index [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97805218/01225/index/9780521801225... · 2006. 11....

Index

Achard-de-Germane, Alexandre, 99Acte additionnel, 33, 68–71, 85, 119, 340Adeline, Louis, 212Adrets, 78Affiliation Catholique, 322agents provocateurs, 334Agier, François-Marie, 26, 196–197, 202, 211,

215Agier defection

1824 elections, 1921827 campaign, 2181827 elections, 2361828 administration, 2411830 elections, 251alliance with Liberals, 218–219, 270Centre-Right, 190and Chateaubriand, 190, 198and Greece, 209and judiciary, 196–197and prefectoral control, 192

Aide-toi le Ciel t’aideracollapse, 327and doctrinaires, 221historiography, 338organizational role, 16, 19, 191, 210–212, 219,

281post-Revolution, 318and tax revolts, 265

Ain, 126Aisne, 246Aix-la-Chapelle Congress, 82Albi, 308L’Album, 254Aldéguier, Hippolyte d’, 49, 60, 251,

304Alexander I, 2, 136, 138Algiers expedition, 245, 284Allemont, 78Allied powers

1814 position, 2association with monarchy, 39, 130

and Legitimists, 324occupation of France, 33post-Revolution fear of intervention, 305restoration of Bourbons, 27, 30and White Terror, 54

Alsace. See also Bas-Rhin; Haut-Rhin1827 elections, 216, 233–236Bonapartism, 220Charles X tour, 275and forest codes, 307historiography, 19Liberals, 179–180post-Revolution, 321

L’Alsacien, 321Altkirch, 172, 284L’Ami de la Charte, 145, 146Amiens, 254L’Ami du Roi, 60Amilhau, Jean-Pierre, 171, 309, 315Amis de la Liberté, 141, 142Amis de la Vérité, 142Amis de l’Armorique, 142amnesty, 35, 51, 91ancien régime, privileges, 3Angers, 281, 304Angoulême, 262Angoulême, Duke Louis-Antoine of

government, 45, 51in Grenoble, 152, 162Hundred Days, 32, 44Spanish war, 139, 171in Toulouse, 42, 43ultraroyalism, 206

anticlericalism1824, 188–1891827 elections, 205Alsace, 67anticlerical riots, 224, 226, 312, 317continuing issue, 124, 225–229, 300, 336post-Revolution riots, 312practices, 17

360

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press0521801222 - Re-Writing the French Revolutionary TraditionRobert AlexanderIndexMore information

http://www.cambridge.orghttp://www.cambridge.orghttp://www.cambridge.org/0521801222

Index 361

Arago, Etienne, 255Arago, François, 320Arbaud-Jouques, Joseph d’, 173arbitrary arrest, 3Ardèche, 59, 216Ardennes, 263, 280Argenson, Count Marc-René Voyer d’

1827 elections, 2361831 elections, 315Carbonaro, 142, 143defeat, 329and Guizot, 272and Liberal banquets, 247political position, 272, 318post-Revolution, 313republicanism, 273, 318, 327resignation, 269salon, 37social class, 183, 337

Ariège, 294, 307L’Aristarque, 198army

Algiers expedition, 284attempts at subversion, 169conscription, 316–317foreign troops, 230July Monarchy, 307Liberal view of, 176–177, 228, 336military force, 3mobilization, 170purges, 30–31, 35reorganization, 83republican recruitment, 326response to July Revolution, 286retirement of Imperial officers, 188role of commanders in elections, 81Saint-Cyr Law, 83, 176Soult Law, 316–317and the press, 257veterans of Napoleon’s army, 229–230

Aroux, Eugène, 158, 212, 264Arras, 290arrondissements, 21Arros, Joseph-Philippe d’, 124, 125, 248artisans, 288Artois, Count of (later Charles X). See also

Charles Xaccession as Charles X, 188Commander of National Guard, 44and Conservateur, 84elections, 63, 172freemasonry, 41and note secrète, 86rising influence, 136and royal sovereignty, 5

and taxation, 40ultra, 31, 34visit to Grenoble, 40

Aube, 146, 183, 253, 281, 291Aubrée, Pierre, 142, 176Aubusson, 254Aude, 59Audry de Puyraveau, Pierre, 289, 305Aurillac, 160Austria, 136, 305, 319Auterive, 66Authier, Jean, 112, 294, 303Auvergne, 216, 243Auxonne, 174L’Aviso, 254

Bagnères de Luchon, 116Balzac, Honoré de, 18, 229banquets

1840s, 331Bas-Rhin, 161Beaune, 162Isère, 123, 129Liberals, 262–263, 338Normandy, 168patriotic banquets, 117and prefects, 247republicans, 325

Barante, baron Prosper de, 222Barbé-Marbois, François, 50, 55Barbès, Armand, 14, 334Bar-le-Duc, 216, 248Barral, Joseph-Marie de, 72, 80Barre, Grégoire-Jean, 112, 133barricades, 288Barrot, Odilon

1831 elections, 315and Aide-toi, 211, 281compte rendu, 320Movement member, 318resignation, 317and right of association, 327tour of Alsace, 321

Bar-sur-Aube, 291Bart, Charles, 255, 303Barthe, Félix, 202, 211Barthélemy, Philippe, 52, 53Barthélemy proposal, 88, 116–117, 122, 123Bas-Rhin. See also Haguenau; Sélestat;

Strasbourg; Wissembourg1815 elections, 501816 elections, 611819 elections, 110–112, 1281820 crisis, 130–1321821 elections, 164




362 Index

Bas-Rhin (cont.)1824 elections, 172–1731827 Liberals, 2331830 elections, 2831831 elections, 3151834 elections, 329Acte additionnel, 69–70charity, 280and Constant, 234–236, 273Decazes period, 95–96decline of Radicals, 161–162fédérés, 73Hundred Days, 65, 67Liberal decline, 168–169Liberal territory, 22Liberals, 177, 179newspapers, 115political opinions, 122–123politics, 20post-Restoration tensions, 40post-Revolution, 309–310, 313–314post-Revolution patronage, 304–305post-Waterloo, 75press censorhip, 147republicanism, 330, 331sources, 22and ultraroyalism, 53–55

Basses-Pyrénées, 254Bastard de l’Etang, Armand, 60, 96Bastide, Guillaume, 67Bastide, Jules, 211Bastide, Lambert, 308, 322Bastide-Gramont, Charles, 98, 99Bastille, 132Bastoulh, Raimond, 213, 278Baume, 184, 215Bayard, Chevalier, 151Baylen, 31Bayonne, 210Bazar Français, 141Bazard, Armand, 221Bazin, Rigomer, 339Beaucaire, 45Beaune, 162, 165, 173, 290, 328Beaupoil de Saint-Aulaire, Louis, 42Beausecours, 124Beauvais, 242Bechet, 167Belfort, 143, 147, 164, 168Belgium, 305–306, 316–317Bellegarde, Baron Guillaume de, 41, 98Bellune, Marshal Victor, Duke of, 137,

206Benfeld, 283Béranger, Pierre-Jean, 220, 269

Bérard, Auguste, 295Bérenger de la Drôme, Alphonse-Marie

1827 elections, 2391828 political attacks, 240book, 107business matters, 178education, 178exile, 79Hundred Days, 58, 66, 178philanthropy, 231radicalism, 62, 127revolt, 178and the Union, 80, 127

Berger, Abbé Jean-Joseph, 101, 256, 257Berlioz, Louis-Joseph, 126Bernadotte, Marshal Jean-Baptiste, 2Bernard de Rennes, Louis, 212, 289Bernard, Martin, 314, 331Bernis, René de, 44, 45Berriat-Saint-Prix, Jacques, 58, 66, 72, 78–80, 99,

178Berry, Duchess of, 257, 324Berry, Duke of, assassination, 28, 89, 131–134, 151,

174, 276Berryer, Pierre-Antoine, 324Berstein, Serge, 341, 343Bertier, Bénigne-Louis, 40Bertier, Colonel Anne-Pierre de, 63Bertier, Ferdinand de

clericalism, 200, 228and Counter-Revolution, 92leader of Chevaliers de la Foi, 40, 113, 190,

194–196palace intrigues, 243prefect of Calvados, 61prefect of Isère, 96press freedom, 202Quotidienne, 198royal favour, 194ultraroyalism, 14, 51

Bertier de Sauvigny, Guillaume de, 12, 14–15, 18Berton, General Jean-Baptiste, 143, 165, 168, 177Besançon

1827 elections, 184, 215July Revolution, 290, 291, 293–294lycée, 112press, 255press trial, 279

Beslay, Charles fils, 142, 170, 264Bidassoa River, 143, 169, 197Bignon, Baron Edouard, 118, 167, 210, 216, 247,

264Biolet, Jean-Baptiste, 78Bischwiller, 131, 234Blagnac, 66




Index 363

Blanc, Hughes, 72, 127, 166, 269, 304Blanchet, Augustin, 72, 166, 178Blanqui, Auguste, 14, 211, 318, 330, 334Bluche, Frédéric, 12Boell, Jean, 70Boissy d’Anglas, François, 216Bolbec, 207Bonald, Viscount Louis de, 194, 195, 200, 228Bonaparte, Lucien, 69, 128Bonapartism

character, 175, 272–273historiography, 140July Revolution, 295and Liberal Opposition, 220–221, 229–230part of Liberal Opposition, 128popular Bonapartism, 122–124repression, 280

BordeauxHundred Days, 43July Revolution, 290, 291, 294Liberalism, 184, 206, 212newspapers, 145press, 255tax revolts, 265

Bordeaux, Duke of, 287Bouches-du-Rhône, 22, 44, 210. See also

MarseillesBoulogne, 277Boulogne (Haute-Garonne), 231Boulon, François, 129Bourbon dynasty, 2, 4Bourg d’Oisans, 100Bourg-en-Bresse, 265Bourges, 254, 265Bourgoin, 55, 65, 129Bourmont, General Louis-Auguste de, 243Bouthillier-Chavigny, Constantin de, 53–54, 58,

61, 95–96, 122Boyer-Fonfrède, François-Bernard, 73, 106, 117,

119–120, 171, 212, 255, 309Boyer-Fonfrède, Henri, 171Brack, Colonel Antoine, 169, 177Brackenhoffer, Jacques, 70, 110–112, 122, 161,

179–180Brest

anticlerical caricatures, 124anticlerical riots, 103, 149, 224, 226July Revolution, 291Liberal successes, 160Liberalism, 184and tax revolts, 265

Brioude, 216Britain, 138, 139, 208, 305, 324, 343Brittany. See also Finistère; Ille-et-Villaine

Chevaliers de la Liberté, 141, 142, 176

chouans, 31clericalism, 248Liberalism, 183tax revolt, 264

Broglie, Duke Victor de, 216, 271, 295Brumaire coup d’état, 7Brumath, 110Brun, Colonel André, 78Brune, Marshal Guillaume, 45Brunet, Louis, 78Bry, Jean de, 67, 69, 73Bulletin du département, 145Buonarroti, Philippe, 269, 318Burgundy, 19, 326, 328. See also Côte d’Or;

Saône-et-Loireburials, Christian burials, 100–101by-elections

1828–30, 240–241, 263–2641830–31, 308

Byron, Lord George, 196

Cabanon, Bernard, 159–163, 167Cabet, Etienne, 211, 289, 326, 328, 330Caen, 253, 262, 290cafés, 116, 133, 148Calès, Baron Jean, 70Calvados, 51, 59, 61, 253, 279. See also CaenCalvière, Jules de, 195, 245, 259Cambon, Alexandre de, 174, 182, 209, 218, 282,

283, 308Cambon, Marquis Auguste de, 218, 282, 283,

308–309, 315Camus du Martroy, Emmanuel, 246, 251, 261,

292–293Cantal, 164Capelle, Baron Guillaume, 244Capet, Hughes, 72Carbonari

agents, 169, 171Bas-Rhin, 22Grenoble, 148, 156, 177historiography, 14insurrections, 141–144Isère, 22leaders, 166organization, 320political mix, 175–177, 184subversion of troops, 169trials, 153, 197–198

caricatures, 76–77, 119, 124Carion, Vivant-Jean-Baptiste, 109, 120, 130, 162,

173, 253Carlists. See LegitimistsCarnot, Hippolyte, 221Carnot, Lazare, 99




364 Index

Caron affair, 168, 197Caron, Colonel Joseph-Augustin, 141, 143, 147,

165Carrel, Armand, 143, 278, 313, 319Casino, 49–51, 53, 56casinos, 148Cassaing, Joseph, 112, 218, 261–262, 294Castelbajac, Barthélemy de, 112–113, 163, 174Castex, General Pierre, 172, 173Catellan, Marquis Jean-Antoine de, 49Catholic Church. See also anticlericalism;

theocracyclaims, 40dı̂me, 31and Guizot Education Law, 299and Liberals, 27, 108, 225–229missionary movement, 101–103, 124–125nationalized lands, 188, 336power, 138Restoration governments, 300and revised Charter, 299seminaries, 242state church, 3and the Left, 300and ultraroyalism, 225–229zealotry, 105, 124

Cauchois-Lemaire, Louis, 237Caumartin, Jacques-Etienne, 109, 162, 165Cavaignac, Godefroy, 211, 221, 281, 318, 320, 327Cayla, Madame Zoë du, 136Cazeing-Lafont, Jean-Pierre, 282Cazes, Adolphe, 255Censeur, 120centralization of power, 3, 298–299Centre, nature, 23Centre-Right, 333. See also Agier defectioncercle Arribert, 114, 145, 148, 166cercle Constant, 148Chabrol de Crouzel, Count André-Jean

de, 241Chaléon, Jacques-Pierre de, 49, 65Chalon-sur-Saône, 247, 290, 294Chalret, Jean-François, 314, 336Chamber of Deputies, 2, 4, 8, 296Chamber of Peers, 2, 296–297Chambord, 151Chambre introuvable, 33, 36, 49Chambre retrouvée, 187–192, 200, 204Champollion, Jean-François

1827 campaign, 217exile, 80fédéré, 72Hundred Days, 66, 69, 72, 80, 178mutual schools, 99opposition meetings, 79

petitions, 166publications, 129revolt, 166salon, 114students, 178and the Union, 127

Chandieu, 166Chanrion, Joseph, 72, 166‘Chant de Waterloo’, 120Chaptive, Antoine, 66, 73, 112, 133, 157, 161Charente, 281charivaris, 125, 226, 227, 315, 321, 331, 336Charles X. See also Artois, Count of

1827 elections, 2361830 elections, 2851830 parliamentary address, 243–244, 250abdication, 287accession to the throne, 188caricatures, 231and Charter, 221, 278clericalism, 188coronation, 188end of Martignac ministry, 250and judiciary, 198and Polignac, 268powers to choose government, 244response to 1830 elections, 286–287support for Villèle, 241tour of Alsace, 275ultraroyalism, 193–194, 241, 243, 250

Charter1814, 11830 revision, 28, 294–295Acte additionnel, 33, 68–71, 85, 119, 340Catholic Church, 299and Charles X, 221, 278interpretation, 93legitimacy, 68and Liberals, 27public opinion, 8representative principle, 271violations, 129–130, 193, 243, 278

Chastelain, Alexandre, 169Châte, 65Chateaubriand, François-René de

1828 politics, 241Agier defection, 190, 196alliance with Villèle, 171ambassador, 241dismissal, 188Foreign Minister, 139Journal des débats, 198and July monarchy, 302Liberal support, 207–208political attacks, 33, 81




Index 365

pomposity, 137press freedom, 211ultraroyalism, 36, 59, 60

Chaumareys, Hughes de, 117Chaumont, 253, 317Chauvelin, Bernard-François, Marquis de, 109,

153, 162, 165, 174, 216, 269Cher, 146, 164, 254Chevaliers de la Foi

demonstrations, 2dissolution, 202elections 1815, 50, 172insurrection, 92and localities, 15Midi, 40–41organization, 36post-1824, 173, 190, 194rise, 39Sarthe, 167secret society, 2

Chevaliers de la Liberté, 141–143, 176Choppin d’Arnouville, Augustin

1819 elections, 1271820 crisis, 130and education, 100and political dissent, 123, 126prefect of Isère, 96–97, 99, 104, 116replacement, 145

chouans, 31Cintegabelle, 52, 66class struggle, historiography, 13–14Clausel, General Bertrand, 43, 273Clausel, Madame, 52Clermont-Ferrand, 160Clermont-Tonnerre, Archbishop Anne-Antoine

de, 228, 242, 256–257Clermont-Tonnerre, Marquis Gaspard de, 137Code Napoleon, 3, 189Colmar, 168colonies, 30comité directeur, 110, 134commemoration, 17, 31commerce, and Strasbourg Liberals, 179–180commissaires, 339Comte, Charles, 120Concordat, 82, 201Condé, Prince of, 122Congregation, 256, 257Conservateur, 84, 113, 123conspiracy laws, 108conspiratorial politics, 15, 38Constant, Benjamin

1824 success, 1721830 elections, 283alliance with Counter-Opposition, 211

in Alsace, 216, 233–236, 273, 342death, 310defeat, 85, 165, 168denunciation of, 168despotism, 272election, 22, 108friends, 111funeral oration of General Foy, 207and Greece, 208and Guizot, 272harassment, 167and indemnity law, 336and judiciary, 197and left-wing divisions, 268, 269liberal thinker, 10–11liberal leadership, 86Napoleon’s return, 32non-violence, 142, 143, 186political position, 272, 280–281, 337political tours, 224political writings, 107, 115, 130, 153, 196post-revolution, 309–310radicalism, 28, 223return from England, 85Sarthe candidate, 111, 142and tax revolts, 265theory and practice, 271young followers, 133

ConstitutionnelBesançon correspondent, 112campaigns, 211and Charter revision, 295Opposition journal, 85, 120, 222post-revolution, 313, 317and press repression, 277and tax revolts, 264trial, 201

constitutionnels, 39, 106, 191Convention, 5convents, 188Corbière, Count Jacques-Joseph de, 135, 137, 164,

194, 236, 280Corbière, Edmond, 125, 149, 253Corcelles, Claude Tircuy de, 85, 94, 142, 165, 183,

217, 224, 337Cordoue, Marquis Louis-André de, 270,

280–282Cormenin, Louis-Marie, 318Correspondant électoral, 85Corrèze, 164corruption, 193, 239cosmopolitanism, 177Côte d’Or 22. See also Beaune; Dijon

1816 elections, 621822 elections, 165




366 Index

Côte d’Or (cont.)1824 elections, 173–1741834 elections, 328Chevaliers de la Foi, 2, 40historiography, 19mutual schools, 100prefect, 51radicals, 162republicanism, 326size of electorate, 297ultraroyalism, 183

Cotta, Baron Johann von, 147Cottu, Charles, 211, 213Couderc, Jean, 247Coulmann, Jean-Jacques

1831 elections, 315career, 110–111and Constant, 274memoirs, 20political position, 128post-Revolution, 310, 313, 320–321

Counter-Revolution, 24, 92Courier, 120Courrier de la Haute-Marne, 253Courrier de la Moselle, 254, 265Courrier des Pays-Bas, 147Courrier du Bas-Rhin

1831 elections, 315editors, 111, 131, 147July Revolution, 291moderation, 146mutual schools, 115post-Revolution, 313, 331prefectoral control, 132, 148and tax revolts, 265

Courrier Françaiscampaigns, 211and Charter revision, 295and Liberal Opposition, 222political position, 120post-Revolution, 313and press control, 198and tax revolts, 265trial, 198, 201, 277

cours prévôtales, 35Courtois, Isaac, 97Cousin, Victor, 221, 304Crémieux, 157, 232, 282Crépu, Alexandre-Marie, 72, 127, 166, 315, 329Creuse, 192, 254, 281Cugnet de Montarlot, Jean-François, 121, 163Cunin-Gridaine, Laurent, 263

Damas, Baron Maxence de, 188Dambray, Chancellor Charles-Henri, 55, 82

Dantigny, Pierre-François, 67Darnétal, 207Dauphiny, 243Dauphinois, 315Davillier, Madame, 85, 111Decaen, General Charles, 43, 45, 75Decazes, Duke Elie

1816 elections, 38, 39, 63–64control of judiciary, 197departure, 136Didier affair, 78and Lainé Law, 333liberal experiment, 81–105moderation, 24, 50, 56royal favour, 34, 37and ultraroyalism, 54–55, 58–59and White Terror, 38

Decazes, Count Joseph-Léonard, 98, 110–112,132

Declaration of the Rights of Man and theCitizen, 132

Delaborde, General, 43Delaitre, Jean-François, 63Delaroche, Michel, 163Delavigne, Casimir, 122Delpy, Louis-Maurice, 45demonstrations

Chevaliers de la Foi, 2mass demonstrations, 125Paris, 312in support of Poland, 321Toulouse, 321and Villèle, 224

Demougé, Simon-François, 53, 111, 147, 169departments, 21depressions, 215, 288Deputies, 3, 18, 21, 289. See also Chamber of

DeputiesDesaix, General Louis-Charles, 310The Deserter, 149despotism

1828–1830 decline, 240, 245–253ultra government, 144–159

Dessoles, General Jean-Joseph, 82, 88Deux-Sèvres, 254Didier revolt, 38, 56–58, 62, 78–79, 145Dieppe, 207, 264Dijon, 22

1820 crisis, 1301822 elections, 1651824 elections, 1731824 protests, 1921834 elections, 328despotism in, 153July Revolution, 290




Index 367

Liberal Opposition, 119, 175Liberal organization, 109, 212Liberal successes, 160Liberals, 178, 224newspapers, 120, 253political repression, 173post-Revolution, 289preliminary polls, 263radicals, 162republicanism, 326and tax revolts, 265trial of fédérés, 38

dı̂me, 31, 211, 223Dinan, 170Directory, 7, 339–340divorce, 38doctrinaires, 28, 271Donnadieu, General Gabriel, 38, 56–58, 96, 97,

126pamphlet war, 145

Dordogne, 164Doubs. See also Besançon

1816 elections, 621819 elections, 1121827 elections, 184, 215–216clericalism, 248defection of judges, 210and forest codes, 307royalist divisions, 210

Drapeau blanc, 113, 115, 147, 198, 201droits réunis, 40, 66, 164, 294, 307Drôme, 71, 183, 228Du Boys, Gaspard, 50Dubois, Paul, 221Dubouchage, Gabriel, 50, 228Dubouchage, Humbert, 127Dubouchage, Viscount François-Joseph, 49–50,

82, 117Dubreton, General Jean-Louis, 54, 96, 122Duchesne, Hippolyte

1827 campaign, 2171830 elections, 282and Charter, 68–69Hundred Days, 69, 178mutual schools, 99petitions, 116, 166political positions, 72, 75, 106, 128support for Grégoire, 127and tax revolts, 265

Duffé, Jean-Joseph, 112, 294Dugied, Pierre, 142Duhamel brothers, 170Duhamel, Henry, 105, 118, 158, 167, 209Dumoulin, Jean, 64Dunoyer, Charles, 120, 142, 224

Dupin, André, 210, 216, 263, 278Dupin, Arnaud-Laurent, 255Dupin, Charles, 222Dupont de l’Eure, Jacques-Charles, 94, 118, 133,

216, 247, 266, 272, 282Dupont, Jacques, 92Dupont, Pierre-Antoine, 30Duport-Lavillette, Jean, father and son

business, 178Didier affair, 79and Grégoire, 126, 127, 129Hundred Days, 69, 72, 80, 178petitions, 116political positions, 128, 166salon, 114

Dupuy, Louis, 70Durand, Jean-Marie-Gabriel, 112, 115, 133, 157,

161, 164, 303, 308, 309Durif, Louis-Martin, 78Dussert, Pierre-Joseph, 78Duval, Jacques, 148Duvergier de Hauranne, Jean-Marie, 163, 265,

284Duvergier de Hauranne, Prosper, 144, 176, 177,

207, 221

Echo de l’Ouest, 145Echo des Alpes, 113, 114, 120, 130, 145–146Echo Provençal, 254economic depressions, 215, 288, 307economic hardship, 306–307education

Catholic Church, 138free education, 318Guizot Law, 299July Monarchy, 307–308Liberal Opposition, 178Martignac ministry, 242, 246mutual schools. See mutual schools

Elbeuf, 202–210, 247elections

1815, 33, 48–501816, 38, 59–641817, 851818, 105, 1251819, 881820, 1351821, 1361822, 153, 164–1651824, 139, 153, 172–1751827, 191–192, 204–219

annulments, 239consequences, 238–245

1830, 244–245, 250–253, 281–2851831, 314, 316




368 Index

elections (cont.)1834, 328–329by-elections 1828–30, 240–241, 263–264by-elections 1830–31, 308corruption, 193franchise. See electoral franchisegerrymandering, 156Lainé Law. See Lainé LawLiberal organization, 108–113Liberal support, 340preliminary polls, 263–264, 338, 342

electoral franchise1814 Charter, 81815, 371830 changes, 286July settlement, 297–298Lainé Law. See Lainé LawLaw of the Double Vote, 89–90, 141, 156, 160,

238, 298local government, 242–243, 248–249, 311patronage, 106procedure, 21, 103–105Seven-Year Law, 193voter registration, 153–154, 191, 203–204, 232,

240, 251–253, 258–260widening, 28

Emery, Appolinaire, 64émigrés, 31, 40, 187–188, 336Enfantin, Prosper, 221Enghien, Duke of, 31Enlightenment, 16, 344enragés, 312Epinal, 170, 214Escouloubre, Louis-Gaston d’, 41–42Esmangart de Feynes, Claude, 233, 235, 276, 280,

283, 291–292, 304Espinasse, Mathieu, 48Estates General, 7, 195, 338Etienne, Charles-Guillaume, 86, 110, 115, 211,

216, 248Eugène, Prince, 123Eure, 118–123, 216, 255, 264Eure-et-Loire, 164, 214exiles, pardon, 88, 91, 97

Fabvier, Colonel Charles, 117, 141, 143, 189Falcon, Guillaume, 72, 114, 127, 128, 166,

178Falquet de Planta, Colonel Bernard, 57Fargès-Méricourt, Philippe-Jacques, 132,

169Faure, Blaise, 74Faure, Félix, 66, 269, 280, 282, 309, 315Faure, Joseph, 62Fécamp, 124

fédérésagitation, 121Côte d’Or, 63movement, 71–74, 76and national sovereignty, 80numbers, 33post-Waterloo, 75prosecution, 38, 46, 51Rennes, 212in Toulouse, 43

Ferdinand VII, 138, 139, 205Ferrand, Count Antoine de, 31feudalism, 31, 95, 211, 223Feuille de Valençiennes, 254Feutrier, Jean-François, 242fiction, historical use, 18Fieschi, Guiseppe, 300, 327Finistère, 210. See also BrestFinot, Antoine, 250–253, 270, 280, 282, 291First Restoration, disenchantment with, 66Fitz-James, Duke Edouard de, 196, 322, 324Fizaine, Simone, 19, 173–174‘Flight of the Eagle’, 32, 33, 35, 39, 64–71Floriac, Jacques-Etienne de La Grange-Gourdon

de, 246Foix, 247foreign affairs, 257foreign intervention, 289–290, 293–294, 305,

324forest codes, 307Fouché, Joseph, 33, 35, 48Fouquet, Baron Jean-Antoine, 151–152Fourcassié, Jean, 180Fourier, Jean-Joseph, 66Fourtanier, Théodore, 303Foy, General Sébastien

1824 elections, 172Bonapartism, 177in Bordeaux, 206and Carbonari, 144and clericalism, 228death, 207, 218and election fraud, 193funeral, 224and government despotism, 153and Guizot, 272and Lafayette, 220political position, 143, 272radical icon, 164, 275view of army, 176

Français de Nantes, Antoine, 80, 126, 130, 282,339, 342

France Méridionale1830 elections, 282and Algiers expedition, 284




Index 369

and Belgian intervention, 317foundation, 246historical source, 22, 255–258July Revolution, 292and July Settlement, 303–304and Legitimists, 323Liberal politics, 250–252, 255and Polignac ministry, 277post-Revolution, 310–311, 314, 321–322and post-Revolution foreign intervention, 306tax revolts, 266trial, 278–279

Francs-régénérés, 55fraud, 215, 259Frayssinous, Monseigneur Dennis-Luc de, 138,

188, 194, 201, 241, 242freedom of association, 108, 309, 311, 327freedom of expression, 3, 31, 83, 301freemasonry, 41, 142Friends of the People, 311–312, 320Froussard, Jean-Baptiste, 127, 217, 269, 304, 331,

337Fualdès affair, 84, 92, 98–99, 112, 197Fualdès, Antoine-Bernardin, 98

Gabet, Gabriel, 109, 119, 130, 162Gallicanism, 201, 227Gard, 45, 55, 92, 100, 251, 324. See also

Nı̂mesGarnier-Pagès, Etienne, 315, 318, 326, 327,

329Gary, Baron Alexandre-Gaspard de, 98, 112–113,

147, 161Gasc, Jean-François, 121, 255, 294, 303Gauthier, Colonel Camille, 62, 72Gauthier, Hector, 62Gazette de France, 198gendarmerie, 3General Will, 16Genevois, Pierre, 79Génie, Alphonse, 303Genoude, Abbé Antoine-Eugène de, 178Gérard, General Etienne, 208Géricault, Jean-Théodore, 117, 230Germany, 177gerrymandering, 156Gibbon, Edward, 199Girardin, Stanislas de

1824 protests, 192, 193Bonapartism, 273and government bonds, 231Hundred Days, 124moderation, 275mutual schools, 100political position, 143

and political violence, 163prefect of Côte d’Or, 100in Rouen, 167social class, 183

Gironde, 210. See also BordeauxGirondins, 76, 311Giroud, Pierre, 66, 72Globe, 221–223, 245, 278, 279Goblot, Jean-Jacques, 221Goncelin, 71Gouvion-Saint-Cyr, Marshal, 88government bonds, 187, 231, 234Goyet, Charles

and Constant, 272electoral organization, 19–20, 108–109, 119,

142harassment, 160legal resistance, 185–186‘National Subscription’, 160political beliefs, 120, 142, 223, 337political tradition, 339political writings, 146, 154, 167, 168radicalism, 224retirement, 185social class, 183

grain crises, 94, 97grain riots, 95grassroots

lack of knowledge of, 13–14, 20Liberal organization, 338, 340

Gravelotte, Jean-Guillaume, 169Greece, 189, 196, 206, 208–209, 219, 245Grégoire, abbé Henri

associates, 111election, 22, 91, 128, 224Isère deputy, 20parliamentary rejection, 129supporters, 123, 124, 126–127, 342

greniers d’abondance, 94, 95, 97Grenoble

1814 representatives, 691815 defence, 123, 1501816 revolt, 381819 elections, 126, 1281820 campaign, 1291825 Liberal activities, 2061827 campaign, 2121827 Liberal petition, 2321831 elections, 3151831 riots, 3191834 elections, 329Artois visit, 40Barthélemy proposal, 116Carbonari, 148, 156, 177Christian burials, 101




370 Index

Grenoble (cont.)Didier affair, 56–57, 78fédérés, 71–72Hundred Days, 65July Revolution, 290, 291, 293Liberalism, 224, 231Liberals, 175, 269mayors, 66, 96, 152, 239, 304municipal council, 329mutual school, 100National Guard, 320newspapers, 120, 145–146Opposition, 79petitions, 212post-Revolution, 304, 309post-Waterloo, 75poverty, 280revolt, 38, 166–167, 177troops in, 283ultraroyalism, 49–50voter registration, 258–259

Grésivaudan, 56Guilhem, Jean-Pierre, 125, 160, 224,

265Guillon, Edouard, 177Guillot, Louis-Joseph, 79Guizard, Louis, 211Guizot, François

1827 elections, 205and Aide-toi, 16and Charter revision, 295doctrinaire liberal, 82, 222, 271–272Education Law, 299electoral manoeuvres, 295, 330illiberalism, 11and judiciary, 197and July Revolution, 289liberal thinker, 10, 144, 301national support, 342post-Revolution, 303, 311presidency of Aide-toi, 211and press repression, 278

Haguenau, 169, 283Hargenvilliers, Count Joseph-Thimoléon d’, 52Haussez, Charles Le Mercher de Longpré,

Baron d’attacks on, 239control of banquets, 150–151control of elections, 152–155, 173ministry, 243prefect of the Isère, 145press control, 148spies, 166suppression of Grenoble revolt, 166

Haute-Garonne. See also Muret; Saint-Gaudens;Toulouse

1816 elections, 601819 elections, 112–1131820 crisis, 132–1331821 elections, 156–158, 163–1641824 elections, 1741827 elections, 2131830 by-elections, 308–3091830 elections, 250, 282–2831830 electorate, 2401831 elections, 314–315Acte additionnel, 70Barthélemy proposal, 116–117Decazes period, 97–99defection of judges, 210Hundred Days, 65–68July Revolution, 293–294local politics, 20mutual schools, 100, 246National Guard, 45newspapers, 115–116post-Revolution, 303–304, 321–322post-Waterloo, 75preoccupation with order, 161press censorship, 146–147repression, 55response to ultraroyalism, 51–53rumours, 120social groups, 180sources, 22theatre censorship, 149–150theocracy, 228ultraroyalism, 22, 180–182verdets, 45–47, 51, 97, 102voter occupations, 182and war with Spain, 171White Terror, 45–47

Haute-Loire, 164, 216, 281Hautes-Alpes, 71, 164Hautes-Pyrénées, 146Haute-Vienne, 216, 254Hautpoul, Marquis Pierre d’, 322Haut-Rhin, 172

1830 elections, 284Bonapartism, 220Caron affair, 168defection of judges, 210Liberalism, 183manufacturers’ network, 94, 170

Heitz, Charles, 147Hénault, Jean, 255, 278, 279Hérault, 45, 260Hernoux, Etienne, 109, 162, 165, 212, 326, 328Hersant-Destouches, Alexandre, 42




Index 371

Hocquart, Baron Mathieu-Louis, 161, 163, 213,218, 251, 270, 304

House of Commons, 4Hugo, Victor, 229Humann, Georges

1821 elections, 1641824 elections, 162, 172, 1731827 liberal divisions, 234–2361830 elections, 2831831 elections, 315charivari, 336and Constant, 273death, 330and government bonds, 230local support, 342Minister of Finance, 321political position, 128, 161, 169, 177, 280–281and press laws, 210Strasbourg lobbyist, 117Strasbourg merchant, 95surveillance of, 147, 169wealth, 179–180

Hundred Daysalliances, 273and Allied powers, 39and Liberals, 28, 64–74model, 176political promises, 340politics, 32–33, 76reprisals, 35Toulouse, 43

Hyde de Neuville, Baron Jean-Guillaume, 211,241

iconoclasm, 77–78Ille-et-Vilaine, 22, 100, 135, 210, 261. See also

RennesImpartial, 279indemnity law, 187–188, 336Indicateur, 145, 255, 265Inquisition, 199, 260–262Isère. See also Grenoble; La Tour-du-Pin; Vienne

1815 elections, 49–501816 elections, 61–621819 elections, 125–1281820 crisis, 129–1301820 elections, 1541824 elections, 1731824 Liberal behaviour, 2311825 Liberal activities, 2061827 campaign, 212, 2171827 Liberals, 233, 2391830 elections, 250–253, 282–2831830 electorate, 2401831 elections, 315

1834 elections, 329Acte additionnel, 68–69Barthélemy proposal, 116Bonapartist support, 64–65Chevaliers de la Foi, 40construction projects, 280Decazes period, 96–97fédérés, 71–73Grégoire election, 20, 224Hundred Days, 66–67Lafayette tour, 269–270Liberal newspapers, 113–114Liberal Opposition, 79Liberal resistance, 166, 178Liberal territory, 22mutual schools, 99–100political dissent, 123post-1824, 195post-Revolution, 304, 309post-Waterloo Liberals, 75prefect, 51prefectoral control of elections, 152–153press censorship, 145–146, 148repression, 55–58sources, 22and tax revolts, 265theatre censorship, 150–151ultras, 40, 55, 183voter registration, 104, 258–259

Italy, 136, 140, 160, 177, 305, 319revolt against Austria, 319

Jacobinsbogey of Jacobinism, 263former Jacobins, 118Hundred Days, 76masonic conspiracy, 41neo-Jacobins, 339tradition, 18–21, 140, 222

Jars, Antoine, 247Jesuits

conspiracy, 190, 334Jesuitism, 200–202, 231numbers, 199seminaries, 242, 256

La Jeune France, 278Joigny, 266Jollivet, Thomas, 212Jordan, Camille, 108, 275Joubert, Nicholas, 142, 211Journal de Commerce, 202, 254, 277, 279, 313Journal de Grenoble, 66, 130, 145, 195Journal de la Meurthe, 146Journal de L’Aube, 253Journal de Paris, 198, 278




372 Index

Journal de Rouen, 148–149, 249, 255, 265, 266,279, 284, 290

Journal de Toulouse, 43, 115, 146–147, 252, 255,256, 282, 292

Journal des débats, 196, 198, 201, 210, 211, 295,317

Journal du Bas-Rhin, 148Journal du Calvados, 253Journal du Cher, 145, 254Journal du Havre, 253, 266Journal du Loiret, 253Journal libre de l’Isère, 113, 127, 130, 146Jouy, Etienne de, 110, 111, 150judicial system, 3judiciary

defection from ministerial party, 197–199, 210July settlement, 295–296, 304role in 1827 elections, 213–214role in 1830 elections, 251–253

Juigné, Antoine Leclerc de, 209, 213, 231, 261Jullien, Marc-Antoine, 106July Monarchy

and Catholic Church, 300centralized government, 298–299changes, 9–10constitutional monarchy, 295–297continuity, 9economic hardship, 306–307education, 299, 307–308electoral franchise, 297–298fear of foreign intervention, 305judiciary, 295–296and Liberals

achievements, 294–301cracks, 308lost opportunities, 316–324sources of division, 301–308

parliament, 295–297press freedom, 300–301separation of powers, 295

July Revolutionevents, 287factors, 286historiography, 286lack of foreign intervention, 289–290,

293–294lack of resistance, 291and Liberal Opposition, 287national resistance, 288–294Paris, 288–289peaceful revolution, 9, 294provinces, 290–294and public opinion, 334trois glorieuses, 288

Junot, Laure, Duchess of Abrantès, 54

Jura, 248jury lists, 191, 203–204, 232justices of the peace, 153Kent, Sherman, 19, 203, 263Kentzinger, Antoine de, 53, 123, 164, 292Kergariou, Joseph de, 51, 65Kern, Claude-Henri, 61Kersaint, Guy-Pierre de, 51, 128King’s Guard, 286Kléber, General Jean-Baptiste, 122–123, 310Kob, Louis, 293Koechlin, Jacques, 143, 147–148, 172Kroen, Sheryl, 17, 19

La Bourdonnaye, Count François deelectoral corruption, 193extremism, 190and judiciary, 198ministry, 243and Pointe, 196, 239and political executions, 277popular derision, 230press freedom, 202resignation, 243

La Côte, 126La Ferronays, Count Pierre-Louis de, 245La Mure, 65, 79, 129La Palud, 32La Rochefoucauld, Viscount Sosthènes de, 136,

193, 198–199La Rochelle, 100, 143, 153, 164, 165, 172, 328La Sône, 65La Tour-du-Pin, 69, 126, 156, 157, 212, 282Labbey de Pompières, Guillaume, 268Lafayette, General Marie-Joseph-Paul,

Marquis de1827 campaign, 2161831 elections, 315–316as general, 229Carbonari, 142, 176election, 123flight, 143and Guizot, 272July Revolution, 295and Orleans, 237petitions, 116political position, 272political tours, 224, 243, 269–270political violence, 20, 91, 142, 143, 185political writings, 115republicanism, 85, 273resignation, 317and right of association, 327in Sarthe, 108, 142, 167in Seine-et-Marne, 110, 210




Index 373

social class, 183, 337support, 133, 206US tour, 220view of army, 176

Lafayette, Georges, 216, 220Laffitte, Jacques

1817 elections, 851820 elections, 1561830 elections, 2821834 elections, 328alliance with Counter-Opposition, 211cabinet, 302compte rendu, 320government, 305, 312, 317and Lafayette, 220political position, 86and right of association, 327supporters, 163, 217victory at Bayonne, 210

Laffitte, Martin, 266Lainé, Count Joachim, 55, 82, 129Lainé Law, 88, 103, 119, 128–134, 224, 333Laisné de Villevêque, Gabriel, 210Lallemand, Nicholas, 134Lamarque, General François, 160, 229, 273,

319–320, 323Lambrechts, Count Charles-Joseph, 110–112, 124,

131Lameth, Alexandre de, 162, 167Lammenais, Félicité de, 100, 195, 200, 227, 228land tax, 135, 154Lanjuinais, Jean-Denis, 228Lapenne, Jean-Baptiste, 303Las Cases, Emmanuel de, 149, 208Lassus de Camon, Baron Marc-Bertrand, 157Latour-Maubourg, General Victor de, 88Laurent, Jean-Augustin fils, 171Lavalette, Count Antoine-Marie de, 37Laybach Congress, 136Le Havre, 125, 207, 209, 230, 266, 280, 284, 290,

291Le Mans, 109, 184, 339Ledru des Essarts, General François, 150, 152Legitimists, 297, 302, 313, 314, 322–324Leroux, Pierre, 221Les Andelys, 264Leseigneur, Abraham-Thomas, 163, 167Leuilliot, Paul, 19Levasseur, Auguste, 220Lévêque, Pierre, 19Levrault, François, 61, 128, 161, 169liberal professions, 182Liberals

1816–20, 1181820–4, 175–185

1821 political alliance, 136–1371824 defeat, 144, 172–1751824–7, 219–2231827 recovery, 205–2191827 results, 238–2451828–1830, 253–276banquets, 262–263beliefs, 106changes, 12–13, 219–220characteristics, 25–28, 118, 175–185,

219–223and commerce, 179–180cosmopolitanism, 177defence against despotism, 27divisions, 128, 177, 301–308, 341and doctrinaires, 271education, 178financial matters, 178groups, 28–29historiography, 10–14Hundred Days, 64–74, 178ideological ambiguity, 10ideologues, 10illiberalism, 11July Monarchy

achievements, 294–301cracks, 308lost opportunities, 316–324sources of division, 301–308, 341

July Revolution, 287leadership, 86legality and illegality, 165–175and ‘liberal experiment’, 105–118liberal professions, 182links to Carbonari, 14march to 1830 Revolution, 276–285Marxist interpretation, 179meaning, 26methods, 117–118middle-class struggle, 179–184and monarchy, 10national organization, 21–22newspapers, 113–117, 120organization, 108–113, 338, 340and party formation, 335–344patriotism, 27, 184political coalition

July Monarchy, 302, 308moderates and radicals, 337–338post-Revolution cracks, 308post-Revolution divisions, 308Restoration governments, 184–185, 271–276

political culture, 223–230post-1824 attitudes, 185–186post-1824 recovery, 187, 190–191




374 Index

Liberals (cont.)post-Waterloo, 75–80principles, 106–108and privilege, 183reaction to Lainé Law, 128–134return to legalism, 230–237revolt, 140–144, 159–165revolutionary tradition, 272social classes, 178strategy, 344urban centres, 184wealth, 178–179younger generation, 222–223

Libourne, 99Liechtenberger, Louis

Association of the Defence of Patriotic Press,325

defence lawyer, 132, 147, 169illegality, 177July Revolution, 293post-Revolution, 304, 310, 320republicanism, 330, 331

Lienhardt, Jacques, 110–111Lignières, Bernard, 70, 161Lille, 290, 291Limairac, Charles-Antoine de, 41, 45, 48, 49, 60,

163, 164, 322Limoges, 214, 291Lisieux, 272local government, 242–243, 248–249, 261–262,

266, 298, 311Loire, 247–248Lombard, Claude, 62, 80Losne-Rochelle, René, 142Lot, 239, 270Loubert, Louis, 70Louis, Baron Joseph-Dominique, 82, 88,

156Louis XVI, 7, 31, 323Louis XVIII

caricatures, 77death, 188detachment from politics, 136electoral addresses, 250first year, 34–35flight, 32gluttony, 132grant of Charter, 1, 4–5, 93and missionary movement, 101–102Restoration, 2and Richelieu government, 244Second Restoration, 33and Spain, 139and ultraroyalism, 54and White Terror, 38

Louis-Philippe I, 287, 295, 300, 327, 330, 331. Seealso July Monarchy and Duke of Orleans

Louvel, Louis-Pierre, 134Loveday affair, 228Lyons

1817 conspiracy, 84, 871822 elections, 1651827 campaign, 2171827 elections, 2141831 riots, 3191834 insurrections, 326Bonapartism, 230Fabvier affair, 117July Revolution, 290, 291Liberal organization, 108, 109Liberalism, 184, 224Manuel affair, 170mayor, 329National Guard, 320prefectoral control, 247press, 254republicanism, 326–327revolt of the canuts, 321, 326

Lyons, Martyn, 17

MacCarthy, Abbé Nicholas, 41, 49, 113, 257MacCarthy, Count Robert de, 41Macon, 247Madier de Montjau, Joseph, 92, 200, 202, 216Magnier-Granprez, Jean-Charles, 61, 128, 161,

179Maine, 142Malafosse, Jacques, 182Malaret, Baron Joseph-François

1819 elections, 1121827 elections, 2181830 elections, 282, 2831831 elections, 315attacks on, 133Deputy, 70and Greece, 209mayor of Toulouse, 42, 46–47, 68post-Revolution, 308post-Revolution by-election, 309social group, 182speeches, 115

Malouet, Louis-Antoine, 81Mamers, 160, 184, 210Manuel, Jacques-Antoine

aggressiveness, 133, 165Bonapartist, 91expulsion from Chamber of Deputies, 139,

141–145, 149, 170–172, 230funeral, 224, 236political position, 143, 272




Index 375

radical icon, 275Strasbourg election, 123and the Union, 142and theocracy, 199

Marchagny, Louis-Antoine de, 172Marchais, André, 260, 267Marchand, Charles-Philippe

associations, 169editor, 130–132insurrection, 169, 177petitions, 234post-Revolution, 304, 313, 320publications, 161trial, 224

Marie-Antoinette, Queen, 31Marie-Louise, Empress, 95, 121, 124Marmont, Marshal Auguste de, 287Marrast, Armand, 278, 327Marschal, Anselme, 69, 111, 169‘Marseillaise’, 73, 131, 143, 164, 323Marseilles, 28, 45, 145, 154, 184, 254,

265Martignac, Viscount Jean-Baptiste

government, 24, 238–239, 241–243,245–250

and Liberal Oppostion, 267, 276and local government, 262political attacks, 263strategy, 24, 253and voter registration, 260

Martin, Adolphe, 171, 256, 331Martin, Louis, 264Martin-Bergnac, Pierre-Donat, 52Martinez, François, 70martyrs, 31masonic societies, 207, 208Mathieu-Faviers, Philippe-Gaêtan, 69, 283,

315Mattaflorida, Marquis de, 171Maughin, François, 215, 216, 289, 318, 326,

328Mayenne, 183, 210mayors, 3, 42, 54, 153Meaux, 210, 315Méchin, Baron Alexandre de, 211, 273Medusa, 117Meffray, Achille de, 79, 282Mellon, Stanley, 13, 229Mémorial, 255Mémorial de la Scarpe, 254Memorial of Saint-Helena, 149Mende, 49Mercier, National Guardsman, 149, 170Mercure, 120Mérilhou, Joseph, 142, 198, 220

Messager, 292Metternich, Count Klemens von, 136, 138, 139,

177, 319Metz, 83, 254, 277, 290, 319Metz, François-Ignace, 61, 70, 179Meurthe, 51, 210Meuse, 230Michoud, Jean, 72, 116, 217, 232, 258middle classes, 179–184Midi. See also individual departments

Chevaliers de la Foi, 40–41clericalism, 248fédérés, 73–74Legitimist insurgency, 323republicanism, 325ultraroyalism, 39, 41–47White Terror, 35

Miègeville, Jean-Antoine, 47Mignet, François, 10, 211, 278Minerve Française, 115, 120, 229ministériel party, 194miquelets, 45missionary movement, 101–103, 124–125Missolonghi, 208Moirans, 65Molé, Count Matthieu de, 63, 82, 305Molière, 124, 226–227Moniteur Universel, 43, 260Monroe doctrine, 220Montagnards, 76, 311Montastruc, 66Montauban, 284Montbel, Count Guillaume-Isidore, 41, 42, 239,

241, 257Mont-Blanc, 71Montcalm, Hippolyte de, 45Montesquiou, Abbé François-Xavier de, 30,

66Mont-Fleury, 337Montlivault, Casimir de

elections, 61, 62, 172pamphlet war, 126, 145prefect of Isère, 51, 55, 56repression, 56, 58and ultras, 55

Montloisier, Count François de, 201–202Montmorency, Mathieu de

clericalism, 200founder of Chevaliers de la Foi, 36, 41,

194–196ministry, 137‘pure’ ultra, 41, 113, 137Spanish policy, 139

Montpellier, 41, 45Montrejean, 116, 157




376 Index

Mont-Valérian, 101Montvilliers, 124Morbihan, 164Morier de Mourvilles, Robert, 270Moselle, 210, 254, 260, 265. See also MetzMoulins, 262Mouvement, 313Movement Party

and civil disorder, 318–319failure, 320–322links to republicanism, 316post-Revolution group, 302, 311and republicanism, 326and Revolutionary tradition, 334Strasbourg, 310

Moyne-Petiot, Jean-Pierre, 247Munster, 284Muret

1821 elections, 1641824 elections, 1741830 elections, 251, 282, 2831831 elections, 314Acte additionnel, 70control of elections, 157election procedure, 156–157July Revolution, 294post-Revolution, 303, 308, 309social groups, 181sub-prefect, 42, 258White Terror, 52

mutual schools, 99–100, 103, 115, 246, 299,308

Nacelle, 149Nancy, 38, 146, 175, 294, 317Nantes, 145, 146, 290–291, 294Naples, 136Napoleon I. See also Bonapartism

caricatures, 77Code Napoleon, 3destruction of political liberty, 8escape from Elba, 31–32Hundred Days. See Hundred Dayslegacies, 273and Liberals, 229–230memories of, 220miniature statues, 95‘Napoleon in Egypt’, 257order, 5and Papacy, 41parliaments, 6post-1815 image, 177, 223preservation of codes, 3Saint Napoleon, 230state apparatus, 339

Napoleon II, 79, 95, 133, 280. See also Duke ofReichstadt

Nassau dynasty, 306National

and Algiers expedition, 284and Charter revision, 295leadership, 277Opposition paper, 278post-Revolution, 313, 317trial, 245, 279

National Associations, 313National Guard

1848, 331Bas-Rhin, 95Besançon, 293control, 105death of General Foy, 207Dijon, 326election of officers, 298, 318Grenoble, 304July Monarchy, 307July Revolution, 289Paris, 189, 287post-Revolution, 317, 320Rouen, 105Strasbourg, 292–293, 310, 329Toulouse, 75, 292, 321ultraroyalist control, 44, 58–59use of, 63

national sovereigntyaccession of Louis-Philippe, 287concept, 64, 93fédérés, 80Liberal principle, 27–28, 74, 224,

295‘National Subscription’, 160nationalized lands, 40, 66, 68, 101, 183, 188, 211,

223, 335Nau de Champlouis, Claude, 304Navarino battle, 189Necker, Jacques, 195Neely, Sylvia, 19nepotism, 18Neufchâtel, 94, 148Neustrien, 214, 249, 255Newman, Edgar, 12, 17, 273newspapers. See pressNey, Marshal Michel, 35, 64, 125Nı̂mes, 45, 92, 294Niort, 215, 265Nord, 100, 210, 254, 260, 265Normandy, 170, 216, 248, 266, 280. See also

Calvados; Eure; Seine-Inférieurenote secrète, 86Nouveau Phocéen, 255, 265




Index 377

Le nouvel homme gris, 121

Observateur allemand, 147Oise, 254Omnibus, 255ordinances of July, 173, 286–288,

291Orleans, 210, 253Orleans, Duke of, 2, 123, 237, 287. See also

Louis-PhilippeOttoman Empire 189–190, 245Ouvrard, Gabriel, 206Ovide-Lallemand, Claude, 72, 75,

166

Pagès de l’Ariège, Jean-Pierre1848, 331charivari, 336exile, 107political writings, 167, 185, 211,

220press mentor, 256radicalism, 223republicanism, 327

Pajol, General Claude-Pierre, 112Pamphile de Lacroix, Lieutenant-General

Joseph, 166Pandore, 254Pantheon, 138Paris

1827 riots, 2371831 riots, 3191834 insurrections, 326anticlerical riots, 312by-elections, 263elections 1827, 214insurrections, 166July Revolution, 288–289Liberalism, 184National Guard, 189post-Revolution, 312–313prefects, 212press trials, 277republicans, 323

parliament1830 dissolution, 286bicameral, 2Deputies. See Chamber of Deputiesexecutive control, 103–105July settlement, 295–297meaning of representation,

342–343peers. See Chamber of Peerspowers, 244system, 4–6

Parthenay, 215parties

absence, 105–106birth, 340–341connotations, 16–17July Monarchy, 302and Liberal Opposition, 335–344terminology, 26–29

Pas-de-Calais, 81, 184, 254Pasquier, Baron Etienne-Denis, 82, 88, 92, 94,

98, 246Pasquier, Jules, 51Patriote Alsacien, 130–132, 145, 169Patriote de’ 89, 229Patriote de Juillet, 322patriotism, 17–18, 27, 117, 120, 184, 228patronage, 106Pau, 98Pavillon de Marsan, 31peers, 2, 8, 296–297. See also Chamber of PeersPelet, General Jacques, 112, 161, 314Penet, Félix, 72, 80, 291, 304, 315–316Perier, Alphonse, 66, 329Perier, Augustin

1820 elections, 1661827 campaign, 217–2181827 election, 232–2331831 elections, 315business matters, 178Didier affair, 62Hundred Days, 69and Lafayette tour, 270Liberal spokesman, 259moderation, 126, 269, 337mutual schools, 100philanthropy, 231political attacks, 239post-Revolution, 309social class, 337

Perier, Casimir1824 elections, 172alliance with Counter-Opposition, 211and Carbonari, 144Centre-Left, 268election, 258electoral manoeuvres, 295and government bonds, 231in Isère, 206ministry, 307, 312–313, 317, 324, 329, 332political position, 143, 272, 337press freedom, 215in Rouen, 163social class, 337and Spanish war, 206and tax revolts, 265, 266




378 Index

Perier clan, 72, 80, 99, 178Pérignon, Marshal Dominique de, 45, 46Périgueux, 145Permon, Albert de, 54, 59, 96Perpignan, 320Perreux, Baron Georges, 173Perrin, Romain-Yves

Hundred Days, 69, 78, 80, 128, 178petitions, 166radicalism, 72revolt leader, 166Union member, 127, 128

petitions, 92–94, 129–130, 154, 155,338

Petou, Georges-Paul, 209, 210Peyronnet, Count Charles-Ignace de

despotism, 244ministry, 137, 153, 194press law, 189, 191, 202–203, 205, 209, 215,

233Phocéen, 28, 145Picardy, 254Pichegru, General Charles, 53, 294Picot de Lapeyrousse, Baron Philippe de, 68, 70,

115, 182Picot de Lapeyrousse, Zéphirin, 294, 303Piedmont, 136Piet, Jean-Pierre, 36, 84Pilbeam, Pamela, 12, 13, 19, 179, 184Pilote, 253–254, 279Pina, Marquis Calixte de, 96, 116, 239Planelli de Lavalette, Charles-Laurent, 50, 62,

99, 126, 309, 329plebiscites, 33Podenas, Baron Joseph, 213Pointe, 190, 195–196, 218, 236Poland, 305, 306, 319, 321, 325police commissioners, 3Polignac, Jules de

1830 elections, 253and Casino, 49and Centre-Right, 333and Charter, 278and Chevaliers de la Foi, 41, 194–196clericalism, 200government, 238, 243–245, 250royal favour, 44, 194in Toulouse, 42trial of Polignac ministers, 312, 317ultraroyalist, 60, 137

political violenceavoidance, 125Didier revolt. See Didier revoltLegitimists, 313Liberal strands, 337, 344

post-Revolution, 312, 317–320, 330–331public reaction, 334

Pommereul, Baron François de, 67Pontcharra, 57poor relief, 95, 97, 129Popp, Georges, 70Portugal, 140, 324Pouthas, Charles, 16, 265, 338Pradt, abbé Dominique de, 269Précurseur, 254prefects

1827 elections, 237control of elections, 48, 81, 104–105, 157, 240,

245control of voters lists, 203forerunners, 339political control, 246–248, 285powers, 3, 51, 56, 197repression, 55

preliminary polls, 263–264, 338, 342press

1820 repression, 1321824 repression, 145–149, 1891828 press laws, 242Association of the Defence of Patriotic Press,

325, 327censorship commission, 131censorship, 31, 135, 137–138, 145–149, 189,

286expansion, 253–258July Monarchy, 300–301and July Revolution, 289, 290Liberal press, 113–117, 120, 248ministerial control, 198–199, 334Peyronnet Law, 189, 191, 202–203, 205, 209,

215, 233post-Revolution Paris, 313resistance to 1830 ordinances, 288Society of Friends of the Free Press, 191trials, 277–280, 300, 325

primogeniture, 189, 202, 209print workers, 115–116, 288Privas, 216Projet, Etienne, 74Propagateur de la Sarthe, 145, 146, 255property rights, 3Protestant Consistory, 40Proudhon, Jean-Baptiste, 112, 162provinces

administration, 3political life, 18–21voters, 12

Prunelle, Félix, 166, 329Prussia, 136public opinion surveys, 164–165




Index 379

Pujol, Charles de, 49purges, 30, 35, 42, 44, 54, 77–78, 137Puymaurin, Baron Jean-Pierre Marcassus de, 49,

60, 157–158, 163, 164, 239Pyrénées-Orientales, 165

Quadruple Alliance, 324Quibéron, 151Quibéron Bay disaster, 117Quimper, 124Quotidienne, 147, 198, 210

Rabbe, Alphonse, 28radicalism

Liberal strand, 337–338meaning, 28–29post-Revolution, 318–319

Raft of the Medusa, 117Ramel affair, 46–48, 51, 92, 98, 117Rapp, General Jean, 67, 73, 75Raspail, François-Vincent, 319,

327Rauzan, père Jean-Baptiste, 199reading rooms, 114, 148Réal, André, 72, 178Réal, Félix

1831 elections, 315business interests, 178education, 178Grégoire supporter, 127, 129Hundred Days, 72, 80, 178philanthropy, 231post-Revolution, 304, 329post-Revolution by-election, 309and the Union, 127voter registration, 166

Red Terror, 7regicides, 33, 35, 91, 127Regnaud de Bellescize, Jean-Laurent de, 62Reibel, Claude-François, 61, 70, 128, 179Reichstadt, Duke of, 280. See also Napoleon IIreligious conflicts, 67religious freedom, 3Rémusat, Auguste-Laurent de

exile of liberals, 107prefect of Haute-Garonne, 46–48, 59–60repression of rumours, 121second Restoration, 46and ultras, 51–53and White Terror, 97

Rémusat, Charles de1824 elections, 1721827 elections, 2051831 elections, 314, 315and Globe, 221

and July Revolution, 288Aide-toi membership, 211, 221memoirs, 1, 20, 90post-Revolution by-election, 308–309

Renauldon, Charles, 58, 66, 69, 72, 78–80,178

Renauldon, Charles, fils, 128, 166, 178, 304Rennes, 22, 142, 143, 160, 212, 224, 253–254,

265Renouard de Buissière, Athanase-Paul, 95, 147,

161, 164, 173reparations, 33representative principle, 106–107, 271, 342–343republicanism

1830, 2951830–1848, 324–332association with Legitimists, 324character, 273and electoral franchise, 28Isère, 127July Monarchy, 302Paris press, 313post-Revolution, 316, 318–319proto-republicans, 221, 236Strasbourg, 175

Resistance Party, 302Ressegeat, Paul, 121Restoration

generally, 1–6Second Restoration, 33state apparatus, 343

revoltsachievements, 159–165and failure of Liberal Opposition, 177Grenoble, 38, 166–167, 177Liberal Opposition, 140–144military, 176–177tax revolts, 40, 264–266

Révolution, 313revolutionary tradition

1820s revolts, 140–144heritage, 6–9, 140–144historiography, 14–21Liberals, 272nature, 6–9preservation of reforms, 3and repression, 335strands, 333–334

Revue mensuelle du département du Cher, 254,265

Rey, JosephDidier affair, 78exile, 141, 269Grégoire supporter, 129Hundred Days, 67, 68, 178




380 Index

Rey, Joseph (cont.)post-Revolution, 304representative principle, 106republicanism, 127, 273the Union, 80, 127, 141

Reynaud, Dr, 129, 145Rhône, 210, 217, 243. See also LyonsRichelieu, Duke Armand-Emmanuel de,

ministry, 34, 39, 50, 82, 89, 99, 244, 333second ministry, 135–140and Villèle, 161

Rigaud, Léopold de, 41, 45, 47Right, divisions, 24riots

1834 insurrections, 326anticlerical, 312, 317Belfort, 164Brest, 149Friends of the People, 312grain riots, 95Lamarque’s funeral, 319–320, 323Polish support, 319public reaction, 334revolt of the canuts, 321, 326Saumur, 164tax riots, 66Toulouse, 66, 321

Rives, 129Rivier, Vincent, 72, 291, 304Rivière de Riffardeau, Charles de, 44, 45La Robertsau, 111Robespierre, 318Rodez, 67, 98Rogniat, Jean-Baptiste de, 126Rolland, Théodore, 303, 308, 314–315Romanticism, 229Romiguières, Dominique, 65, 68, 75, 98–99, 197,

213, 218Romiguières, Jean-Antoine, 68, 70, 73, 133, 150Rosanvallon, Pierre, 140, 301Roucoule, Pierre, 112, 133Rouen

1823 elections, 1581827 campaign, 2161827 elections, 2141828 by-election, 2641834 elections, 328banquets, 118, 247and Barthélemy proposal, 123clerical zealotry, 225–226death of General Foy, 207decline of radicalism, 163July Revolution, 290–291Liberal organization, 125, 212Liberal successes, 160, 210

Liberalism, 184, 224and local government reform, 249Manuel affair, 170National Guard, 105press, 255press trials, 277primogeniture issue, 209republicanism, 326tax revolts, 265, 266theatre, 149

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 16Roussy de Sales, Léonard, 215Roy, Count Antoine, 88royal sovereignty, 5–6royalists

Counter-Opposition, 192, 193divisions, 24, 190ultras. See ultraroyalists

Royer-Collard, Pierre-Paul, 81–82, 193, 236, 271Royer-Deloche, Louis, 79, 96, 152Rudler, François-Joseph, 161, 169, 283Russia, 136, 208, 306, 319

Sacrilege Law, 188, 197Saglio brothers, 128Saglio, Florent, 111, 112, 161, 169, 173, 177Saglio, Michel, 235, 236, 273–276, 281, 283, 310,

321, 329, 336Saint-Béat, 116Saint-Chamans, Baron Auguste-Louis de,

209–210Saint-Chamans, Louis-Marie de, 97, 121,

132–133, 146, 156, 161, 163–164Saint-Cloud, 286Saint-Cricq, Count Pierre-Laurent de, 241Saint-Cyprien, 293Saint-Cyr Law, 83, 176Saint-Etienne, 247, 293, 321Saint-Félix de Maurémont, Armand-Joseph, 163,

239, 245, 270Saint-Gaudens

1819 elections, 112, 1151831 elections, 314elections, 173, 174gerrymandering, 156–157Hundred Days, 43, 70July Revolution, 294liberal cafés, 116post-Revolution, 303, 308prefectoral control of elections, 157reading rooms, 115seminary, 256social groups, 181Spanish refugees, 171tax riots, 66




Index 381

Saint-Geoire, 129Saint-Lys, 66Saint-Marcellin, 129, 157, 212, 217, 232,

315Saint-Martory, 116Saint-Ouen, 42, 207Saint-Pons, 263Saint-Symphorien, 62Saint-Valéry, 163Saint-Vivien, 207Salies, 52salons, 84–85, 114Saltzmann, Frédéric-Rodolphe, 111, 115, 131,

132Salvandy, Count Achille de, 211Sans, François, 294, 314–315sans-culottes, 342Saône-et-Loire, 216, 326, 328Sapey, Charles

1819 elections, 1261827 campaign, 217business matters, 178Didier affair, 79electoral college, 157Hundred Days, 69, 80, 178petitions, 130political position, 126, 128

Sarthe, 19, 51, 108, 142, 146, 160, 167, 183Satolas, 62Saumur, 143, 164, 177Sauquaire-Souligné, Martial, 160, 168Saverne, 53, 70, 75, 172, 173, 283Savés, Louis, 74, 121Savoy, 56Savoye-Rollin, Jacques-Fortunat, 62, 66, 72, 116,

126Savy-Gardeilh, fils, Hippolyte, 98Savy-Gardeilh, Jean-François de, 45–47, 51, 52,

66, 112Schertz, Louis

1827 elections, 236and Constant, 274and Greece, 208political position, 128political violence, 321post-Revolution, 314, 320prefectoral repression, 172, 185Strasbourg merchant, 95

Schneegans, Valentin, 313, 321, 330schools. See education; mutual schollsSchulmeister, Charles, 111, 128, 169Schützenberger, Georges-Frédéric, 291, 293, 309,

320, 330Schweighauser, Jean-Michel, 293, 309–310Sébastiani, Count Horace, 217, 268

secret societies. See also Chevaliers de la Foiban, 55, 63Congregation, 256Jesuits, 200the Union, 78, 80, 127–128, 141, 142

Séguier, Antoine-Mathieu, 196, 198Séguier de Saint-Brisson, Nicholas, 162, 165Seine, 165Seine-et-Marne, 110, 281Seine-et-Oise, 245Seine-Inférieure. See also Le Havre; Rouen

1815 elections, 481824 elections, 1721828 by-elections, 2641830 elections, 252banquets, 247Chevaliers de la Foi, 40control of elections, 158–159death of General Foy, 207decline of radicalism, 162–163deputies, 118industrial unrest, 326Liberals, 23, 239and Movement, 326political control, 167–168pre-1830, 281prefect, 51press, 148–149, 253public political opposition, 123–124

Sélestat, 53, 95, 169, 173, 180, 315, 321self-presentation, state, 17seminaries, 242, 256, 294Sémiphore, 255Semur, 165, 173Senate, 2Senegal, 117Sengez, Dr Etienne, 70Sentinelle des Deux-Sèvres, 265Sentinelle picarde, 254separation of powers, 295serenades, 163, 336, 338Serre, Count Hercule de, 82, 83, 88–89, 91, 92Sicilian Vespers, 122, 130, 226Silbermann, Jean-Henri

1831 elections, 315and Benjamin Constant, 233, 235, 274editor, 131, 147July Revolution, 291political position, 275post-Revolution, 313, 321and press freedom, 132, 148, 233and tax revolts, 265

Siméon, Count Joseph, 28, 89Simon, Bishop Claude, 166Sixth Coalition, 2




382 Index

social class, and Liberals, 27, 178socialism, 221Société des Amis de la Presse, 85,

210–213Society of the Rights of Man, 14, 320,

325–328Solomiac, Noel, 213Somme, 210Soult Law, 316–317Spain

fanaticism, 199military intervention, 138–139, 171, 195,

205–206, 284Quadruple Alliance, 324revolt, 136, 140, 160, 177victory in, 257

Spitzer, Alan, 13–14, 19, 215, 221, 222Staël, Germaine de, 10, 272Steiner, Louis, 111, 128, 293, 304Stendhal, 18stereotypes, 18Stoeber, Ehrenfried, 147, 169, 207, 274, 304,

310Strasbourg

1819 elections, 1101820 petition campaign, 1311821 elections, 1641824 elections, 172, 1731827 campaign, 234–2361830 elections, 2831831 elections, 3151831 riots, 3191834 elections, 3291834 riots, 329Association of the Defence of Patriotic

Press, 325banquet for Charles X, 275and Constant, 275demonstrations for Poland, 321Hundred Days, 65, 69July Revolution, 290–293Liberalism, 184Liberals, 175, 177–180Marchand trial, 224masonic societies, 207, 208mayor, 53, 330National Guard, 54, 329poor relief, 95post-Revolution, 304, 309, 310, 321post-Waterloo, 75pre-1830 revolution, 281press censorship, 147reading cercles, 115republicans, 175, 326status, 117

students, 315taverns, 95tax revolts, 266theatre, 122, 130

Stuart dynasty, 278students, 121–122, 133–134, 141, 150, 289, 315,

336subscriptions, 338Suchet, Marshal Louis-Gabriel, 65Sundays, 138Swiss Guard, 230Sylla, 149, 226

Tablettes, 198Tajan, Bernard, 73, 294Talleyrand, Charles-Maurice de, 2, 30, 33, 48,

305Talma, François-Joseph, 150Tarbes, 170Tartuffe, 124, 226–227Tatareau, Jean-Simon, 150, 303Tauriac, Amadée de, 182taxation

patente, 286post-Revolution reform, 307ransack of offices, 294tax revolts, 40, 264–266

Teissère, Camille, 62, 72, 80, 99, 178, 282, 291,309

Temps, 278, 295Ternaux, Guillaume-Louis, 85, 86, 216,

265Teste, Charles, 269Teutch, Frédéric, 111theatre censorship, 149–151theocracy

Charles X regime, 199–202and July settlement, 299and Liberals, 225–229Restoration governments, 300rising clericalism, 197and seminaries, 242writers, 195

Thévenet, Augustin, 72, 80, 127, 166, 178Thiard, Count Auxone-Marie de, 211, 216,

247Thiers, Adolphe, 10, 199, 222, 278, 288, 295, 328,

330Thil, Jean-Baptiste, 212, 214Third Republic, 295, 343Thouars, 143Thureau-Dangin, Paul, 12–13, 26, 219–222,

267–268Tocqueville, Hervé-Clérel de, 51, 63Toulon, 45, 254




Index 383

Toulouse1815 elections, 481816 elections, 601821 elections, 1641824 elections, 1741827 campaign, 2181830 elections, 250–252, 2831831 elections, 3141834 rioters, 66, 321Acte additionnel, 70Berry memorial, 151burials, 101Chevaliers de la Foi, 41clericalism, 199and Clermont-Tonnerre, 242faubourgs, 293, 321fédérés, 73gerrymandering, 156–157Hundred Days, 32July Revolution, 290, 292–294Legitimists, 322–324Liberals, 119, 177mayors, 239, 303missionary movement, 101mutual school, 308post-Revolution, 303, 309–311, 321post-Waterloo, 75prefectoral appointments, 261–262prefects, 247press, 255press trials, 278printers, 115–116republicanism, 330, 331revolutionary principles, 66royalist divisions, 231Spanish refugees, 171students, 121, 134support for Greece, 209tax revolts, 266theatre censorhip, 149–150ultraroyalism, 42–44, 52–53Villèle triumph, 38

Tournon, 216, 281Tours, 170Tracy, Victor de, 262Travot, General Jean-Pierre, 125treason, 301Treaty of Paris 1814, 30, 32, 172Treaty of Paris 1815, 33, 172Trélat, Ulysse, 211, 221Trestaillons, Jacques, 92trials

1834 rioters, 327Constitutionnel, 201Corbière, 125

Courrier Français, 198, 201, 277cours prévôtales, 35Dunoyer, 224Echo des Alpes, 130fédérés, 38, 46, 51Friends of the People, 320, 327Globe, 245, 279Journal de Commerce, 279Journal de Rouen, 279Journal des débats, 201La Rochelle, 172Marchand, 224Metz press trials, 277National, 245, 279Paris press trials, 277Patriote alsacien, 131Polignac ministers, 312, 317press, 277–280, 300, 325Strasbourg officers, 147Toulouse press trials, 278

Tribune, 313, 327Tribune de Gironde, 145Tribune des départements, 278tricolour flag, 37tripartite politics, 23–24Troppau Congress, 136Troyes, 253Truchtersheim, 110Tullins, 157, 217Turckheim, Baron Charles de

political position, 111, 128, 131serenades, 161Strasbourg merchant, 95

Turckheim, Frédéric de, 1731827 elections, 234–2361830 elections, 2831831 elections, 315and Benjamin Constant, 233, 273–276death of General Foy, 207July Revolution, 293political position, 177post-Revolution, 310, 314pre-1830 revolution, 281and press laws, 209social class, 179–180, 337

ultraroyalists1815–16, 36–391824–8, 192–205anti-middle class, 183and Catholic Church, 225–229, 300despotic government, 144–159electoral politics, 339errors, 192–205and Legitimists, 302




384 Index

ultraroyalists (cont.)peers, 297political issues, 24–25, 223–224post-Restoration rise, 39–50religious zealotry, 102responsibility for July Revolution, 13state response to, 50–64tradition, 15victory, 135–144

the Union, 78, 80, 127–128, 141,142

United States, 177, 195, 220

Vacquier, Jean, 256, 278–279Vadier, Marc-Guillaume-Alexis, 74Vanssay, Charles-Achille de, 149, 158–159, 214,

239, 240Vatimesnil, Jean-François Lefebvre de, 242Vaublanc, Count Vincent-Marie, 34, 37, 50–51,

55Vaulabelle, Achille de, 144Vaulchier du Deschaux, Louis-René de, 147, 148,

168, 169, 172, 239Vautré, Colonel Victor de, 57Vendée, 183, 290, 323verdets, 45–47, 97, 102Verfeil, 303Verona Congress, 139Versailles, 63Vervins, 217Veulettes, 124Vienna Congress, 30Vienne

1814 representatives, 691819 elections, 126, 1291827 campaign, 2121830 elections, 2821831 elections, 315defection of judges, 210electoral procedures, 154post-Revolution, 329sub-prefects, 156

Vieussieux, François, 115, 133, 147, 174,256

Viguerie, Guillaume, 73, 112, 133,294

Viguerie, Joseph, 218, 282, 283, 303,321

Villefranche1816 elections, 601821 elections, 1641824 elections, 1741830 elections, 2511831 elections, 314

Acte additionnel, 70Hundred Days, 43July Revolution, 294newspapers, 147post-Revolution, 303, 309reading rooms, 116rotten borough, 270social groups, 181

Villèle, Count Joseph de1824 elections, 1741827 defeat, 2361830 elections, 282and Charter, 278despotism, 22, 239, 333government, 135–140, 171–172, 187–205indemnity law, 187–188, 336Legitimist leader, 322politicking, 81poor relief, 97post-1828, 241public demonstrations, 224retirement as mayor, 98rise, 42, 45ruthlessness, 144, 153, 159Spanish war, 171, 284Toulouse politics, 38, 41, 46–49, 51, 52, 117,

161, 163–164, 173, 250ultraroyalism, 36–37, 42, 60, 89, 113

Villemain, Abel-François, 211Villemur, 303Villeneuve, 52violence. See political violenceVisinet, Auguste-Théodore, 255Vitrolles, Baron Eugène de, 32, 36, 43, 49,

86Vitry, 142Vizille, 57, 65, 79, 100, 129, 206, 270Voiron, 65, 116, 129Vosges, 239, 304Voyer d’Argenson. See Argenson, Marc-René

Voyer d’

Walter, Jean-François, 111, 128, 274, 293,309–310

Wangen de Géroldseck, Baron Louis, 173,283

Wappler, Henri-Engelhardt, 111, 128Waresquiel, Emmanuel de, 12Waterloo, 33Water’s Edge conspiracy, 86–87, 102Wellington, 33, 42, 54White Terror

generally, 34–36illegal terror, 44




Index 385

impact, 79, 87and imperial symbols, 77–78legal terror, 50–51, 55–59, 107legality and illegality, 39Midi, 45–47targets, 76–78

Wissembourg1824 elections, 1731831 elections, 3151835 elections, 329

and Charter, 131Hundred Days, 70landowners, 180Protestants, 147sedition, 95surveillance, 169

Yonne, 254Youth of Henri IV, 149Yvert, Benoı̂t, 12



index [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97805218/01225/index/9780521801225... · 2006. 11....

Documents