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform
headache with conjunctival
injection and tearing (SUNCT)
931–5
subarachnoid hemorrhage 1345–6,
1393
systemic lupus erythematosus 1572
tension-type 962
transformation 962
see also migraine
health care
evaluation 106
improvements 196
health measurements 105–8
health rating scales
acceptability 108–9
to patients 111–12
administration method 111
appropriate health entity 111
candidate items 113
choosing 111–12
clinical usefulness 111
data quality 108
detection of change 112
development 113
evaluation 108–11
preliminary field test phase 113
reliability 109–10, 112
responsiveness 110
sample appropriateness 112
scaling assumptions 108
spectrum of health measured 112
validity 110, 112
health status concepts, abstract 107
hearing aids 675
2132 Index
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hearing disorders, etio-pathogenesis
670–3
hearing loss 663–4
conductive 663, 664
genetic syndromes 671
management 673–4
pharmacological treatment 674
rehabilitation 674
sensorineural 663–4
Cogan’s syndrome 1583, 1584
surgery 674
viral infection 1679
heart
brain influence 1962–5
influence on brain 1952–5
psychosocial risk factors 1963
see also cardiac entries
heat shock proteins (HSPs) 241
heavy chain diseases 2055–6
Heinz bodies 2049
Helicobacter pylori 911
hyperammonemia 1977
HELLP syndrome 2053
helminths 1751
helodermin 1342
helospectins 1342
helper T (TH) cells 1504, 1505
effector 1505
cytokine synthesis 1509–10
hematological disease
anemia 2044–8
hemoglobinopathies 2048–50
hemorrhagic diathesis 2051–4
hypercoagulable states 2057–9
myeloproliferative disorders 2051
neurological manifestations 2044–59
paraproteinemias 2055–7
thalassemia 2048–50
hematomyelia 720–1, 721
hematopoiesis, extramedullary 2051
heme arginate 1137
heme biosynthesis disruption 1136, 1137
hemi-inattention 332
hemianesthesia 332
hemianopia 622
bitemporal 625
cerebral artery posterior 1355
homonymous 626, 627
residual visual function 627
scan paths 627
hemianopsia 332, 333
hemispatial neglect 337
hemiballism 1355
hemiconvulsion–hemiparesis–epilepsy
1253
hemicord syndrome 717, 718
see also Brown–Séquard syndrome
hemicrania continua 932–3, 955, 957–8
hemidystonia 534, 535
hemifield slide phenomenon 625
hemimedullary infarction 1352
hemineglect, buccal 615
hemiparesis
anterior choroidal artery occlusion 1348
ataxic 1356
herald 1353
medial medullary infarction 1352
pontine hemorrhage 1358
Sturge–Weber syndrome 2069
Sylvian fissure hematoma 1392–3
hemiplegia
cerebral palsy 570, 572–3
childhood 737
denial 339–40
mirror movements 737
moyamoya disease 1408
see also anosognosia
hemiplegic migraine, familial 6
hemispace 338
hemispherectomy 1320
hemispheres
astrocytoma 1431
asymmetry 340–1
attacks with internal carotid artery
dissection in neck 1346
central behavioural testing 670
infarction 1349
information processing speed 336
ischemia 1346
oligodendrogliomas 1432, 1433, 1434
see also left hemisphere; right
hemisphere
hemispherotomy 1320
hemodialysis
chronic renal failure 1100, 1989, 1990
hyperammonemia 1977
secondary carnitine deficiency 1221
uremic polyneuropathy 1992–3
hemodynamic/electrodynamic measures
combination 166–7, Fig. 12.7
hemofiltration 1998
hemoglobin 2044, 2048–9
heterozygous states 2050
sickle 2049
hemoglobin A 2048–9
hemoglobin F 2049
hemoglobin S 1944
disease 2049–50
hemoglobinopathies 1944, 2048–50
hemolytic anemia, elevated liver function
tests, low platelets see HELLP
syndrome
hemolytic uremic syndrome 2053
hemophilia 2051–2
central nervous system complications
2051–2
head injury 2052
peripheral nervous system
complications 2051
hemophilia A 6
hemorrhagic disease of the newborn 2054
hemosiderin, subarachnoid deposition
739
Henoch–Schönlein purpura 2054
heparan sulfate endoglycosidase 1655
heparin
acute ischemic stroke 1366
deep vein thrombosis prevention 1368
heparinoids 1366
hepatic coma
fulminant 1970, 1971
liver transplantation 1976
hepatic disorders
neuropathy 1100–1
see also liver disease; liver
transplantation
hepatic encephalopathy 1970
chronic 1970–3
coma 1972
impaired consciousness 1972
movement disorders 1972
neurobehavioural disorders 1971
ocular motility 1973
seizures 1972
speech disturbance 1972–3
fulminant 1971
liver transplantation 1977
gut-derived toxins 1975–6
hyperammonemia 1977–8
intermittent 1973
liver transplantation 1976
pathogenesis 1974–6
portal–systemic 1977
subclinical 1971, 1973
syndromes 1970–4
synergism 1976
Index 2133
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hepatic failure, fulminant 2025
hepatic porphyria 15
hepatitis
infectious 1833
transverse myelitis 1677
hepatitis A 1679
hepatitis B
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1679,
2088
polyarteritis nodosa 1577
hepatitis C 1579–80
hepatocerebral degeneration, acquired
1971, 1973–4
cognitive dysfunction 1973–4
motor disorders 1974
hepatolenticular degeneration see Wilson’s
disease
hepatopathy
benign of infancy/childhood 1217
mtDNA depletion 1931
HER-2 allele overexpression 11
Herceptin 11
hereditary ataxias 1880–92
autosomal dominant 1880, 1887–90
autosomal recessive 1880
cerebellar 1886–7
degenerative 1885–6
enzyme defects 1880–3
episodic 6, 37, 1891
genetic testing 1892
metabolic 1880–3
diagnosis 1882
genetics 1881
intermittent 1880–2
progressive 1880, 1881, 1882–3
mitochondrial function defects 1880,
1891–2
mode of inheritance 1880
progressive
defective DNA repair association
1883–4
degenerative 1880
recessive 1887
triple repeat diseases 1885
X-linked 1880, 1891
see also spinocerebellar ataxia
hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with
amyloidosis 1408
hereditary coagulopathies 1919
hereditary endotheliopathy with
retinopathy, nephropathy and
stroke (HERNS) 1411
hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
1409, 2053–4, 2073–5
genetics 2074–5
hereditary motor and sensory
neuropathies 1129–32
hereditary ataxia differential diagnosis
1887
inherited with multisystem involvement
1133–5
Lom 1130–1
treatment 1134–5
hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy 1129,
1132
hereditary neuropathies 1129–41
with focally folded myelin 1130, 1131
with liability to pressure palsies 1129,
1132
hereditary olivo-pontocerebellar atrophy
1887
hereditary sensory neuropathy 1132–3
auditory nerve degeneration 673
Hering’s law 638
heritability 16
AD 22
multiple sclerosis 22
herniation syndromes 1385, 1440
brain tumours 1440
heroin 1827–8
addiction 442
cocaine combination 437
contaminant causing parkinsonism 480
fetal effects 1835
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1836
myelopathy 1834
with quinine 1836
stroke 1834
vapor smoking 1836
violent crime 1833
herpes simplex encephalitis 1287,
1669–71
epilepsy 1253
imaging 1670–1
laboratory findings 1670
mortality rate 1671
neonatal 1666
onset 1670
pathology/pathogenesis 1669–70
periodic lateralizing epileptiform
discharges (PLEDS) 1670
treatment 1671
herpes simplex type I 1240
herpes simplex virus (HSV)
diagnosis 1662, 1664
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1679
infection spread 1660
meningitis 1664, 1666
herpes zoster
ophthalmicus 1678
orofacial pain 949–50
oticus see Ramsay–Hunt syndrome
peripheral nerves 1677, 1678–9
Heschl’s gyrus 662
heterotopic nodules 186
heterozygous states, complex
combinations 2050
hexacarbons, neuropathy 1104–5
hexamethonium 774
n-hexane
neuropathy 1104–5
parkinsonism 504
hexosaminidases 1914–15
HHT gene mutations 1409
HHT1 and HHT2 genes 2074–5
high density lipoprotein (HDL) deficiency
1139
highly active antiretroviral therapy
(HAART) 1683, 1689
discontinuing 1690
long-term effects 1689
primary CNS lymphoma 1704
progressive multifocal
leukencephalopathy 1702
treatment interruption 1689, 1690
Hilbert transform 168
hippocampal pyramidal neuron 1230
hippocampus
astrocytes 1330
atrophy 1289
CA1 region 83
CA2-3 regions 271–2
epilepsy 1233, 1235
epileptiform activity 1236
Lewy neurites 271–2
major pathways 305
memory 200
storage 83
mossy fiber sprouting 85
MRI 1288–9, 1317
quantitative assessment 1289
neurogenesis 1330
NMDA receptors 84
resection 1318–19
schizophrenia 377
sclerosis 245, 1288–9
2134 Index
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in epilepsy 1253, 1260
status epilepticus 1272
volumetry 1289
Hirano bodies 238
Hirschsprung’s disease 792
histologically defined angiitis of the CNS
(HDACNS) 1547–8, 1548–9
HIV infection 3
antiretroviral agent neuropathy 1103
antiretroviral therapy 1688–90
biology 1683–8
CD4 counts 1688, 1689–90
chemokine receptors 1685–6
CNS opportunistic infections 1698–704
dementia 1688, 1690–6
adjunctive therapy 1696
astrocytes 1693–4, 1695
clinical features 1691–2
CSF abnormalities 1692
differential diagnosis 1685, 1692
imaging 1692–3, 1694
inflammatory mediators 1694
misdiagnosis 1692
pathophysiology 1693–4, 1695
pediatric 1691
prevalence 1691
treatment 1695–6
distal sensory polyneuropathy 1697,
Fig. 103.13, Fig. 103.14
drug abuse 1834
encephalopathy 1690–6
epidemiology 1683
epilepsy 1253
facial nerve palsy 1558
general paresis 1773
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1110, 1679
haplotype 25
immune system augmentation 1690
immunosuppression 1688
motor neuronopathies 1085
myopathy 1177–8
neurological complications 1683–704,
1685
incidence 1684
neurological manifestations 1690–6
neuropathic pain 1697, 1698
neurosyphilis 1773, 1774–5
new-onset mania 1692
peripheral nerve damage 1677
polymyositis 1697, 1698
provirus 1686–7
replication 1660
sensory neuropathies 1688, 1690, 1697,
Fig. 103.13
treatment 1698
T cell CD4 receptor 1685
tabes dorsalis 1773
toxoplasmosis 1657
tuberculoma 1784
tuberculosis 1777, 1778, 1782–3
vacuolar myelopathy 722, 1696
viremia 1688
wasting syndrome 1178, 1683
see also AIDS; human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
HLA-B8 allele 25, 1149
HLA B27 739
HLA-DQ6 1599
HLA-DQB1 0602 823
HLA-DR2 see HLA-DR15 allele
HLA-DR3 allele 25
HLA-DR4 1761
HLA-DR15 allele 1599
multiple sclerosis association 22, 1606,
1607
HLA Drw3 1149
HMGCoA reductase inhibitors
dementia effect 242
myotonia 1191
Hodgkin’s disease
acute polyradiculoneuropathy 1483
CNS vasculitis 1548
paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
1476
radiation-induced lower motor neurone
syndrome 1495
Holmes–Adie pupil 792
Holmes–Adie syndrome 773, 775
holocarboxylase synthetase (HLCS) gene
1882
holoprosencephaly 55, 178
spastic quadriplegia 572
homocarnosine 155–6
homocysteine 1413, 2046–7
cerebrovascular disease risk 1420
homocystinuria 25, 1919
aneurysms 1393
management 1413
stroke 1413
homovanillic acid, dystonia 537
Hopkins Motor and Vocal Tic Scale 553
horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex 637
hormonal manipulation 922
hormone replacement therapy 1424
Horner’s syndrome 651, 718
autonomic dysfunction 792
cluster headache 928
face 773
hyperthyroidism 2034
internal carotid artery dissection in
neck 1346, 1347
lateral medullary infarction 1351
superior cerebellar artery infarction
1355
horror autotoxicus 1513
HOXA1 gene 411
HSP 70 241
5-HT1A serotonin receptor subtype 66
HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (HAM)
1710
HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical
spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP)
1710, 1711
clinical features 1711–12
diagnosis 1711, 1712
histology 1712–13
spinal cord abnormalities 1712–13
treatment 1713
human genome 18, 20
Human Genome Project 5
human granulocytic erhlichiosis 1763
human growth hormone (hGH)
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease transmission
223
iatrogenic CJD 1717
human herpes virus 6 (HHV6) 1615
antigen in epilepsy patients 1240
human herpes virus 8 (HHV8) 1703
Kaposi’s sarcoma 1561, 1703
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
1683–6
clinical latency 1688
genes 1687–8
HIV-1 1684
drug resistant strains 1689
peripheral nerve disorders 1696–8
replication 1688
HIV-2 1684–5
life cycle 1686–8
plasma RNA levels 1688, 1689
replication 1688
reverse transcription 1688
structure 1686–8
virions 1687
release 1688
see also HIV infection
Index 2135
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human leukocyte antigens (HLA)
neurosarcoidosis association 1561–2
see also individual HLAs
human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)
drug abuse 1834
myelopathy 722–3
type 1 (HTLV-1) 1710
CTL response 1711
neurological manifestations 1710–13
replication 1710
transmission 1710
urinary tract dysfunction 835
humoral immune response to viral
infection 1660
Hunter syndrome 1918
huntingtin gene 7, 35, 1899
mouse models 1904
mutant proteins 214
mutations 14
neuronal inclusion bodies 1901
polyglutamine expansion 6
transcription abnormalities 1906
transgenic models 227
huntingtin protein
amyloid-like fibrils 1903
glutamine repeat 1903
Huntington’s disease 1902–3
localization of mutant 1903–4
proteolytic cleavage 1905
transgenic models 227
Huntington’s disease 1896–907
age of onset 1899–900
animal models 1901–2, 1904–5
inducible 1905
anticipation 32, 34, 1899
apo-E allele 22
autonomic failure 784
CAG repeats 1898–900
knockin gene studies 1904
caspase inhibitors 1907
cell models 1903–4
chorea 1896–7
chorea gravidarum 1946
clinical course 1896–8
cognitive dysfunction 1897
death 1896
depression 1897, 1906
differential diagnosis 1898
dystrophic neurites in brain 1901
emotional disorders 1897–8, 1906–7
epilepsy 1255
familial 222
fetal striatal cell transplantation 1907
genetics 1898–900
growth factor-secreting cell
transplantation 1907
incidence 211
juvenile 574, 1919
mitochondrial dysfunction 40, 1902
motor impairment 1896–7
neural xenotransplantation 704
neurodegeneration rating scale 1900,
1901
neuronal inclusion bodies 1901, 1902,
1905, Fig.118.3
neuronal inclusions 35
neuronal loss 1900
neuropathology 1900–1, Fig. 118.2–3
neurotoxic models 1901–2
obsessive–compulsive disorder 1897–8,
1906–7
olfactory deficit 604
onset 1896, 1897
parkinsonism 490, 505
pathogenesis 1900, 1902
penetrance 1899
polyglutamine aggregation 1905, 1907
polyglutamine pathogenesis models
1905–6
progression rate 1900
progressive myoclonic epilepsy 525
saccades control 640
strategic declarative memory deficit 310
striatal cell xenograft transplantation 95
survival 1896, 1897
toxic gain of function 1900
transgenic models 227
treatment 1906–7
trinucleotide repeat expansions 34–5, 42
triplet repeat mechanism 6, 14, 1898
Westphal’s variant 505
Huntington’s disease-like disorders 1898
Hurler syndrome 1918
Hutchinson–Gilford syndrome 2075–6
hybrid depth electrodes 1326, 1327, 1328
hydralazine 1103
hydrocephalus 729
Borrelia burgdorferi 1758
communicating
brain tumours 1440
intracranial hypertension 2019
CSF removal 2022
cysticercosis 1746, 1749
external ventricular drainage 1384
neurosarcoidosis 1565
normal pressure 2025–7
CSF pressure monitoring 2027
dementia 2026
Lewy body dementia differential
diagnosis 269
obstructive 1386, 2022, 2023, 2024
intracerebral hemorrhage 1388
intracranial hypertension 2019
Paget’s disease 737
progressive 734
spastic quadriplegia 572
tuberculosis 1700, 1778–9
ventricular shunting 1749
hydrogen ions 1235
hydromyelia 729
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA
reductase inhibitors see HMGCoA
reductase inhibitors
3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
deficiencies 1220
hydroxychloroquine 1565, 1566
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
anorexia nervosa 811
bulimia nervosa 812
4-hydroxynonenal 1870
hydroxyquinolones, halogenated 624
5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
agonists 67
partial in poststroke anxiety disorder
1378
allodynia with muscular face pain 951
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
426–7
brain aging 198
CRH stimulation 854
eating disorder neurobiology 811–12
obsessive–compulsive disorder 393
peripheral sensitization 880
receptors 368
antagonists 922
cocaine reward 437
schizophrenia 379
serotonin-2A receptor gene promoter
polymorphism 811
see also serotonin hypothesis;
serotoninergic entries
5-hydroxytryptamine1B/1D (5-HT1B/1D)
receptor agonists 923
1,25-hydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)D) 2005
hyperactivity 422–4
hyperacusis 664–5
2136 Index
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hyperadrenalism 2038–9
hyperaldosteronism 2039
hypomagnesemia 2008
hyperalimentation 2010
hyperammonemia 1977–8
hyperarousal, psychophysiological 822
hyperbilirubinemia 574
hypercalcemia 2004–5
hypercapnia
sleep apnea 822
vasodilatory response 1339–40
hypercapnic vasodilator response 1342
hypercholesterolemia 2084
hypercoagulable states 2057–9
blood vessel abnormalities 2059
malignancy 2058
nephrotic syndrome 2059
oral contraceptives 2059
pregnancy 2058–9
primary 2057–8
prothrombin complex infusions 2059
rheological abnormalities 2059
secondary 2058–9
hypercortisolism 860, 2039
hyperekplexia 527–8
hypereosinophilic syndrome 1175
hyperesthesia
cutaneous 715
spinal cord syndromes 717
hyperglycemia
acute ischemic stroke 1368
diabetic polyneuropathy 1098
hyponatremia 868
nerve growth factors 1098
raised intracranial pressure 2021
hyperhidrosis 773, 792
botulinum toxin 779
essential 775, 779
malodorous 858
percutaneous endoscopic
sympathectomy 779
hyperkalemia 2010–11
cyclosporin-induced 2083
hyperlipidemia 1093
hypermagnesemia 2007–8
hypomagnesemia treatment 2009
hypernatremia 2000–2
CNS complications 2001–2
hyperosmia 597, 605
hyperosmolality 2000–1
hyperparathyroidism
cerebral symptoms 2038
hypercalcemia 2004
neck pain 749
neurological complications 2038
neuromuscular disease 2038
osteopenic disorders of spine 729
primary 2038
secondary 1996, 1997, 2038
spinal symptoms 2038
hyperpathia, cutaneous 715
hyperpolarization
calcium-activated potassium 1230
epilepsy 1236
hyperprolactinemia 856–8
causes 857, 858
hypersexuality, sexual dysfunction 843–4
hypersomnolence 1282
hypertension
accelerated with hypertensive
encephalopathy 1988
acute renal failure 1988
aneurysms 1397
autoregulation 1339
benign intracranial 1980
cerebellar hemorrhage 1384
cyclosporin-induced 2083, 2084
encephalopathy 1947
penetrating artery disease syndromes
1356
pre-eclampsia 1946
hyperthermia 1368
hyperthyroid neuropathy 2034
hyperthyroidism 1175–6, 2033–5
autoimmune 2034
movement disorders 2033–4
myasthenia gravis 1151, 2034–5
myopathy 2035
neuromuscular disorders 2034–5
periodic paralysis 2035
hyperventilation, raised intracranial
pressure 2020
hyperviscosity syndrome 2055
Hypervolemic Hemodilution Treatment of
Acute Stroke Trial 1368
hypoadrenalism 2039
hypobetalipoproteinemia, familial 1140
hypocalcemia 2005–7
epilepsy 1255
hypomagnesemia 2008
magnesium deficiency 2007
management 2007
hypochondriasis in obsessive–compulsive
disorder
differential diagnosis 388
spectrum 395
hypocretins 823
hypofrontality, schizophrenia 379–80
hypogeusia 614
hypoglossal motor nucleus 800
hypoglossal nerve 1867
hypoglycemia
acute ischemic stroke 1368
loss of awareness 1282
hypogonadism, suspected secondary 864
hypokalemia 2011
bulimia nervosa 811
myopathy 1177
hypokinesia, directional 333, 338
hypomagnesemia 2008–9
cyclosporin-induced 2083, 2084
delirium tremens 1817
hypomelanotic macules 2065, 2066
hypomyelination, congenital 1132
hyponatremia 2002–4
aneurysms 1397
classification 2002, 2003
clinical features 2003
Cushing’s disease 869
epilepsy 1255
management 2003–4
pathophysiology 2003
pituitary surgery 869
SIADH differential diagnosis 867–8
water restriction 2004
hypoparathyroidism 2006, 2038
management 2007
hypophosphatemia 1982
hypophysial artery
inferior 854
superior 853
hypophysial–portal system 853
hypophysitis, lymphocytic 861
hypopituitarism 856, 862–5
diagnosis 863
prevention 865
signs/symptoms 862–3
hyposmia 597
causes 600
hypotension
intraoperative in cardiac surgery 1959
orthostatic 775–6, 777, 778
autonomic failure 782, 783
decrease in acute ischemic stroke
1367
dysautonomia 780
Index 2137
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hypotension (cont.)
reflex cerebral vasodilatation 1387
hypothalamic astrocytoma 861
childhood 1454–6
hypothalamic chorioepithelioma 861
hypothalamic ependymoma 861
precocious puberty 855
hypothalamic germinoma 861
precocious puberty 855
hypothalamic glioma 861, 1454–6
hypothalamic hamartoma 861
precocious puberty 855
radiosurgery 1321
hypothalamic neurofibroma 861
hypothalamic releasing/inhibiting factors
853
hypothalamic teratoma 855
hypothalamic–pituitary unit disorders 855
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis 367,
368, 854
hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis 854
hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis 854
hypothalamus
auditory pathway input 663
brain death 351
damage 2001
dysfunction in cluster headache 927,
Fig. 62.1
glutamatergic input 818
grey matter Fig. 62.1
hypocretin gene expression 823
lateral and nucleus acumbens
projections 433
metastases 861
nociceptive neurons 890
nucleus tractus solitarius projections
797
REM sleep 821
spinal projection neurons 888
suprachiasmatic nucleus 819
swallowing 801
sympathetic innervation of cerebral
circulation 1342
waking state 817
hypothermia 1368
hypothrombinemia 2054
hypothyroidism 1175, 1176
carpal tunnel syndrome 2037
cerebral symptoms 2035–6
cranial nerve abnormalities 2036
cretinism 2037
dementia 20
EEG 2036
gait ataxia 2036
muscle enlargement 2036
myasthenia gravis 1151, 2037
myopathy 1176, 2036–7
neurological manifestations 2035–7
neuromuscular disorders 2036–7
peripheral nerve disorders 2037
primary 863
seizures 2036
SIADH differential diagnosis 868
smell impairment 599
suspected secondary 864
hypoxia
status epilepticus 1272, 1273
tumour cells 1439
vasodilatory stimulus for cerebral
vasculature 1340
hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1439
hypoxic event, myoclonus 526
hypoxic vasodilatory response 1342
hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy 1253
hypoxic–ischemic insult
extrapyramidal cerebral palsy 574
fetal 181
oligodendroglia vulnerability 571
periventricular leukomalacia 571
polymicrogyria 188
hypsarrhythmia 1287
hysterectomy
sexual dysfunction 846
urinary bladder dysfunction 836
ibuprofen
chronic daily headache 966
shingle pain 1678
ICD-10
AD 259
autism 407
ictal urinary urge 834
ifenprodil 68
illusory visual spread, palinopsia 630
imaging 4–5
functional 81, 131–43
cognition mapping 137–8
radioactive tracers 132–5
gene expression 135
see also spectroscopic imaging
imipramine
motor neuron disease 1874
pain control 912
immune cell trafficking 1515–16
immune deviation 1541
immune disorders, synaptic transmission
1520
immune function of CNS 1654
immune globulin 1240
immune-mediated disorders of nervous
system 1515
immune-mediated neuropathies
sexual dysfunction 846
urinary bladder dysfunction 836
immune response
categories 1501
propagation 1596
termination 1511
immune system
adaptive 1502–8
augmentation in HIV infection 1690
innate 1501–2, 1509
immune therapies for PANDAS 561
immunization and autism 409, 411
immunoadsorption, selective 1540
immunoglobulin(s) 1502–3
immunoglobulin, intravenous 2052–3
chronic inflammatory demyelinating
polyradiculoneuropathy 1116, 1117
immunomodulation 1538–40
laboratory tests 1539
mode of action 1539
multifocal motor neuropathy 1118
multiple sclerosis 1630
myasthenia gravis 1155
polymyositis 1172
side effects 1539, 1540
transverse myelitis 1677
immunoglobulin A (IgA)
ataxia telangiectasia 1883
epilepsy 1239
paraproteins 1120–1
immunoglobulin E (IgE) 1883
immunoglobulin G (IgG)
antineuronal antibodies 1570
paraproteins 1120–1
immunoglobulin M (IgM) 2055
paraproteinemia 1119–20
paraproteins of non-MAG specificity
1120
immunologic ignorance 1512
immunological synapse 1542, 1543
immunologically mediated disease 1663
immunomodulatory agents 1534–40
immunomodulatory procedures, invasive
1540–1
2138 Index
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immunophilin-binding agents 1532–3
see also cyclosporin A; sirolimus;
tacrolimus
immunosuppression
chronic inflammatory demyelinating
polyradiculoneuropathy 1117,
1118
HIV infection 1688
JC virus 1675
myasthenia gravis 1153
paraneoplastic syndromes 1476
polymyositis 1172
seizures 1240
immunosuppressive agents 1530–4
liver transplantation 1976
multiple sclerosis 1613
neurotoxicity in organ transplantation
2082, 2083–6
diagnosis 2085, 2086
management 2086
immunotherapy
biotechnological agents 1541, 1542
bone marrow transplantation 1541
combination therapy 1529
diagnosis establishment 1527
disease heterogeneity 1527–8
effectiveness 1527
future developments 1541–3
immunomodulation 1534–41
immunosuppression 1530–4
individualization 1542
neurological disease 1527–43
patient compliance 1527
phase-specific 1528–9
principles 1527–30
selective antigen-specific 1542
stem cell transplantation 1541
T-cell receptor targeting 1542
tolerance 1527
impact/impulsive loading in traumatic
brain injury 1799
implantable pulse generator (IPG) 842
inattention
contralateral 334
intracerebral hemorrhage 334
pathophysiology 334–7
tests 331–2
unilateral 334, 335–6
inborn errors of metabolism 1293–4
incidence of disease 123
incidentaloma, pituitary 861
inclusion bodies
Huntington’s disease 35, 1901, 1902,
Fig.118.3
motor neuron disease 1868, 1871, Fig.
116.5
inclusion body myositis 41, 1174–5, Fig.
70.11
Index of Activities of Daily Living (IADL)
244
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
(USA) 576
indomethacin 957, 958
industrial chemicals 605
infant Hercules appearance 2036
infants
autism 411
brain death 354
brain tumours 1457–8
infection
acute renal failure 1988
amoebal 1657
CNS
acute host response 1654
after organ transplantation 2086–7
host responses 1651–7
infectious pathogens 1656–7
inflammatory cell function regulation
1656
inflammatory cell recruitment 1655–6
MHC antigen expression 1654
TNF-� 1657
drug abuse 1833–4
epilepsy 1253
hemiplegic cerebral palsy 573
multiple sclerosis 1613, 1615
nosocomial and acute ischemic stroke
1368
oligodendroglia vulnerability 571
paraproteinemia 2056
parasitic 1657
periventricular leukomalacia 571
primary angiitis of the central nervous
system differential diagnosis 1552
renal transplantation complication
1999
systemic 3
taste disturbance 617
TORCH 572
visual hallucinations 630
see also bacterial infection; brain,
abscess; endocarditis; fungal
infections of CNS; viral infection
inflammation
local 881
mediators in oligodendrocyte sensitivity
1598
multiple sclerosis 1610
neurogenic 877
neuroprotection 1520–1, 1529–30
traumatic brain injury 1801
inflammatory bowel disease 1979–81
central nervous system 1980
multiple sclerosis 1980
neurological complications 1980
peripheral nervous system 1980
peripheral neuropathy 1101
therapeutic complications 1980
inflammatory brain disease
complement activation 1598
etiology 1599
inflammatory cells
function regulation in CNS 1656
perivenular 1595
inflammatory demyelinating
polyradiculoneuropathy
acute (AIDP) 1111, 1113
chronic (CIDP) 1114–18, 1134, 1514
clinical features 1114
course 1114–15
definition 1114
diagnosis 1114
electrodiagnosis 1115
intravenous immunoglobulin 1116,
1117
pathology/pathogenesis 1115–17
plasma exchange 1116, 1117
prevalence 1114–15
prognosis 1114–15
treatment 1116, 1117–18
HIV-1 infection 1697
inflammatory bowel disease 1980
inflammatory disease
low back pain 762
peripheral 880
inflammatory mediators 1509–11
HIV dementia 1694
production in CNS 1654
reduction 880
inflammatory response, multiprotein in
AD 9
influenza 1677
information
learning 202
processing 10
retrieval 200
Index 2139
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inhalants 1832
inhalation abuse 1105
inhibition
enhancement 1232
epilepsy 1229, 1230–3
GABA 1231
inhibitor neutralizing antibody (IN-1) 701
spinal cord injury 705
inhibitory basket cells 1232
inhibitory burst cells 634–5
inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)
GABA-A receptor mediated 1232
slow 1230
tetanic stimulation 1232
INK4 cdk inhibitors 1438
innominate artery occlusion/stenosis
1349
inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) 1436
synaptic plasticity 82, 83
insomnia 816, 821
cyclosporin-induced 2085
fatal sporadic 219
long term 822–3
primary 822–3
restless legs syndrome 2045
short term 822
treatment 822–3
visual hallucinations 630
see also familial fatal insomnia (FFI)
insula 321
nociception 894, 896
swallowing 801
insulin
autonomic failure in diabetes mellitus
786, 787
deficiency 229
tolerance test 864
insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) 257
insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
survival signals 241
tyrosine kinase receptor pathways 1435
insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) 854–5,
1594
apoptosis 70–1
growth hormone deficiency 863
recombinant human 1875–6
insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) 1594
�-integrins 71
integrinv3 1439
intelligence, brain aging 204
intention defects, neglect 331
interests, fixed/unusual in autism 408
interferon(s)
chronic inflammatory demyelinating
polyradiculoneuropathy 1117
immunomodulatory action 1534–7
types I and II 1535
interferon � (IFN�)
immunomodulatory effects 1534–5
multiple sclerosis 1536
trials 1542
receptor binding 1536
side effects 1537
signalling induction 1536
viral clearance from CNS 1656
interferon � (IFN�)
administration route 1537
compliance 1537
immunomodulatory effects 1534–6
multiple sclerosis 1534, 1536, 1537,
1541–2, 1628–9
contraindication in pregnancy 1948
neutralizing antibodies 1537
receptor binding 1536
recombinant preparations 1534
side effects 1536
teratogenicity 1536–7
interferon � (IFN�) 1504, 1505
helper T cell synthesis 1509
immune response 1510
immunomodulatory effects 1534–5
macrophage activation 1508
interictal activity in epilepsy 1236
interleukin 1 (IL-1)
bacterial CNS infection 1657
bacterial meningitis 1733
inflammatory response 1732
interleukin 1 (IL-1) converting enzyme 70
interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra)
71
interleukin 1� (IL-1�) 65
interleukin 2 (IL-2)
HIV immune system augmentation
1690
release by macrophages 1599
interleukin 4 (IL-4) 1505
interleukin 5 (IL-5) 1505
interleukin 6 (IL-6) 1594
bacterial meningitis 1733
interleukin 12 (IL-12) 1510
HIV immune system augmentation
1690
internal capsule
chronic renal failure 1989
hemorrhage 1357
internal carotid artery
angiogram 1551
bifurcation aneurysms 1394
dissection
neck 1346–7
neck pain 748
occlusion
intracranial 1347
neck 1346–7
proximal 1394
stenosis 1346–7
International Association for the Study of
Pain (IASP) 906
pain definition 939
International Headache Society (IHS) 920
benign cough headache 933
cluster headache diagnostic criteria
927, 928
idiopathic jabbing headache 933
orofacial pain classification 939
International Stroke Trial 1366, 1367
interneurons, segmental inhibitory 874
internuclear ophthalmoplegia 635
interstitial brachytherapy 1470
interstitial keratitis 1583–4
interstitial nucleus of Cajal 635
eccentric gaze after vertical saccade 637
intervertebral discs see disc(s)
intracardiac tumours 1955
intracarotid amobarbital testing (IAT) 139
intracavernous injection therapy 848
intracellular adhesion molecule(s)
(ICAMs) 1595, 1596
bacterial meningitis 1733
intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-
1) 1516
cerebral ischemia 71
intracellular signal transduction cascades
82
intracerebral hematoma 1799
intracerebral hemorrhage 1383–9
anticoagulant-induced 2054
biochemical effects 1385–6
blood volume 1389
brain edema 1389
caudate hemorrhage 1384
cerebellar hemorrhage 1384
cerebral edema 1385
clinical features 1383–4
complications 1386
diagnosis 1386–7
2140 Index
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Cambridge University Press0521793513 - Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutic Principles, Third EditionEdited by Arthur K. Asbury, Guy M. McKhann, W. Ian McDonald, Peter J. Goadsby and Justin C. McArthurIndexMore information
epidemiology 1383
hematoma surgical evacuation 1387–8
hypertensive 1386
imaging 1386–7
inattention 334
intracranial pressure monitoring 2025
intraparenchymal hematoma 1383
intraventricular hemorrhage 1386
lobar hemorrhage 1384
medical therapy 1387
neurological damage mechanisms
1385–6
neuronal injury 1389
obstructive hydrocephalus 1386, 1388
prognosis 1389
putaminal hemorrhage 1384
stroke 1346
syndromes 1357–9
thalamic hemorrhage 1384
thrombolysis 1388–9
treatment 1387–8
vasogenic edema 1385, 1386
ventricular system 1388
intracranial aneurysms 1393, 1394, 2072,
2073
berry 2000
intracranial angioma 2068
intracranial blood flow cessation 354, 355
intracranial calcification 2070
intracranial elastance 2016–17
intracranial hemorrhage
headache 1392
hemophilia 2051–2
olfactory epithelium degeneration 603
thrombocytopenia 2052
intracranial hypertension, benign 2027–8
intracranial hypertension, idiopathic
2027–8
Addison’s disease 2039
surgery 2028
intracranial hypertension syndrome, age-
related 1758
intracranial hypotension 2028
intracranial mass removal 2023
intracranial neoplasms 942
intracranial physiology 2016–17
intracranial pressure 2016–28
A-waves 2018–19
B-waves 2019
brain death 350
brain injury 1797–8, 1799, 2016
C-waves 2019
chronic disorders 2025–8
compressive 2019
control 2025
diffuse 2019
disorders 2016, 2019–28
fluid-coupled 2017–18
indications for monitoring 2018
interpretation 2018–19
lowering 1798
lumbar catheters 2017–18
measurement 2017–18
monitoring 1797, 2017–19, 2025
outcome 2025
pressure wave 2016–17
solid-state systems 2018
waveforms 2018–19
intracranial pressure, raised
aggravating factors 2024
B-waves 2025
barbiturate coma 2022
brain edema treatment 2020–1
brain metastases 1463
brain tumours 1440
cerebral perfusion pressure reduction
1385
clinical aspects 2019–20
cranial vault decompression 2023
CSF volume reduction 2022–3, 2024
drowning 2025
endotracheal intubation 2020
fulminant hepatic failure 2025
head positioning 2020
hyperglycemia 2021
hyperosmolar therapy 2021–2
hyperventilation 2020
initiating factors 2024
intracerebral hemorrhage 2025
intracranial mass removal 2023
ischemic encephalopathy 1385
management 2020–3, 2024
medical 2020–2
surgical 2022–3, 2024
medulloblastoma 1450
metabolic suppression 2022
normal pressure hydrocephalus 2025–7
primitive neuroectodermal tumour
1450
subarachnoid hemorrhage 2025
traumatic brain injury 1797
intracranial territory
distal infarction 1354–6
middle 1353–4
proximal 1350–3
infarction 1352–3
intracranial tumour, cervical
radiculopathy 743
intramedullary astrocytoma 723
intramedullary ependymoma 723
intraparenchymal hematoma 1383
intraparietal sulcus lesions 469
intraspinal therapy, long-term 917
intrathymic deletion 1513
intravascular tracers 131
intraventricular catheter 2022, 2024
hydrocephalus drainage 1386
intraventricular hemorrhage 1386
ion channels 6–7
nociception 875–7, Fig. 58.5
tetrodotoxin resistant/sensitive 876
ipsaparone 829
iris hamartoma 2062, 2063
iron
deposits in Friedreich’s ataxia 1887
ferrous accumulation 241
irregular sleep–wake pattern syndrome
825
irritable bowel syndrome 805
Isaacs syndrome see neuromyotonia
isoniazid
optic neuropathy 624
sensory–motor polyneuropathy 1102–3
tuberculosis 1701, 1784–5, 1786
isovaleric acidemia 1881
IT15 34–5
Item Response Theory 114
Ixodes 1755–6
dual infections 1762–3
Ixodes ricinus 1754
Jacobsen’s syndrome 34
trinucleotide repeat expansions 42, 44
Jagged protein 56
Japanese B encephalitis 504
vaccine 1671
Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction 1774
jaw trauma 616
JC virus 1675
CNS infection after organ
transplantation 2087
jerks
brainstem myoclonus 528, 529
nystagmus 644
propriospinal myoclonus 529
reflex 528
Index 2141
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jet lag 824–5
jitter 1990
Joffroy’s sign 2034
Joubert’s syndrome 575
kainate 62
receptors 68, 878
Kaposi’s sarcoma 1703
human herpes virus 8 1561
Kayser–Fleischer rings 505, 1882, 1979
KCNA1 gene mutation 1891
Kearns–Sayre syndrome 1891, 1925
auditory nerve degeneration 672
Kennedy’s disease see spinobulbar
muscular atrophy
keratoconjunctivitis sicca 1575
kernicterus 574
Kernohan’s notch 1440, 2019
ketamine
neuropathic pain control 914
topical 915
ketoaciduria, intermittent branched-
chain 1881
ketoconazole 860
ketogenic diet 1913
�-ketoglutaric dehydrogenase 1822
ketoprofen 966
khat 1829
kidneys see polycystic kidney disease;
renal disease; renal failure; renal
transplantation; von
Hippel–Lindau disease; Wilson’s
disease
kinases 82
synaptic plasticity 83
Kleine–Levin syndrome 811
KLH1 gene 45
Klippel–Feil syndrome 734–5, 736, 737
atlantoaxial instability 732
congenital scoliosis 729
craniocervical junction anomaly 731
craniosynostosis 730
extravertebral anomalies 735
inheritance 735
knockin gene studies 1904
Kocher–Debré–Semélaigné syndrome
1176, 2036
Koch’s postulates 118–19
Koenen tumours 1266
Kojewnikow syndrome 1259
Korsakoff’s amnestic syndrome 306,
1822–3
cortical blindness 627
olfactory deficit 604
posterior cerebral artery infarction 1356
Krabbe disease 1138, 1919
see also leukodystrophies, globoid-cell
Kraepelin, Emil 253
krait snake bites 1155
Krebs–Henseleit cycle 1975
kuru 218, 222, 1716, 1717
clinical features 1718
Kveim antigen skin test 1563
kynurenic acid 1734
kyphoscoliosis 730
Riley–Day syndrome 1133
kyphosis 729
acquired 729
bracing 730
L-dopa see levodopa
L-selectin 1516
labetalol 1387
labyrinthectomy 674
postural normalization 682
labyrinthine dysfunction 680
lactate dehydrogenase deficiency 1217
lactate metabolism disorders 1881
lactic acid 1207, 1209
lactic acidosis 1223
resting 1932
lactic dehydrogenase 1213
lacunes 454
Lafora’s disease 1919
investigations 1297
progressive myoclonic epilepsy 525,
1266, 1296
Lambert–Eaton-like syndrome, congenital
1159
Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome
1093, 1144, 1157–8
autoimmune hypothesis 1475
immune-mediated 1475
neuromuscular junction autoimmune
attack 1520, 1521
paraneoplastic 1484
small-cell lung cancer 1474
voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC)
proteins 1520
Lambl’s excrescences 1955
lamin proteins 1170
laminin 1168
lamivudine
HTLV-1 1713
polyarteritis nodosa 1577
lamotrigine
multiple sclerosis 1627
neuropathic pain control 913
paradoxical effects 1304
seizure control 1315
LAMP-2 mutations 1217
Lance–Adams syndrome 1255
Landau–Kleffner syndrome 1240, 1267
corticosteroids 1240
language
abnormalities in multiple sclerosis 1608
acquired disorders 317–26
AD 254
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
425
autism 411
basal temporal area 322
bedside examination 319–20
function
brain aging 203–4
microelectrode recordings of cortex
171–2
laterality and functional MRI 139
left hemisphere system 320
Lewy body dementia 268
localization 1322
neural basis 322–5
semantic dementia 286
Wada testing of laterality 1316
Wernicke–Geschwind model of
anatomy 322
see also aphasia; speech
laryngeal nerve, superior 799
larynx, swallowing 798
Lasegue’s sign 1084
laser evoked potentials (LEP) 894, 895
late hyperpolarizing potentials (LHPs)
1230
lateral lemniscus 661–2
lateral medullary syndrome see
Wallenberg’s syndrome
lateral sclerosis, primary 1482, 1863, 1864
laterocollis 534
lathyrism 725
latrotoxin 1159
Lazarus sign 352
lead poisoning
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
423
children 1988
encephalitis 1806
2142 Index
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Cambridge University Press0521793513 - Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutic Principles, Third EditionEdited by Arthur K. Asbury, Guy M. McKhann, W. Ian McDonald, Peter J. Goadsby and Justin C. McArthurIndexMore information
encephalopathy 1832
neuropathy 1093
neurotoxicity 1805–7, 1807
children 1806
optic neuropathy 624
palsy 1805
learning
autism 415, 416
long-term potentiation 301, 302
neurotransmitter release 301
learning disability 425, 428
Tourette’s syndrome 555–6
Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy
(atrophy) 6, 624, 1622, 1924, 1928
leflunomide 2083
left hemisphere
damage 341
dominance in praxis 466–7
inattention 340
infarction 1375
language system 320
rehabilitation 341
stroke correlation with depression
1373, 1374
Leigh-like syndrome 1929
Leigh’s syndrome 1891, 1926, 1929
hypophosphatemia differential
diagnosis 2010
morphological changes in muscle 1932
Lennox–Gastaut syndrome 1263–4, 1265
atypical absence status 1276
EEG 1287
immune globulin 1240
tonic–atonic seizures 1238
lenticulostriate territory, deep 1347
lentivirus 1683, 1684
properties 1685
leprosy 3
leptin, eating disorders 812–13
leptomeningeal angioma 2068–9
leptomeninges 1548, 1551
leptomeningitis, tuberculous 1778–9
leukemia
acute lymphoblastic (ALL) 1491
adult T-cell 1710–11
chronic myeloid (CML) 11
leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) 1594
leukocyte adhesion inhibitor 67
leukocyte function antigen 1 (LFA-1) 1595
leukocyte function antigen 3 (LFA-3) 1595
leukocytes
endothelial cell tight junctions 1655
inflammatory demyelination 1519
local control by brain 1656
magnesium measurement 2009
matrix metalloproteinase secretion
1516
migration 1516
rolling 1516
tethering 1516
leukodystrophies 1633, 1634
Alexander disease 1642–4
Canavan disease 1641–2
globoid-cell 1638–40
animal models 1639
clinical features 1638
diagnosis 1639
gene defect 1638
gene therapy 1639–40
pathology/pathogenesis 1639
stem cell transplantation 1639
treatment 1639–40
leukoencephalopathy 1645
metachromatic 1137–8, 1636–8
bone marrow transplantation 1638
carriers 1638
clinical presentation 1637
diagnosis 1637–8
gene defect 1637
gene therapy 1638
infantile/juvenile 1637
pathology/pathogenesis 1637
Pelizaeus Merzbacher disease 1640–1
polycystic lipomembranous
osteodysplasia with sclerosing
leukoencephalopathy 1644–5
progressive white matter destruction
1914
Sjögren Larsson syndrome 1644
vacuolating megencephalic
leukoencephalopathy with
subcortical cysts 1645
see also adrenoleukodystrophy, X-
linked; cerebrotendinous
xanthomatosis
leukoencephalitis, acute hemorrhagic
1674
leukoencephalopathy
cyclosporin-induced 2084, 2086
necrotizing 1492
with polyol metabolism disturbance
1645
progressive multifocal 1675–6, 2087
vanishing white matter 1645
leukotrienes 1508
levetiracetam 913
levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) 439
levodopa 210
cerebral palsy 576
corticobasal degeneration 497
dystonia 540
Huntington’s disease 1906
multiple system atrophy 503
neurotoxicity 482
orthostatic hypertension 787, 790
orthostatic tremor 518
PD 482–3
periodic limb movement disorder 826
rest tremor 516
restless legs syndrome 826
side-effects 483
Lewy bodies 214, 215, 267, 270–1, Fig. 18.2
antigens 270
idiopathic Parkinson’s disease 784
intracellular 228
Lewy body dementia 270–1, 273, 479,
Fig. 18.2
PD 221, 479
�-synuclein 275–6, 277
ubiquitin 240
Lewy body dementia 20, 221, 267–77, 476,
477, 503
Alzheimer changes 272, 274
amyloid plaques 272
autonomic failure 784
behavioural symptom treatment 270
clinical features 267–9
clinical management 270
clinico-pathological correlations 273
cognitive decline 268
cognitive deficit 503
cognitive dysfunction 274
CSF biochemical markers 269
degenerative 245
depression 269
diagnosis 254, 503
differential diagnosis 269
dopaminergic dysfunction 503
epidemiology 124
genetics 269–70
imaging 269, 503
incidence 267
laboratory investigations 269
language impairment 268
Lewy bodies 270–1, 273, 479, Fig. 18.2
Lewy body-related pathology 273–4
Index 2143
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Lewy body dementia (cont.)
Lewy neurites 271–2, 273–4
memory deficit 268
mental status fluctuation 268
neurochemical deficit 274
neurofibrillary tangles 272
neuroleptic sensitivity 268–9, 270
neuronal loss 272, 274
neurotransmitter deficits 273
parkinsonism 268, 489, 503
pathological features 270–3
prevalence 267
spongiform change 272–3
�-synuclein 240, 274–6
synucleinopathy 503
transgenic models 276–7
visual hallucinations 268
visuospatial function 268
Lewy body disease, diffuse see Lewy body
dementia
Lewy neurites 271–2, 273–4
lexicon, brain aging 204
lexipafant, HIV dementia 1696
Lhermitte’s phenomenon 716, 725, 1494
multiple sclerosis 1607
Libman–Sacks endocarditis 2058
lidocaine
cluster headache 930
creams 1679
dystonia 542
orthostatic tremor 518
patch 914, 948
sympathetically maintained pain 948–9
trigeminal neuralgia 945
Li–Fraumeni syndrome 1449
ligamentous laxity 732
light, bright 825
lignocaine
patches 881
sodium channel blockade 877
Likert scales 108
limb
constraint-induced forced use 87–8
rigidity in corticobasal degeneration
495
see also apraxia(s), limb
limbic encephalitis 1480
limbic leukotomy 398
limbic system 306, 307
akinesia 337
auditory pathway input 663
depression 369
drug reward states 432
neglect 334, 335
limited attention theory 336
lingual nerve, surgical injury 617
lingual plaque 614
linkage analysis 17, 18
non-parametric 18–19
linkage disequilibrium 19
lipid disorders 1208
lipid metabolism disorders 1137–40, 1208,
1218–21
exercise intolerance 1218–20
hereditary lipoprotein deficiencies
1139–40
myoglobinuria 1218–20
weakness 1220–1
lipidosis 525
sulfatide 1636–8
lipids 1208
lipofuscinosis, neuronal ceroid 525
lipomatosis
epidural 2039
multiple symmetric 1134
lipomyelomeningocele 734
lipoprotein deficiencies, hereditary
1139–40
LIS1 gene locus 183–4, 185
Lisch nodules 2062, 2063
lissencephaly 182–5
cell migration disorders 56
with cerebellar hypoplasia 185
cerebral palsy 575
classical 182–3
cobblestone 187
double cortex/X-linked syndrome
182–3, 184–5
isolated 182, 183–4
spastic quadriplegia 572
type II 187
X-linked 184
Listeria monocytogenes
CNS infection after organ
transplantation 2086, 2087
meningitis 1729, 1730
renal transplantation complication 1999
Listing’s law 646
lithium 367
mechanism of action 368
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus 866
lithium carbonate 869
cluster headache 930
hypnic headache 934–5
litigation, low back pain 766–7
liver disease
cholestatic in children 1101
neurological complications 1970–9
smell impairment 599
taste dysfunction 618
see also hepatic entries
liver transplantation
consciousness impairment 1976
familial amyloid polyneuropathy
1135–6
immunosuppressive agents 1976
neurological disorders 1976–7
procedures 1976–7
LMNA1 gene 1170
locomotion
force modulation 584
physiology 581–2
sensory modalities 582, 584
locomotor synergies 582
locus coeruleus
adrenergic supply of intraparenchymal
vessels 1343
descending innervation 874
facial nerve vasodilatation 1342
noradrenaline neurons 817, 818
REM sleep 821
logic, error 120
long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA
dehydrogenase deficiency 1220
long QT syndrome 1965
long-term potentiation (LTP) 301, 302
longitudinal studies, brain aging 196
loop diuretics 2008
lorazepam
absence status 1276
immunosuppressive neurotoxicity
management 2086
motor neuron disease 1874
seizures in viral encephalitis 1669
tonic–clonic status epilepticus 1274
lordosis 729
Lorenzo’s oil 1138, 1636
loudness
discomfort levels 664, 665
recruitment 664
lovastatin 1636
low-threshold (LT) neurons 889
lower motor neurone syndrome,
radiation-induced 1495
LRPAP1 genetic locus 5
lumbar chiropractic manipulation 917
2144 Index
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lumbar disc, herniated 763–4
lumbar discitis 762
lumbar nerves Fig. 47.2
lumbar radiculopathy 1084
lumbar spine, systemic disease in low
back pain 762
lumbar spinal cord, sympathetic efferent
pathways 797
lung
cancer
brain metastases 1463, 1465
paraneoplastic cerebellar
degeneration 1476
disease with tuberous sclerosis complex
2067
see also respiratory dysfunction; small-
cell lung cancer
lupus anticoagulant 1575, 2057–8
luteinizing hormone (LH) 854
pituitary adenoma secretion 860
Lyme disease 1754–63
animal models 1762
antibiotics 1760
prophylactic 1761
autoreactive antibodies 1762
CD4+ T-cells 1761, 1762
chronic 1760
chronic arthritis 1761–2
clinical presentation 1756–7
congenital infection 1757
CSF abnormalities 1759–60
cytokines 1762
diagnosis 1758–60
dual infections 1762–3
epidemiology 1755–6
facial nerve palsy 1558
late stage infection 1757
neurocognitive function tests 1760
neurological manifestations 1757–8
neurotoxins 1762
nitric oxide 1762
pathophysiology 1761–2
prevention 1761
prognosis 1761
prophylactic monovalent vaccine 1761
serology 1759
treatment 1760–1
vasculopathy 1761, 1762
Lyme encephalopathy 1757–8
Lyme urine antigen tests 1760
lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1
(LFA-1) 1516
lymphocytes
activated 1655
development 1502
retention in CNS during infection
1655–6
see also B cells; T cells
lymphocytoma cutis 1757
lymphoma
B-cell 1576
CNS in transplant recipients 2089, 2090
malignant with amyloid
polyneuropathy 785
metastatic systemic 1704
primary CNS 1703–4, Fig. 103.20
imaging 1703–4
lymphoproliferative disorder, post-
transplant 1999
lymphotoxins 1510
D-lysergic acid dimethylamide (LSD)
1831, 1832
stroke 1835
lysosomal storage disorders 1914–18
glycosaminoglycan metabolism
disorders 1917–18
lipid metabolism defects 1916
M proteins 1119, 1121
McArdle disease 1209, 1211, 1213, 1214,
1216
McCune–Albright syndrome 855
McGregor’s line 732
Machado–Joseph disease see
spinocerebellar ataxia, type 3
(SCA3)
McRae’s line 732
macroglia
death 58–9
lineages 1594–5
myelinating potential 1601
�2-macroglobulin 22
Lewy body dementia 269
macroglobulinemia 2055
sensory neuropathy 1121
macrophages 1508, 1560–1, 1733
activation 1508
HIV infection 1688
acute motor axonal neuropathy 1113
bone-marrow derived 1597
cerebral ischemia 65
demyelination in Guillain–Barré
syndrome 1112
HIV reservoir 1687
IL-2 release 1599
immune response 1510
mycobacterial growth 1657
perivascular 1651
HIV infection 1692, Fig. 103.10
MHC antigen expression 1654
phagocytosis 1654
recruitment in Wallerian degeneration
1080
macula sparing/splitting 626
Madelung’s disease 1134
magnesium
deficiency 2007
delirium tremens 1817
elemental 2009
serum levels 2007, 2008, 2009
magnesium ions
ischemia 63
seizures 1235
magnesium sulfate 2009
eclampsia 1947
magnetic fields 160
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 4, 131
anatomical tract tracing method 1323
brain aging 197, 199–200
brain tumours 152, Fig 11.4–11.5
clinical trials 11
diffusion 137
epilepsy 1287–91
functional (fMRI) 4, 131, 135–7, Fig. 1.1
blood oxygenation level dependent
(BOLD) contrast 135, 136–7, 138
brain aging 197, 200, 201
cerebral localization 1322–3
cognitive function
localization/lateralization 1290–1
contrast mechanisms 135, 136
dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC)
perfusion 136
epilepsy 1290–1
event-related 162
motor areas of brain 448–9
neurological diagnosis/management
138–43
presurgical localization of function
138–9
skilled behaviour acquisition 10
spatial resolution limits 136
magnetic field strength 148
motion sensitivity 148
perfusion 137
safety 148
Index 2145
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magnetic resonance spectroscopy 146,
147, 148–57, Fig. 11.2, Fig. 11.4–11.5
GABA studies in brain 153–6
magnetic field strength 148
metabolic rate studies 156–7
motion sensitivity 148
neurological disease 151–2
proton (1H) spectrum 148–50, 1291
safety 148
sensitivity 148
signal localization 150–1
signals 148
single volume 150–1
spectroscopic imaging 151
magnetoencephalography 81, 160
attention in visual perception 161, Fig.
12.1–12.3
cognitive brain function 160
coherence studies 167–8, 169, 170
epileptic patient evaluation 165
memory function 161–2, Fig. 12.4
parallel processing 165
presurgical mapping 165–6
sequential cerebral processing stages
162–3, 164, 165
sequential processing 165
magnocellular reticular nucleus 828
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
1502, 1504
antigen expression during CNS
infection 1654
class II 1508
inhibition by IFN� 1535
copolymer-1 (COP-1) binding 1537–8
mal perforans 1772
malabsorption 2008
malaria 3, 1657
cerebral 1749–50
diagnosis 1750
malignancy
hypercalcemia 2004
hypercoagulable states 2058
pain 915, 916
transplant patients 2088–9
malignant hyperthermia 14
central core disease 1171
malnutrition
anorexia nervosa 809
hypophosphatemia 2010
mamillary bodies 306
mamillothalamicus fiber tract 306
mandibuloacral dysplasia 2076
manganese
hepatic encephalopathy 1975, 1976
inhalation 1807–8, 1809
neurotoxicity 1807–9
occupational exposure 1808
parkinsonism 504, 1808
manganese superoxide dismutase 1869
manganism 1808
mania
anatomy 368–70
obsessive–compulsive disorder 390
treatment 367
manic syndromes 365
mannerisms 552
mannitol
intracerebral hemorrhage 1387
intracranial hypertension 2021
maple syrup urine disease 1912
Marchiafava–Bignami disease 1823
Marcus Gunn phenomenon 1675
Marfan’s syndrome 730
aneurysms 1393
aortic dissection 1411
stroke 1411, 1412
Marie’s ataxia 1887
marijuana 439, 1831, 1836
addiction 442
dopamine levels in nucleus acumbens
432
fetal effects 1835
intoxication 438
seizure control 1834
tic disorder therapy 561
withdrawal 438
Marinesco–Sjögren’s syndrome 1887
mass effect, brain tumours 1440
massage, therapeutic 917
Massion–Verniory disease 1131
matrilysin 1511
matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1439,
1511, 1655
bacterial meningitis 1733
giant cell arteritis 1582
HIV dementia 1694–5
IFN-mediated inhibition 1536
immune-mediated demyelination 1519
secretion by leukocytes 1516
Matthews Rundle syndrome 1887
Mattis Dementia Rating Scale 244
MCPH gene loci 180
Mdm2 protein 1438, 1439
MDMA see ecstasy
measles
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1679
optic neuritis 1674
subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
1675
MECP2 gene 414
defect 1919
medial geniculate body 662
medial longitudinal fasciculus 634, 635,
636
lesions 635, 637–8
oculomotor nerve neurons to abducens
nucleus 647, 648
saccadic innervation 637
medial preoptic area, sexual behaviour
843
medial rectus neurons 647, 648
medial vestibular nucleus 636
medulla
lateral infarction 1350–2
lesions localization 1349
medial infarction 1352
medullary reticular formation 888
medulloblastoma
chemotherapy 1451–2
childhood 1449, 1450–2
infants 1457–8
intracranial pressure management 1450
postoperative tumour staging 1451
radiotherapy 1451
surgery 1450
mefenamic acid 966
mefloquine 1750
melanin 1657
melanoma, paraneoplastic retinal
degeneration 1481
melarsoprol 1750
MELAS phenotype mutations 1928
MELAS syndrome 6, 1214, 1266, 1409–10,
1925–6
ataxia 1892
clinical features 1925
diagnosis 1926
management 1410
mtDNA point mutations 1926
phenotype 1409–10
prognosis 1926
stroke 1409–10
treatment 1925–6
melatonin 824, 825
Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome 1980
melphalan 1121
2146 Index
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Cambridge University Press0521793513 - Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutic Principles, Third EditionEdited by Arthur K. Asbury, Guy M. McKhann, W. Ian McDonald, Peter J. Goadsby and Justin C. McArthurIndexMore information
memantine 68
HIV dementia 1696
membrane-attack complex 1509
membrane stabilizers 949
memory
AD 254
age-associated impairment 242
age-related changes 197
alcoholic syndromes 1822–3
brain aging 201, 202
cellular mechanisms 301, 302
declarative 303
basal forebrain 306
diencephalic regions 306
disorders 305
medial temporal lobe 305
neocortical basis 308–9
strategic 309–10
deficit
posterior cerebral artery infarction
1356
rostral brainstem infarcts 1355
emotional modulation 306, 308
encoding 303
epilepsy 1293
episodic 162
explicit 260
function
electroencephalography study 161–2,
Fig. 12.4
localization 1322
magnetoencephalography study
161–2, Fig. 12.4
functional neuroimaging 302–3
gist of experience 303
hippocampus 83, 200
immediate 303, 309
impairment in multiple sclerosis 1608
large-scale systems 302–3
Lewy body dementia 268
long-term 303, 304
ongoing use 303
processes 301
storage 86
temporal dynamics 304
temporal phases 303–4
loss in AD 239, 260
mechanisms 301–13
NMDA receptors 198
non-declarative 303, 310–13
conditioning 311–12
repetition priming 312–13
non-verbal 392
parahippocampal gyrus 200
postoperative deficit with hippocampal
resection 1318
primary (immediate/short-term) 201,
202, 304
recall 202
retrieval 303–4
retroactive interference 303
reward-related 433
secondary (long-term) 202
sensory 201
short-term 201, 202, 304
storage 303
hippocampus 83
suppressor genes 84, 86
system independence 310
types 303–4
working 303, 309–10
frontal lobe lesions 310
see also amnesia; skill learning
memory T-cells 1654
Menière’s disease 672
benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
differential diagnosis 687
cochlear function 667
management 674
meninges
bacterial infection 1728, Fig. 106.2
viral infections 1661–2, 1663, 1664–5
meningioma 1433, 1434
calcification 1441
fibrous 1434
meningoepithelial 1434
neurofibromatosis type 1 2062
pilocytic 1441
radiation-induced 1494
transitional 1434
vascular parkinsonism 504
meningitis
acute syphilitic 1769
after organ transplantation 2086
aseptic 1663
systemic lupus erythematosus 1574
bacterial 1728–32, Fig. 106.2
antibiotic therapy 1734–5
antibodies 1731
blood entry 1731
brain edema 1734
chemoprophylaxis of contacts 1735
CNS infection 1731–2
complement activation 1731
corticosteroids 1735
CSF entry 1732
epidemiology 1729–30
inflammation induction 1732–3
inflammation progression 1733–4
invasion 1731–2
nasopharyngeal colonization 1731
nasopharyngeal epithelial cell
invasion 1731
neonatal 1730
neuronal damage 1734–5
opsono-phagocytosis 1731
pathogenesis 1730–2
pathology 1734
replication 1732–3
serogroups 1730
survival in blood 1731–2
transport across blood–brain barrier
1732
treatment 1734–5
viral meningitis differential diagnosis
1662, 1663, 1665
carcinomatous 723
encapsulated bacteria 1657
eosinophilic 1751
inflammatory bowel disease 1981
Lyme disease 1757
meningococcal 1729–30
pneumococcal 1729
serous 1779–80
syphilis 1769–70
tuberculosis 1701, 1778, Fig. 110.1
clinical presentation 1779–80
corticosteroid therapy 1787
CSF examination 1781
diagnosis 1780–2
high-risk groups 1780
imaging 1781–2, 1783
mortality 1782
prognosis 1782
spontaneously remitting 1779–80
tuberculous 1777
uremic 1989
viral 1661–2, 1663, 1664–5
clinical manifestations 1662, 1665
complications 1665
diagnosis 1662, 1664
differential diagnosis 1662, 1663,
1665
epidemiology 1662
etiology 1662
laboratory findings 1662, 1665
Index 2147
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meningitis (cont.)
viral (cont.)
management 1662, 1664–5
prognosis 1665
meningocele 733
meningococcal vaccine serogroup C 1730
meningoencephalitis
ameobal 1657
bacterial 1728
Behçet’s disease 1580–1
chronic spirochetal 1771
enteroviral meningitis 1666
Lyme disease 1757
Naegleria fowleri 1751
meningomyelitis 1770
menstrual dysfunction 857
mental retardation
epilepsy 1293
Sturge–Weber syndrome 2069
tuberous sclerosis complex 2067
mental tests 106
meperidine
analogue 1836
migraine 1940
overdose 1828
seizures 1834
meralgia paresthetica 2048
mercury, autism 411
merosin 1168
MERRF syndrome 6, 1214, 1892, 1919, 1926
investigations 1297
myoclonus 525
progressive myoclonic epilepsy 1296
mescaline 1831, 1832
mesencephalic periaqueductal grey 888
mesencephalic reticular formation
inattention 335–6
sensory stimuli 334–5
mesenchymal disorders 730
mesenteric ganglia 797
metabolic acidosis 1987
metabolic disorders
myopathies 1207–23
neuropathies 1135–41
metabolic encephalopathy 254
metabolic myopathy 1207–23
abnormal fatigability mechanisms
1210–11
biochemistry 1212–14
diagnosis 1212–14
mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy
1213–14
muscle biopsy 1214
oxidative defects 1210
symptoms 1208–12
tissue-specific enzyme subunits 1213
tissue-specific isozymes 1213
weakness 1208–9
metabolic neuropathies 1092–102
clinical features 1092
electrodiagnosis 1093
patient evaluation 1092–3
pure motor/sensory presentation 1093,
1094–5, 1096, 1097
metabolic storage disorders 730
metalloproteinase
membrane-type 1511
vasogenic edema 1386
see also matrix metalloproteinase
(MMP)
metamphetamines 1834–5
metastases
extradural space 723
multiple 1463
see also brain tumours, metastases
methadone 439
fetal effects 1835
methamphetamine 1829
methanol toxicity 1988
methaqualone overdose 1831
methionine derivatives 1975–6
methionine synthetase 725
methotrexate
immunosuppressive therapy 1533
myasthenia gravis 1153
neurosarcoidosis 1565, 1566
polymyositis 1172
rheumatoid arthritis 737
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-
tetrahydropyridine see MPTP
methyl n-butyl ketone (MBK) 1104–5
methylcobalamin system 2046
methylcyclopentadienyl manganese
tricarbonyl (MMT) 1808
methylenedioxymethamphetamine 1829
methylmalonic acid 2046–7
methylmalonic aciduria 574, 575
methylphenidate 427–8
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
treatment 561
narcolepsy 824
methylprednisolone
multiple sclerosis relapses 1628
neurosarcoidosis 1565, 1566
spinal cord injury 695
transverse myelopathy 1574
methyprylon overdose 1831
methysergide
cluster headache 930
hypnic headache 935
migraine prophylaxis 922
metoclopramide
migraine 923
overuse syndrome treatment 967
metoprolol 922
metronidazole 1093, 1103
metyrapone
Cushing’s disease 860
test 864
mexiletine
dystonia 542
non-dystrophic myotonia 1200–1
pain control 914
topical 915
microangiopathy 1172
microcephaly 179
genetic causes 179
isolated 179, 180
neuronal progenitors 180
recurrence risk 180
vera 179–80
microelectrode recordings 168, 171
cortex 170–2
PD 168, 170
thalamus 170
microglia
activation 1597, 1599
AD 9
antigen-presenting cell activity 1597–9
demyelination 1597, Fig. 97.4
HIV reservoir 1687
neurons 1599
oligodendrocyte interactions 1598–9,
Fig. 97.6
perivascular 1508
phagocytosis 1654
T cell interaction Fig 97.4
microglial cells
memory T-cell reactivation 1654
MHC antigen expression 1654
perivascular 1651
pro-inflammatory cytokines 1654
�2-microglobulin amyloidosis 1994, 1995
microsatellites 17, 32
microscopic polyangiitis 1577, 1578–9
microsleeps 1281, 1282
2148 Index
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microsmia 597
microsomal triglyceride transfer protein
(MTP) mutations 1882
microsporidiosis 1178
microtubule associated protein (MAP)
240, 1801
see also tau proteins
microtubulin 1801
microvasculitis 1483
microvillar cells 595, 596
micturition 833
midazolam 1274
midbrain
compression 2019
essential tremor 515
infarction 1349
progressive supranuclear palsy 492
raphe nuclei serotonin neurons 818
REM sleep 821
serotonin neurons 817, 818
Tourette’s syndrome 557
vertical eye movements 637–8
middle latency response 669
migraine 920–5, 1939–40, 1941
analgesics 921, 922, 923
aura 920–1, 922
brainstem cerebral blood flow 963
breast-feeding 1940
caffeine 921, 922
central sensitization 882
chronic tension-type headache 957
cladistics 20
clinical features 920–1
cutaneous allodynia 961
diagnosis 920–1
differential diagnosis 921, 1940
epidemiology 921
episodic 958, 959, 960
ergot alkaloids 923
exteroceptive suppression 962
facial 942–3
familial hemiplegic 37, 921–2
heritability 23, 25
investigation 1940
medication induction of daily headache
963
monogenic 23, 25
myocardial infarction 1962
non-pharmacological treatment 922
pathophysiology 921–2, Fig. 61.1
peripheral sensitization 882
pregnancy 1939–40, 1942
prevalence 921
prophylactic drug treatment 922–3
psychiatric comorbidity 959–60
spontaneous recurrent 962
taste dysfunction 618
transformed 955, 960
chronic 955–6
treatment 963–4
treatment of attacks 923, 1940
trigeminal nerve activation 961
triptans 923–5
visual hallucinations 630
Migraine Disability Assessment Scale
(MIDAS) 923
milk–alkali syndrome 2004
Millard–Gübler syndrome 650–1
Miller–Dieker syndrome 182, 183–4, 185
lissencephaly 575
Miller–Fisher syndrome 1120
mind, consciousness 290
mineralocorticoid activity, excess 2001
Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE)
244
AD 260
poststroke depression 1374–5
miniature end-plate potentials (mepps)
1144, 1157
minicore disease 1171
minisatellites 32
mink encephalopathy 216
minocycline 1907
miosis, herniation syndromes 1440
mirror movements, congenital 735, 736,
737
mirror neurons 471
mirtazapine 516
misery perfusion 1367
mismatch concept, vertigo 679–80
mismatch negativity 669
misonidazole 1093, 1103
misoprostol
gastroprotection in NSAID
administration 911
multiple sclerosis 1627
mithramycin 2005
mitochondria
biogenesis/biochemistry 1922–31
Huntington’s disease 40, 1902
intracellular calcium store 1870
motor neuron disease 1870, 1871–2
genome alterations 1872
respiratory chain enzymes 1872
mitochondrial disorders 6
hypotonic/ataxic cerebral palsy 575
Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy 624
myopathies 1214
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 1222,
1922–3
defects 1924–9
depletion 1931
heteroplasmy 1213–14
inheritance 1923–4
oxidative stress 241
PD 23
respiratory chain 1221
single deletions 1924
mitochondrial encephalomyopathy 1214,
1922–33
mitochondrial encephalopathy 525, 1266
neurogastrointestinal (MNGIE) 1924,
1931
mitochondrial energy metabolism
disorders 570
mitochondrial genome 22
intergenomic signalling defects
1930–1
mitochondrial metabolism 1219
mitochondrial myopathies 1208, 1209
investigations 1931–3
mitochondrial inclusions 1932
mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy
with lactic acidosis and stroke see
MELAS syndrome
mitochondrial protein synthesis 1924–8
mitochondrial respiratory chain and
oxidative phosphorylation system
see MITOX system
mitochondrial respiratory chain defects
1221–3
Friedreich’s ataxia 1887
mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)
882, 1436
MITOX system 1922, 1923
complexes 1923
function analysis 1932–3
mitoxantrone (MIX) 1534, 1629
mitral annulus calcification 1955
mitral cells 597
olfactory bulb 596
mitral stenosis, embolic disease 1953
mitral valve
incompetence 2000
prolapse 1943, 2000
embolic disease 1953–4
Index 2149
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mixed connective tissue disease
myelopathy 725
myositis 1173
Miyoshi myopathy 1169
MJD1 gene 37
Möbius sign 2034
Möbius syndrome 649
modafinil 824
molecular mimicry 1514
autoreactive T cell activation 1517
inflammatory demyelination 1519–20
molecular misreading 240
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
367
monoaminergic amine depletion 1374
monoclonal gammopathy neuropathies
1119–21
monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain
significance (MGUS) 1119
monocyte chemoattractant protein 1
(MCP-1) 1655
monocytes
activated
cerebrovascular endothelium binding
1655
HIV dementia 1694
cerebral ischemia 65
monomers, misfolded 228
mononeuritis multiplex 1577
inflammatory bowel disease 1980
mononeuropathy, transplant patients
2087, 2088
mononeuropathy multiplex 1092
cryoglobulinemia 2056
mononuclear cells
CSF 1653
migration inhibition 1596
mononuclear phagocytes, granulomas
1560
Monro–Kellie doctrine 2017
mood disorders 364–71
behavioural change 365
bipolar 365
brain structure alterations 5
classification 365–6
clinical features 364–7
definitions 365–6
delirium 369–70
dementia 369–70
epidemiology 364
etiology 367–70
familial 370
functional impairment 365
genetic risk 370
instability 368
mixed states 365
monoaminergic hypotheses 368
neuroanatomic hypotheses 368
neurological disease 366
noradrenergic hypothesis 368
pathophysiology 367–70
somatic diseases 366
systemic lupus erythematosus 1573
therapy 366–7
morphine
migraine 923
motor neuron disease 1874
Morquio’s syndrome 730
mosaicism 14
Moschowitz disease 2053
mosquitoes, arborviral encephalitis
vectors 1671
mossy fibres, sprouting 85, 1235
motion sickness 680
motor axonal neuropathy
acute (AMAN) 1111
hyperthyroidism 2034
motor circuit, PD 480–1
motor disorders
acquired hepatocerebral degeneration
1974
chronic renal failure 1989
motor end plate 1163
repetitive firing 1083
motor evoked potentials, dystonia 539
motor-intention deficits 333
motor neglect 333
pathophysiology 336–7
motor neuron disease 1844–5, 1863–76
antiglutamate therapy 1875
antioxidant therapy 1875
autosomal dominant 1869
axonal loss 1868
Betz cell depletion in motor cortex 1867
Borrelia burgdorferi 1758
bronchopneumonia 1867
bulbar dysfunction 1865
cachexia 1865
classification 1863
clinical features 1863–7
clinical variants 1863–4
constipation 1874
cramps 1865, 1873
creatine 1872
cytochrome c oxidase subunit
mutations 1869
cytoskeletal protein defects 1871
dementia 1866
demyelination 1867
differential diagnosis 1867
disease progression 1866–7
dysarthria 1873
dysphagia 1873
emotional lability 1865, 1874
excitatory amino acid transporter 2
1869, 1870
familial 1863
fasciculations 1865
fatigue 1865, 1873
free radicals 1870
gene targeted mice 1850–1
genetic factors 1868–70
genetics 1846–8
glutamate 1869, 1870
glutamatergic toxicity 1870
inclusion bodies 1868, 1871, Fig. 116.5
ubiquinated 1871, Fig. 116.5
intracellular calcium homeostasis
1870–1
investigations 1867
limb weakness 1864
management 1872–6
manganese superoxide dismutase 1869
mechanical ventilation 1874, 1875
mitochondria 1870, 1871
dysfunction 1871
structural changes 1871–2
motor system hyperexcitability 1870
neck weakness 1865
neurofilament heavy protein gene 1869
neurofilament proteins 1871
neuroprotective therapy 1875–6
neurotrophic factors 1875–6
non-invasive intermittent positive
pressure ventilation 1874, 1875
oxidative stress 1870
pain 1866, 1874
pathogenesis 1868–72
pathology 1867–8
percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
1873
prognosis 1866–7
protective factors 1869–70
recombinant human IGF-1 1875–6
reflexes 1864–5
respiratory failure 1867, 1874
2150 Index
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respiratory symptoms 1866
RNA processing defect 1870
saliva drooling 1874
sensory impairment 1866
sleep 1866, 1874
disturbance 1866
spasticity 1873
specialist clinics 1872
swallowing disruption 802
symptom control 1873
terminal care 1874–5
tone 1865
toxic gain of function 1869
transgenic mouse models 1849–50
treatment models 1854–5
weakness 1873
weight loss 1865
see also amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
motor neuron syndromes, pure lower
1093
motor neuronopathies 1085
motor neurons 1844
motor phenomena, involuntary 1996
motor symptoms 1083–4
motor tracts, lamination 716
motor unit activity 1083
uremic polyneuropathy 1990
motor units 1163
motor vocabulary 472
motor–sensory polyneuropathy 1100
movement
constraint-induced therapy 456
cortical control 447–58
formulae 461
learning 466–7
perception deficit 628
praxis evaluation 462
sequencing 471
impairment 466
skilled 461
stereotyped 389, 395
visual loss 627
movement disorders
hyperkinetic 476
hyperthyroidism 2033–4
hypokinetic 476
liver transplantation 1976
systemic lupus erythematosus 1574
moyamoya disease 2062
aneurysms 1394
management 1409
polycystic kidney disease 2000
radiation vascular disease 1493
stroke 1408–9
MPTP
parkinsonism 480, 504
rest tremor induction 514
MPZ gene mutations 1131, 1132
MTMR2 gene mutation 1130
mucopolysaccharidoses 1917–18
craniofacial features 1914
ligamentous laxity 732
multicore disease 1171
multielectrodes 170
multifocal motor neuropathy 1078,
1118–19
with persistent conduction block 1116
multiple chemical hypersensitivity
syndrome (MCS) 605
multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B
1133–4
multiple myeloma 2055
amyloid polyneuropathy 785
diabetes insipidus differential diagnosis
866
M proteins 1119
paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathy
1483
multiple sclerosis 1623–4
acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
1675
differential diagnosis 1624
acute myelopathy 721
age at onset 1607
anal continence 805
animal model 1517
antibody response 1503–4
ataxia 1625–6
auditory system effects 673
autoantigen 1518
autoimmune mechanisms 1528
autoimmune theory 1611, 1612, 1613
axons
degeneration 1600–1, 1615–16
injury 10
loss 1610
B cells 1518
biotechnological agents 1542
bipolar affective disorder 1610
bowel symptoms 1626
brain-derived neurotrophic factor 1529
brain inflammation 1599
brainstem symptoms 1627
burden 124
cerebral cortex 1615–16
cerebrospinal fluid 1622
chronic progressive 1514, 1529
clinical presentations 1620
clinically definite 1608, 1609
clinically isolated syndromes 1608,
1622, 1624
imaging 1624
cognitive abnormalities 1608–9
cognitive dysfunction 1627
cognitive impairment 1609
complement activation 1509
conduction block 1615
cyclosporin A 1532–3
demyelinated axons 1615
demyelination 1078, 1599–601, 1610
depression 1537, 1609–10, 1626
Devic’s neuromyelitis optica differential
diagnosis 1624
diagnosis/diagnostic criteria 1620–2,
1623, 1624
disability 1600–1
measures 113
disease modifying treatments 1628–30
epidemiology 124, 1606
epilepsy 1255
etiology 1606–7
euphoria 1610
evoked potentials 1622
executive function deficit 1608
experimental approaches 1542
familial 229
fatigue 1626
function recovery 1600
genetic factors 1599, 1606–7
genetic susceptibility 1612
growth factors 1613
heritability 22
heterogeneity 1527–8
HLA-DR2 allele association 22
imaging 1609, 1621, 1622
diagnostic 1620, 1623
immune-mediated demyelination
1516–18
immunolgical events in lesions 1613,
1614
immunology 1611, 1612, 1613, 1614,
1615
immunopathogenesis 1527–8
immunosuppressive therapies 1613
infection 1513
infective factors 1613, 1615
Index 2151
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multiple sclerosis (cont.)
inflammation 1610
mechanisms 1613, 1614
inflammatory bowel disease 1980
interferon � 1536
trials 1542
interferon � 1534, 1536, 1537, 1541–2,
1628–9
intravenous immunoglobulins 1538,
1630
kinetic tremor 519
language abnormalities 1608
lesion evolution 1611
lesion histopathology 1611
Lhermitte’s sign 1607
magnetic resonance spectroscopy
151–2
management 1624–30
Marburg variant 124
memory impairment 1608
mobility-related symptoms 1625–6
myelin basic protein 1543
neurological rehabilitation 1627–8
neutralizing antibodies 1537
nurse specialists 1628
odour sensing 597
olfactory deficit 604
oligodendroglial progenitors 58
optic neuritis 622
optic–spinal form 1607
pain 1626–7
paroxysmal symptoms 1626–7
pathogenesis 229, 1599–601, 1611,
1612, 1613, 1614, 1615
pathogenetic routes 1611
pathology/pathophysiology 1606–16
phase-specific immunotherapy 1529
plaque 1611
plasmapheresis 1628
pregnancy 1947–8
preoligodendrocytes in lesions 1601
prevalence 124, 1606
primary progressive 1610–11, 1622
prognosis 1529
progression 1600–1
psychiatric abnormalities 1609–10
psychiatric dysfunction 1627
psychological dysfunction 1627
psychotic episodes 1610
relapse 1609, 1615
treatment of acute 1628
relapsing–remitting 1514, 1529, 1620
interferon � 1628, 1629
remission 1609, 1615
remyelination 1615
secondary progressive 1628, 1629
sexual dysfunction 844–5
spasticity 1625
sporadic 229
swallowing disruption 802
symptoms/signs 1607–8
T cells in lesions 1518, 1612, 1613
tonic spasms 1283
treatment 1624–30
trigeminal neuralgia 1627
twin concordance studies 16
urinary bladder symptoms 1626
urinary tract dysfunction 835
vertigo 1627
viral infection 1528
visual evoked potentials 1622, 1623
visual symptoms 1627
white matter lesions 1621, 1622
multiple subpial transections (MST) 1320
multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD) 1636,
1637
diagnosis 1637
multiple system atrophy 476, 477,
499–503, 773, 781–2, 783, 784
autonomic failure 780
cerebellar disorder 500, 502
clinical features 499–500, 501
clonidine–growth hormone testing 782,
783
cortical myoclonus 525
diagnosis 500–2
differential diagnosis 500
electromyelogram 840
erectile dysfunction 840
imaging 501–2
infratentorial atrophy 501
investigations 782, 783
Lewy body dementia differential
diagnosis 269, 503
misdiagnosis 489
oligodendroglial inclusions 502, Fig.
34.5
parkinsonism 489, 500, 502, 781, 782
pathology 502–3
presentation 775
prevalence 499
prognosis 782, 784
progressive supranuclear palsy
differential diagnosis 493
sexual dysfunction 844
sporadic 502
stereotactic surgery contraindication
503
subgroups 781
�-synucleinopathy 502
therapy 503
tracheostomy 779
urinary bladder dysfunction 834
urinary incontinence 840
multisystem degeneration, parkinsonism-
plus syndrome 489
multisystem disorders, mtDNA depletion
1931
mumps/mumps virus 1660
diagnosis 1662, 1664
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1679
meningitis 1662
complications 1665
optic neuritis 1674
transverse myelitis 1677
muscimol 66
muscle
action potential generation 1183
atrophy 1086
contraction and cross-bridge cycling
1209
contractures 1212
cramps 1208
exercise intolerance 1211–12
motor neuron disease 1865, 1873
denervation-induced changes 1086
disease in pregnancy 1948–9
disorders of striated 1163–78
energy source for contraction 1207
enlargement in hypothyroidism 2036
exertional injury 1212
fatigue
abnormal 1208, 1209
aerobic fitness 1210
cellular mechanisms 1210
glycogen depletion 1209–10
glycolysis/glycogenolysis defects
1210–11
high-frequency 1209
lipid defects 1211
low frequency 1209
fuel 1207–8
glycolysis/glycogenolysis defects
1210–11
hypertrophy in myotonia congenita
1184
2152 Index
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Cambridge University Press0521793513 - Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutic Principles, Third EditionEdited by Arthur K. Asbury, Guy M. McKhann, W. Ian McDonald, Peter J. Goadsby and Justin C. McArthurIndexMore information
lipid defects 1211
myophosphorylase deficiency 1211
oxidative fuels 1207–8
oxidative metabolism disorders 1208
pain 1208
exercise intolerance 1212
paraneoplastic syndromes 1484–5
phosphofructokinase deficiency 1209,
1211, 1213
phosphorylase deficiency 1209,
1210–11, 1213
relaxants 540
segmental innervation 715
tone in chronic hepatic encephalopathy
1972
wasting 1169, 1175
limbs 1996
weakness 1169, 1175
motor neuron disease 1864, 1865
work 1207
see also skeletal muscle
muscle fibres
fast 1163, 1209
innervation 1143
slow 1163
transverse-tubule (T-tubule) 1183, 1186
muscle membrane, intermittent failure of
excitability 1183
muscle spindle innervation 874
muscle–eye–brain disease (MEB) 187–8
muscular dystrophy 1164–70
autosomal recessive distal 1168–9
classification 1165
Emery Dreifuss 1169–70
facioscapulohumeral 1169, 1171
Fukuyama-type congenital (FCMD)
187–8, 1168
limb girdle 1167, 1168
merosin-deficient congenital 1168
oculopharyngeal 1170, 1173
severe childhood autosomal recessive
1167
severity 14
swallowing disruption 802
musculoskeletal system
balance 584
gait 584
orofacial pain 950–2
mushrooms, hallucinogenic 1831, 1832
MuSK protein 1145
mutism, aphasia 318
myalgia 1208
myasthenia gravis
abducens nerve palsy differential
diagnosis 651
acetylcholine receptor 1144
acetylcholinesterase test 1149–50
antibody-negative 1148–9
antibody response 1504
associated conditions 1151–2
autoantibodies 1511
autoimmune 1146–55
autoimmune response 1520
clinical features 1147
complement-mediated lysis 1509
cyclosporin A 1532
diagnosis 1149–51
differential diagnosis 1151
diplopia 654
drug-induced 1155
electrophysiological testing 1150
etiology 1149
familial infantile 1159
fatigue 1865
grading 1147–8
heritability 25–6
hyperthyroidism 1151, 2034–5
hypothyroidism 2037
immune pathogenesis 1148
neuromuscular junction autoimmune
attack 1520, 1521
neuromuscular transmission
impairment 1145–6
paraneoplastic 1484
pathophysiology 1148
perinatal 1949
plasmapheresis 1154
postsynaptic blockade 1155
pregnancy 1948–9
snake bites 1155
swallowing disruption 802
systemic lupus erythematosus 1574
T cells 1149
thymectomy 1520, 1540–1
transient neonatal 1155
treatment 1152–5
myasthenic crisis management 1155
myasthenic syndromes 25
congenital 1145, 1155–7
mycobacterial growth in CNS 1657
Mycobacterium intracellulare 1178
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1700, 1777,
Fig. 110.1
pathogenesis 1778–9
renal transplantation complication
1999
mycophenolate mofetil 2082, 2083
immunosuppressive therapy 1532, 2086
myasthenia gravis 1153, 1154
Mycoplasma pneumoniae 1110
mycotic aneurysms 1833
myelin
axon survival 1601
brain aging 199
breakdown 1509
clearance 1080
congenital hypomyelination 1132
nerve growth-preventing proteins 701
P zero protein 1116
gene mutation 1130
primary disorders 1077
sheath 1076–7
formation 1603
myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) 91
gene 1078
antibodies 1119
multiple sclerosis 1518
myelin-associated neurite growth
inhibitors 701
myelin basic protein (MBP) 1517, 1518
immunodominant epitopes 1518
multiple sclerosis 1543
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
(MOG) 1517, 1518
myelination 1076–7, 1593–5
axon–glial interactions 1595
spinal cord injury 704
stem cells 1593, 1594, Fig. 97.1
see also demyelination; remyelination
myelinolysis, central 2004
myelitis, paraneoplastic 1482
myelocystocele, terminal 734
myeloma
neck pain 749
osteosclerotic 2056–7
paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathy
1483
myelomeningocele 733
myelopathies 713–25
acquired hepatocerebral degeneration
1974
causes 719–25
cervical spondylosis 723
classification 714
decompression 725
heroin 1834
Index 2153
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myelopathies (cont.)
infectious 722–3
inflammatory 721
multiple sclerosis 1608
necrotizing 723
neoplasia 723
nutritional deficiencies 725
radiation 725
systemic lupus erythematosus 1573
thalassemia 2050
toxic 725
vacuolar 722
vascular 719–20
myeloproliferative disorders 2051
myeloradiculopathy 723
myeloschisis 733
myoblasts 1163
myocardial infarction
cerebrovascular injury 1953
emboli to CNS 1953
migraine 1962
psychosocial risk factors 1965
myocardium
dermatomyositis 1172
necrosis and subarachnoid space blood
1962
myoclonic ataxia, progressive 525
coeliac disease 526
myoclonic epilepsy
progressive 525
with ragged red fibres see MERRF
syndrome
myoclonic jerks 526
myoclonus 254, 523–31
action-intention 1255
acute renal failure 1987
ataxia combined with 1887
brainstem 527–9
reticular reflex 529
chronic hepatic encephalopathy 1972
classification 523
cortical 523–6
clinical features 524–5
etiology 524–5
pathophysiology 523–4
pharmacology 525–6
prognosis 526
treatment 525–6
dystonia 527, 533
association 526–7
essential 526–7
focal/segmental jerks 523
generalized 523
multifocal 523, 525
nocturnal 2045
palatal 1353
posthypoxic 526
propriospinal 529, 530
psychogenic 530–1
seizures 1255
spinal 529–30
segmental 529–30
status epilepticus 1277–8
myocytes 1340
MyoD family transcription factors 1086
myofascial pain syndromes 951
myofilaments 1163
myogenic mechanism, intrinsic 1338
myoglobinuria 1208, 1214
acute renal failure 1995
exercise intolerance 1212
glycogenoses causing 1214, 1216–18
hereditary 1218
lipid metabolism disorders causing
1218–20
respiratory chain defects 1222
myoneurogastrointestinal
encephalopathy (MNGIE) 1924,
1931
myopathy
acquired 1175–8
alcoholic 1824
anorexia nervosa 810
congenital 1170, 1931
critical illness 1176
distal 1168–9
drug-induced 1176, 1177
endocrine 1175–6
exercise intolerance 1928–9
hypercortisolism 2039
hyperthyroidism 2035
hypothyroid 1176
hypothyroidism 2036–7
infantile 1931
infection 1176–8
inflammatory 1172–5, 1980
mitochondrial 1214, 1932, Fig.120.3
morphologically defined 1170–2
mtDNA depletion 1931
nemaline 1171–2, Fig. 70.8
overlap syndromes 1173
pure 1927
steroid 1172, 1176
systemic disease 1176–8
toxic 1176, 1177
transplant patients 2087, 2088
uremia 1177, 1995–6
see also metabolic myopathy
myophosphorylase deficiency 1211, 1213,
1214, 1216
myorhythmia 519
myosin 1163
myositis
connective tissue disorder association
1173
focal 1175
inclusion body 41, 1174–5, Fig. 70.11
myositis/myopathy 1758
myotomes 727
myotonia
acetazolamide-responsive 1191
acquired from disruption of skeletal
muscle chloride conductance
1190–1
Becker’s 1184
familial 6
fluctuans 1191
non-dystrophic 1183–91
clinical features 1185
diagnosis 1200
sodium channel blockers 1200
treatment 1200–1
painful congenital 1191
paradoxical 1183
pathophysiology 1195–7
permanens 1191
potassium-aggravated 1191, 1192
diagnosis 1200
pathophysiology 1196, 1197
recessive generalized 1184
skeletal muscle excitability 1184
sodium channel 1184, 1192
myotonia congenita 6, 1183, 1184–90
chloride channel dysfunction 1185–7,
1188, 1189
ClC-1 protein 1187
CLCN1 gene mutations 1187–90
diagnosis 1201
muscular hypertrophy 1184
skeletal muscle membrane chloride
conductance 1185–7
treatment 1201
myotonic dystrophy 14
anticipation 32
congenital 42–3
pregnancy 1948
2154 Index
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trinucleotide repeat expansion 41–3
myotonin 43
myotube 1163
myxedema 2035–7
CSF protein 2037
madness 2035
myxocarditis 1955
N-acetylaspartate (NAA) 148–9
accumulation in Canavan disease 1641,
1642
MRS in neurological disease 151–2
obsessive–compulsive disorder 391
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) see NMDA
Na+/K+-ATPase pump 72, 1190
glycolysis 1210
membrane excitability in muscle fatigue
1209
thyrotoxic periodic paralysis 1200
nadolol
chronic daily headache 965
migraine prophylaxis 922
physiologic tremor 517
nadroparin 1366
Naegleria fowleri 1751
naloxone 439
opiate overdose treatment 1828
naltrexone
alcoholism treatment 441, 1820–1
heroin euphoria blocking 439
naming 320
naproxen sodium 966
naratriptan 923, 924
narcolepsy 26, 817, 823–4
diagnosis 823
sleep apnea differential diagnosis 821
symptoms 823–4
narcotics 923
nasal septum 595
nasopharynx, taste bud innervation 612,
613
National Institute of Neurological
Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
NINDS-ADRDA criteria for AD 259
and Society for Progressive
Supranuclear Palsy, Inc.
(NINDS–SPSP) diagnostic criteria
493, 494
natural killer (NK) cells 1510
naturetic factor 2002
ND5 gene mutation 1928
NDRG1 gene mutation 1130–1
near-falls 586
nebulin gene 1171
neck
flexion inducing electric paresthesiae
716
fractures 748
neck pain 742, 747–54
clinical diagnosis 749
conservative therapy 751–3
disc stimulation test 750–1
epidemiology 747
etiology 747–8
imaging 750
invasive techniques 750–1
manual therapy 751–2
medical therapy 753
physical therapy 751–2
plain radiography 749–50
surgical therapy 753
treatment 751–4
recommendations 753–4
whiplash 752–3
zygopophyseal joint blocks 751
necrosis 8
pathologic states 58–9
necrotizing myelopathy, paraneoplastic
1481
necrotizing vasculitis 725
negative-predictive value (NPV) 121, 122
neglect 331–43
allocentric spatial 332
anosognosia 342–3
attentional bias 338
behavioural testing 331–4
cerebral infarction 334
colliculus 341, 343
dopamine agonist therapy 343
eye movement 342
functional reorganization 342
hemiplegia denial 340
hemispatial 338
eye movement 339
right hemisphere lesions 341
visual feedback 343
ipsilateral 339
limbic system 334, 335
motor 333
pathophysiology 334–40
personal 332
recovery 341–2
sensory deprivation 342
spatial 332–3
attentional bias 338–9
intentional bias 338–9
motor-intentional bias 338
pathophysiology 337–9
sensory-intentional bias 338
syndrome 340–1
treatment 342–3
unilateral 332
vestibular system 343
viewer-centred hemispatial 332
Neisseria meningitidis 1729
Nelson’s syndrome 860
nemaline myopathy 1171–2, Fig. 70.8
neocortex, declarative memory 308–9
neonates
meningitis 1730
opiate abstinence 1828
neoplasms/neoplastic disease
aseptic meningitis 1663
low back pain 762
Neoral 2082, 2083
nephrotic syndrome, hypercoagulable
states 2059
neprilysin (NEP) 257
nerve compression, orofacial pain
947–8
nerve conduction defects
mitochondrial myopathies 1932
spinocerebellar ataxias 1891
nerve disorders
pathophysiology
anatomical organization 1075–8
axonal degeneration 1078, 1079,
1080–3
signs/symptoms 1083–6
nerve fibres, regrowth 700–1
nerve growth factor (NGF) 70, 85, 86,
701
autoreactive T cell synthesis 1520
hyperglycemia 1098
inflammation site 884
local injection 96
peripheral sensitization 880
tissue injury 880
tyrosine kinase A interaction 242
nerve growth-preventing proteins 701
nerve injury
C-fibre central terminal degeneration
884–5, Fig. 58.12
response 884
nerve regeneration 948
nerve root compression syndrome 765
Index 2155
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nerve root disorders
pathophysiology
anatomical organization 1075–8
axonal degeneration 1078, 1079,
1080–3
signs/symptoms 1083–6
nerve–smooth muscle junction 1342
nervous system
autoimmunity 1514–21
immune-mediated disorders 1515
immune responses 1520–1
inflammation 1520–1
neuroprotection 1520–1
radiation harmful effects 1489–96
regenerative capacity 60
see also central nervous system (CNS);
peripheral nervous system
nervus intermedius neuralgia 947
netrins 91, 94
axon guidance 702
receptors 94
neural blockade 917
neural cells
antigen presentation to naive T cells
1654
apoptosis 59
immune capabilities 1654
loss 59
in vitro production 60
neural growth factors, aging 241–2
neural induction 55
neural integrator 635, 637
neural plate 55
neural tube
closure failure 733
defects in epilepsy 1945
formation 55
neuralgia
glossopharyngeal 618, 947
nervus intermedius 947
occipital 947
paresthetica in pregnancy 1948
periodic migrainous 943
pretrigeminal 946–7
see also postherpetic neuralgia;
trigeminal neuralgia
neuraxial analgesia 917
neuraxonal dystrophy 1296
neurites, dystrophic in HD 1901
neuritic plaques, brain aging 238
neuro-Behçet’s disease 1580, 1581
neuroablative drugs, dystonia 542
neuroacanthocytosis 1141
parkinsonism 490, 505
neuroanatomical spaces 138
neuroblastoma, opsoclonus–myoclonus
1479
neurocardiogenic syncope 1965
neurocognitive deficits, functional
imaging 138
neurocristopathy 1134
neurocutaneous disorders 1266, 2061–76
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome 1411, 2072–3
progeria 2075–6
see also hereditary hemorrhagic
telangiectasia; neurofibromatosis;
pseudoxanthoma elasticum;
Sturge–Weber syndrome; tuberous
sclerosis/tuberous sclerosis
complex
neurocysticercosis 1745–9, Fig. 107.1–2
anti-inflammatory agents 1748–9
classification 1746
clinical characteristics 1745–6
CSF analysis 1746–7
diagnosis 1746–7
imaging 1746
immune response 1745, Fig. 107.1
treatment 1747–9
neurodegeneration
aging 210–11
aphasia 325
definition 213–15
transgenic models 224, 226–8
neurodegenerative diseases 210
autosomal dominant inheritance
1841–2
brain imaging 779
cerebrospinal fluid 224
genetic 219–22
genetic abnormalities 1841
genetically engineered models
1841–55
inherited 215
Lewy bodies 479
mutant genes 216
neurologic signs 478
olfactory dysfunction 604–5
prevention 228–9
replacement therapy 229
spectrum 229–30
sporadic 219–22
therapeutics 228–9
traumatic brain injury 1800
see also Alzheimer’s disease;
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis;
frontotemporal dementia (FTD);
Huntington’s disease; Parkinson’s
disease; prion diseases;
spinocerebellar ataxia
neuroepidemiology 10–11
neurofibrillary disorders 492
neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) 218, 1844
AD 220, 255
topographic distribution 256
Alzheimer’s disease 1800
brain aging 238
FTD 221
hyperphosphorylated tau 240
Lewy body dementia 272
Niemann–Pick diseases 1916
paired helical filaments 220
progressive supranuclear palsy 491–2,
Fig. 34.1
neurofibroma 2061, 2062
hypothalamic 861
plexiform 2061–2
precocious puberty 855, 2062
neurofibromatosis 730, 2061–4
auditory nerve degeneration 672
diagnostic criteria 2064
pheochromocytoma 2040
neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)
arterial lesions 2062
astrocytomas in children 1449
cutaneous lesions 2061–2
diagnostic criteria 2064
genetics 2064
neurologic lesions 2062–3
ophthalmic lesions 2062, 2063
optic nerve tumours 1456
stroke 1412–13
neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2)
brain tumours of childhood 1449
central 624
clinical features 2063–4
diagnostic criteria 2064
genetics 2064
neurofibromin 1412, 1413
neurofilament(s) 93
changes in neurodegenerative disease
1800
genes 227
heavy protein gene 1869
SOD1 mutant mice 1854
traumatic brain injury 1800
2156 Index
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neurofilament proteins 1800, 1801, 1871
neurogenesis 56
adult brain 198
hippocampus 1330
pathologic states 58
therapeutic approaches 60
neurogenetic disorder diagnosis 6
neurogenic inflammation 877
neurogenic weakness, ataxia and retinitis
pigmentosa (NARP) 1214, 1928,
1929
Neuroimaging Commission of the
International League against
Epilepsy 1288
neurokinin A 961
neuroleptic drugs
anorexia nervosa 810
atypical 561
dystonia 534
parkinsonism 504
sensitivity in Lewy body dementia
268–9
tardive dyskinesia 540
tic disorders 561
tremor 517
neuroleptic malignant syndrome 540
neuroligand binding studies 134–5
neurological deficit in epilepsy 1294–7
neurological emergencies 128–9
neurological function recovery 79–96
anatomical plasticity 85–7
behavioural adaptation 79, 87
collateral sprouting 85–6
combination approaches 96
cortical remodelling 79–81
dendritic remodelling 86–7
denervation supersensitivity 84–5
memory suppressor genes 84
neuronal replacement 95–6
physical therapies 87–8
physiological plasticity 81–5
regeneration promotion 88–90
spontaneous recovery mechanisms
79–81
therapeutic approaches 87–96
neurological outcome measurement
105–14
neuroma formation 948
neuromodulators
epilepsy 1233
sympathetic innervation of cerebral
circulation 1343
neuromuscular blockade 2024
neuromuscular disorders 1538
neuromuscular irritability 2006
neuromuscular junction 1143, 1144
acetylcholine receptor clustering 1145
autoimmune attack 1520, 1521
disorders in transplant patients 2087
immune-mediated disorders 1520, 1521
myasthenic 1144
paraneoplastic syndromes 1484–5
postsynaptic events 1144–6
presynaptic events 1143–4
safety margin for transmission 1146
synapses 1146
neuromuscular junction transmission
disorders 1143–60
classification 1146, 1147
postsynaptic
acquired 1146–55
congenital 1155–7
presynaptic
acquired 1157–9
congenital 1159
synaptic
acquired 1159–60
congenital 1160
neuromyotonia 1083, 1485
voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC)
proteins 1520
neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein
(NAIP) gene 1847
neuronal cell bodies 1081
neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 1917, 1919
investigations 1297
juvenile 1917
late infantile 1917
progressive myoclonic epilepsy 1296
neurons
A-fibre 873–4
abducens internuclear 635, 636
abducens motor 635
action recognition/imitation 471
activation 1337
aging 242
amyloid precursor protein 1851, 1852
apoptosis 259, 884
apoptotic cell death cascades 1802
autorhythmic properties 512, 514
bipolar sensory receptor 595, 596
brain aging studies 197–9
C-fibre 873–4, Fig. 85.2
calcium entry 1081–2
central sensory 1084
communications 1075
cytoskeleton 93
damage
bacterial meningitis 1733–4
glutamate release 698
death 58–9
excitotoxicity 62–3
glutamate-induced 69
ischemic mechanisms 62–5
dopaminergic 1593
dorsal horn
injury 884
peripheral inflammation 883–4
early-onset degeneration 830
excitability in seizures 1233–4
excitatory burst 636, 638
fetal transplantation 95
gap junctions 1235
growth factors 1593–4
heterotopic 186
inclusions 40
inhibitory burst 636
intracerebral hemorrhage secondary
injury 1389
loss
AD 236, 256, 258–9
with age 7, 197–8, 238
HIV dementia 1692
Lewy body dementia 272
low-threshold (LT) 889
membrane lipids 1656
microglia 1599
migration 177, Fig. 13.1
disorders 182–6
radial 56, 177
tangential 178
mirror 471
morphology restructuring 81
neurological disease 8
nociceptive-specific 889
number in aging brain 197
omnipause 634, 638, 644
pause 635
postmitotic 177, 178
posture recognition/imitation 471
premature exhaustion of progenitors
180
primary sensory 873–5, Fig. 85.2
central sprouting 884–6
central terminal projections 874
classification 875
Index 2157
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neurons (cont.)
primary sensory (cont.)
peripheral inflammation 883–4
postinjury cell death 884–6
production 56
progenitor cells 1330
progenitors
microcephaly 180
neuronal replacement 96
propriospinal 452, 879
regeneration after injury 1235
saccadic burst 638
schizophrenia 377–8
dopamine 379
spinal cord injury Fig. 47.3
spinal projection 888
stop signal 177, Fig. 13.1
synchronization 170
epilepsy 1233, 1235
thrombin toxicity 1385–6
vulnerability in term infant 568
wide dynamic range 889
neuropathic pain, HIV infection 1697,
1698
neuropathic ulcers 873
neuropathy
dysproteinemic 1093, 1096
inherited
with defective DNA repair 1140–1
motor and sensory with multisystem
involvement 1133–5
recurrent 1132
lipid metabolic defects 1137–40
metabolic disorders 1135–41
relapsing 1093
vasculitic 1121–3
neuropeptide Y
alcohol intoxication 1819
autoregulation 1339
cerebral circulation 1343
receptors 947, 1343
neurophilins 1698
neuroprotection 8, 1520–1
inflammation 1520–1, 1529–30
T-cell mediated 1529
neuropsychiatric disorders 5
hyperthyroidism 2033
hypothyroidism 2035
Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) 244
neuroreceptors 134, 135
neurosarcoidosis 1558–66
biopsy 1562, 1563–4, 1564
cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities 1564
cranial nerve palsy 1559
diagnosis 1562, 1563, 1564
empty sella syndrome 861
environmental agent exposure 1562
epidemiology 1558
facial nerve palsy 1559–60
genetic factors 1561–2
imaging 1564, 1565
investigations 1562–4, 1565
Kveim antigen skin test 1563
meningeal 1561, Fig. 95.3
multiple sclerosis differential diagnosis
1622
optic nerve disease 1559
pathogenesis/pathophysiology 1560–2,
1766–7
prevalence 1558
spinal column 1560
treatment 1565–6
neurospheres 1593
neurosteroids 1231
neurosyphilis 1766–75, Fig. 109.2–3
acute syphilitic meningitis 1769
antibiotics 1772–3
asymptomatic 1769
Charcot joints 1772
clinical diagnosis 1774
clinical manifestations 1767–73
CSF 1770, 1771, 1773, 1774
deafferentation 1772
early syphilis 1768–9
epidemiology 1766
etiology 1766
general paresis 1771
gummatous 1770–1
HIV infection 1773, 1774–5
laboratory diagnosis 1773–4
mal perforans 1772
meningovascular syphilis 1769–70
sensory loss 1772
tabes dorsalis 1771–2
treatment 1774–5
see also syphilis
neurotomy, percutaneous radiofrequency
medial branch 753
neurotoxic shellfish poisoning 1809
neurotoxins
aquatic 1809–11
Lyme disease 1762
neurological disease 1805–11
neurotransmitters 6–7
age-related changes 238–9
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
426–7
autonomic ganglia 774
autonomic nervous system 773, 774,
775, 776
basal forebrain 306
binding 131, 132
brain aging 197–8
disorders of metabolism 575
endogenous 135
epilepsy 1233
postganglionic sites 774
release inhibition 878
reuptake 131, 132
sympathetic innervation of cerebral
circulation 1343
neurotrophic factors in motor neuron
disease 1875–6
neurotrophin(s) 86, 1508
neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) 1593, 1594
neurotrophin 4/5 (NT-4/5) 70, 94
neutrophils 1733
nevi, port-wine 2070
nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome
1449
NF1 gene 1412, 1413, 2064
NF2 gene 2064
niacin deficiency 1881
nicastrin 226, 1853
nicotine
addiction 440
acute mechanisms 442
dopamine levels in nucleus acumbens
432
tic disorder therapy 561
withdrawal 440
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
antibodies 1484
nicotinic receptors 440
Niemann–Pick diseases 1140, 1882, 1916
diagnosis 1916
neurofibrillary tangles 1916
slow saccades 642–3
type C 1916
supranuclear gaze palsy 491
nifedipine
chronic daily headache 965
HIV dementia 1696
migraine prophylaxis 922
neuropathic pain control 914
nightmares 827
2158 Index
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nimodipine
aneurysm 1397
arteriovenous malformation 1402
migraine prophylaxis 922
Nissl substance 1075, 1844
nitric oxide 1508
axon degeneration 1599–600
bacterial meningitis 1733
cerebral circulation 1338
cerebral ischemia 65
corpus cavernosa smooth muscle
relaxation 847
dorsal horn neurons 882
hypercapnic hyperemia 1340
hyperemic response modulation 1340
inhibition 1339
Lyme disease 1762
neuronal aging 242
parasympathetic system 1342
proerectile transmitter 843
spinal cord conduction impairment
1599
swallowing 800
nitric oxide synthase
endothelial (eNOS) 65, 1338
inducible (iNOS) 65, 71
inhibitors 71, 1338, 1340
neuronal 1338
nitric oxide synthesis inhibitors 961
nitric oxide synthetase 843
nitric oxide:L-arginine pathway 1338
nitrite sniffing 1832
7-nitro-indazole (7NI) 1340
nitrofurantoin 1103
nitroglycerin 961
nitrosoureas 1443, 1444
3-nitrotyrosine 1870
nitrous oxide
myelopathy 725
sniffing 1832, 1836
NK1 877, 878
spinothalamic tract neurons 879
NK1 receptors
central sensitization 883
substance P toxin conjugate 879
NMDA 62, 63
antagonists 9, 66, 67, 68, 71, 72
neuropathic pain 914
Pfiesteria toxins 1811
phencyclidine 439
blockade 68
swallowing 800
transmission and alcohol withdrawal
441
NMDA receptor-associated ion channels
1801
NMDA receptors 9, 439
blockade 68
brain aging 198
calcium permeable ion channels 1870
central sensitization 882, 883
dorsal horn neurons 882
ethanol sensitivity 1818
excitation in epilepsy 1230
glutamate 301, 436
antagonists 374
schizophrenia 379
hippocampus 84
subunit-selective antagonists 68
L-NMMA 961
Nocardia asteroides 1999
CNS infection after organ
transplantation 2087
nociception/nociceptors 873–86
activation 875–80
high-frequency 879–80
sustained 881
central nervous system 951
cortex 893–4, 895, 896
cingulate 896
facilitation of spinal AMPA receptor-
mediated responses 882
insula 894, 896
ion channels 875–7, Fig. 58.5
modification 883–6
modulation 880–3
peripheral terminal degeneration 877
polymodal 874
primary
activation 875–7, 878
sensitivity modulation 880–1
spinal transmission 878–9
dorsal column 889
synaptic vesicles 878
terminal depolarization 876
terminal excitability 880, 881
nociceptive processing 165
nociceptive-specific (NS) neurons 889
nocispecific cells 879
nodes of Ranvier 876, Fig. 58.5
acute motor axonal neuropathy 1113
connexin 32 1131
depolarization 1595
immunoglobulin binding 1078
sodium channel blockade 1078
Nogo 90–1, 95
noise generators, low-level 675
non-24 hour sleep–wake syndrome 824
non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis
(NBTE) 1954
non-epileptic attack disorder 1282–3
non-ergolines 483
non-Hodgkin lymphoma 2089, 2090
non-invasive intermittent positive
pressure ventilation (NIPPV) 1874,
1875
non-nociceptive projection cells 889
non-nocispecific cells 879
non-parametric technique 18
non-REM sleep 816, 818, 819–20
Alzheimer’s disease 830
brain activity 820
depression 828
parasomnias 826–7
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs)
chronic daily headache 966
chronic pain 909–11
gastropathy 911
migraine 922, 923
multiple sclerosis 1627
protective effects for neurodegenerative
disease 11
renal toxicity 911
topical 915
toxicity 911
transformed migraine 964
Noonan syndrome
congenital scoliosis 729
short stature 863
noradrenaline 775
autoregulation 1339
cerebral circulation 1343
peripheral sensitization 880
noradrenergic hypothesis
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
426
mood disorders 368
noradrenergic neurotransmitter system
441
norepinephrine 537
nortriptyline
chronic daily headache 965
pain control 912
poststroke anxiety disorder 1378
poststroke depression 1375, 1376
Index 2159
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nortriptyline (cont.)
poststroke pathological effect 1379,
1380
Tourette’s syndrome 561
nose
nasal septum 595
neural systems 595
olfactory dysfunction in nasal disease
603
pain 940
Notch family 56
Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD) 1849,
1853
Notch3 gene mutations 25
CADASIL 1405–6
Nothnagel’s syndrome 652
notochord signalling, abnormal 727
Nova gene 1480
NT-3 701
spinal cord injury 699
nuclear corepressor protein (NCoR) 1903
nuclear DNA (nDNA) 1221–2, 1922
defects 1929–31
nuclear factor of kappa-binding (NF�-B)
1597, 1599, Fig. 97.5
nuclear inclusions, intracellular 228
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
spectroscopy 146
physical basis of measurement 146,
147, Fig 11.1
nucleoside analogues 1103
nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTIs) 1689,
1697–8
nucleotide arrays, high-density 20
nucleotide excision repair systems 33
nucleus acumbens
cholinergic neurons 432–3
drug reward states 432
extracellular dopamine 431, 432
GABA-containing projections 433
nicotinic receptors 440
opioid-containing projections 433
pathways 432–3
reward circuit dopamine projections
432
reward information 433
serotonin terminals 432
shell region 432
stimulation by glutamate-containing
axons 432
nucleus ambiguous 796
dysfunction 1354
swallowing 800
nucleus basalis of Meynert 238–9
nucleus caudalis, trigeminal complex
960–1
nucleus gracilis 889
nucleus reticularis 336
nucleus tractus solitarius 796
swallowing afferent system 799
vagus afferent projections 797
Numb protein 56
number needed to treat (NTT) 121
nutrition, total parenteral 1981–2
nystagmus
abducting 635
central vestibular disorders 689, 690
congenital 644, 645
convergence-retraction 645–6
downbeat 645, 718
gaze-evoked 644, 645
gaze paretic 1353
horizontal gaze-evoked 635, 640
jerk 644
latent 645
mechanisms 644–6
optokinetic 1355
pendular 644, 645
quick phases 634
see–saw 646
torsional 637, 645
upbeat 645
vertical positional 645
vestibular 645
vestibular system abnormalities 1350
voluntary 644
obesity 812–13
object representation 298
obliterative endarteritis 1767
obsessive–compulsive disorder 385–98
age of onset 387
aggressive obsessions 387
anemia 2045
autism 393, 395
autoimmune pathology 393
behavioural therapy 396
checking 387
clinical features 386–9
comorbid conditions 389–90
compulsions 392
contamination fears 387
cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CTSC)
circuitry 391, 392
demographic variables 386
diagnosis 389
differential diagnosis 389
disease course 387
dopamine blockers 394
dopaminergic systems 393–4
DSM-IV 389
eating disorders 390
electroconvulsive therapy 397–8
epidemiology 385–6
etiology 390–6
executive function 392
fronto-striatal dysfunction 391, 392
functional studies 391–2
genetics 390
hoarding 388
Huntington’s disease 1897–8, 1906–7
5-hydroxytryptamine 393
immunomodulatory treatment 397
misdiagnosis 386
natural history 387
neuroanatomical models 391–2
neurochemistry 393–6
neuropeptides 394–5
neuropharmacology 393–6
neuropsychology 392–3
neurosurgery 398
non-verbal memory 392
pathophysiology 390–6
personality disorder 389, 390
pharmacotherapy 397–8
precision 387
prevalence 385–6
quality of life 386
rheumatic fever 393
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
393, 397
serotonergic agent response 397
serotonin hypothesis 393
serotonin receptor studies 396
sexual obsessions 387
somatic obsessions 388
spectrum disorders 395–6
streptococcal infection 391, 393
striatal dysfunction 391, 392
structural studies 391
subtyping 388–9
symmetry 387
symptomatology 387
tic disorders 388, 392
Tourette’s syndrome 390, 393–5, 552,
554, 562
2160 Index
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treatment 396–8
augmentation with neuroleptics 397
resistance 397–8
visuospatial skills 392
occipital lobe disorders 626–7
bilateral lesions 626
epilepsy 1261
hemorrhage 1358
imaging 626
occipital neuralgia 947
occipito-frontal head circumference 179
occipitotemporal lesions, prosopagnosia
628
occupational therapy
behavioural adaptation 79, 87
cerebral palsy 576
dystonia 543
ocular alignment 646
disorders 653–4
ocular motility see eye movement
ocular skew 1357
ocular tilt reaction 637
skew deviation 654
ocular torsion, vesticular system
abnormalities 1350
oculomotor control 634–54
cerebellar influences 640–2
diplopia clinical testing 648–9
higher-level of saccades 638–40
horizontal conjugate gaze 635, 636, 637
nystagmus mechanisms 644–6
ocular alignment 646
oculomotor nerve courses 646, 647, 648
oculomotor nerve palsy diagnosis
649–54
saccadic movement disorders 642–4
signals 634–5
smooth pursuit 640, 641
disorders 644
vertical conjugate gaze 637–8
oculomotor nerve courses 646, 647, 648
oculomotor neuropathies 1099
oculomotor nucleus 646, 647, 648
oculomotor palsies
causes 651, 652
diagnosis 649–54
differential diagnosis 653
etiology 652–3
multiple 653
oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy
40–1
pathology 40–1
trinucleotide repeat expansions 42
odansetron 519
odds ratio (OR) 119
OKT3 2083, 2086
olanzapine 561
olfaction 595–606
anatomy/physiology 595–7
function 599
tests 599
see also olfactory dysfunction
olfactory agnosia 597
olfactory bulb 596, 597
centrifugal fiber connections 597, 598
ensheathing glia 96
glia 1603
granule cell production 58
neuron production 57, 58
olfactory cortex, primary 596–7
olfactory cortical regions 597
olfactory dysfunction
aging 600, 603
causes 599–600, 601–2, 603–5
classification disorders 597
CNS neoplasms 604
head injury 603
nasal disease 603
neurodegenerative disease 604–5
neurological disease 604–5
respiratory tract infection 600, 603
sensorineural causes 605
sinus disease 603
treatment 605–6
olfactory event-related potentials 599
olfactory groove meningioma 600, 604
olfactory nerve cells 595
olfactory nerve regeneration 96
olfactory neural transduction 596
olfactory neuroepithelium 595–6
olfactory nucleus, anterior 596
olfactory receptors 595
olfactory sensory signals 597, 598
olfactory tubercle 597, 598
olfactory vector hypothesis 596
oligodendrocytes 1594–5
anoxia sensitivity 1598
apoptotic cell death cascades 1802
cerebral ischemia 72
excitotoxic damage sensitivity 1598
excitotoxicity 699
inflammation mediator sensitivity 1598
inhibitory effects 91
microglia interactions 1598–9, Fig. 97.6
multiple system atrophy 502, Fig. 34.5
processes 1595, 1596
progenitors 1593, 1596, 1601, 1602
migration 1595
remyelination of CNS 1603
radiation toxicity 1490
reversible injury 1598
spinal cord injury 699, 700, 705, Fig.
47.3
stem cell differentiation 1593
stimulation of
differentiation/maturation 1594
survival 1597, Fig. 97.5
factors 1594
tumour necrosis factor � 1598–9
oligodendroglia 56
inclusion-bearing 1702, Fig. 103.19
progenitors 57, 58
radiosensitivity 1490
oligodendroglioma 1432, 1433, 1434
anaplastic 1432, 1434
chemotherapy 1443–4
calcification 1441
oligomers, misfolded 228
oligonucleotide arrays, dense 20
olivary complex, superior 661
olivocochlear bundles 662
olivocochlear fibres 660, 661
olivocochlear suppression test 667
olivocochlear system 662
lateral 663
medial efferent 662–3
oncogene proteins 241
oncovirus 1683–4
Ondine’s curse 1351
one-and-a-half syndrome 1353, 1354,
1358
Onuf’s nucleus 804
degeneration 784
sphincteric weakness 834
ophthalmic artery 1347
ophthalmic signs of hyperthyroidism
2034
ophthalmopathy 654
ophthalmoplegia
internuclear 1353
Wernicke’s encephalopathy 1821, 1822
see also chronic progressive external
ophthalmoplegia (CPEO)
opiate(s) 437–9
addiction 438–9
acute mechanisms 442
Index 2161
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opiate(s) (cont.)
cAMP 438
antagonists 67
dependence 1827–8
dopamine inhibition 438
dopamine levels in nucleus acumbens
432
intoxication 438
neuron hyperpolarization 438
overdose treatment 1828
periodic limb movement disorder 826
reward 437, 438
seizures 1834
shingle pain 1678, 1679
withdrawal 438, 438–9, 961–2
opiate abstinence syndrome 1828
opiate neurotransmitter system 440
opioid(s)
abstinence syndrome 916
addiction 916
analgesics 915–16
non-malignant pain 916, 917
overuse 958, 963
physical dependence 916
opioid receptor activation by opiates 437
opioid system in obsessive–compulsive
disorder 394
oppositional defiant disorder 423
opsoclonus 644
opsoclonus–myoclonus 1479
antibody-positive 1479–80
opsonization of pathogens 1508
opsono-phagocytosis in bacterial
meningitis 1731
optic atrophy 623
optic neuropathy 622–3
optic chiasm disorders 625
optic disc
edema 622–3
optic atrophy 623
swelling 624
optic nerve/optic neuropathy 621–5
astrocytoma 1454–6
incidence 1455–6
treatment 1455
cobalamin deficiency 2047–8
glioma 624–5, 2062, 2063
heredo-familial 623–4
ischemic 622–3
arteritic 623
non-arteritic 622–3
nutritional 624
radiation-induced 1494
remyelination 1603
retinal ganglion cells 1595
sarcoidosis 1559
systemic lupus erythematosus 1573
toxic 624
tumours 624–5, 1454–6, 2062, 2063
optic nerve sheath meningiomas 624
optic neuritis 621–2, 1674–5
atypical 621, 623
multiple sclerosis 1608
typical 621, 623
optic tract
lesions 625–6
nucleus 640
optical imaging of intrinsic signal 1329
optociliary venous shunt vessels 624
oral cavity, swallowing 798
oral contraceptives
hypercoagulable states 2059
stroke prevention 1424
orbital trauma sequelae 654
orbitofrontal circuit in Tourette’s
syndrome 558
orbitofrontal cortex
lesions 597
taste function 613
orexin(s) 823
orexin receptor 2 mutations 26
organ donation 357
organ of Corti 658, 659, 660
organ procurement 357
organ transplantation 2082–9, 2090
de novo tumours of CNS 2088–9
neurological complications 2082–9,
2090
CNS infections 2086–7
diagnosis 2089, 2090
epidemiology 2082–3
neuromuscular 2087–8
organ donation/procurement 357
see bone marrow transplantation; liver
transplantation; renal
transplantation
organic acids 1912
organomegaly 859
organophosphates
axonopathy 1105
intoxication 1093, 1159–60
neuropathy 1105
parkinsonism 504–5
orgasm 843
ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
(OTC) 1881, 1882
hyperammonemia 1978
orofacial pain 939–52
classification 939
cluster headache 943
extracranial 939–41
intracranial 941–2
migraine 942–3
muscle disorders 951–2
musculoskeletal system 950–2
nerve compression 947–8
neuropathic 943–50
neurovascular 942–3
psychogenic 942
treatment 948–9
oropharynx 1351
orthographic lexicons 323–4
Osler–Weber–Rendu disease see hereditary
hemorrhagic telangiectasia
osmotic factors 865
OspA 1761–2
osteitis, tuberculous 722
osteoarthritis 873
osteoarthrosis of temporomandibular
joint 951
osteochondrodysplasias 729–30
osteoclasts, Pagetic 737
osteogenesis imperfecta 729
osteomalacia 729
osteomyelitis, tuberculous 1700–1
osteopenia in anorexia nervosa 809
osteopenic disorders of spine 729
osteopetrosis 672
osteoporosis
anorexia nervosa 809
glucocorticosteroids 1531
osteopenic disorders of spine 729
otic ganglion 1341, 1342
otitis externa/media 670
otoacoustic emissions 666, 668
otolaryngological examination 599
otoliths 634
otosclerosis 672
ototoxic drugs 671
ototoxicity 671–2
out-of-wind phenomenon 1211
ovarian hormones 1939
oxcarbazepine 913
oxidative phosphorylation 1207
oxidative stress 241
PD 480
2162 Index
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oxybutynin 840, 841
oxygen
cerebral blood flow 1339–40
cerebral metabolism (CMRO2) 131, 132,
134, 2024
delivery to brain 2022
free radicals 241
hyperbaric 577
see also reactive oxygen species
oxygenation, apneic 353
oxytocin 865
cerebral vasculature effects 1940
obsessive–compulsive disorder 394
pituitary storage 854
P zero protein 1116
p14ARFprotein 1438, 1439
p53
activation mechanism 1438
function loss with glioma 1438
pathways 1438
p120 Ras GTPase-activating protein 1435
PABP2 gene 41, 1170
pacemaker–effector coupling disorders
825–6
pacemakers
circadian disturbances in elderly 825–6
function disorders 825–6
neurons 512, 514
output decrease 825–6
pachygyria, spastic quadriplegia 572
paclitaxel see taxol
Paget’s disease 737
auditory nerve damage 672
neck pain 749
neurological sequelae 737
pain 873–86
alternative therapies 917
burning 897, 898
cancer 915, 916
central nervous system mechanisms
888–98
central pathways
activation 878–80
modulation 881–3
central syndrome 896–8
chronic
assessment 906–9
associated phenomena evaluation
909
characteristics 907
classification 907
definition 906
etiology 907–8
evaluation 907
interventions 909
intractable syndrome 908
management 906–18
non-malignant syndrome 907–8
NSAIDs 909–11
pathophysiology 907–8
pharmacologic therapies 909–16
site-specific 908
syndromes 907–8
thalamic lesioning 893
clinical 873
congenital insensitivity 26, 873
with anhidrosis (CIPA) 1132–3
cortical areas in perception 893–5, 896,
897
deafferentation 891
definition 906, 939
dermatomal 1678
ear 940
eye 939–40
gate control theory 875
hypersensitivity 880
build-up 884
neuropathic 882
peripheral sensitization 881
postsurgical 882
inflammatory 880–1
injection therapy 917
institutional care 907
invasive therapies 917
lateral spinothalamic tract lesions 716
motor neuron disease 1866, 1874
multiple sclerosis 1626–7
musculoskeletal 915
neural blockade 917
neuropathic
adjuvant analgesics 913–14
corticosteroids 913
HIV 1697, 1698
hypersensitivity 882
nociceptive 873
non-malignant 913
nose 940
paranasal 940
paroxysmal 896, 913
pathways 879
projection 874
persistent states 875
poststroke 898
postsurgical 883
hypersensitivity 882
processing alterations 880–3
protective system 875
psychological interventions 917
rehabilitative therapies 917
sensitivity
heritability 26
lateral medullary infarction 1350–1
shingles 1678, 1679
sinuses 940
somatic referred pain 742, 747, 754
sympathetically maintained 948–9
teeth 941
thalamic 941–2
thalamus Vc cell response 890–1, 892–3
throat 940
trigger point 951
vestibular system abnormalities 1350
see also back pain; headache; migraine;
orofacial pain
pain specialists 917
paired helical filaments 1844
palilalia, aphasia 319
palinopsia 630
pallidal–thalamocortical circuit 433
pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration (PPND)
498
pallidotomy
dyskinesias 482
dystonia 542–3
PD 484, 485, 514
rest tremor 516
palmitoyl-protein thioesterase (PPT1)
gene mutations 1917
pamidronate 2005
Pancoast tumour, cervical radiculopathy
743
panic attacks 1282
panic disorder 366
migraine 959–60
papillae, taste bud 610, 611
papilledema, brain metastases 1463
Papoviridae 1702
parabrachial nucleus 888
paracentral lobes
bilateral in micturition control 833
hemorrhage 1358
paracetamol 923
paraflocculus, visual tracking 640
Paragonimus westermanni 1751
parahippocampal gyrus 200
Index 2163
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parahippocampal region 305, 306
paraldehyde toxicity 1988
paralytic shellfish poisoning 1809
paramedian tracts 635
paramyotonia congenita 1183–4, 1191,
1192, 1193
molecular defects 1193–4
pathophysiology 1196, 1197
sodium channel mutations 1196
sodium currents in skeletal muscle
1193
paranasal pain 940
paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
1475, 1476–8
antibody-positive (anti-Yo) 1478–9
imaging 1477–8
limbic encephalitis 1480
opsoclonus–myoclonus 1479
pathology 1478
remission 1478
paraneoplastic syndromes 1085, 1474–85,
2056
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1481–2
antibody-positive 1475–6
autoimmune hypothesis 1475
autonomic neuropathy 1483–4
brachial neuritis 1483
brain 1476–81
continuous motor unit activity 1083,
1485
cranial nerves 1476–81
diagnosis 1476
dorsal root ganglia 1481–2
immunosuppression 1476
incidence 1474
muscle 1484–5
myasthenia gravis 1484
myelitis 1482
necrotizing myelopathy 1481
neuromuscular junction 1484–5
neuromyotonia 1083, 1485
pathogenesis 1474–5
peripheral nerves 1482–4
sensory neuronopathies/neuropathies
1482–3
spinal cord 1481–2
treatment 1476, 1477
visual loss 1481
see also dermatomyositis;
Lambert–Eaton myasthenic
syndrome; polymyositis
paraparesis, spastic 719, 724
lathyrism 725
paraphasia 318–19
paraplegia, thoracic spinal cord lesions
719
paraproteinemias 2055–7
parasitic disease 1745–51
parasomnias 826–8
parasympathetic innervation
anatomy 1341
cerebral circulation 1341
major organs 774
modulators 1341–2
physiological effects 1342
transmitters 1341–2
parathyroid disease 2037–8
parathyroid hormone (PTH) 2005
parent of origin effect 32
parental imprinting 14–15
paresis, general in neurosyphilis 1771,
1773
paresthesiae 715
electric 716
radiculopathy 742
parietal eye field, saccades control 639
parietal lobe
approach behaviour mediation 339
epilepsy 1260–1
hemorrhage 1358
saccades control 639
stroke correlation with depression 1374
parietal lobule
left inferior 461, 470
superior 469
parieto-frontal circuits
apraxia-related deficits 469, 471
limb apraxias due to dysfunction 472
parallel for sensorimotor integration
468–9, 470
parieto-occipital region, left 467
parieto-temporal region, left 467
Parinaud’s syndrome 646
parkin gene 8
juvenile onset PD 39
mutations 221, 479–80, 1842
parkinson-like syndrome 1974
parkinsonian gait 478
parkinsonian state 1491
parkinsonian syndromes
autonomic failure 784
depression 779
imaging 139–40
parkinsonian–dementia complex 784
parkinsonian–dementia complex of Guam
autonomic failure 784
olfactory deficit 604
postencephalitic parkinsonism
differential diagnosis 504
parkinsonism 221
with Alzheimer’s disease 476, 477
atypical 476, 477
classification 476, 477
clinical symptoms 476
dementia 254
drug-induced 478–9, 504
dystonia-parkinsonism 534, 536
FTD 286
head injury 505
hereditary/heredodegenerative
disorders 490, 505
heroin contaminant 480
Lewy body dementia 268
Mendelian disorders 23
MPTP-induced 514
multiple system atrophy 489, 500, 502,
781, 782
postencephalitic 221, 478, 489, 490, 504
secondary 490, 503–5
symptomatic 476, 477, 490, 503–5
toxins 504–5
trauma 505
vascular 479, 489, 504
parkinsonism-plus 485
syndromes 476, 477
see also corticobasal degeneration;
multiple system atrophy;
parkinsonism, vascular; progressive
supranuclear palsy
Parkinson’s disease 3, 476–85
AD association 221
animal models 8, 9
apoE4 genotype 480
coexisting illness 484
cognitive impairment 484
dementia 221
depression 484, 831
detrusor hyperreflexia 834
dopaminergic neuronal degeneration
135
dopaminergic system imaging 139, 140
dysphagia 801
dystonia 534
early diagnosis 139
early-onset 22–3
environmental toxins 480
2164 Index
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Cambridge University Press0521793513 - Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutic Principles, Third EditionEdited by Arthur K. Asbury, Guy M. McKhann, W. Ian McDonald, Peter J. Goadsby and Justin C. McArthurIndexMore information
etiology 479–80
familial 221
genetic basis 275
fetal neuron transplantation 95
fetal neuronal grafts 12
functional imaging 131, 139–40
gene 210
genetics 5
heredity 480
idiopathic
autonomic failure 784
olfactory deficit 604–5
urinary bladder dysfunction 834
imaging 224
incidence 211, 217
inheritance 22–3, 221
juvenile onset 39
L-dopa 482–3
late-onset 22
Lewy bodies 221
microelectrode recordings 168, 170
misfolded protein deposition in
neuronal inclusions 40
multiple system atrophy differential
diagnosis 500
mutations 479–80
neuroleptic drugs unmasking 504
neuroprotective strategies 483
onset 476
oxidative stress 480
pathogenesis 139–40
pathophysiology 480–2
pharmcotherapy 482–3
physical exercise 482
primary 476, 477, 478
progressive supranuclear palsy
differential diagnosis 493
receptor mapping of dopaminergic
system 131
replacement therapy 229
rigidity 478
secondary disability control 482
sexual dysfunction 844
sildenafil 848
sleep disorders 484, 831
sporadic 215, 221
stem cell transplantation 7–8
stereotactic surgery 210
strategic declarative memory deficit
310
stretching 482
surgical therapy 484–5, 514
swallowing disruption 802
symptomatic 478–9
�-synuclein 240
gene mutations 221
thalamo-cortical-spinal pathway
overinhibition 514
therapeutic principles 482–3
transgenic models 226–7
transplant studies 485
tremor 476, 478
essential 516
re-emergent 515–16
rest 512, 513, 515–16
parotid epidermoid carcinoma, cerebral
metastasis 931
paroxetine
chronic daily headache 965
obsessive–compulsive disorder 397, 562
paroxysmal depolarization shift (PDS)
1233
hippocampal pyramidal neuron 1230
paroxysmal hemicrania 930–1
chronic 943
episodic 931
PARP repair enzyme 69–70
parvalbumin 1870, 1871
patent foramen ovale 1943
stroke 1954–5
pathogenesis-based treatments 4
Pathological Crying and Laughing Scale
(PLACS) 1379, 1380
pattern-recognition receptors 1501–2
Pax-1 gene 727
Pearson syndrome 1927
Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric
Disorders Associated with
Streptococcal infections (PANDAS)
393, 397, 559
diagnostic criteria 559–60
immune-mediated hypothesis 560
therapy 561
tic disorders 559–60
Tourette’s syndrome 559–60
peduncular hallucinations 630
pegvisomant 859
peliosis, bacillary 1702
Pelizaeus Merzbacher disease 1640–1
pellagra 1881
pelvic floor muscles 843
pelvic neoplasia 762
pelvic nerve injury
sexual dysfunction 846
urinary bladder dysfunction 836
pelvic organ dysfunction 838
pelvic plexus 804
pemoline 824
Pendred syndrome 672
penetrance, age-dependent 18
penetrating artery disease syndromes
1356–7
D-penicillamine 1155
Wilson’s disease 505, 1155, 1882, 1979
penicillin
intoxication 1988
neurosyphilis 1774
PANDAS 561
spike-wave production 1238
penile prostheses 848
pentamidine isothionate 1750
Pentastarch 1368
pentazocine
overdose 1828
stroke 1834
pentoxifylline 1696
penumbra, ischemic 1368, 1385
peptide histidine methionine (PHM)
1341, 1342
perception, disordered 1816–17
perceptual classification, preserved 628
perceptual priming 312
percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
(PEG) 1873
perforin 1654
pergolide 483
tic disorders 561
perhexiline maleate 787
periamygdaloid cortex 597, 598
periaqueductal grey 874, 890
perihematoma vasogenic edema 1385
perikaryon 1075, 1076
perilymph fistula 687
periodic lateralizing epileptiform
discharges (PLEDS) 1670
periodic limb movement disorder 826,
2045
periodic paralyses 6, 1183, 1191, 1192,
1193–200
carbohydrate intake 1201, 1202
clinical features 1185
diagnosis 1201
hyperkalemic 1191, 1192, 1193
adrenal insufficiency 2039
diagnosis 1201
molecular defects 1193–4
Index 2165
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periodic paralyses (cont.)
hyperkalemic (cont.)
sodium channel mutations 1195,
1196
sodium currents in skeletal muscle
1193
hyperthyroidism 2035
hypokalemic 1191, 1192, 1197–9
calcium channel subunit gene
1197–8
calcium ion movement 1198–9
diagnosis 1201
excitation–contraction coupling 1198
functional defects 1198–9
molecular defects 1197–8
pathogenesis 1199
sodium channel mutations 1198,
1199
normokalemic 1201
paramyotonia 1201
skeletal muscle excitability 1184
sodium channel mutations 1193–5
thyrotoxic 1176
thyrotoxic periodic 1176, 1199–200
diagnosis 1201
treatment 1201–2
peripheral inflammatory disease 880,
883–4
peripheral motor nerves 584
peripheral motor neuropathy 1678
peripheral nerve fiber degeneration 1082
peripheral nerve sheath tumours,
radiation-induced 1494
peripheral nerves/peripheral neuropathy
AIDS 1081
biopsy 779
bridges 94–5
chronic renal failure 1994
collateral sprouting 85
denervated distal stump 89
dysmetabolic 1092
HAART 1689
herpes zoster 1677, 1678–9
HIV-1-associated disorders 1696–8
hyperthyroidism 2034
hypothyroidism 2037
injury 884
anatomical plasticity 897
neuropathic pain 914
isolated vasculitis 1122–3
leprosy 3
microvasculitis 1483
monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain
significance (MGUS) 1119
muscle atrophy 1086
paraneoplastic 1482–4
pregnancy 1948
regeneration 85, 88–90
shingles 1677, 1678–9
systemic lupus erythematosus 1574
systemic vasculitis 1121–2
toxic 1092
tremor 519
uremic polyneuropathy 1991–2
varicella zoster virus 1677, 1678–9
viral infections 1677–9
Wernicke’s encephalopathy 1822
see also metabolic neuropathies; toxic
neuropathies
peripheral nervous system
antigen presentation 1508–9
autonomic dysfunction 1086
axons 1075–8, 1079, 1080–3
disorders 1075
immune-mediated demyelination
1518–20
inflammatory bowel disease 1980
lead effects 1806–7
nerve/nerve root disorder symptoms
1083–6
neuronal cell bodies 1075
radiation-induced malignancy 1494
Schwann cells 1076–8, 1079, 1080
spontaneous axonal regeneration 88–90
systemic lupus erythematosus 1574
peripheral sensitization 880
local hypersensitivity 881
migraine 882
peripheral sensory system, nociception
873–86
peripheral stem cell rescue 1452
perirhinal cortex 305, 306
perivascular inflammation 1651–2
periventricular band heterotopias 56
periventricular hemorrhagic infarction
571
periventricular heterotopia 185–6
periventricular leukomalacia 568, 570–1
spastic diplegia 570–1
spastic quadriplegia 572
periventricular nodular heterotopia 56
peroneal mononeuropathy 2088
peroneal neuropathy 1100
peroneal palsy 2048
peroxisomal disorders
biogenesis abnormality 1138
craniofacial features 1914
neonatal 1913
peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme
1913
peroxynitrate 1734
perseveration 319
persistent vegetative state 295
awakeness 293
consciousness 294
detrusor hyperreflexia 834
personality change in chronic hepatic
encephalopathy 1971
personhood, autism 415–16
pethidine 923
petrous bone infection 651
PEX gene defects 1913
peyote cactus 1831, 1832
Pfiesteria piscicida 1810–11
phaeochromocytoma 2040
phagocytosis 1654
phakomatoses, brain tumours of
childhood 1449
phantosmia 597
pharmacokinetics 129
pharyngeal airway occlusion 821
pharyngopalatine arch 1353
pharynx, swallowing 798
phencyclidine (PCP) 374, 379, 439–40
addiction 1832–3
acute mechanisms 442
altered mentation 1835
dopamine levels in nucleus acumbens
432
GABA inhibition 439
glutamate pathways 439, 440
intoxication 438
seizures 1834
stroke 1835
withdrawal 438
phenobarbital 441
cortical myoclonus 525
ethanol withdrawal seizures 1817
trigeminal neuralgia 945
phenobarbitone 1277
phenol
dystonia 542
intraneural injection for multiple
sclerosis 1625
phenothiazines 949
phenoxybenzamine 914
2166 Index
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phentolamine 948
4-phenylbutyrate 1636
phenylhydantoin 1817
phenylketonuria 1912
phenytoin 66
brainstem myoclonus 528
complex partial status epilepticus 1277
motor neuron disease 1873
multiple sclerosis 1627
neuropathic pain control 913
neuropathy 1103
non-dystrophic myotonia 1201
seizures in viral encephalitis 1669
side effects 1307
tonic–clonic status epilepticus 1274
trigeminal neuralgia 945
fos-phenytoin 1274
pheochromocytoma 2062
phobia, vasovagal syncope 779
phonological lexicons 324
phonology
brain aging 204
input/output 324
phosphate
inorganic 1207
intracellular 2009
serum levels 2009, 2010
phosphatidylcholine precursor 67
phosphatidylinositol 3’ kinase (PI3 kinase)
241, 1435, 1436
phosphocreatinine 1207, 1211
phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) 847, 848
phosphofructokinase 1213
deficiency 1211, 1213, 1216
phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency 1214,
1216
phosphoglycerate mutase 1213
deficiency 1216–17
phospholipase, calcium-dependent 1801
phospholipase A2 65
cytoplasmic (cPLA2) 69
phospholipase C 65, 1435, 1436, 1437
phosphorylase 1213
phosphorylase b kinase deficiency 1216
phosphorylase-limit dextrin 1216
phrenic nerves, foramen magnum lesions
719
physical activity, stroke primary
prevention 1415–16
physical deprivation in autism 409
Physical Self-Maintenance Scale (PSMS)
244
physiotherapy
cerebral palsy 576
corticobasal degeneration 498
dystonia 543
multiple sclerosis 1627
multiple system atrophy 503
neurological function recovery 87–8
partial body weight supported treadmill
training 88
physostigmine
progressive supranuclear palsy 494
REM sleep 829
phytanic acid storage disease 1138–9
pial surface integrity disorders 186–8
pial–glial barrier abnormalities 187
pica 2045
Pick bodies 214, 283, 497
intracellular 228
Pick cells 283
Pick-complex disorder 284
Pick’s disease 283
apo-E allele 22
corticobasal degeneration differential
diagnosis 497
familial 220–1, 498
FTD differential diagnosis 498
Lewy body dementia differential
diagnosis 269, 503
limb-kinetic apraxia 468
neurofibrillary tangles 256
neuropathological overlap with
corticobasal degeneration 496, 497
olfactory deficit 604
progressive supranuclear palsy
differential diagnosis 492
sporadic 220–1
pillow speakers 675
pimozide
tic disorders 561
trigeminal neuralgia 945
pindolol 829
pineal region germ cell tumours 1456–7
piracetam 525–6
piriform cortex 596, 598
Pisa syndrome 500
pituitary
brain death 351
craniopharyngioma 861
failure 862
fluid abnormalities after surgery 869
hormones 853
metastases 861
microadenoma 931
normal function 853–5
posterior 865–9
somatotroph axis 854–5
tumours 855–61, 931, 942
diabetes insipidus 866
imaging 864–5
visual field testing 864–5
pituitary adenoma 855–61
ACTH-secreting 859–60
cavernous sinus invasion 856
gonadotroph-secreting tumours 860
growth hormone-secreting 858–9
incidentaloma 861
non-functional 861
prolactin-secreting 856–8
thyroid-stimulating hormone 860–1
visual abnormality 856
pituitary apoplexy 861, 865, 2001
corticosteroids 2002
pizotifen 922
PKD genes 1413
planum temporale 321
plasma cell dyscrasias 2055–7
malignant 1121, 2055
plasmapheresis
cryoglobulinemia 1580
immunomodulation 1540
multiple sclerosis 1628
myasthenia gravis 1154
PANDAS 561
pregnancy 1949
Rasmussen’s encephalitis 1240
plasminogen activators 1439
Plasmodium falciparum 1749, 1750
platelet activating factor (PAF)
cerebral ischemia 65
inactivation in lissencephaly 184
platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) 702
demyelination 1597, Fig. 97.5
giant cell arteritis 1582
oligodendrocyte progenitors 1593
tyrosine kinase receptor pathways 1435
platelet-derived growth factor � (PDGF�)
56, 57
receptor signalling 1597
platelets
hypercoagulable states with
abnormalities 2059
SSRIs 1965
transfusion in thrombocytopenia
2052–3
Index 2167
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platinum
coils 1398
germ cell tumour treatment 1457
pleconaril 1664–5
pleocytosis 1769
plexopathy
radiation-induced 1495
transplant patients 2087–8
plicamycin 2005
PMP22 gene mutations 1130, 1131, 1132,
1134
pneumocephalus 2019
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)
1683
prophylaxis 1577
pneumonia, acute ischemic stroke 1368
POEMS syndrome 1114, 1121, 2056–7
polar zipper formation 40
model 1903
polioencephalopathies 1914
poliomyelitis
paralytic 1676–7
swallowing disruption 802
poliosis of hair/eyelids 2065, 2066
poliovirus, motor neuron destruction
1085
poly(A)-binding protein 2 (PABP2) 40
polyarteritis 1177
polyarteritis nodosa 1576–7, Fig. 96.2
microscopic polyangiitis differential
diagnosis 1578
peripheral neuropathy 1121
primary angiitis of the central nervous
system differential diagnosis 1552
polycystic kidney disease 1999–2000
aneurysms 1394
autosomal dominant 1413
polycystic lipomembranous
osteodysplasia with sclerosing
leukoencephalopathy 1644–5
polycystin-1 1413
polycythemia vera 2051
polydipsia 866
diabetes insipidus differential diagnosis
867
polyglucosan 1218
deposits 1216
polyglucosan body disease, adult 1218
polyglutamine/polyglutamine diseases
33–40
aggregation 40, 1905, 1907
inclusions 39, 40
molecular pathogenesis 38–40
pathogenesis models of Huntington’s
disease 1905–6
polyglutamine tract 35
expansion 35, 36, 38–40
self-aggregation 40
polyhydramnios 1155
polymicrogyria
cobblestone dysplasia 187, 188
cytomegalovirus 189
four-layered type 188
hypoxic–ischemic insult 188
pathogenesis 181
schizencephaly 181, 188
unlayered 188
polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs)
1801
polymyositis 1172–3, Fig. 70.9
eosinophilic 1175
HIV-1 infection 1697, 1698
myopathy 1176
paraneoplastic 1484–5
swallowing disruption 802
polyneuritis, idiopathic 1679
polyneuropathy
alcoholic 1823
critical illness 1101–2
drug-associated 1095–6
environmental toxin-associated 1095–6
motor–sensory 1092
paraproteinemias 2056
progressive 1092
sensory distal 1697, Fig. 103.13–15
systemic disease association 1094–5
transplant patients 2087, 2088
uremic 1990–4
see also inflammatory demyelinating
polyradiculoneuropathy
polyneuropathy, organomegaly,
endocrinopathy, M protein and
skin changes see POEMS syndrome
polyopia 630
polyradiculitis, lumbosacral 1677
polyradiculoneuropathy
acute 1111, 1113, 1483
Lyme disease 1757
see also inflammatory demyelinating
polyradiculoneuropathy
polyuria 867
Cushing’s disease 869
diabetes insipidus 866
Pompe disease 1217, 1914
pons
capillary telangiectasias 1400
hemorrhage 1358–9
ischemia 1353–4
micturition control 833
REM sleep 821
pontine micturition centre 834–5
pontine nucleus, dorsolateral 640, 641
pontine reticular formation
paramedian 634, 637
progressive supranuclear palsy 492
REM sleep 821
swallowing 801
population-based research 118–21
populations 118
porencephaly see schizencephaly; West
syndrome
porphyrias
acute attacks 1137
acute intermittent 1136
neuropathy 1093, 1136–7
variegate 1136
port-wine nevi 2070
portal systemic encephalopathy see
hepatic encephalopathy
Poser criteria for multiple sclerosis 1620
positive-predictive value (PPV) 121, 122
positron emission tomography (PET) 4,
131, 132–5
apo-E4 heterozygotes 5
brain aging 197, 200
brain imaging 140–1
cerebral blood flow/metabolism 133–4
dementia 140, 141
dyslexia 5
epilepsy 1292
function recovery 142–3
misery perfusion 1367
motor areas of brain 448–9
radiotracers 133
spatial resolution 132–3
post-hypoxic encephalopathy 221
Post-stroke Depression Rating Scale
(PSDRS) 1373
post-traumatic stress disorder 827
postencephalitic parkinsonism 221, 478,
489, 490, 504
posterior circulation ischemia see
vertebrobasilar ischemia
posterior fossa tumour tumours 1450–1
postherpetic neuralgia 947–8, 949–50,
1678–9
2168 Index
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clinical pain 873
nociceptor terminal excitability 881
sympathetic nerve block 949–50
posthypoxic encephalopathy 525
postmicturition residual 841
postpolio syndrome 1677
postsaccadic drift 642, 643
postural control
adaptation to environmental conditions
585
force modulation 584
neuroanatomical 582
physiology 581–2
sensory modalities 582, 584
postural response
bradykinetic 587
disinhibition of inappropriate 585
hypokinetic 587
modification 582
postural synergies 582
postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS)
773, 789, 792
potassium
calcium-activated 1230
ingestion in periodic paralysis 1201,
1202
supplementation 2009
potassium ion channels
activation 1183
agonists 66, 67
alcohol intoxication 1818–19
blockers in spinal cord injury 705
openers 66
voltage-gated 1083
gene mutations 1891
potassium ions
apoptosis 64, 70
extracellular during seizures 1235
homeostasis 2010
propagated action potentials 1195
release in neuronal activation 1337
serum concentration 2010
see also Na+/K+-ATPase pump
potentiation, long-term (LTP) 81, 83–4
dendritic remodelling 86
early 83–4
hippocampus CA1 region 83
late 83–4
pottery glazes 1807
Pott’s disease 1777, 1784
treatment 1788
Pott’s paraplegia 722
PPP2R2B gene 46
Prader–Willi syndrome 14
2-pralidoxime 1160
pramipexole 483
pravastatin 1191
praxis
conceptual system 462
errors 462, 463
grasping 469
limb 462–4
anatomofunctional substrates 468
production system 462
skills and interhemispheric differences
464, 466–7
praziquantel 1177, 1747–8
prazocin 914
pre-eclampsia 1946–7
Factor V Leiden 573
precentral gyrus
atrophy in motor neuron disease 1867
motor cortex 449
precocious puberty 855, 2062
neurofibroma 2062
prednisolone
cluster headache 930
neurosarcoidosis 1565, 1566
prednisone
Duchenne muscular dystrophy 1167
giant cell arteritis 1582
migraine 1940
myasthenia gravis 1153–4
neurocysticercosis 1749
neuropathic pain control 914
POEMS neuropathy 1121
polyarteritis nodosa 1577
polymyositis 1172, 1173
primary angiitis of the central nervous
system 1554
prefrontal cortex
declarative memory 309
dopamine fibres 432
dopamine neurons 434
dorsal lateral 325
drug reward states 432
dual synapses 432
glutamate-containing pyramidal cells
434
left dorsal lateral 323
obsessive–compulsive disorder 391
strategic declarative memory 309–10
pregnancy
anti-epileptic drugs 1945
Bell’s palsy 1948
brain death 356
cerebrovascular disease 1941, 1942,
1943–5
chorea gravidarum 1946
CNS vasculopathy 1553
compression neuropathies 1948
drug risk categories 1940, 1941
eclampsia 1946–7
epilepsy 1945–6
headache 1942
hypercoagulable states 2058–9
membrane rupture 1944
migraine 1939–40, 1942
multiple sclerosis 1947–8
muscle disease 1948–9
myasthenia gravis 1948–9
myotonic dystrophy 1948
neuralgia paresthetica 1948
neurologic aspects 1939–49
peripheral nerve disease 1948
plasmapheresis 1949
prolactinoma 858
seizures 1945
stroke 1941, 1942, 1943–5
subarachnoid hemorrhage 1943
taste 610
therapeutics 129
pregnenolone 1231
prekallikrein deficiency 2057
prematurity
cerebral palsy 569
periventricular leukomalacia 570
preoptic area, nucleus acumbens
projections 433
presbyosmia 597
presenilin genes 226
AD 258
mutations 258
see also PS1 gene; PS2 gene
presenilin(s) 259
prestriate lesions 627–8
pretrigeminal neuralgia 946–7
prevalence of disease 123
primary angiitis of the central nervous
system (PACNS) 1547, 1548
angiographic abnormalities 1550–1
autoimmunity 1548
brain biopsy 1551
clinical features 1548–51
course 1554–5
diagnosis/diagnostic criteria 1551–2
Index 2169
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primary angiitis of the central nervous
system (cont.)
differential diagnosis 1552–4
etiology 1548
imaging 1549–51
pathogenesis/pathology 1548
symptoms/signs 1548–9
treatment 1554–5
primidone
cortical myoclonus 525
essential tremor 518
primitive neuroectodermal tumours
(PNET) 1449
chemotherapy 1451–2
diagnosis 1450–2
infants 1457–8
intracranial pressure management 1450
postoperative tumour staging 1451
radiotherapy 1451
surgery 1450
treatment 1450–2
Pringle adenoma 1266
prion(s) 210, 211, 212, 213
biology 215–19
bovine 223
concepts 213
diversity 218
enhanced clearance 228–9
immunoassays 224, 225
replication
dominant negative inhibition 220
mechanisms 214–15
strains 218–19
prion amyloid 211
prion diseases 215–19, 1716–26
amyloid plaques 214
animals 216
ataxia 1890
classification 1716–18
clinical features 1718–22
clinical presentation 214
diagnosis 1722–4
diagnostic tests 223–4
EEG 1723, 1725
epidemiology 217
familial 214, 216, 1717
clinical features 1719–20, 1721
diagnosis 1722
FTD phenotype 498
genetic 219–20
iatrogenic 222
imaging 1723–4, 1725
infectious 222–3
investigations 1723–4
large aggregates of misprocessed
proteins 228
Lewy bodies 479
misfolded proteins 228
deposition in neuronal inclusions 40
MRI scan 224
neuropathology 217–18
phenotypes 219
species barrier 218
spinocerebellar ataxia differential
diagnosis 1890
sporadic 214, 216, 219–20
supranuclear gaze palsy 491
Tg mouse models 223, 224, 226
transgenic models 226
prion protein
isoforms 211, 212, 213, 1721
see also PrPC; PrPSc
prion protein gene
familial fatal insomnia 26
mutations 1716
PRNP gene 211
mutations 217, 1716
familial prion disease 1719, 1721
PRNP genotype distribution 1717
pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) 854
procarbazine 1443
prochlorperazine
migraine 1940
multiple sclerosis 1627
progenitor cells
neurons 1330
spinal cord injury 704, 706
progeria 2075–6
adult 2076
progesterone
nervous system effects 1939
neurosteroid effects 1231
programmed cell death see apoptosis
progressive bulbar palsy 1863
progressive cerebral degenerations of
childhood 1911–19
encephalopathies 1913–14
evaluation 1911–12
neonatal encephalopathies 1912–13
progressive multifocal
leukoencephalopathy (PML) 1702,
Fig. 103.19
progressive muscular atrophy 1481, 1863
progressive myoclonic epilepsies 1919
progressive myoclonic epilepsy type 1 34,
1240, 1241, 1885, 1919
cystatin B gene defect 1887
trinucleotide repeat expansions 42, 45
see also Unverricht–Lundborg disease
progressive supranuclear palsy 476, 477,
489–94
clinical aspects 490–1
corticobasal degeneration differential
diagnosis 497
diagnostic tests/criteria 493, 494
differential diagnosis 493
epidemiology 124
eye movement 491
familial 493
French West Indies 494
FTD differential diagnosis 498
imaging 493
Lewy body dementia differential
diagnosis 269, 503
management 494
misdiagnosis 489, 493
multiple system atrophy differential
diagnosis 500
neurofibrillary tangles 256
neuropathological overlap with
corticobasal degeneration 496, 497
parkinsonism 491
pathology 491–3, Fig. 34.1, Fig. 34.2
phenotypic variants 493
postencephalitic parkinsonism
differential diagnosis 504
prevalence 490–1
slow saccades 642
sporadic 492, 493
tau-positive inclusions 285
tau proteins 492, Fig. 34.2
tufted astrocytes 492, 497, Fig. 34.2
progressive tactile hypersensitivity (PTH)
884
prolactin 854, 855
prolactin-secreting macroadenoma 857
Prolyse in Acute Cerebral
Thromboembolism II (PROACT II)
1364, 1365–6
propantheline 840
propiverine hydrochloride 840
propofol
sedation 2024
tonic–clonic status epilepticus 1274
propoxyphene overdose 1828
propranolol
2170 Index
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chronic daily headache 965
essential tremor 518
migraine prophylaxis 922, 1940
motor neuron disease 1874
physiologic tremor 517
proprioception loss 716
proprioceptors 582
propriospinal neurons 452, 879
prosencephalon, dorsal–ventral
patterning event failure 55
prosopagnosia 291, 627, 628
posterior cerebral artery infarction 1356
prostaglandins
inflammatory response in bacterial
meningitis 1732
pain modulation 881
peripheral sensitization 880
synthesis reduction 880
NSAIDs 910
prostanoids 1508
prostatectomy
sexual dysfunction 846
urinary bladder dysfunction 836
prosthetic devices, neural signals 456,
457, 458
proteasomes
function impairment 6
subunits 39
Protection against Recurrent Stroke Study
(PROGRESS) 1422
protein(s)
aberrant processing 214
large aggregates of misprocessed 228
misfolded 6, 40, 240–1
misprocessing 228, 229
trifunctional deficiency 1220
protein C 2057
protein-coding gene mutations 1928–9
protein kinase A (PKA) 82
activation 880
ethanol responses 1819
protein kinase B (AKT) 1437
protein kinase C (PKC) 82, 882, 1436
activation 880, 1437
ethanol responses 1819
protein kinase signalling 1819–20
protein S deficiency 2057
protein–calorie malnutrition 2008
proteinemic polyneuropathy 1093
proteinopathies, dystrophin-associated
1166–8
proteoglycans 701
proteolipid protein (PLP) 1517, 1518, 1641
deficiency 1640
prothrombin complex infusions 2059
prothrombin gene mutation 2057
proto-oncogenes 1435
proton (1H) -13C magnetic resonance
spectroscopy 156–7
proton (1H) spectroscopic imaging
brain tumours 152
GABA brain studies 153–6
antiepileptic drugs 153–5
epileptics receiving vigabatrin 153–4,
155
proton (1H) spectrum 148–50
prourokinase 1364, 1365–6
proverb interpretation tests 203
proximal myotonic myopathy (PROMM)
43, 1200
proximal tubular reabsorption of fluid
2002
PrP amyloid plaques 211, 214
extracellular space of CNS 228
Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker
disease (GSS) Fig. 15.4
PrP-deficient mice 226
PrP gene 211
dominant negative inhibition 220
mutations 215, 216, 219
polymorphisms 220
sequencing 224
PrP immunostaining in lymphoreticular
tissue 1724
PrPC 211, 212, 213
amino acid sequence 218
conversion to PrPSc 214
structure 211, 212, 213
wild-type 214, 216
PrPSc 211, 212, 213
amino acid sequence 218
bovine 223
sheep 223
structure 211, 212, 213, 218
wild-type 216
PS1 gene 216, 220
Lewy body dementia 269
mutation 253, 1842, 1846
PS1 null mice 1849
PS2 gene 216, 220
mutation 253, 1842, 1846
PS2 null mice 1849
pseudo-Chiari malformation 733
pseudo-chorea-athetosis 168
pseudo-parkinsonism 504
pseudo-sixth nerve paresis 1357
pseudoaneurysm in internal carotid artery
1346
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
brain abscess 1737
otitis externa 670
pseudosulfatase deficiency (PSD) 1637–8
pseudotumour cerebri 1980, 2027–8, 2037
pseudoxanthoma elasticum 1919, 2070–2
aneurysms 1393
genetics 2072
neurological dysfunction 2071–2
stroke 1412
psilocin 1831, 1832
psilocybin 1831, 1832
psychiatric disorders
Borrelia burgdorferi 1758
gene identification 18
psychiatric dysfunction in multiple
sclerosis 1627
psychic experiences 1283
psychological dysfunction in multiple
sclerosis 1627
psychometrics 105–8
developments 113–14
neuroscience applications 113
raw scores 113
tests in AD 260
psychophysics 105
scaling methods 106
psychosine 1638, 1639
psychosis
cyclosporin-induced 2084
drug-induced 374
systemic lupus erythematosus 1573
psychostimulants
altered mentation 1835
dependence 1828–30
dopamine levels in nucleus acumbens
432
psychotic episodes in multiple sclerosis
1610
PTCH gene 1449
pterygopalatine ganglion 1341, 1342
puberty
delayed 599
precocious 855, 2062
pudendal nerve 796–7, 804
pelvic floor muscle innervation 843
puffer fish poison see tetrodotoxin
(TTX)
Index 2171
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pulpitis, reversible 941
pulse generator, implantable 842
pulse-step of innervation 634, 635
pupillary reflexes
brain death 353
rostral brainstem lesions 1355
pure autonomic failure (PAF) 773, 781
purinoreceptors 875
Purkinje cell loss 45
opsoclonus–myoclonus 1479
paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
1478
purposeful behaviour, consciousness
293–4
pursuit, smooth 640, 641
disorders 644
pursuit commands 637
putamen
dopamine depletion 481
hemorrhage 1357
intracerebral hemorrhage 1384
pyramidal system abnormalities 1972
pyramidal tract decussation 735
pyrazinamide 1701, 1785, 1786
pyridostigmine
motor neuron disease 1873
pregnancy 1949
pyridostigmine bromide
fast channel syndrome 1157
myasthenia gravis 1152–3
pyridoxine
dependency in epilepsy 1253
intoxication 1083, 1085
isoniazid neuropathy 1103
sensory neuronopathy 1096, 1097
sensory neuropathy 1103
pyrimethamine 1700
pyruvate dehydrogenase 1822
deficiency 1882, 1883, 1932
pyruvate metabolism disorders 1881
quadrantanopia 622
quality of life in obsessive–compulsive
disorder 386
Quebec Task Force on Whiplash
Associated Disorders 752, 753
quetiapine 561
quinidine syndrome 1157
quinine
with heroin 1836
malaria 1750
quinolinic acid 1762
rabies vaccine, transverse myelitis 1677
rabies virus 1660
diagnosis 1672–3
disease forms 1672
encephalitis 1668, 1672
radiation
acute brain toxicity 1491
cranial neuropathies 1494
dementia 1492
early-delayed brain toxicity 1491
late brain toxicity 1492
lower motor neurone syndrome 1495
malignancy-induction 1494
mineralizing microangiopathy 1493
necrosis 1492–3
necrotic lesions 1490
nervous system harmful effects 1489–96
diagnosis of damage 1490–1
syndromes 1491–4
time course 1491
Parkinsonian state 1491
pathological effects 1490
physical principles 1489–90
plexopathy 1495
therapy for GH-secreting pituitary
adenoma 859
vascular disease 1493
Radiation Therapy Oncology Group
(RTOG) 1466–7, 1469–70
radicular artery, lumbosacral 720
radicular pain 742
radiculopathy differential diagnosis 744
see also cervical radicular pain
radicular syndrome, acute 761
radiculomyelopathy syndromes 718
radiculopathy 742
infiltrative/compressive 1085
see also cervical radiculopathy
radiolabelled ligands 134–5
radiopharmaceuticals 135
radiosurgery
cavernous malformations 1321, 1402
gamma knife 1321–2
subarachnoid veins 1403
radiotherapy
brain metastases 1466–7
brain tumours of childhood 1449
complications 1467
conditioned taste aversion 617
fractionation schemes 1489–90
myelopathy 725
physical principles 1489–90
side effects 1467
spinal cord damage 1494–5
whole brain 1466, 1468, 1469
ragged red fibres 1223, 1925, 1926
chronic progressive external
ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) Fig.120.3
COX-positive 1222
mtDNA depletion 1931
see also MERRF syndrome
Ramsay–Hunt syndrome 672, 1678, 1887
facial nerve palsy 1558
facial palsy 947–8
hyperacusis 665
rapamycin 1532–3, 2083
raphe nuclei
descending innervation 874
REM sleep 821
rapid eye movement sleep see REM sleep
rapid time zone change syndrome 824–5
rapsyn 1145
RAS, activated 1436
Rasch item analysis 114
rash
dermatomyositis 1172, 1173
heliotrope 1172
Rasmussen’s encephalitis 1259
epilepsia partialis continua 1278
intractable focal seizures 1240
plasmapheresis 1240
Rasmussen’s hemispherectomy 1279
reaching, somatosensory transformation
469
reactive oxygen species 47
bacterial meningitis 1733
metabolite ototoxicity 671
traumatic brain injury 1801
reading
assessment 320
information recall 195, 196
reagin tests 1773
reasoning deficit with frontal lobe lesions
310
recall, delayed 202
receiver–operator characteristic (ROC)
curve 122
receptor editing 1511–12
reciprocal inhibition 538
recoverin photoreceptor protein 1481
recurrent laryngeal nerve sectioning in
dystonia 542
red blood cell indices 2044
red nucleus, essential tremor 515
2172 Index
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reef fish poisoning 1093
Reelin protein 177, 185, Fig. 13.1
receptors 185
reflex sympathetic dystrophy see complex
regional pain syndrome
refocoxib 931
Refsum disease 1138, 1882–3
infantile 1139, 1913
registration 201
rejection encephalopathy 1999
relative risk (RR) 119, 121
RELN gene 185
REM sleep 816, 820
atonia system 828
behaviour disorder 828
cholinergic agents 829
depression 828
forebrain activation 820–1
inhibition 829
antidepressants 829
intrusion in narcolepsy 823
PET studies 821, Fig. 55.4
see also non-REM sleep
remacemide 1907
remyelinating cell 1601–2
remyelination 1601–4
cerebellar peduncle 1603–4
endogenous of CNS 1603
inflammation and repair 1603
multiple sclerosis 1615
optic nerve 1603
spinal cord injury 1603
renal angiomyolipoma 2066
renal artery dysplasia/stenosis 2062
renal disease 1987–2011
dialysis complications 1996–9
electrolyte disturbances 2000–2
end-stage and uremic polyneuropathy
1992–3
genetic 1999–2000
hypercalcemia 2004–5
hyperkalemia 2010–11
hypermagnesemia 2007–8
hypocalcemia 2005–7
hypokalemia 2011
hypomagnesemia 2008–9
hyponatremia 2002–4
hypophosphatemia 2009–10
low back pain 762
myopathy in uremia 1995–6
renal transplantation complications
1999
SIADH differential diagnosis 868
systemic 1999–2000
uremic encephalopathy 1987–9
uremic neuropathies 1990–5
see also polycystic kidney disease; von
Hippel–Lindau disease; Wilson’s
disease
renal failure
acute 1987–9
differential diagnosis 1988
EEG 1987, 1988
myoglobinuria 1995
chronic 1989–90
cachexia 1995–6
cholinergic autonomic nervous
system abnormality 1989, 1991
EEG 1989
peripheral nerve dysfunction 1994
motor–sensory polyneuropathy 1100
smell impairment 599
taste dysfunction 618
uremic polyneuropathy 1992–3
renal transplantation
chronic renal failure 1100, 1990
complications 1999
compressive neuropathy 1994
uremic polyneuropathy 1993
repeat expansion detection (RED),
spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 37
repetition priming 312–13
repetitive behaviour in autism 408
repetitive nerve stimulation 1150
representational defects 339
reserpine 576
resiniferatoxin 841
respiratory chain 1221–2
mutations in genes encoding subunits
1930
respiratory chain defects
exercise intolerance 1222
myoglobinuria 1222
weakness 1222–3
respiratory dysfunction
chronic insufficiency in polyneuropathy
1101
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
1101
failure of automatic 1351
lateral medullary ischemia 1351
motor neuron disease 1866
secondary anoxic seizures 1283
see also lung
respiratory failure in motor neuron
disease 1867, 1874
respiratory tract infection, olfactory
dysfunction 600, 603
rest–activity cycles 818
restless legs syndrome 826, 2045
restriction fragment length
polymorphisms (RFLPs) 17
RET proto-oncogene mutation 1134
reticular activating system, waking state
817
reticular formation
auditory pathway input 663
nociceptive neurons 889–90
swallowing 800
waking state 817
reticuloendothelial cells 1916
reticuloendothelial system (RES) 1660
retinal degeneration, paraneoplastic 1481
retinal ganglion cells 1595
circadian timing 818
retinal hamartoma 2065–6
retinal hemorrhage 2044–5
retinitis, cytomegalovirus 1701–2
retino-choroidal anastomoses 624
retinoblastoma protein (Rb) 1437–8
retinohypothalamic tract 818–19
retinoic acid 1593, 1884
retroviruses
multiple sclerosis 1615
oncogenic transformation 1434–5
Rett’s syndrome 414, 1255, 1919
reward centres
endogenous 432–5
functional integrity disruption 435
reward circuit
drug addiction 442
nicotine stimulation 440
reward systems 442
rhabdomyolysis 1208
exercise intolerance 1212
transplant patients 2088
rheumatic fever
molecular mimicry 1514
obsessive–compulsive disorder 393
rheumatoid arthritis
atlantoaxial subluxation 738
cervical spine 738
clinical pain 873
immunosuppressive therapy 737
low back pain 760, 763
myopathy 1176
Index 2173
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rheumatoid arthritis (cont.)
neck pain 748
neurological manifestations 738
primary angiitis of CNS differential
diagnosis 1552
prognosis 737
surgical intervention 738
temporomandibular pain 951–2
vertebral column 737–8
rheumatoid vasculitis 1121
rhizotomy, selective dorsal in cerebral
palsy 577
riboflavin
glutaric aciduria type II 1221
migraine prophylaxis 922
ribosomal RNA (rRNA), point mutations
1924
rickettsia-like bacteria 1762
Riddoch’s phenomenon 627
rifampin 1701, 1784–5, 1786
right hemisphere
activation domination 341
contralateral limb akinesia 340, 341
damage 341
hemispatial neglect 341
inattention 340
intention domination 341
stroke correlation with depression
1373–4
right–left confusion 334
Riley–Day syndrome 773, 775, 784–5, 1133
riluzole 66, 483
motor neuron disease 1875
risk reduction, absolute 121
risperidone
dystonia 540
tic disorders 561
Ritalin see methylphenidate
rituals, obsessive–compulsive disorder
differential diagnosis 389
Rituximab 1121
rizatriptan 923, 924
RNA processing defect 1870
rolipram 84
Romberg sign 2047
ropinirole 483
Rosenthal fiber accumulation 1642
rubella virus
congenital 1679
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1679
transverse myelitis 1677
rubeola virus 1675
transverse myelitis 1677
see also measles
Rush Video-based Tic Rating Scale 553
Russian Spring Summer encephalitis
vaccine 1671
ryanodine receptor mutations 14, 15,
1171
S100� autoantigen 1518
saccades/saccadic eye movements
catch-up 644
commands 637
generation 635
disorders 642–4
initiation 643
dysmetria 642
higher-level control 638–40
intrusions 643
oculomotor control signal 634, 635
oscillations 643–4
slow 642–3
vertical 634
saccadic pulse
decrease 642–3
disorders 642
premotor command 634
saccadic step disorders 642
sacral nerves 696, Fig. 47.2
motor pathways 797
sacral pathway 796
sacral spinal cord 804
St Anne-Mayo classification system of
astrocytomas 1431–2
St Louis encephalitis 1671
salicylates
ototoxicity 671
toxicity differential diagnosis from acute
renal failure 1988
saline, hypertonic 868
intracranial hypertension 2021–2
saliva 611
drooling
motor neuron disease 1874
Wilson’s disease 1978
proteins/peptides 611, 612
Salmonella, subdural empyema 1740
salt intake 1415, 1417
sampling 118
Sandhoff’s disease 529
Sanfilippo syndrome 1918
saposin D deficiency 1636
diagnosis 1637
sarcoglycan(s) 1164, 1166
mutations 1167
sarcoglycanopathies 1167, 1168
sarcoid granuloma
pathology/pathogenesis 1560–2
sarcoidosis
cervical radiculopathy 743
hypercalcemia 2004
myopathy 1176
see also neurosarcoidosis
sarcolemma
chloride conductance 1190
depolarization 1163
sarcolemma-related cytoskeleton proteins
1164
sarcolemmal proteins, dystrophin-
associated 1166–7
sarcomeres 1163
SCA genes 36, 46
SCA1 gene 1888–9
SCA2 gene 1889
SCA3 gene 1889
scala media 658, 659, 660
scala tympani 658
scala vestibuli 658
scaling models 107–8
scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor
brain tumour angiogenesis 1439
tyrosine kinase receptor pathways 1435
Scheuermann’s kyphosis 729
Schistosoma 1751
myelopathy 722
schizencephaly 180–1
closed-lip 181
hemiplegic cerebral palsy 573
open lip 181
pathogenesis 181
polymicrogyria 181, 188
schizophrenia 374–82
AD 376–7
animal models 8
antipsychotics 381
apo-E allele 22
catechol-o-methyltransferase gene
variant 5
cerebral metabolic activity 379–80
clinical features 374–5
dendrites 377
diagnosis 374–5
dopamine hypothesis 378–9
DSM-IV criteria 374, 375
epidemiology 374–5
2174 Index
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genetics 15, 16
gliosis 376
glutamate 379
glutamatergic functioning
enhancement 382
hippocampus 377
5-hydroxytryptamine 379
hypofrontality 379–80
imaging 375–6
lifetime risk 375
negative syndrome 830
neural connectivity 381
neural cryoarchitecture 377
neurochemistry 378
neurodevelopmental disorder 380, 381
neurons 377–8
neuropathology 376–8
neuropharmacology 378
neurophysiology 380
olfactory deficit 604
onset 374
pathogenic theories 380–1
pathology 378
pathophysiology 378–80
positive syndrome 830
psychosocial treatments 382
segregation analysis 16
sensory evoked potentials 380
sleep disturbance 830
synapses 377–8
treatment 381–2
twin concordance studies 16
visual hallucinations 630
schizophrenia-like syndromes, diagnosis
374
Schmidt–Lanterman incisures 1131
Schwann cells 89, 1076–7
axon relationship 1076, 1077
connexin 32 1131
denervated 89
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1113
MHC class II antigen expression 1508
onion bulb changes 1129, 1130
primary disorders 1077, 1078
proliferation in Wallerian degeneration
1080
radiation toxicity 1490
reinnervation 90
repopulation of demyelinated lesions
1601
spinal cord injury bridging 702, 703
schwannoma
brain tumours of childhood 1449
neurofibromatosis 2063, 2064
radiation-induced 1494
scleroderma
myositis 1173
primary angiitis of the central nervous
system differential diagnosis 1552
sclerotomes 727
SCN1A mutation 6
SCN4A gene mutations 1191, 1192, 1193
SCO1 and SCO2 gene mutations 1930
scoliosis
arthrodesis 730
causes 728
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1
1130
congenital 728–9
idiopathic 727–8
bracing 730
Marfan’s syndrome 730
neuromuscular 729
structural 727–8
surgery 730
syringomyelia 734
scopolamine
olfactory sensitivity 604
REM sleep 829
vestibular disorders 682
scotoma 622
homonymous central 626
size reduction 627
scrapie 216, 218, 223
screening tests for neurological diseases
121–2
second messengers 82, 83
�-secretase 262
inhibitor 11
�-secretase 228, 262, 1845, 1846, 1852
inhibitor 1853
sedatives
abuse 1830–1
hypnotics addiction 441
seeded forward solution 167
segregation analysis 16
seizures
absence 294, 295, 1261
detrusor hyperreflexia 834
acute renal failure 1987
alcohol withdrawal 440, 1817, 1818
amniotic fluid emboli 1944–5
amphetamines 1834
anoxic 1283
astrocyte proliferation 1235
atonic 1264, 1282
autism 412, 413
axo-rhizomelic 1263, 1264, 1265
benign self-remitting disorders 1303
brain metastases 1463–4, 1465
brain tumours 1440
calcium 1235
chronic hepatic encephalopathy 1972
chronic renal failure 1989
classification 1257–8
CMRO2 2024
cocaine 1834
collateral sprouting 85
complex partial 1282, 1283
surgical techniques 1318
control 1315–16
convulsive 1308
cyclosporin-induced 2084, 2085
cysticercosis 1749
differential diagnosis 1281
drug abuse 1834
eclampsia 1946
epileptic automatisms 295
extracellular potassium 1235
foci 1235
functional MRI 139
GABA occipital lobe decline 1232
GABA receptors 1232
gap junctions 1235
generalized tonic–clonic 1261, 1262,
1263
head injury 1253, 1255
hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
2074
hydrogen ions 1235
hyperthyroidism 2033
hypocalcemia 2006
hypophosphatemia 2010
hypothyroidism 2036
immune mechanisms 1239–40
immunosuppressive therapy 1240
infrequent 1303
intractable focal 1240
isolated 1268
magnesium ions 1235
marijuana 1834
medical intractability 1315–16
meperidine 1834
myoclonic 1255, 1261
neonatal 1267
neuronal excitability 1233–4
Index 2175
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seizures (cont.)
nocturnal convulsive 1248
non-epileptic 1287
opiates 1834
organ transplantation 2082
palinopsia 630
periventricular heterotopia 185–6
phencyclidine 1834
prediction 1329
pregnancy 1945
recurrence prevention 1301
rehabilitation phase of hyponatremia
2002
severity reduction 1302
single 1302–3
sodium 1235
with specific modes of presentation
1259
specific triggers 1303
startle epilepsy 528
Sturge–Weber syndrome 2069
substantia nigra pars reticulata 1238
systemic lupus erythematosus 1240,
1573
tacrolimus-induced 2084, 2085
taste dysfunction 617–18
temporal-lobe 295
tonic–clonic 1238
traumatic brain injury 1798
tripelennamine 1834
tuberous sclerosis complex 2067
vaccine 1240
vestibular 689, 690
viral encephalitis 1669
see also epilepsy
selectins 1516
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
(SSRIs) 367, 368
bulimia nervosa 811
chronic daily headache 965
depression in AD 262
FTD 286–7
Huntington’s disease 1906
narcolepsy 824
obsessive–compulsive disorder 393,
397, 562
parkinsonism 504
platelet effects 1965
poststroke depression 1375
poststroke pathological effect 1379
REM sleep suppression 829
selegiline 483
HIV dementia 1696
self 290
autobiographical 291, 297
consciousness 290
core 291
kinds 291
sella turcica 856
enlargement 861
imaging 864, 866
semantic knowledge 204
semantic lexicon 322–3
semantic processing 323
semicircular canals 634, 638
semidominance 18
senescence 239–40
see also aging
sensitivity of tests 121, 122
sensorimotor function localization 1322
sensorimotor neuropathy 1482–3
sensory deprivation
disequilibrium patterns 587
neglect 342
visual hallucinations 630
sensory disorganization 587
sensory evoked potentials 380
sensory motor polyneuropathy 2056
sensory nerve action potentials 1990
sensory neuronopathies 1085, 1097
paraneoplastic 1482
presentation 1096
progression 1096
pure 1093
sensory neuropathies 1097
biliary cirrhosis 1093
HIV 1093, 1688, 1690, 1697, Fig. 103.13
treatment 1698
hyperlipidemia 1093
paraneoplastic 1482–3
pure 1093
sensory perineuritis 1093
sensory polyneuropathy, distal 1697, Fig.
103.13–15
HIV infection Fig. 103.13–15
sensory symptoms 715, 1084
sensory tracts
lamination 715, 716
symptoms 715
sensory transmission, central inhibition
885
sentence comprehension 320
sepsis, hypomagnesemia 2008
serotonin see 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
serotonin-2A receptor gene promoter
polymorphism 811
serotonin hypothesis 368
obsessive–compulsive disorder 393
serotoninergic neurotransmitter system
440, 441
radiolabelled ligand imaging 135
serotoninergic transmission, Tourette’s
syndrome 559
sertraline 397, 562
serum response factor (SRF) 1436
sexual dysfunction
hypersexuality 843–4
intracavernous injection therapy 848
intraurethral therapy 848
neurological disorders 843–6
investigation 846–7
treatment 847–8
penile prostheses 848
prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma
857
sildenafil treatment 847–8
vacuum devices 848
sexual function control 842–3
SF-36 measure 109
SH2 protein activation 1435–6
shagreen patch 2065, 2066
shingles
complications 1678
pain 1678, 1679
peripheral nerves 1677, 1678–9
varicella zoster virus 1677
short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA
dehydrogenase deficiency 1220
short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
deficiency 1221
short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform
headache with conjunctival
injection and tearing (SUNCT)
931–2
management 932
orofacial pain 943
secondary 932
short stature 863–4
short tandem repeats 17
Shy–Drager syndrome see multiple system
atrophy
sialidosis
investigations 1296
progressive myoclonic epilepsy 525,
1296
type 1 1919
2176 Index
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sibling pairs, affected 18
sickle cell disease 1919
aneurysms 1394
diabetes insipidus differential diagnosis
866
fat embolism 2049, 2050
G6PD deficiency association 19
myopathy 1177
painful crisis 2049
pregnancy 1944
sepsis 2049, 2050
vascular disease 2049
siderosis, superficial 739–40
signalling molecules, post-translational
changes 880
sildenafil citrate 847–8
multiple sclerosis 1626
silencing of survival signals (SOSS) 242
Silver Russell syndrome 863
simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV-1)
1684–5, Fig. 103.10
simvastatin 1191
single cell electrophysiological recording
1330
single gene disorders 20
complexity 14–15
gene identification 17–18
single nucleotide polymorphism 19
single photon emission computed
tomography (SPECT) 131, 132–5
brain death 355
brain imaging 140–1
cerebral blood flow/metabolism 133–4
dementia 140
epilepsy 1291
ictal 1291
interictal 1291
postictal 1291
radiotracers 133
spatial resolution 132–3
single-stranded DNA breakage 69
sinonasal tract disruption 603, 604
sinuses
disease and olfactory dysfunction 603
pain 940
sinusitis, chronic 940
siphon, internal carotid artery occlusion
1347
sirolimus 1532–3, 2083
SISCOM scanning 1316
SIX3 gene 178
sixth nerve palsy, radiation-induced 1494
Sjögren Larsson syndrome 1644–5
Sjögren’s syndrome 1575–6
CNS involvement 1576
diabetes insipidus differential diagnosis
866
myelopathy 725
primary angiitis of the central nervous
system differential diagnosis 1552
sensory neuronopathy 1085, 1097
sensory neuropathy 1482
skeletal dysplasia 729–30
skeletal muscle 1163
disorders 1164
innervation 1163
skill learning 310–11
functional imaging 310
skilled behaviours 10
skin
biopsy 11
hyperelasticity 2072
skull
distortion in traumatic injury 1798–9
Pagetic softening 737
sleep-promoting substance (S) 819
sleep/sleep disorders 816, 821–31
abnormal movements, sensations and
behaviours 821
advanced sleep phase syndrome 825
airway patency 821
Alzheimer’s disease 830
apnea/sleep apnea syndrome 730,
821–2, 859
central 821, 822
obstructive 821
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
555
chronic hepatic encephalopathy 1971
delayed phase sleep syndrome 825
depression 829–30
deprivation 816, 1281, 1282
adenosine accumulation 819
dreaming 820, 827
electroencephalogram 816
episodic phenomena 1283, 1284
functional neuroimaging 829–30
heritability 26
homeostatic drive 819
medical/psychiatric illness association
821, 828–31
motor neuron disease 1866, 1874
neurobiology 816–18
non-24 hour sleep–wake syndrome 824
onset paralysis 824
PD 484, 831
psychiatric illness 828–31
states 816
swallowing 798
syndrome associated with decreased
amplitude 825–6
Tourette’s syndrome 555
see also familial fatal insomnia (FFI);
insomnia; non-REM sleep; REM
sleep; waking state
sleep spindles 831
sleep terrors 826, 827
sleepiness, excessive daytime 821
narcolepsy 823–4
sleep apnea syndrome 821
visual hallucinations 630
sleeping sickness 1750
sleep–wake cycles 816, 818
dreaming and rostral brainstem infarcts
1355
regulation 818–21
sleepwalking 826–7
slow channel syndrome 1157
slowness, obsessional 387
Sly syndrome 1918
small capillary/arteriolar dilatations
(SCADS) 1959
small-cell lung cancer
Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome
1158, 1474, 1476
paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
1476
paraneoplastic retinal degeneration
1481
small vessel ischemia 454
smallpox vaccine, transverse myelitis
1677
smell sense see olfaction
Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome 178
smoking
aneurysms 1394
bacterial meningitis 1730
drug abuse 1834, 1835
olfaction 599
olfactory dysfunction 605
optic neuropathy 624
stroke primary prevention 1416
snake bites 1155
Sneddon syndrome 2058
snoring 859
sleep-related 821
Index 2177
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social awareness in autism 408
social deficit in Asperger’s
sydnrome/autism 412
social deprivation in autism 409
Social Functioning Examination (SFE)
1375
SOD-/- mice 1849–50, 1854
SOD1 216, 221
copper chaperone 1850
missense mutations 1846–7
mutant 227
copper binding 1854
D90A 1869–70
G93A 1871
motor neuron disease 1863, 1868–70
toxic property 1850
mutant mice 1849–50, 1854
sodium
renal excretion 2002
seizures 1235
sodium channel gene 1191, 1192
mutations 6, 1183, 1184, 1196
functional defects 1194–5
missense 1191, 1193, 1194
sodium channels
antagonists 66, 67
non-dystrophic myotonia 1200
topical 915
blockade 66, 877, 1078
depolarization-induced paralysis from
defects 1195–7
epilepsy 1234
hypokalemic periodic paralysis 1198,
1199
sensory neuron-specific 877
voltage-gated 1183, 1193
sodium ions
defective transport 2002
serum levels 867, 2000, 2002
white matter injury 72
see also Na+/K+-ATPase pump
sodium nitroprusside 1397
sodium valproate see valproate
sodium–calcium exchanger 62, 1082
white matter injury 72
soft tissue osteosarcoma, radiation-
induced 1494
somatesthetic stimuli 331
somatic mutation theory 240
somatic referred pain 742, 747, 754
somatosensation 165
somatosensory cortex
intensity encoding capacity 894
laser evoked potentials (LEP) 894, 895
primary 893–4
secondary 894, 895
somatosensory evoked potentials 1990–1
somatosensory system, auditory pathway
input 663
somatostatin 855
analogues
GH-secreting pituitary adenoma 859
radiolabelled 141
obsessive–compulsive disorder 394
somatosympathetic reflexes 879
somatotroph axis 854–5
somnolence, diurnal see sleepiness,
excessive daytime
sonic hedgehog (SHH) 55
holoprosencephaly 178
mutations 55
spasms
infantile
adrenocorticotrophic hormone 1240
EEG 1287
tonic 528
spastic ataxia of Charlevoix–Saguenay,
autosomal recessive 1887
spastic diplegia 570–2
cranial ultrasound 571–2
imaging 571
periventricular leukomalacia 570–1
spastic paraparesis 719, 724
adrenal insufficiency 2039
HAM/tSP 1711
lathyrism 725
spastic paraplegia, X-linked 1640
spastic quadriplegia 570
spasticity
cerebral palsy 569
motor deficits in stroke 455
motor neuron disease 1873
multiple sclerosis 1625
progressive orthopedic deformity 576
spatial maps 584
specificity of tests 121, 122
spectrin 1801
spectroscopic imaging 146
brain tumours 152–3, Fig 11.4–11.5
NMR 151
postacquisition signal processing 153,
Fig 11.4
speech
apraxia 321, 473
arrest 322
autism 408
disturbance
chronic hepatic encephalopathy
1972–3
dialysis dementia 1996
fluency 318
production 324
semantic dementia 286
superior cerebellar artery infarction
1355
see also aphasia; language
speech audiometry 666
speech therapy
corticobasal degeneration 498
multiple system atrophy 503
progressive supranuclear palsy 494
speedballing 437
sphenopalatine ganglion see
pterygopalatine ganglion
sphincterotomy, sexual dysfunction 846
sphingolipidoses 1914–15
sphingomyelin
accumulation in reticuloendothelial
cells 1916
lipidoses 1140
sphingosine 1638
synthesis inhibition 1640
spider
black widow venom 1159
funnel web 1144
spike-waves
absence epilepsy 1236–9
epilepsy 1236
interictal 1237
spina bifida
neuromuscular scoliosis 729
occulta 733, 734
open defects 734
sexual dysfunction 845
sildenafil 848
urinary bladder dysfunction 835
spinal afferents, visceral 797
spinal artery, anterior 719–20
spinal cavernous angioma 721
spinal column
anterior–lateral 888–9
dorsal system 889
neurosarcoidosis 1560
spinal cord/spinal cord disease
action potential propagation 878
adrenal insufficiency 2039
2178 Index
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anatomy 695–6, Fig. 47.2
anterior horn 1075
ascending sensory pathways 695
axons 695
collateral sprouting 85
complete transection 717
dorsal column 888
laminated fibres 716
dural arteriovenous malformations 713
early-delayed myelopathy 1494–5
fetal transplants 95
functional recovery 8
hyperadrenalism 2039
infarction 719–20
intradural tumours 762
late-delayed myelopathy 1495
motor signs/symptoms 713
myoclonus 529–30
neurons 878–9
nitric oxide impairment of conduction
1599
paraneoplastic syndromes 1481–2
patterns 716, 717, 718
posterior column signs/symptoms 716
radicular signs/symptoms 713–15
repair 695–706
sacral 804
sensory signs/symptoms 713–16
sexual dysfunction 844–5
signs/symptoms 713–16
somatosensory tracts 888
sphincter effects 716
subacute combined degeneration 2047
transfer of sensory information 874
tuberculoma 1777
tumours 728
urinary bladder dysfunction 834–5
ventral horn reactive gliosis 1867
ventral root atrophy 1867
viral infections 1676–7
white matter degeneration 2047
see also cervical cord; dorsal horn;
thoracic spinal cord
spinal cord injury 695–706
anti-excitotoxic treatments 699
apoptosis 699
autonomic failure 787
axons 697
direction 700, Fig. 47.5
functional connections 702
regeneration promotion 700, Fig. 47.5
bridge building 702–3, Fig. 47.5
causes 696
cell transplants 703
classification 696–7
clinical approaches 697–8
demyelination prevention Fig. 47.5
environmental factors 698
excitotoxicity 698–9
function restoration 705
gait 705
gene transfer 704
genetically engineered cell replacement
703
growth factors 701–2
imaging 697
lesion expansion 696, Fig. 47.3
long-tract neurotransmission
restoration 704–5
lost cell replacement 703–5, Fig. 47.5
myelination 704
nerve fibre regrowth 700–1
nerve outgrowth promotion 701–2
neural activity optimizing 698
neuroprotection 1599
new neuron formation 704
oligodendrocytes 699, 700, 705
transplantation 705
pharmacological treatment 695
potassium channel blocker 705
progenitor cells 704, 706
progression to secondary injury
prevention Fig. 47.5
radiation-induced 1494–5
regeneration 698, 700, 701
inhibition blocking Fig. 47.5
rehabilitative strategies for rebuilding
function 705–6
remyelination 705, 706, 1603
secondary injury limitation 698–700
sexual dysfunction 844–5
stem cell replacement 703–4
steroid therapy 695
syrinx 696, 697, Fig. 47.5
terminology 696–8
traumatic 696, 696, Fig. 47.3
treatment 696, Fig. 47.5
urinary tract dysfunction 835
white matter 699
spinal cord syndrome 718–19
acute 721
constipation 716
patterns 716, 717, 718
urinary retention 716
spinal dysraphism 733–5, 736, 737
spinal motor neurons
calcium-mediated injury 1870–1
differentiation 55
spinal muscular atrophy
clinical signs 1845
genetics 1847–8
motor neuronopathy 1085
spinal pathways, ascending 888–9
spinal projection neurons 888
spinal shock 718
spinal stepping 581
spine
autosensitization 880
central pattern generators 88
deformity management 730
disorders in hyperthyroidism 2034
embryology 727
epidural abscess 1981
epidural hemorrhage 2054
extradural lesions 714
injury and anal continence 805
instability with low back pain 764–5
interneuron differentiation 55
intramedullary hemorrhage 2054
intramedullary lesions 714–15
osteopenic disorders 729
stenosis in low back pain 764
tumours 723
vascular malformations 720–1
spinobulbar muscular atrophy 34, 35–6
expanded trinucleotide repeats 32, 42
pathology 38
protein misprocessing 222
spinocerebellar ataxia 34, 1885,
1887–90
anticipation 32
autosomal dominant 36, 1890–1
classification 1887
familial 222
genetic testing 1891
incidence 211
infantile onset 1887
nerve conduction defects 1891
supranuclear gaze palsy 491
transgenic models 227–8
trinucleotide repeat expansions 42
triplet repeat mechanism 6
type 1 (SCA1) 36, 1888–9
type 2 (SCA2) 36, 1889
Huntington’s disease differential
diagnosis 1898
Index 2179
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spinocerebellar ataxia (cont.)
type 3 (SCA3) 37, 1889
GIn residues 227
Huntington’s disease differential
diagnosis 1898
mutant genes 222
type 4 (SCA4) 1889
type 5 (SCA5) 1889
type 6 (SCA6) 37, 1889
type 7 (SCA7) 37, 1889–90
type 8 (SCA8) 45, 1890
type 10 (SCA10) 46, 1890
type 11 (SCA11) 1890
type 12 (SCA12) 46, 1890
type 13 (SCA13) 1890
type 14 (SCA14) 1890
spinocerebellar atrophy 14
spinothalamic tract 888
anterolateral 879
central pain syndrome 897
lamination of fibres 716
lateral 716
NK1 receptor 879
signs/symptoms 715–16
terminations 890, 891
spirochaetes 1754, 1755
spironolactone 1202
spondylarthropathies 738–9
spondylosis, low back pain 763–5
spongiform degeneration in
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 217–18,
Fig 15.4
sporadic olivopontocerebellar atrophy see
multiple system atrophy
spumavirus 1684
Standard Treatment with Alteplase to
Reverse Stroke (STARS) 1364
stapedial reflex 658, 666
Staphylococcus, subdural empyema 1740
Staphylococcus aureus, brain abscess 1737
Staphylococcus epidermidis, meningitis
1730
startle epilepsy 528
startle response 527–8
unknown physiology 529
startle syndrome 527–9
epilepsy 528
statins 71
cholesterol reduction 1419–20, 1422
dementia effect 242
neuropathy 1103–4
status epilepticus 1271–9
absence 1274, 1276
alcohol withdrawal 1817
antiepileptic drugs 1273
causes 1272–3
cell death mechanisms 1272
classification 1271
complex partial 1276–7
definition 1271
diagnosis 1272–3
drug administration route 1308
electrical in slow wave sleep 1287
epidemiology 1271
frontal lobe epilepsy 1260
GABA receptor 1232
hippocampus 1272
hypoxia 1272, 1273
isolated 1268
management 1272–3
mechanisms 1271–2
myoclonic 1277–8
neurogenesis 58
non-convulsive partial 1276
pathology 1271–2
tonic–clonic 1272, 1273–4
EEG 1274
hypoxia 1273
mortality 1273
physiological changes 1273
treatment 1274, 1275
stavudine 1103
steal syndromes, Takayasu’s arteritis 1583
Stellwag’s sign 2034
stem cells 7–8
apoptosis 1593
brain 59
division 56
embryonic 704
ethical concerns over research 8
expanded neural 60
fetal 11
multipotentiality 59
myelination 1593, 1594, Fig. 97.1
neuronal replacement 96
pluripotent
embryonic 7–8
neurogenesis 198
spinal cord injury 703–4
therapeutic use 8
transplantation 7–8
globoid-cell leukodystrophy 1639
immunotherapy 1541
step of innervation 634
stepping, precision 585
stereopsis in albinos 625
stereotactic surgery
brain metastases 1469–70
cerebral palsy 577
microelectrode recordings 168
PD 210
see also deep brain stimulation (DBS);
pallidotomy; thalamotomy
stereotyped movements in
obsessive–compulsive disorder
389, 395
stereotypical behaviour in autism 408
stereotypical utterances 319
stereotypies 551–2
steroid therapy
ischemic optic neuropathy 623
low back pain 761
olfactory disorders 605
optic neuritis 622
spinal cord injury 695
stiff person syndrome see continuous
motor unit activity
stomatodynia 618, 941
storage disorders 1914–18
strabismus
concomitant 653–4
diplopia 648
vertical 649, 650
streptococcal infection
Group A hemolytic (GABHS) 559
Group B 1730
meningitis 1729, 1730
obsessive–compulsive disorder 391,
393, 395
subdural empyema 1740
viridans 1737
Streptococcus pneumoniae
bacterial meningitis 1729
vaccine 1735
streptokinase 1361
streptomycin
trigeminal neuralgia 945
tuberculosis 1785, 1786
stress-related neuro-humoral activity
665–6
stretch reflex–muscle spindle feedback
515
stria terminalis bed nucleus 432, 433
striatal disease/dysfunction
gliosis 536
obsessive–compulsive disorder 391, 392
2180 Index
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reasoning impairment 310
striate cortex, visual information
processing 627
striatocapsular ischemia 1347
striatonigral degeneration see multiple
system atrophy
striatum
atrophy in Huntington’s disease 1900
neurons in Huntington’s disease 1901
Tourette’s syndrome 557
string sign 1393
stroke
acute ischemic
ancrod 1366–7
antihypertensive agents 1368
aspirin 1367
collateral flow 1367–8
complication prevention 1368
heparin 1366
intra-arterial thrombolysis 1364–6
intravenous thrombolysis 1361,
1362–3, 1364, 1365
ischemic cascade alteration 1367
restoration of flow 1361, 1363
stroke units 1369
transcranial Doppler 1362–3, 1365,
1367
treatment 1361, 1362–3, 1364–9
alcohol abuse 1943
anal incontinence 805
anterior cerebral artery ischemia 1348
anterior choroidal artery occlusion
1348
apathy 1378–9
atherosclerosis 1346
atherosclerotic plaque 1345, 1346
atrial fibrillation 1417–19, 1952–3
behavioural manifestations 1371, 1372,
1373–80
cardiac arrhythmias 1952–3
cardiac origin 1952
cardioembolic causes 1943–5, 1952
catastrophic reaction 1379
cerebroretinal vasculopathy 1410–11
childhood progressive disorders 1919
cladistics 20
connective tissue disease 1411–13
constraint-induced forced use 87–8
coronary artery bypass surgery 1955–9
cortical plasticity 80
depression 369
distal intracranial territory infarcts 1356
drug abuse 1834–5
dysphagia 802–3
embolism 1345, 1953, 1954
epidemiology 123
function recovery 455, 456
imaging 142–3
functional imaging 141–2, 455, Fig. 31.8
gustatory disturbance 615
hemiplegic cerebral palsy 573
hemispheric 2025
hemorrhagic syndromes 1345–6
cerebral amyloid myopathy 1408
familial cerebral cavernoma 1406–8
moyamoya disease 1408–9
hereditary causes 1405–14
hereditary endotheliopathy with
retinopathy, nephropathy and
stroke (HERNS) 1411
heritability 25
homocystinuria 1413
internal carotid artery
intracranial occlusion 1347
stenosis/occlusion in neck 1346–7
intracardiac tumours 1955
intracerebral hemorrhage 1346
intracranial pressure monitoring 2025
ischemic 11, 62–6, 67, 68–73
CADASIL 1405–6
cerebral amyloid myopathy 1408
moyamoya disease 1408–9
ischemic mechanisms 1345
kinetic tremor 519
lacunar 454
magnetic resonance spectroscopy
151
Marfan’s syndrome 1411, 1412
mass strategy 1415, 1416–17
mendelian syndromes 1405
middle cerebral artery
ishemia 1347–8
occlusion/stenosis 1347
middle intracranial territory ischemia
1354
migraine-related 25
monogenic disorders in complex
syndrome 1409–10
motor cortex reorganization 455, Fig.
31.8
motor deficits 454–5
motor function recovery 455
movement poverty 455
myogenic disorders 1405–10
neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)
1412–13
neuropsychiatric disorders 1371, 1372
organ transplantation 2082
patent foramen ovale 1954–5
pathological effects 1379
periventricular heterotopia 186
polycystic kidney disease 1413
polycythemia vera 2051
posterior circulation 1366
pregnancy 1941, 1942, 1943–5
prevention
ACE inhibitors 1424
antiplatelet therapy 1417, 1418,
1422–3
aspirin 1416, 1417, 1418–19, 1422,
1423
atrial fibrillation 1417–19, 1423–4
blood pressure lowering 1415, 1417,
1422
carotid angioplasty/stenting 1426
carotid endarterectomy 1420, 1424–5
cholesterol lowering 1419–20, 1422
clopidogrel 1422–3
diabetes mellitus 1420
dipyridamole 1423
homocysteine levels 1420
hormone replacement therapy 1424
mass strategy 1415, 1416–17
oral anticoagulants 1423–4
oral contraceptives 1424
primary 1415–20
high-risk individuals 1417–20
principles 1417, 1420–1
risk factor modification 1421–2
salt intake 1415, 1417
secondary 1420–6
ticlopidine 1422–3
vertebrobasilar ischemia 1426
progeria 2075
proximal intracranial territory
infarction 1352–3
pseudoxanthoma elasticum 1412
psychosis 1379–80
pure motor 1356
pure sensory 1356
recurrent 1420, 1421
risk 1415, 1416
high-risk strategy 1417
recurrent 1420, 1421
sexual dysfunction 843–4
spasticity 455
Index 2181
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stroke (cont.)
stem cell therapy 8
substance abuse 1943
subtypes 1345–6
sudden onset 1346, 1347
swallowing disruption 802–3
syndromes 1345–59
systemic hypoperfusion 1345
thrombolytic therapy 142
thrombosis 1345
tPA therapy 123
triage 1364
units 1369
urinary incontinence 834
valvular heart disease 1953–4
vertebrobasilar ischemia 1348–56
vulnerable brain tissue 4
see also anxiety/anxiety disorder,
poststroke; depression, poststroke;
intracerebral hemorrhage
stromelysins 1511
Strongyloides 1751
Sturge–Weber syndrome 1267, 2068–70
cutaneous features 2068–9
diagnostic studies 2070
neurologic features 2069–70
ophthalmologic features 2069
pheochromocytoma 2040
stuttering, cerebral processing study
162–3, 164, 165
stylohyoid ligament calcification 947
subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
(SSPE) 1675
subarachnoid bolt 2017
subarachnoid hemorrhage 1345–6, 1392
aneurysm 1943
anticoagulant-induced 2054
arteriovenous malformation 1943
clinical presentation 1392
headache 1345–6, 1393
hemophilia 2051–2
imaging 1396–7
incidence 1394
intracranial pressure 2025
myocardial injury 1962
pregnancy 1943
spinal 720–1
subarachnoid inflammation 1733
subarachnoid space
bacterial infection 1657
blood in myocardial necrosis 1962
exudate in meningitis 1734
subarachnoid veins 1403
subcaudate tractotomy 398
subclavian artery, occlusion/stenosis 1349
subcortical atrophy
poststroke psychosis 1380
stroke correlation with depression 1373
subdural empyema 1739–40
subdural hematoma
dialysis complication 1998–9
traumatic brain injury 1797
treatment 1999
subdural hemorrhage, anticoagulant-
induced 2054
subdural implants 1329
subependymal giant cell astrocytomas
2067–8
subependymal nodules, calcified 2067
suboccipital craniotomy, open 1384
substance abuse
inhalation abuse 1105
stroke 1943
see also alcohol/alcohol abuse; drug
abuse/addiction
substance P 877
inflammation site 884
migraine 961
nerve compression 947
toxin conjugate 879
see also NK1
substantia nigra
Lewy bodies 270
pars reticulata seizures 1238
PD 479
pigmentation loss 479
progressive supranuclear palsy 492
saccades control 639
swallowing 801
subthalamic nucleus (STN)
microelectrode recording 170, 171
MPTP-induced parkinsonism 514
progressive supranuclear palsy 492
saccades control 640
succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) 1923,
1925, 1932, Fig.120.3
sudden infant death syndrome 1159
sudden unexplained death syndrome in
epilepsy (SUDS) 1248
suicide 364
sulfadiazine 1700
sulfasalazine 737
sulfasalazine-induced hypersensitivity
vasculitis 1980
sulfatide lipidosis 1636–8
sumatriptan 923, 924–5
cluster headache 930
migraine 963
sun-downing 830
superantigens 1514, 1517
superior colliculus 663
frontal eye field projection 639
progressive supranuclear palsy 492
saccades control 638, 639, 640
superior oblique myokymia 651–2
superior oblique palsy 651
superior temporal gyrus (STG) 171
posterior 1324, 1325
superoxide dismutase (SOD)
cytoplasmic 216, 221, 227
mutations 1841, 1844, 1863, 1868
see also SOD1, mutant
superstitions 389
supplementary eye fields 639
supplementary motor area
bimanual interactions 471
medial premotor region 453–4
movement formulae 461
speech arrest 322
suppression bursts 1266
suppressor T-cells (Ts) 1512
supra-bulbar regions 801
suprachiasmatic nucleus
cluster headache 927
hypothalamic 819
supramarginal gyrus 321
supranuclear gaze palsy 491, 493
suprasellar region, germ cell tumours
1456–7
suprasellar ridge meningioma 604
supraspinal centres, nociceptive 888,
889–91, 892, 893–4, 895, 896
supraspinal facilitation 962–3
Suramin 1750
SURF1 gene mutations 1930
surgical procedures and taste dysfunction
616–17
survival motor neuron (SMN)
EAAT2 mutations 1869
gene encoding 1841
gene targeted mice 1851
spinal muscular atrophy gene 1847
survival signals 241
silencing 242
sustentacular cells 595, 596
swallowing
2182 Index
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afferent input 799–800
anatomy of tract 798
central regulatory system 800–1
corticobasal degeneration 498
dysfunction 801–3
efferent system 800
flexible endoscopic evaluation 803
mechanisms 798–804
motor neuron pools 800
neurophysiology 799
phases 798
physiological events 798
progressive supranuclear palsy 491, 494
reflex alteration 803
supra-bulbar regulatory system 800–1
syncope 789
trigger 799
see also dysphagia
sweat gland disorders 773
Sydenham’s chorea 552
molecular mimicry 1514
Sylvian fissure hematoma, hemiparesis
1392–3
sympathetic innervation
cerebral circulation 1342–3
major organs 774
sympathetic nervous system efferents in
brain–gut axis 797
sympathetic thoracolumbar outflow 844–5
sympathetically maintained pain 948–9
synapses 1146
brain aging 198, 238
contacts
reorganization 80
strength 81, 83, 86
plasticity
cortical map reorganization 81
long-term potentiation 83
molecular mechanisms 82
schizophrenia 377–8
transmission in immune disorders
1520, 1521
wiring 1235
synaptic potentials, slow 879–80
synaptic vesicles, nociceptor neurons 878
synaptophysin, aging brain 198
synaptotagmin 1159
syncope
with jerking leg movements 1283
neurally mediated 787–9, 791
swallowing-induced 789
see also vasovagal syncope
syndrome of inappropriate secretion of
antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
865–6, 867–9
differential diagnosis 867–8
hyponatremia 2002
management 868–9
viral encephalitis 1669
syntax 324–5
brain aging 204
�-synuclein 214, 215
gene 8
missense mutations 275, 1842
mutations 221, 226–7
PD 23
intracellular aggregation 40
Lewy bodies 275–6, 277
Lewy body dementia 240, 270, 274–6,
503
multiple system atrophy 502
PD 240, 275
�-synucleinopathies 490
ubiquitin pathway 221
�-synucleinopathies 489, 490
Lewy body dementia 503
multiple system atrophy 502
syphilis
aneurysms 1393
chorioretinitis 1769, Fig.109.3
CSF 1769, 1770, 1771, 1773, 1774
dementia 20
early 1768–9
disseminated 1767
localized 1767, 1768
HIV infection 1702
late 1768
latent 1767, 1768
meningovascular 1769–70
neurological complications 1768
papillitis 1769, Fig.109.2
see also neurosyphilis
syringohydromyelia 731
syringomyelia 723–4, 734, 735
syrinx, spinal cord injury 696, 697, Fig.
47.5
systemic connective tissue disease 1085
aseptic meningitis 1663
systemic hypoperfusion, stroke 1345
systemic infections 3
systemic inflammatory response
syndrome (SIRS) 1101
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 1569,
2058
antiphospholipid syndrome 1574–5
anxiety 1573
cerebral vasculitis 1255
cerebrovascular disease 1574
chorea gravidarum 1946
confusional states 1572–3
cranial neuropathies 1574
demyelinating neuropathies 1573–4
depression 1573
haplotype 25
headache 1572
meningitis 1574
mood disorders 1573
movement disorders 1574
myelopathies 725, 1573
myopathy 1176
neuropsychiatric 1569–74
apoptosis 1571
autoantibodies 1569–70
autoantigens 1571
imaging 1571–2
laboratory tests 1571–2
pathogenesis 1569–71
optic neuropathy 1573
peripheral nervous system
manifestations 1574
primary angiitis of the central nervous
system differential diagnosis 1552
psychosis 1573
seizures 1240, 1573
transverse myelopathy 1573–4
vasculitic neuropathy 1121
vasculitis of CNS 1548
systemic necrotizing vasculitis 1121–2
systemic sclerosis, myopathy 1176
systemic vasculitides 1576–7
T-cell receptor 1506–8, 1511
binding of antigen-specific 1508
peptide vaccines 1542
targeting in immunotherapy 1542
variable regions 1507
T cells 1502, 1504–5
anergy 1512
apoptosis 1511
autoaggressive response 1518
autoreactive 1517
neurotrophic factor synthesis 1520
CD4 receptor 1685
defective Fas function 1518
encephalitogenic 1517
epilepsy 1239
Index 2183
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T cells (cont.)
immune response 1510
inhibition 1512
memory 1654
multiple sclerosis 1518, 1612, 1613
peptide vaccines 1542
regulation by CNS 1656
self-reactive 1512
superantigen-driven broad proliferation
1517
suppression 1512
thymic education 1504, 1512, 1520
tolerance 1512, 1513
breakdown 1512–14
trimolecular complex (TMC) of
stimulation 1542
see also helper T (TH) cells
T-tubule membranes 1183
action potentials 1186
T-tubules, potassium inflow 1195, 1196
tabes dorsalis
HIV infection 1773
neurosyphilis 1771–2
tachykinin antagonists 877
tacrine 262
tacrolimus 1532–3, 2083
neurotoxicity 2083, 2084, 2085, 2086
polymyositis 1172
seizure induction 2084, 2085
tactile processing 165
Taenia solium 1177
CNS inflammatory reaction 1657
life cycle 1745
Takayasu’s arteritis 1582–3
primary angiitis of the central nervous
system differential diagnosis
1552
Talairach space 138
tardive dyskinesia 540
target motion signals 640
Tarui disease 1209, 1216
taste buds 610–11, 611
innervation 611–12, 613
taste dysfunction
dysgeusia 614, 618
regional deficit 615
surgical iatrogenesis 616–17
taste/taste sense 610–18
auras 618
conditioned aversion 617
potencies 612
pregnancy 610
saliva 611
sensations 610–11
taste–salivary reflex impairment 616
TATA-binding protein, polyglutamine
expansion 37–8
tau genes 20
AD 258–9
mutations 221
tau proteins 214
AD 258–9, 1848, Fig. 115.4
brain injury 1800
corticobasal degeneration 496
FTD 498
hyperphosphorylated 238, 240, 1844
AD 256
immunoreactivity 1844
intracellular aggregation 40
isoforms 220
mutations 258
progressive supranuclear palsy 492, Fig.
34.2
tauopathies 450, 489
tauopathies 8, 256, 450, 476, 477, 489
neurofibrillary lesions 258–9
no tau 284
taurine 1201
taxol
neuropathy 1104
sensory neuronopathy 1096, 1097, 1103
Tay–Sachs disease 20, 1914–15
acoustic startle 1914
diagnosis 1915
startle response 529
�/�Tcell receptor 1507
TdT-mediated biotinylated dUTP nick
end-labeling (TUNEL) 64
tea, herbal 494
tears, crocodile 792
teeth pain 941
referred to ear 940
telangiectasias
ataxia telangiectasia 1883
mucocutaneous 1409
see also hereditary hemorrhagic
telangiectasia
telomerase 240
telomeric shortening 240
temozolamide 1443
temperature
loss 716
sensitivity
lateral medullary infarction 1350–1
superior cerebellar artery infarction
1355
see also hyperthermia; hypothermia
temporal arteritis 1552
temporal gyrus, superior 171
posterior 1324, 1325
temporal lobe
anterior resection 1290
anteromesial resection 1315
basal, language area 322
hemorrhage 1358
lateral resection 1318
lesions and sexual dysfunction 843
medial 305
sclerosis 1317
medial injury 304
conditioning impairment 311
neural networks 1326
resection 1317–19
see also epilepsy, temporal lobe
temporal neocortex 1318
temporal visual area
medial superior 640, 641
middle 640, 641
temporalis muscle 962
temporo-parieto-frontal system 471–2
temporomandibular joint
articular remodelling 950
orofacial pain 950
osteoarthrosis 951
referred pain to ear 940
tenascin-R 91
tendon reflexes
deep 1990, 2006
hypermagnesemia 2007
innervation 714
tendon xanthomata 1644
TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve
stimulation) 1627
terminal nerve 595
testicular feminization syndrome 35
testicular tumours 1495
tetanic stimulation 1232
tetanus 1083
tethered cord syndrome 734
urinary bladder dysfunction 836
tetrabenazine
cerebral palsy 576
tic disorders 561
tetraethyl lead 1806
tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) 536
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 439
2184 Index
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kinetic tremor 519
tic disorder therapy 561
tetrahydrofolic acid 2048
tetrodotoxin (TTX) 66, 876, 1086
TGIF gene 178
thalamic hemorrhage 1357–8
intracerebral hemorrhage 1384
thalamic nuclei
intralaminar 337
lesioning in chronic pain 893
nociceptive neurons 891, 893
saccades control 639
lateral 890–1
medial
dorsal 891
lesioning in chronic pain 893
nociceptive neurons 891, 893
mediodorsal 433
relay 820
reticular 820
taste 613
thalamic pain 941–2
thalamo-cortical pathway auditory fibres
662
thalamo-cortical-spinal pathway
overinhibition in PD 514
thalamotomy
dystonia 542–3
essential tremor 519
parkinsonian motor signs 482, 484, 514
rest tremor 516
surgical intervention 1626
thalamus
action potential bursts in nervous
system lesions 897
akinesia 337
anterior nucleus 306
anterior–lateral spinal system 888
declarative memory 306
dorsomedial nucleus 306
essential tremor 515
glutamatergic input 818
infarction 1349
injury
causing ageusia 615
extrapyramidal cerebral palsy 573–4
medial
akinetic mutism 337
obsessive–compulsive disorder 391
sensation stimulation 891, 893
microelectrode recordings 170
neurofibromatosis type 1 2063
nucleus tractus solitarius projections
797
olfactory tract connections 596, 598
oscillations 170
paroxysmal pain 896
spike-wave generation 1237
stimulation 1626
Vc region 890–1, 892–3
ventral posterior lateral nucleus 889
visceral spinal afferents 797
waking state 817, 818
thalassemia 2048–9, 2050
myelopathies 2050
thalidomide
Behçet’s disease 1581
neuropathy 1104
ototoxicity 671
therapeutic agents
smell/taste alteration 605–6
taste disturbance 617
therapeutics, principles 127–30
clinical trial evaluation 127–8
dose selection 128–9
special populations 129–30
therapy effectiveness 121
thiabendazole 1177
thiamine
alcohol cerebellar degeneration 1823
alcohol intoxication 1816
Korsakoff’s amnestic syndrome 1823
Wernicke’s encephalopathy 1822
thiazide diuretics 867
thioctic acid 1696
thiotepa 1452
Thomsen’s disease 1189
thoracic cord, sympathetic efferent
pathways 797
thoracic nerves Fig. 47.2
thoracic polyradiculopathy 1100
thoracic spinal cord lesions 719
watershed infarction 720
throat 940
thrombin 1385–6, 1655
thrombocytopenia 2052–3
heparin-induced 2053
HIV-1 infection 1697
thrombocytopenic purpura
idiopathic 2052, 2053
immune 2052
see also thrombotic thrombocytopenic
purpura (TTP)
thrombolysis
acute ischemic stroke
intra-arterial 1364–6
intravenous 1361, 1362–3, 1364, 1365
blood pressure control 1383
intracerebral hemorrhage 1388–9
thrombophilic disorders, hemiplegic
cerebral palsy 573
thrombosis
left atrial appendage 1953
stroke 1345
venous sinus 573
Behçet’s disease 1581
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
(TTP) 1944, 2053
thryroid ophthalmopathy 2034
thymectomy in myasthenia gravis 1153,
1520, 1540–1
thymic education 1504, 1512, 1520
thymic tumours 1151
thymidine kinase 1671
thymus in myasthenia gravis 1520
thyroid disease
myopathy 1175–6
neurological complications 2033–7
thyroid ophthalmopathy 654
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 854,
855
pituitary adenoma 860–1
primary hypothyroidism 863
serum level measurement 864
thyroid storm 2033
thyrotoxicosis 1199–200
Na+/K+-ATPase pump 1200
thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH)
854
stimulation test 864
thyroxine (T4) 854, 1594
free 864
hyperthyroid myopathy 1175–6
hypothyroidism 863
tiagabine
neuropathic pain control 913
paradoxical effects 1303
seizures with glial tumours 1305
tic douloureux 944
tic(s)/tic disorders
chronic 553
neurosurgery 561
obsessive–compulsive disorder 388, 392
differential diagnosis 389
PANDAS 559–60
presentation 1283
Index 2185
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tic(s)/tic disorders (cont.)
secondary 557
Tourette’s syndrome 551–2
treatment 560–1
tick paralysis 1093
ticks 1754, 1755–6
antibiotic prophylaxis for bites 1761
dual infections 1762–3
ticlopidine 1422–3
timolol 922
Tinel sign 884
carpal tunnel syndrome 1084
tinnitus
idiopathic intracranial hypertension
2027
management 674–5
maskers 675
mechanisms 665–6
pulsatile 1346, 1347
retraining therapy 675
tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
antihypertensive agents 1368
intra-articular thrombolysis 1365–6
intracerebral hemorrhage 1383, 1387
intravenous
acute ischemic stroke 1361, 1362–3,
1364, 1365
outcome 1364
intraventricular hemorrhage 1386
stroke therapy 123, 1361, 1362–3, 1364,
1365
tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
ischemic stroke 11
titubation 519
tizanidine
corticobasal degeneration 497
dystonia 540
motor neuron disease 1873
pain control 913
TNF-� converting enzyme (TACE) 1511,
1845
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
(TRAIL) 65
tocainide 914
�-tocopherol transfer protein 1882
Todd’s paralysis 1230
tolerance 1511–14
reverse 436
tolfenamic acid 966
Tolosa–Hunt syndrome 653
eye pain 939
paroxysmal hemicrania 931
tolterodine 840
toluene exposure 1835
tone decay 664
tonotopic reorganization 665
top of the basilar syndrome 1354–5
topiramate
chronic daily headache 965–6
cluster headache 930
essential tremor 518
neuropathic pain control 913
seizure control 1315
TORCH infections 572
Torsin A gene 536
torticollis
dystonia 533
spasmodic 533–4, 538
total parenteral nutrition 1981–2
Tourette Syndrome Questionnaire (TSQ)
553
Tourette Syndrome Severity Scale (TSSS)
553
Tourette Syndrome Symptom List (TSSL)
553
Tourette’s syndrome 551–62
anxiety 553, 554, 555
associated behaviours 553–6
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
552, 554–5
autistic condition components 413
clinical features 551–2
depression 553, 554, 555
diagnostic criteria 553, 559
DSM-IV criteria 553
epidemiology 556
episodic control disorders 553, 554, 555
genetic linkage analysis 558
genetics 556–7
genomic imprinting 556–7
Group A hemolytic streptococcal
infection 559
imaging 557, 558, 559
learning problems 555–6
neuroanatomy 557–8
neurochemistry 558–9
neuroimmunology 559–60
obsessive–compulsive disorder 390,
393, 394, 395, 552, 554, 562
pathophysiology 557–60
prevalence 556
psychopathology 553–6
rating scales 553
sleep disturbance 555
startle response 529
strategic declarative memory deficit
310
tics 551–2
treatment 560–2
Tourettism 557
toxic gain of function
Huntington’s disease 1900
motor neuron disease 1869
toxic neuropathies 1092–7, 1102–5
clinical features 1092
drugs 1102–4
electrodiagnosis 1093
environmental toxins 1104–5
patient evaluation 1092–3
pure motor/sensory presentation 1093,
1094–5, 1096, 1097
toxins, autonomic dysfunction 787, 789
Toxoplasma gondii 1750
toxoplasmosis 1657
cerebral 1699–700, Fig. 103.16
treatment 1700
CNS infection after organ
transplantation 2087
congenital 1750
primary CNS lymphoma differential
diagnosis 1703
TP53 gene germline mutations 1449
tractus solitarius nucleus 612
traditional medicines 1807
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
81, 367
dystonia 539
Tourette’s syndrome 558
transendothelial migration 1516
transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
1953
patent foramen ovale 1955
transfer RNA (tRNA) point mutations
1924
transforming growth factor � (TGF-�)
1656
transgenic animal models of
neurodegenerative disease 1842
transgenic (Tg) mouse models
AD 226, 1848
ALS 227
FTD 226
HD 227, 1904
mutant �-synuclein 227
prion diseases 223, 224, 226
spinocerebellar ataxia 227–8
2186 Index
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transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
involuntary movements 1283
multiple brief 1347
recurrent stroke risk 1420, 1421
transketolase 1822
translational research 11–12
transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT)
19, 20
transporter associated with antigen
processing (TAP) genes 1562
transthyretin 779, 785
mutations 229–30
transverse myelitis 1677
acute 721, 722
urinary tract dysfunction 835
immune-mediated 1677
transverse myelopathy 1573–4
trauma
ageusia 616
drug abuse 1833
dystonia 535
false aneurysms 1393
hypermetabolism 1177
kinetic tremor 519
orbital 654
parkinsonism 505
spinal cord injury 696, Fig. 47.3
travel, global 3–4
trazodone 1375
Treacher–Collins syndrome 672
treadmill training 88
tremor 512–20
acquired hepatocerebral degeneration
1974
action 479, 512, 513, 516–20
alcohol withdrawal syndrome 1816
central mechanisms 512, 514–15
central oscillators 514
classification 512, 513–14
differential diagnosis 513–14
essential 512, 513, 514–15, 517–19
clinical criteria 517
diagnosis 517
inheritance 518
neurosurgical intervention 519
PD development 516
prevalence 517
rest tremor 516
treatment 518–19
hand 517
head 517
isometric 512, 513
kinetic 512, 513, 517, 519
neuroleptic drugs 517
orthostatic 518
parkinsonian 484
pathophysiologic mechanisms 512,
514–15
PD 476, 478
peripheral mechanisms 512, 515
peripheral neuropathy 519
physiologic 513, 515, 516–17
position-specific 512, 513, 518
postural 512, 517
psychogenic 519–20
rest 512, 513
clinical features 515–16
induction by MPTP 514
treatment 516
tardive 517
task-specific 512, 513, 518
Wilson’s disease 1978
see also delirium tremens
Treponema pallidum 1702, 1766
chromosome 1766
hypersensitivity response 1767
laboratory diagnosis 1773–4
microhemagglutination (MHA-TP)
assay 1773
Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke
Treatment trial (TOAST) 1366
triamterene 1202
tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle 1210
trichinosis 1177
trichotillomania 395
tricyclic antidepressants 367, 368
abuse 1833
chronic daily headache 965
pain control 912–13
poststroke depression 1375
triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride
(trientine) 1882, 1979
trifunctional protein deficiency 1220
trigeminal afferents 595
trigeminal dysesthesia 944, 947
antidepressants 949
orofacial 948
trigeminal ganglion
depolarization 922
facial nerve vasodilatation 1342
middle ear disease 670
tumours 942
trigeminal motor nucleus 800
trigeminal nerve
focal demyelination 944
stimulation 962
trigeminal neuralgia 670, 944–6
gamma knife radiosurgery 946
microvascular decompression 946
multiple sclerosis 1627
paroxysmal pain 913
surgery 945–6, 949
tooth pain 941
treatment 944–5
trigger zone 944
unilateral 944
vestibular paroxysmia differential
diagnosis 687
trigeminal neuropathy, radiation-induced
1494
trigeminal pain 729
trigeminal schwannoma, childhood 1449
trigeminovascular system 922, Fig. 61.1
activation Fig. 61.1
trigger point pain 951
triglyceride stores in adipose tissue 1208
trihexiphenidyl 483
cerebral palsy 576
dystonia 540
triiodothyronine (T3) 854, 1594
trilostane 860
trimolecular complex (TMC) 1542
trinucleotide repeat expansion 32
classification of disorders 33
mechanisms 33
neurological disease 32–47
strand-slippage 33
type I disorders 33–41, 42
inheritance 33
polyglutamine diseases 33–40
type II disorders 33, 34, 41–7
tripelennamine 1834
triple repeat diseases 1885
triplet repeat expansion 1898–900
triplet repeat mechanism 6
triptans
adverse events 924, 925
centrally penetrant 963
cluster headache 930
mechanisms 923–4
migraine 923–5, 959
overuse 958
paroxysmal hemicrania 931
transformed migraine 964
trisomy 21 732
see also Down’s syndrome
Index 2187
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TRKA gene mutations 1132
trochlear nerve palsy 650, 651–2
tropia 649
tropical spastic paraparesis 1710
myelopathy 722
urinary tract dysfunction 835
�-tropomyosin gene 1171
Trousseau’s sign 2006, 2008
truncal neuropathies 1100
truncal radiculoneuropathy 1100
Trypanosoma brucei 1750
Trypanosoma cruzii 792
tryptophan depletion 368
tryptophan-linked polyvinylalcohol gels
1540
Ts and blues 1834
TSC1 and TSC2 genes 2068
TTR gene 1135
mutations 1136
tuberculin skin test 1780
tuberculoma 1783–4
brain 1777
CNS 1700
epilepsy 1289–90
HIV-associated 1784
imaging 1783–4
spinal cord 1777
treatment 1784, 1788
tuberculosis 3, 1777–88
caseous foci 1778
clinical presentation 1779–80
CNS 1700–1
drug abuse 1834
epidemiology 1777–8
granuloma 1778
HIV-related 1777, 1778, 1782–3
hydrocephalus 1778–9
imaging 1779
meningitis 1701, 1778, Fig. 110.1
clinical presentation 1779–80
corticosteroid therapy 1787
CSF examination 1781
diagnosis 1780–2
high-risk groups 1780
imaging 1781–2, 1783
mortality 1782
prognosis 1782
spontaneously remitting 1779–80
miliary 1778
pathogenesis 1778–9
racial differences 1778
transmission 1778
treatment 1784–8
vertebral 1777, 1784
tuberculous abscess 1700
tuberculous meningitis 1777
tuberculous osteitis 722
tuberculous osteomyelitis 1700–1
tuberin 2068
tuberothalamic arteries 1357
tuberous sclerosis/tuberous sclerosis
complex 2064–8
autism 409
brain tumours of childhood 1449
cardiac lesions 2066
diagnostic criteria 2065
epilepsy 1266–7
focal cortical dysplasia association
182
genetics 2068
neurologic dysfunction 2067–8
pheochromocytoma 2040
pulmonary dysfunction 2067
renal lesions 2066
retinal lesions 2065–6
skin lesions 2065, 2066
subependymal giant cell astrocytomas
1431
West syndrome 1263
tufted cells 596, 597
tumour cells, hypoxia 1439
tumour necrosis factor (TNF)
cerebral malaria 1749
inflammatory response in bacterial
meningitis 1732
tumour necrosis factor � (TNF-�) 1504
cerebral ischemia 65, 71
CNS infection 1657
helper T cell synthesis 1509–10
oligodendrocytes 1598–9
tumour necrosis factor (TNF) � converting
enzyme (TACE) 1511, 1845
tumour progression model 1449
tuning fork tests 666
turbinate bones 595
Turcot’s syndrome 1449
Turner’s syndrome
autism 410
short stature 863
twin studies, concordance rates 15–16
tympanometry 666
TYRO protein tyrosine kinase protein
1644–5
tyrosine 775
tyrosine kinase A 242
tyrosine kinase receptors 82
growth factor binding 1435–6
pathways 1435–7
ubiquitin 39, 214
immunoreactivity 1844
Lewy bodies 240
pathway 221
ubiquitin-proteasome pathway 38–9
Uhtoff’s phenomenon 621
ulceration, Behçet’s disease 1580, 1581
ulcerative colitis 1979
peripheral neuropathy 1101
ulnar neuropathy 1100
ulnar palsy 2048
ultrasound
cranial 571–2
transcranial Doppler 355
UNC-5 netrin receptor 94
uncal herniation syndrome 2019, 2021
understanding in autism 408
ungual fibroma 2065, 2066
Uniform Determination of Death Act
(1981; USA) 358
unipolar disorders 365
United States, West Nile encephalitis 4
United States Joint Commission on the
Accreditation of Healthcare
Organizations 907
universal addiction site 431
Unverricht–Lundborg disease 1266, 1887,
1919
cystatin B gene defect 1887
progressive myoclonic ataxia 525
progressive myoclonic epilepsy 1296
see also progressive myoclonic epilepsy
type 1
upper airway resistance syndrome 821
Urbach–Weithe syndrome 306, 308
fear conditioning absence 311
urea cycle
enzyme deficits 1881, 1883
neonatal disorders 1912
uremia, myopathy 1177, 1995–6
uremic and diabetic polyneuropathy,
subacute 1994
uremic encephalopathy 1987–90
uremic mononeuropathies 1994–5
uremic neuropathies 1990–5
uremic neurotoxins 1989, 1991–2
uremic polyneuropathy 1990–4
2188 Index
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combined diabetic 1993–4
neurophysiology 1990–1
renal failure 1992–3
urethral sphincter
electromyelogram 838
external 835
urinary bladder
cystometry 837, 839
dysfunction
investigations 837–8, 839, 840
neurogenic 835
neurologic disease 833–6, 837–8, 839,
840
treatment 840–2
dysfunctional voiding in women 836
function 833
incomplete emptying 841
innervation 835
multiple sclerosis 1626
neural stimulation 842
neurophysiological investigations 838,
840
storage mode 833
ultrasonography 837
voiding mode 833
urinary continence 833
urinary incontinence
epilepsy 834
multiple system atrophy 840
neurogenic 841, 842
normal pressure hydrocephalus 2026
stroke 834
urological surgery 842
urine
collection devices 842
examination 837
retention 716, 841
women 836
voiding problems 841
urodynamic investigations 837
uroflowmetry 837, 839
urokinase
intracerebral hemorrhage 1388
intraventricular hemorrhage 1386
urological surgery 842
Usher’s syndrome 672
utrophin 1145, 1166
uvula lesions 642
vaccine development 11
vacuolar myelopathy, HIV-1-associated
1696
vacuolating megencephalic
leukoencephalopathy with
subcortical cysts 1645
vacuum devices for sexual dysfunction
848
vagal afferents 796
vagal efferents 796
vagal motor nuclei 800
vagal nerve stimulator 1315
vagus nerve
afferent projections to nucleus tractus
solitarius 797
motor pathways 797
stimulation 1321
taste bud innervation 612, 613
valganciclovir 1702
valproate
benign epilepsy of childhood with
centro-temporal spikes 1258
chronic daily headache 965
cluster headache 930
cortical myoclonus 526
hyperammonemia 1978
migraine prophylaxis 922
myoclonic status in progressive
myoclonic epilepsies 1278
neuropathic pain control 913
primary reading epilepsy 1259
secondary carnitine deficiency 1221
side effects 1307
tonic–clonic status epilepticus 1274
valproic acid 944
valvular heart disease 1953–4
valvular papillary fibroelastoma 1955
varicella zoster virus
encephalitis 1676
optic neuritis 1674
peripheral nerves 1677, 1678–9
primary angiitis of the central nervous
system differential diagnosis
1552–3
shingles 1677
transverse myelitis 1677
vasa nervorum occlusion 1123
vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1)
1516
interferon effects 1536
vascular arteritis, stroke 1345
vascular disease, radiation 1493
vascular dissection, stroke 1345
vascular endothelial cells, radiosensitivity
1490
vascular endothelial growth factors
(VEGF)
brain tumour angiogenesis 1438
neuronal aging 242
promoter 1439
tyrosine kinase receptor pathways 1435
vascular lesions
distal intracranial territory infarcts 1356
middle intracranial territory ischemia
1354
proximal intracranial territory
infarction 1352–3
vascular malformation rupture 1345
vasculitic neuropathy 1121–3
non-systemic 1122–3
vasculitis of CNS 1547–55
classification 1547–8
definitions 1547–8
drug-induced 1553
Hodgkin’s disease 1548
see also primary angiitis of the central
nervous system (PACNS)
vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) 843
parasympathetic system 1341, 1342
vasodilatation, cerebral blood flow 1337
vasogenic edema
brain metastases 1465
brain tumours 1440
intracerebral hemorrhage 1385, 1386
vasoneural coupling 1337–8
adenosine mediation 1338
vasopressin 854
vasospasm, aneurysms 1396, 1397
vasovagal syncope 775, 779, 788, 1965
Venereal Disease Reference Laboratory
(VDRL) test 1773, 1774
venlafaxine 824
venous sinus thrombosis 573
ventilation, mechanical 1874, 1875
ventilatory support in tonic–clonic status
epilepticus 1274
ventral pallidum 433
ventral posterior lateral nucleus 889
ventral posterior medial nucleus 893
ventral tegmental area
dopamine projections 432
dopaminergic neurons 433–4
disruption and poststroke depression
1374
drug reward states 432, 433
GABA interneurons 434
neglect 342
Index 2189
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ventral tegmental area (cont.)
nicotinic receptors 440
swallowing 801
ventricular drainage
aneurysms 1397
external 1384
ventricular enlargement, secondary 254–5
ventricular system, thrombolytic
administration 1388–9
ventricular tachycardia 1964
ventricular zone 177
ventriculomegaly 572
ventroamygdalamofugal fiber tract 306
verapamil
chronic daily headache 965
cluster headache 930
hypnic headache 935
migraine prophylaxis 922
verbal fluency 204
verbal intelligence 204
vermis, dorsal 642
vertebral artery
extracranial
dissection 1348, 1349
embolism 1353
occlusion 1349
stenosis 1349
intracranial 1350
aneurysms 1393
atherosclerosis 1348
embolism 1353
occlusion in neck 1348
vertebral column
abnormalities 727–30
diseases 727–40
see also spine
vertebral venous system 1463, 1465
vertebrobasilar ischemia
benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
differential diagnosis 687
brain lesion localization 1349
stroke 1348–56
outcome 1366
surgery for secondary prevention
1426
vertigo 678–81
benign paroxysmal positional 685–7
liberatory maneuvers 685–6
central vestibular syndromes 687–8,
689, 690
episodic 687
lateral medullary infarction 1350
management 681–2
mismatch concept 679–80
multiple sclerosis 1627
patient approach 680–1
psychogenic 687
signs/symptoms 678–9
syndromes 678–81
classification 679
frequency 684
viral infection 1679
very-late antigen 4 (VLA-4) 1516
interferon effects 1536
very-long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
deficiency 1220
very-long chain fatty acids 1633, 1634,
1635, 1636
beta oxidation defects 1913
very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL)
receptor 22
vestibular commands 637
vestibular compensation 682–3
vestibular disorders 678–88, 689, 690
central 687–8, 689, 690
pitch plane 690
roll plane 690
yaw plane 690
chronic renal failure 1995
classification 679
management 681–2
types 683–4
vestibular failure, bilateral 684
vestibular function substitution 682–3
vestibular loss 683
vestibular neuritis 685
vestibular paresis 645
vestibular paroxysmia 687
vestibular rehabilitation 684
vestibular schwannoma, bilateral 1449,
2064
vestibular system 678, 679
neglect 343
vestibular tone imbalance 684
vestibulo-cerebellar signs/symptoms
1350
vestibulo-ocular reflex
brain death 353
defective 684
smooth pursuit 644
vertical 637–8
vestibulocerebellum 640, 642
vestibular attacks 684
vestibular failure 683
vestibular information for postural control
582
vestibular nerve section 674
Viagra see sildenafil citrate
vibration sense loss 1990, 2047
video–EEG telemetry 1286
videofluoroscopy 803
vigabatrin
epilepsy 153–4, 155
paradoxical effects 1303
seizure control 1315
side effects 1307
vincristine
autonomic dysfunction 787
brain tumour therapy 1443
neuropathy 1083, 1084, 1104
axonal 1085–6
optic 624
ototoxicity 671
primitive neuroectodermal
tumour/medulloblastoma 1451–2
SIADH 868
violent crime 1833
viper, Malaysian pit venom 1366–7
viral DNA, epilepsy 1240
viral encephalitis 1253, 1666, 1667, 1668–9
CSF 1653
epilepsy 1253
syndromes 1669–73
viral infection
adhesion molecules 1655
autoreactive T cell activation 1517
brain 1253, 1661, 1666, 1667, 1668–9
syndromes 1669–73
cellular immune response 1660
chronic 1675–6
CNS 1660–79
congenital 1679
deafness 1679
Guillain–Barré syndrome 1100, 1678,
1679
host defences 1660–1
humoral immune response 1660
inflammatory cell function 1656
meninges 1661–2, 1663, 1664–5
multiple sclerosis 1528
neurological syndromes 1661
peripheral nerves 1677–9
prodromal syndromes 1660
routes 1660–1
spinal cord 1676–7
subacute 1675–6
2190 Index
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521793513 - Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutic Principles, Third EditionEdited by Arthur K. Asbury, Guy M. McKhann, W. Ian McDonald, Peter J. Goadsby and Justin C. McArthurIndexMore information
systemic 1660
vertigo 1679
see also meningitis, viral
viral myelopathy 722
viral nucleic acids 1656
Virchow–Robin spaces 1651–2
cryptococcoma 1701, Fig. 103.18
viremia 1660
virulence factors 1657
viruses
axonal transport time 595–6
CTL-mediated clearance 1656
replication 1660
vision
abnormalities with pituitary tumours
856
disorders 621–30
loss
functional with prestriate lesions
627–8
paraneoplastic syndromes 1481
transient monocular 1346, 1347
postural control 582
visual agnosia 628–9
apperceptive 628
associative 628–9
visual allesthesia 629
visual evoked potentials 1622, 1623
visual field defects 621, 622
visual hallucinations 630
visual illusions 628–9
visual inattention 332
visual information processing in striate
cortex 627
visual perception, attention role 160–1,
Fig. 1.1–12.3
visual priming 312
visual processing, higher 627–30
visual stimuli 331
visuokinesthetic motor engrams 461
visuospatial function
brain aging 203
Lewy body dementia 268
visuospatial skills in
obsessive–compulsive disorder 392
vitamin(s)
deficiencies in entrapment
neuropathies 2048
supplementation
olfactory dysfunction 606
optic neuropathy 624
vitamin A deficiency 1882
vitamin B deficiency 624
vitamin B1 see thiamine
vitamin B6 see pyridoxine
vitamin B12 deficiency 2046–8
AIDS 1696
dementia 20
mental changes 2047
optic neuropathy 2047–8
subacute combined degeneration of
cord 725
vitamin C 241
vitamin D 2005
hypocalcemia treatment 2007
vitamin E
AD treatment 262
antioxidant 241
deficiency 1882
secondary 1101
motor neuron disease 1875
supplementation 1882
vitamin K 1945, 2054
vocal cords
focal dystonia 534
hypertrophy 859
paralysis 1351
vocal outbursts 1283
voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs)
876
proteins 1520
volume transmission 1235
vomeronasal organ 595
vomiting, subarachnoid hemorrhage
1392
Von Frei’s hairs 331
von Hippel–Lindau disease 1999
hemangiomas of CNS 1449
pheochromocytoma 2040
von Recklinhausen’s syndrome 855
see also neurofibromatosis
VR1 receptor 875, 876–7
Waardenburg syndrome 672
Wada testing 1316
waddling 587
wakefulness
brainstem 298
consciousness 292–3
disruption 294
non-24 hour sleep–wake syndrome 824
preserved with disrupted consciousness
294
waking state 816
behavioural adaptation 817–18
circadian control 819
see also sleep/sleep disorders;
sleep–wake cycles
Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia 1119
amyloid polyneuropathy 785
paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathy
1483
Walker–Warburg syndrome 187–8
walking 581
brainstem synergies 584–5
disturbance 473
gait syndromes 587–8
spinal synergies 584–5
Wallenberg’s syndrome 629, 637, 683
lateropulsion 688
saccadic dysmetria 642
Wallerian degeneration 88–9, 1078,
1080–1, Fig. 85.5
acute motor axonal neuropathy 1113
latency period 1080
Wallerian-like degeneration 1083
war, impact on population 196
warfarin
antiphospholipid syndrome 1575
stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation
1423
warm-up phenomenon 1183, 1190
wasting disease, chronic 216
water deficit, hypernatremia 2002
water deprivation test 866–7
water restriction, hyponatremia 2004
weakness
fixed 1217–18
lipid metabolism disorders causing
1220–1
motor neuron disease 1864, 1873
respiratory chain defects 1222–3
Weber’s syndrome 652
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
executive function 203
language function 204
visuospatial function 203
Wegener’s granulomatosis 1577, 1578
peripheral neuropathy 1121
primary angiitis of CNS differential
diagnosis 1552
vasculitis of CNS 1548
weight reduction, stroke primary
prevention 1416
Werdnig–Hoffmann disease 1845
Werner’s syndrome 2075–6
Index 2191
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521793513 - Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutic Principles, Third EditionEdited by Arthur K. Asbury, Guy M. McKhann, W. Ian McDonald, Peter J. Goadsby and Justin C. McArthurIndexMore information
Wernicke–Geschwind model of anatomy
of language 322
Wernicke–Lichtheim model 320
Wernicke’s aphasia 317, 326, 1348
see also aphasia, Wernicke-type
Wernicke’s area 321
auditory comprehension 326
functional connection with Broca’s area
1324
Wernicke’s encephalopathy 1816, 1821–2
alcohol cerebellar degeneration 1823
diagnosis 1822
dialysis complication 1999
gaze-evoked nystagmus 645
hypophosphatemia differential
diagnosis 2010
management 1822
pathophysiology 1822
total parenteral nutrition 1982
vestibular paresis 645
West Nile encephalitis 4, 1671
flaccid paralysis 1676
West syndrome 1263
immune globulin 1240
Western equine encephalitis 504
whiplash, neck pain 748–9, 752–3
Whipple’s disease 1981
myorhythmia 519
supranuclear gaze palsy 491
white matter
brain aging 198–9
chronic renal failure 1989
damage in apraxia 467–8
degeneration in spinal cord 2047
focal lesions in inflammatory bowel
disease 1980
HIV dementia 1692, 1693
lesion imaging 1621, 1622
obsessive–compulsive disorder 391
periventricular leukomalacia 568, 571
spinal cord
HIV-1-associated vacuolar
myelopathy 1696
injury 699
wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons 889
Wildervanks’ syndrome 672
Wilhelmsen–Lynch disease 498
Wilson’s disease 1882, 1919, 1978–9, 1999,
2000
chorea gravidarum 1946
diagnosis 1979
dystonia 534, 535
genetics 1978
hepatic dysfunction 1978
Huntington’s disease differential
diagnosis 1898
imaging 1979
myorhythmia 519
neurological manifestations 1978–9
ocular signs 1979
parkinsonism 490, 505
pathophysiology 1978
treatment 1979
wind-up 880
Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome 1449
Witebsky’s postulates 1514
withdrawal symptoms
addiction 431, 630
see also alcohol/alcohol abuse
Wnt 55
Wolfram syndrome 1887
women of child-bearing age, therapeutics
129
word comprehension 320
word fragment completion, neural indices
167, Fig 12.7
work shift syndrome 825
World Health Organisation (WHO)
brain tumour classification for children
1448
classification system of astrocytomas
1431, 1432
wrist drop, lead neuropathy 1093
wrist velocity, ideomotor apraxia 462, 464–6
writer’s cramp 538
dystonia 543
writing assessment 320
X25 gene 1886
xenotransplantation, neural 704
xeroderma pigmentosum 1140, 1884
xerostomia 1575
Yale Global Tic Severity Scale 553
Yasargil technique of selective
amygdalohippocampectomy 1318
Z band 1163
zalcitabine neuropathy 1103
Zellweger syndrome 1913
ZIC2 gene 178
zidovudine
HIV dementia 1695–6
HIV infection 1178
secondary carnitine deficiency 1221
zinc
epileptogenic tissue 1234
neurotoxicity 63
supplementation in olfactory
dysfunction 606
translocation 63
zinc ions 63
ziprasidone 561
zolmitriptan 923, 924
cluster headache 930
zonisamide
myoclonic status in progressive
myoclonic epilepsies 1278
neuropathic pain control 913
Zung depression scale 1374
zygohypopphyseal joint
blocks 751
pain 748
2192 Index
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Cambridge University Press0521793513 - Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutic Principles, Third EditionEdited by Arthur K. Asbury, Guy M. McKhann, W. Ian McDonald, Peter J. Goadsby and Justin C. McArthurIndexMore information