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June 2015 2015年6月

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In DepthIAS 23 - Capitalisation of borrowing costs

洞察《国际会计准则第23号》 —借款费用的资本化

2 PwC – IAS 23 - Capitalisation of borrowing costs

Contents

1. At a glance 6

2. Qualifying assets 8

3. Borrowing costs 12

4. Borrowing costs in group financial statements 26

5. Foreign exchange differences 32

6. Cessation of capitalisation 36

7. Interaction between IAS 23 and IAS 11 36

8. First-time adoption 36

PwC – IAS 23 - Capitalisation of borrowing costs 3普华永道 — 《国际会计准则第23号》- 借款费用的资本化

1. 核心原则和定义 7

2. 符合资本化条件的资产 9

3. 借款费用 13

4. 集团财务报表中的借款费用 27

5. 外汇汇兑差额 33

6. 停止资本化 37

7. IAS 23和IAS 11之间的相互影响 37

8. 首次采用 37

目录


At a glance

IAS 23, ‘Borrowing costs’, is one of the shortest standards in IFRS. It has remained virtually unchanged since 1993, except that the option to expense borrowing costs related to acquisition or construction of qualifying assets was eliminated in 2009. However, practical implementation of this seemingly simple standard often raises questions for which the standard does not give clear answers.

Challenges include specific versus general borrowings, when to start capitalisation, total borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation, and whether foreign exchange differences should be capitalised. These practical challenges are the focus of this publication.

This publication looks at some of the practical questions that have been raised about how to apply IAS 23. It is intended to be guidance on how to apply the standard, not to create a subset of additional rules. Entities should consider the full text of the standards, consult with their auditors and apply professional judgement to their specific accounting questions.


概述

《国际会计准则第23号—借款费用》是国际财务报告准则中最为简短的准则之一。除了在2009年取消了与购建或生产符合资本化条件的资产相关的借款费用可以选择费用化的选择权之外，该准则自1993年以来几乎一直未曾修改过。但是，在实际执行这一看似简单的准则过程中，却经常出现一些该准则无法提供明确答案的问题。

实际应用该准则的挑战包括专门借款与一般借款的区分，开始资本化的时点，符合资本化条件的借款费用总额以及外币汇兑差额是否应进行资本化。本出版物重点关注实际应用该准则中所面临的挑战。

本出版物关注应用IAS 23过程中已提出的一些实务问题。它旨在作为应用该准则的指南，而不是对于额外规定的汇总。主体应考虑该准则的全部内容、咨询审计师并对特定的会计处理问题运用职业判断。


1. Core principle and definitionsThe core principle of IAS 23 is simple: borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or construction of a qualifying asset must be capitalised. All other borrowing costs should be expensed.

There are only two defined terms in IAS 23: ‘borrowing costs’ and ‘qualifying asset’.

Borrowing costs are ‘interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds’.

A qualifying asset is defined as ‘an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale’. Examples of qualifying assets are manufacturing plants, real estate, and infrastructure assets such as bridges and railways.

The standard is not mandatory for assets measured at fair value, such as biological assets and investment property. It also excludes from its scope inventories manufactured in large quantities on a repetitive basis. However, an entity can choose to capitalise borrowing costs on types of assets that are outside the scope of the standard.

In the next sections, we consider application issues that we have observed in practice and specific questions related to various elements of IAS 23.


1. 核心原则和定义

IAS 23的核心原则非常简单：可直接归属于购建或生产符合资本化条件的资产的借款费用，应当予以资本化。所有其他借款费用均应当费用化。

IAS 23中仅定义了两个术语：“借款费用”和“符合资本化条件的资产”。

借款费用是“主体产生的与借入资金相关的利息及其他费用”。

符合资本化条件的资产是指“需要经过相当长时间才能达到预定可使用或可销售状态的资产”。符合资本化条件的资产例如生产工厂、不动产和基础设施，例如桥梁和铁路。

准则未强制要求将该准则应用于以公允价值计量的资产，比如生物资产或者投资性房地产。该准则还将大规模重复制造的存货排除于适用范围之外。但是，主体可以选择将本准则适用范围之外的资产类型的借款费用资本化。

在接下来的章节中，我们将考虑在实务中观察到的应用问题以及与IAS 23中诸多要素相关的特定问题。


2. Qualifying assetsOne of the three conditions that must be met before capitalisation of borrowing costs starts is that an entity incurs expenditures for the qualifying asset. Assets that are ready for their intended use or sale when acquired are not qualifying assets, as the asset must require a substantial period of time to get ready for its use or sale. The standard does not define ‘substantial’ and a benchmark of 12 months is often used, but a shorter period might be justified as well.

We consider below some frequently asked questions about qualifying assets.

2.1 Is there a rule for determining the ‘substantial period of time’?No. IAS 23 does not define ‘substantial period of time’. Management exercises judgement when determining which assets are qualifying assets, taking into account, among other factors, the nature of the asset. An asset that normally takes more than a year to be ready for use will usually be a qualifying asset. Once management chooses the criteria and types of asset, it applies this consistently to those types of asset.

2.2 Can borrowing costs incurred to finance the production of inventories that have a long production period, like wine or cheese, be capitalised?Yes. IAS 23 does not require the capitalisation of borrowing costs for inventories that are manufactured in large quantities on a repetitive basis. Interest capitalisation is, however, permitted as long as the production cycle takes a ‘substantial period of time’, as with wine or cheese. The choice to capitalise borrowing costs on those inventories is an accounting policy choice.

2.3 Can an intangible asset be a ‘qualifying asset’ under IAS 23?Yes. An intangible asset that takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale is a ‘qualifying asset’. This would be the case for an internally generated intangible asset in the development phase when it takes a ‘substantial period of time’ to complete, such as software. The interest capitalisation rate is applied only to costs that themselves have been capitalised.

2.4 Is management intention taken into account when assessing whether an asset is a qualifying asset?Yes. Management should assess whether an asset, at the date of acquisition, is ‘ready for its intended use or sale’. The asset might be a qualifying asset, depending on how management intends to use it. For example, when an acquired asset can only be used in combination with a larger group of fixed assets or was acquired specifically for the construction of one specific qualifying asset, the assessment of whether the acquired asset is a qualifying asset is made on a combined basis.


2. 符合资本化条件的资产

在借款费用开始资本化之前必须满足的三个条件之一是，主体对符合资本化条件的资产发生了支出。购入时即达到预定可使用或者可销售状态的资产不属于符合资本化条件的资产，因为符合资本化条件的资产必须是需要经过相当长时间才能达到预定可使用或可销售状态的资产。准则没有对“相当长时间”作出含义，在实务中通常采用12个月的基准，但是更短的时间可能也是成立的。

下面我们考虑一些与符合资本化条件的资产相关的常见问题。

2.1 准则对于确定“相当长时间”是否有规定？

没有。I A S 23没有对 “相当长时间”作出定义。管理层在确定符合资本化条件的资产时应运用判断，此外还应考虑资产的性质。通常经过一年以上的时间才能达到预定可使用状态的资产一般均为符合资本化条件的资产。一旦管理层选定标准和资产的类型，应持续应用于这些资产类型中。

2.2 经过相当长生产周期的存货生产，比如酒或者奶酪，其融资所发生的借款费用能否进行资本化？

可以。IAS 23并未要求将大规模重复制造的存货所发生的借款费用资本化。但是，只要存货生产周期经过“相当长的时间”，利息资本化是允许的，例如酒或者奶酪的生产。选择将这些存货发生的借款费用资本化是一项会计政策选择。

2.3 无形资产能否成为IAS 23中“符合资本化条件的资产”？

是的。经过相当长时间才能达到预定可使用或可销售状态的无形资产是“符合资本化条件的资产”。这也适用于内部形成的处于开发阶段的、经过“相当长时间”才能完成的无形资产，比如软件。利息资本化率仅限于已经资本化的费用。

2.4 当评估某项资产是否属于符合资本化条件的资产时，是否将管理层的意图考虑在内？

是的。管理层应在购买日评估一项资产是否已达到“预定可使用或者可销售状态”。判断资产是否可能是一项符合资本化条件的资产，取决于管理层预计使用该项资产的方式。例如，当购入的资产只能与更大的一组固定资产结合在一起使用、或是为了建造某一特定符合资本化条件的资产而专门购入时，应该按照资产组合综合评估购入的资产是否为一项符合资本化条件的资产。


Illustrative example – A telecom licence

Facts:

A telecom company has acquired a 3G licence. The licence could be sold or licensed to a third party. However, management intends to use it to operate a wireless network. Development of the network starts when the licence is acquired.

Question:

Should borrowing costs on the acquisition of the 3G licence be capitalised until the network is ready for its intended use?

Solution:

Yes. The licence has been exclusively acquired to operate the wireless network. The fact that the licence can be used or licensed to a third party is irrelevant. The acquisition of the licence is the first step in a wider investment project (developing the network). It is part of the network investment, which meets the definition of a qualifying asset under IAS 23.

Illustrative example – Acquisition of a permit and equipment

Facts:

A real estate company has incurred expenses for the acquisition of a permit allowing the construction of a building. It has also acquired equipment that will be used for the construction of various buildings.

Question:

Can borrowing costs on the acquisition of the permit and the equipment be capitalised until the construction of the building is complete?

Solution:

Yes for the permit, which is specific to one building. It is the first step in a wider investment project. It is part of the construction cost of the building, which meets the definition of a qualifying asset.

No for the equipment, which will be used for other construction projects. It is ready for its ‘intended use’ at the acquisition date. It does not meet the definition of a qualifying asset.


示例 - 电信使用许可

事实：

某一电信公司购买了一项3G 业务的使用许可，该许可可以出售或给予第三方使用。

然而，管理层计划使用该许可来经营一个无线网络。在获得该许可时，该公司就开始

建造无线网络。

问题：

与购买该3G 使用许可相关的借款费用是否应在网络达到预定可使用状态前进行资

本化？

解决方案：

是的。该使用许可是为了经营无线网络而专门购买的，与其可以用于出售或允许第

三方使用的事实是不相关的。使用许可的取得是一个更大投资项目（建造网络）的第

一步。这是网络投资项目的组成部分，该网络投资满足IAS 23中符合资本化条件的资

产的定义。

示例 - 购买许可证和设备

事实：

某一房地产公司购买了建造一幢建筑物的许可证。该公司还购买了设备用于多幢建

筑物的建造。

问题：

取得许可证和设备的借款费用是否可于建筑物的建造完工前进行资本化？

解决方案：

于获取许可证相关的借款费用可以资本化。因为许可证对这一建筑物而言是特定的，

其是一个更大投资项目的第一步，属于该建筑物建造成本的一部分，满足符合资本化

条件的资产的定义。

然而，由于设备还将用于其他的建造项目，与设备相关的借款费用不能资本化。它在

购买日已达到“预定可使用状态”，不满足符合资本化条件的资产的定义。


2.5 In a service concession arrangement, should an operator capitalise borrowing costs incurred when constructing or upgrading an infrastructure asset?Service concession arrangements are accounted for under IFRIC 12. The consideration received in exchange for the construction or upgrade services is recognised at its fair value either as a financial asset or an intangible asset depending on the terms of the agreement.

An operator that recognises an intangible asset capitalises the associated borrowing costs incurred during the construction phase. However, an operator that recognises a financial asset expenses borrowing costs as incurred.

2.6 Property under construction or development for future use as an investment property should be measured at fair value during the construction period, if fair value is the accounting policy of the entity for investment property. Can borrowing costs attributable to investment property measured at fair value be capitalised?Yes. IAS 23 does not require the capitalisation of borrowing costs for assets measured at fair value as, on a net basis, the carrying amount of the asset would not be affected. But management can still elect to capitalise those borrowing costs. An entity that elects to do so reduces its interest expense incurred during the period by the amount of borrowing costs capitalised and adjusts the carrying amount of the investment property accordingly. Remeasurement of the investment property to fair value has a direct effect on the gain or loss arising from a change in the fair value of investment property recorded in profit or loss for the period.

3. Borrowing costsThe standard has specific requirements for determining borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation for specific borrowings and general borrowings. Specific borrowings are funds borrowed specifically for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset. For specific borrowings, the actual costs incurred are capitalised. If the entity temporarily reinvests some funds, investment income earned should be deducted from the borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation.

All borrowings that are not specific represent general borrowings. Costs eligible for capitalisation are calculated by applying a capitalisation rate to the expenditures on qualifying assets. The capitalisation rate is the weighted average of the borrowing costs applicable to the borrowings of the entity that are outstanding during the period. The amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation is always limited to the amount of actual borrowing costs incurred during the period.

3.1 Is dividend on preferred shares capitalised as borrowing costs?The treatment of dividends depends on classification of preferred shares. When preferred shares are classified as a liability, dividends in substance represent interest costs and are included in borrowing costs. For preferred shares classified as equity, dividends are not included in borrowing costs.


2.5 在服务特许权协议中，经营者是否应将建造或升级基础设施资产而发生的借款费用资本化？

服务特许权协议按照IFRIC 12进行会计处理。作为交换建造或升级服务所收取的对价按照公允价值确认为一项金融资产或是一项无形资产，视协议的条款而定。

确认无形资产的经营者应将建造期内发生的相关借款费用资本化；但是，确认金融资产的经营者则应将相关的借款费用于发生时计入当期费用。

2.6 如果主体采用公允价值作为投资性房地产计量的会计政策，则应将处于建造或开发阶段供未来作为投资性房地产使用的房地产按照公允价值计量。归属于以公允价值计量的投资性房地产的借款费用能否进行资本化？

可以。IAS 23中没有要求对按照公允价值计量的资产所发生的借款费用进行资本化，因为在净额的角度上，该资产的账面价值将不会受到影响。但是管理层仍可以选择将这些借款费用资本化。如果主体选择借款费用资本化，则将会在当期发生的利息支出中减少所资本化的借款费用金额，并相应地调整投资性房地产的账面价值。按照公允价值对投资性房地产进行重新计量将对计入当期损益的投资性房地产公允价值变动所产生的利得或损失产生直接影响。

3. 借款费用

准则对确定专门借款和一般借款中符合资本化条件的借款费用有具体规定。专门借款是为获得某项符合条件的资产而专门借入的资金。对于专门借款，实际发生的费用应予资本化。如果主体用专门借款中部分资金进行暂时性投资，应从借款费用资本化的金额中减去所获得的投资收益。

所有非专门借入的借款均为一般借款。符合资本化条件的借款费用金额应通过运用资本化率乘以发生在该资产上的支出确定。资本化率是主体当期尚未偿付的借款的借款费用的加权平均数。某一期间符合资本化条件的借款费用金额不应超过该期间实际发生的借款费用金额。

3.1 优先股股息是否可作为借款费用进行资本化？

股息的处理方法取决于优先股的分类。当优先股被分类为负债时，股息实质上代表利息费用，计入借款费用。对于被分类为权益的优先股，股息不属于借款费用。


3.2 Is accretion of interest on decommissioning obligations and other types of provisions capitalised as borrowing costs?Accretion of interest on decommissioning obligations item is excluded from borrowing costs. Paragraph 8 of IFRIC 1 specifically states that capitalisation of accretion of interest on decommissioning obligations under IAS 23 is not allowed.

Accretion of interest on other types of provisions, although not mentioned specifically in IAS 23, is generally excluded from borrowing costs. Borrowing costs are defined as interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds. Accretion of interest on provisions created based on requirements of IAS 37, ‘Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets’, does not meet the definition of borrowing costs.

3.3 A subsidiary obtained an interest-free loan from its parent and used it for the construction of a qualifying asset. Is the accretion of interest capitalised as borrowing costs in the subsidiary’s separate financial statements?The liability is initially recognised at fair value according to IAS 39. The subsidiary has an accounting policy choice regarding how to account for the difference between the fair value of the loan and the amount of funds received from the parent. This difference could be treated either as an addition to the subsidiary’s equity or as income in the income statement. This should reflect the economic substance of the transaction. When treated as income, it does not represent a reduction of borrowing costs.

The liability is subsequently measured at amortised cost, with interest accrued using the effective interest rate method. The interest determined using the effective interest method is an element of the borrowing costs and is considered for determining the costs eligible for capitalisation.

3.4 Are the effects of a cash flow or fair value hedging relationship on interest for a specific project borrowing capitalised?Yes. The standard does not address whether the effects of hedging should be capitalised. [IAS 23 para BC21]. However, the purpose of an IAS 39 hedging relationship is to modify the borrowing costs of the entity related to a specific loan. We therefore believe that entities should capitalise interest on borrowings in an IAS 39 designated hedging relationship after taking into account the effects of hedge accounting. The same treatment applies under IFRS 9.

Ineffectiveness on such hedging relationships should continue to be recognised in profit or loss.

3.5 Is it appropriate to capitalise gains and losses on derivative instruments (for example, interest rate swaps and foreign currency swaps) that have not been designated in a hedging relationship under IAS 39?No. Such instruments fall under the category ‘fair value through profit or loss’. As they have not been linked to borrowing activities of the entity through an IAS 39 hedging relationship, the gains and losses on such derivatives are not considered a borrowing cost as defined under IAS 23. The same treatment applies under IFRS 9.


3.2 退役负债的应计利息和其他类型的准备的应计利息能否作为借款费用进行资本化？

退役负债项目的应计利息不应被包括于借款费用中。IFRIC 1第8段明确指出对于退役负债应计利息不允许按照IAS 23的规定进行资本化。

尽管在IAS 23中并未特别提及，其他类型的准备的应计利息通常不属于借款费用的范围。借款费用被定义为主体因借入资金而发生的利息和其他费用。基于《国际会计准则第37号—准备、或有负债和或有资产》的规定而确认的准备所计提的利息不满足借款费用的定义。

3.3 某一子公司从母公司取得一笔无息贷款，并用于建造符合资本化条件的资产。在子公司的个别财务报表中，计提的利息能否作为借款费用进行资本化？

该笔负债根据I AS 39以公允价值进行初始确认。对贷款的公允价值和从母公司取得的资金金额之间的差额的核算，子公司可以进行会计政策选择。这一差额可作为子公司权益的增加，或者在利润表中确认收益。这应当反映交易的经济实质。当作为收益处理时，这并不代表对借款费用的抵减。

该笔负债以摊余成本进行后续计量，并按照实际利率法计提利息。通过实际利率法确定的利息是借款费用的一部分，在确定符合资本化条件的借款费用时应加以考虑。

3.4 影响某一具体项目的借款利息的现金流量或公允价值套期关系能否资本化？

可以。准则并未规定套期的影响是否应资本化。[IAS 23 BC第21段] 。但是，IAS 39套期关系的目的是修正主体与某项借款相关的借款费用。因此，我们认为主体在考虑套期会计的影响后，应将IAS 39指定套期关系中的借款利息进行资本化。IFRS 9也适用相同的处理方法。

此类套期关系中的无效部分应继续计入当期损益。

3.5 将未指定为IAS 39中套期关系的衍生工具（例如，利率互换和外币互换）的利得和损失进行资本化是否适当？

不适当。此类工具属于“以公允价值计量且其变动计入损益”的金融工具。鉴于这类衍生工具未通过IAS 39套期关系与主体的借款活动相联系，它们的利得和损失不能被视为IAS 23中定义的借款费用。IFRS 9也适用相同的处理方法。


3.6 In computing the capitalisation rate for an entity, is the effect of cash flow or fair value hedging relationships on borrowings taken into account?Yes. IAS 39 designated hedging relationships modify the borrowing costs of the entity. Where an entity borrows funds not related to specific projects, the capitalisation rate computed in accordance with paragraph 14 of IAS 23 is calculated after taking into account effective hedging relationships designated under IAS 39 for all outstanding borrowings other than those borrowings made specifically for the purposes of obtaining a qualifying asset.

Ineffectiveness on such hedging relationships should continue to be recognised in profit or loss.

3.7 Can management capitalise a ‘notional’ borrowing cost representing the opportunity cost of the cash employed in financing the asset’s construction?No. A ‘notional’ borrowing cost cannot be capitalised. IAS 23 limits the amount that can be capitalised to the actual borrowing costs incurred. The standard does not address actual or imputed cost of equity. Where an entity has no borrowings and uses its own cash resources to finance the construction of property, plant and equipment, the entity cannot assume that interest that could have been earned on that cash represents forgone benefit and could be capitalised.

3.8 An entity has investment income on general borrowings. Does management deduct investment income from the borrowing costs available for capitalisation?No. No specific guidance is given about general borrowings, unlike specific borrowings (borrowing costs less investment income). The funds invested ‘temporarily’ cannot be considered to be those from the general borrowings rather than from other sources (equity or cash generated from operating activities). It cannot therefore be demonstrated that the income is earned from the general borrowings.


3.6 在计算主体的资本化率时，是否应考虑现金流量或公允价值套期关系对借款的影响？

是的。IAS 39指定套期关系会修正主体的借款费用。当主体借入的资金不与特定项目相关时，根据IAS 23第14段计算的资本化率应考虑除为获得某项符合资本化条件的资产而专门借入的款项外对当期尚未偿付的所有借款根据IAS 39指定的有效套期关系。

此类套期关系的无效部分应继续计入当期损益。

3.7 管理层能否将代表资产建造所使用资金机会成本的“名义”借款费用资本化？

不能。“名义”借款费用不能进行资本化。IAS 23将可资本化的金额限为实际发生的借款费用。准则并未涉及实际或估算的权益成本。当主体没有借款，而是在不动产、工厂和设备的建造中使用自有资金时，主体不能假设资金本该获得的利息作为放弃的收益而进行资本化。

3.8 主体从一般借款获得投资收益。管理层能否从可以资本化的借款费用中扣除该投资收益？

不能。不同于专门借款（准则明确指明资本化金额为借款费用减去投资收益），准则并未针对一般借款提供具体的指引。“暂时性”投资的资金不能被认为来源于一般借款而不是来源于其他渠道（权益或经营活动产生的现金）。因此，主体无法证明投资收益来源于一般借款。


3.9 The entity uses general borrowings to finance its qualifying assets. However, cash flows from the operating activities would be sufficient to finance the capital expenditures incurred during the period. Can management claim that the general borrowings are used to finance working capital and other transactions (for example, merger and acquisition activity, finance leases) but not to finance the qualifying assets, in which case no borrowing costs would be capitalised?No. It is presumed that any general borrowings in the first instance are used to finance the qualifying assets (after any funds specific to a qualifying asset). This is the case even where the cash flows from operating activities are sufficient to finance the capital expenditures. The capitalisation rate is applied to the full carrying amount of the qualifying asset. Apportioning of general borrowings between acquisition and construction of qualifying assets and other expenditures (for example, on the basis of cash flows statement) is not supported by the guidance in IAS 23.

3.10 How is the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation determined when a qualifying asset is financed by a combination of borrowings that are specific to the asset and by general borrowings?The amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation is calculated as follows:

• The amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation is the actual borrowing costs incurred on a specific borrowing during the period, less any investment income on the temporary investment of those borrowings. [IAS 23 para 12].

• The amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation on general borrowings is determined by applying a capitalisation rate to the expenditures on qualifying assets. The capitalisation rate is the weighted average of the borrowing costs applicable to the borrowings of the entity that are outstanding during the period, other than borrowings made specifically for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset. [IAS 23 para 14]. The following example illustrates how to calculate the amount of borrowing costs to be capitalised.


3.9 某主体使用一般借款为某一符合资本化条件的资产提供资金支持，但经营活动产生的现金流足够支持当期的资本性支出。管理层是否可以认为一般借款是为营运资本和其他交易（例如，兼并收购活动、融资租赁）而不是为符合资本化条件的资产提供资金支持，从而对借款费用不进行资本化？

不可以。应假定任何一般借款优先是为符合资本化条件的资产提供资金支持（考虑专门借款之后），即使在经营活动产生的现金流入足够为资本性支出提供资金的情况下。资本化率适用于所有符合资本化条件的资产。IAS 23中的指引不能支持一般借款在购置和建造符合资本化条件资产和其他支出中的分摊（例如，基于现金流量表）。

3.10 当某项符合条件的资产由一组针对该资产的专门借款和一般借款提供资金支持时，主体应如何确定符合资本化条件的借款费用金额？

符合资本化条件的借款费用金额计算如下：

• 符合资本化条件的借款费用金额是本期内专门借款实际发生的借款费用减去以该借款进行临时性投资而获得的投资收益。[IAS 23第12段] 。

• 一般借款符合资本化条件的借款费用金额，应按符合资本化条件的资产的支出乘

以资本化率确定。资本化率是主体当期尚未偿付的借款的借款费用的加权平均数，不包括为获得某项符合资本化条件的资产而专门借入的款项。[IAS 23第14段] 。下例说明了如何计算借款费用资本化的金额。


Illustrative example

On 1 July 2013, entity A entered into a C2.2 million contract for the construction of a building. The building was completed at the end of June 2014. During the period, the following payments were made to the contractor:

Payment date Amount (C’000)

1 July 2013 200

30 September 2013 600

31 March 2014 1,200

30 June 2014 200

Total 2,200

Entity A’s borrowings as at its year end of 30 June 2014 were as follows:

1. 10% four-year note with simple interest payable annually, which relates specifically to the project; debt outstanding at 30 June 2014 amounted to C700,000. Interest of C65,000 was incurred on these borrowings during the year, and interest income of C20,000 was earned on these funds while they were held in anticipation of payments.

2. 12.5% 10-year note with simple interest payable annually; debt outstanding at 1 July 2013 amounted to C1 million and remained unchanged during the year.

3. 10% 10-year note with simple interest payable annually; debt outstanding at 1 July 2013 amounted to C1.5 million and remained unchanged during the year.

Assume for the purposes of this example that interest expense equals borrowing costs.

Solution

Expenditures incurred in obtaining a qualifying asset are first allocated to any specific borrowings. The remaining expenditures are allocated to any general borrowings.


示例

主体A于2013年7月1日签订了金额为220万元的建筑物建造合同。该建筑物于2014年

6月底完工。在此期间内向建造承包商支付的金额如下：

支付日期金额 (C’000)

2013年7月1日 200

2013年9月30日 600

2014年3月31日 1,200

2014年6月30日 200

合计 2,200

主体A于2014年6月30日的借款如下所示：

1. 4年期的票据，每年10%单利计息，专门用于这一项目；2014年6月30日尚未偿还

的债务为700,000元。该年度这些借款发生利息65,000元，这些资金尚未支付前

赚取的利息收入为20,000元。

2. 10年期的票据，每年12.5%单利计息；2013年7月1日尚未偿还的债务为

1,000,000元，该年度内保持不变。

3. 10年期的票据，每年10%单利计息；2013年7月1日尚未偿还的债务为1,500,000

元，该年度内保持不变。

假定在本例中利息支出等于借款费用。

解决方案

取得符合资本化条件的资产所发生的支出应首先分摊至专门借款。剩余的支出分摊

至任何一般借款。


Analysis of expenditure:

Amount (C’000)

Amount allocated to

specific borrowing

(C’000)

Amount allocated

to general borrowings

(C’000)

Weighted for period

outstanding (C’000)

1 July 2013 200 200 - -

30 September 2013 600 500 100* 100 x 9/12 = 75

31 March 2014 1,200 - 1,200 1,200 x 3/12 = 300

30 June 2014 200 - 200 200 x 0/12 = 0

Total 2,200 700 1,500 375

* Specific borrowings of C700,000 are fully utilised; remainder of expenditure is therefore allocated to general borrowings.

The capitalisation rate relating to general borrowings is the weighted average of the borrowing costs applicable to the entity’s borrowings that are outstanding during the period, other than borrowings made specifically for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset.

Weighted average borrowing cost: 12.5% (1,000/2,500) + 10% (1,500/2,500) = 11%

Borrowing costs to be capitalised Amount (C)

Specific loan 65,000

General borrowings (C375,000 × 11%) 41,250

Total 106,250

Less interest income on specific borrowings (20,000)

Amount eligible for capitalisation 86,250

Therefore, the borrowing costs to be capitalised are C86,250.


支出分析：

金额 (C’000)

分摊至专门借款的金额 (C’000)

分摊至一般借款的金额

(C’000)

本期未偿还金额的加权 (C’000)

2013年7月1日 200 200 - -

2013年9月30日 600 500 100* 100 x 9/12 = 75

2014年3月31日 1,200 - 1,200 1,200 x 3/12 = 300

2014年6月30日 200 - 200 200 x 0/12 = 0

合计 2,200 700 1,500 375

*金额为700,000元的专门借款已完全使用，因此将剩余支出分摊至一般借款。

与一般借款相关的资本化率为适用于该主体在该期间内尚未偿还的借款（除为了取

得符合资本化条件的资产而专门借入的款项外）的加权平均借款利率。

加权平均借款利率：12.5% (1,000/2,500) + 10% (1,500/2,500) = 11%

应予资本化的借款费用金额 (C)

专门借款 65,000

一般借款(C375,000 × 11%) 41,250

合计 106,250

扣减专门借款的利息收益 (20,000)

能够资本化的金额 86,250

因此，应予资本化的借款费用为86,250元。


3.11 Are specific borrowings transferred to the general borrowings pool once the respective qualifying asset is completed?Yes. If specific borrowings were not repaid once the relevant qualifying asset was completed, they become general borrowings for as long as they are outstanding.

The borrowing costs that are directly attributable to obtaining qualifying assets are those borrowing costs that would have been avoided if the expenditure on the qualifying asset had not been made. If cash was not spent on other qualifying assets, it could be directed to repay this specific loan. Thus, borrowing costs could be avoided (that is, they are directly attributable to other qualifying assets).

3.12 When the construction of a qualifying asset is performed by a third party, are borrowing costs capitalised on the prepayments made to the third party for the acquisition of the asset?Yes. The borrowing costs incurred by an entity to finance prepayments on a qualifying asset are capitalised on the same basis as the borrowing costs incurred on assets constructed by the entity.

The capitalisation starts when all three conditions are met: expenditures are incurred; borrowing costs are incurred; and the activities necessary to prepare the asset for its intended use or sale are in progress.

Expenditures on the asset are incurred when the prepayments are made (payments of the instalments). Borrowing costs are incurred when borrowing is obtained. The last condition – the activities necessary to prepare the asset for its intended use or sale are in progress – can vary, depending on facts and circumstances.

3.13 An entity has arranged a loan to acquire a subsidiary. Should borrowing costs incurred on this loan be excluded from general borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation?No. The IASB considered in 2009 whether debt incurred specifically to acquire a non-qualifying asset could be excluded from general borrowings. The Board noted that IAS 23 excludes only debt used to acquire qualifying assets from the determination of the capitalisation rate. Thus, all borrowings which are not specific borrowings should be taken into account when determining costs eligible for capitalisation.

3.14 Borrowing costs were capitalised in the accounting records but expensed for tax purposes. Should borrowing costs capitalised be net of the related tax effect?Borrowing costs should be capitalised gross of tax. Tax effects will be considered in deferred tax calculation.


3.11 在相关符合资本化条件的资产完工后，专门借款余额是否应转作一般借款并参与一般借款资本化率的计算？

是的。如果相关符合资本化条件的资产完工之后主体未偿还专门借款，在未偿付的期间内它们都将成为一般借款。

直接归属于符合资本化条件的资产的取得的借款费用是指如果未发生该项符合资本化条件的资产相关的支出则可以避免的借款费用。如果资金未被用于其他符合资本化条件的资产，则将会用于偿还该笔专门借款。因此，借款费用原本可予避免（即，它们直接归属于其他符合资本化条件的资产）。

3.12 当某项符合资本化条件的资产由第三方建造时，向第三方支付的购买该项资产的预付款所产生的借款费用能否资本化？

可以。主体为支付某项符合资本化条件的资产的预付款而筹资所发生的借款费用，应当以与该主体自身建造该资产所发生的借款费用使用相同的基础进行资本化。

开始资本化的时点始于以下三个条件均满足时：资产支出已经发生；借款费用已经发生；以及为使资产达到预定可使用或者可销售状态所必要的活动已经开始。

支付预付款（分期支付）时，资产支出已经发生。当取得借款时借款费用已经发生。最后一项条件—为使资产达到预定可使用或者可销售状态所必要的活动已经开始—这取决于对具体事实和情况的分析。

3.13 主体已安排了一项贷款用于购买一家子公司。此项贷款所发生的借款费用是否不应包括于符合资本化条件的一般借款费用中？

不是。IASB在2009年曾讨论过对于为购买一项不符合资本化条件的资产所发生的借款是否可以排除在一般借款之外的问题。理事会注意到IAS 23在确定资本化率时不包括为获得符合资本化条件的资产而专门借入的款项。因此，主体在确定符合资本化条件的借款费用时，除专门借款之外的所有借款都应该被考虑。

3.14 在会计核算中借款费用进行了资本化，但是出于纳税的目的，借款费用全都作为当期费用处理。借款费用是否应以税后净额进行资本化？

借款费用应以税前总额进行资本化。主体应在递延税项计算中考虑税务影响。


4. Borrowing costs in group financial statementsA number of practical issues arise with respect to capitalisation of borrowing costs in the consolidated financial statements of a group. Are the borrowing costs that are eligible for capitalisation in consolidated financial statements simply a sum of borrowing costs capitalised by subsidiaries in their own financial statements? What is the amount of general borrowings capitalised in consolidated financial statements, if qualifying assets are in one group entity and general borrowings in another?

Financial statements of group entities have their own issues when construction of a qualifying asset is financed by intra-group loans. This section focuses on issues arising both in consolidated financial statements of a group and in those of individual entities in a group.

4.1 A subsidiary finances the construction of a qualifying asset with an inter-company loan. Are borrowing costs incurred on the inter-company loan capitalised in the financial statements of the subsidiary?Yes. Borrowing costs are capitalised by the subsidiary in its separate financial statements to the extent of the actual costs incurred by the subsidiary.

4.2 A subsidiary finances a qualifying asset through a capital increase, which is provided by the parent company. Can a notional amount of borrowing costs be capitalised in the separate financial statements of the subsidiary?No, because the subsidiary has not incurred any borrowing costs. The standard does not permit capitalisation of actual or imputed cost of equity.

4.3 Assume the same fact pattern as in 4.1 and 4.2 above. However, the parent company finances the inter-company loan or capital increase with a bank loan. How is this treated in the financial statements of the parent company?In its separate financial statements, the parent recognises only the investment in the subsidiary. This is not a qualifying asset, so the borrowing costs cannot be capitalised.

In the consolidated financial statements of the parent, capitalisation of borrowing costs is required. However, the amount of the borrowing costs incurred by the subsidiary in the case of inter-company loans might be adjusted to reflect how the qualifying asset was financed from the perspective of the group as a whole:

• If the group uses external general borrowings, the borrowing costs capitalised by the subsidiary are adjusted if the capitalisation rate at the group level is different from the rate used by the subsidiary.

• If the group uses specific external borrowings, the borrowing costs are adjusted if the borrowing costs on the external borrowings vary from the amount of borrowing costs capitalised by a subsidiary.

Borrowing costs calculated and capitalised in accordance with IAS 23 cannot exceed the amount of borrowing costs incurred by the group.

4.4 How are borrowing costs determined if qualifying assets are in one group entity and general borrowings in another?Consolidated financial statements are prepared as if they were the financial statements of a single entity. Therefore, the following guidelines are useful:

1. The intra-group interest is eliminated in consolidated financial statements.

2. All borrowings of a parent and subsidiaries would normally be included in one pool, unless there are significant restrictions on transfer of funds among entities in the group (for example, currency regulations or other restrictions imposed by government).


4. 集团财务报表中的借款费用

在集团合并财务报表借款费用的资本化中出现了很多实务问题。在合并财务报表中符合资本化条件的借款费用是否仅为各子公司在其自身的财务报表中资本化的借款费用之和？如果符合资本化条件的资产在集团中的一家主体，而一般借款发生在集团中的另一家主体，合并财务报表中资本化的一般借款的金额是多少？

当建造某项符合资本化条件的资产的资金来源于集团内贷款时，集团主体的财务报表有其自身的问题。本节关注集团合并财务报表和集团内单独实体财务报表中出现中的问题。

4.1 一家子公司通过一项集团内公司间借款为某项符合资本化条件的资产的建造提供资金支持。该借款所发生的借款费用是否应在子公司的财务报表中进行资本化？

是的。子公司实际发生的借款费用应在其个别财务报表中进行资本化。

4.2 子公司通过母公司提供的增资为某项符合资本化条件的资产提供资金支持。所计算出的名义借款费用是否可以在子公司的个别财务报表中进行资本化？

不能，因为子公司没有发生任何借款费用。准则不允许资本化实际或估算的权益成本。

4.3 假设与上述4.1和4.2中的信息相同。但是，母公司是通过银行借款向子公司提供公司间借款或增资。这如何在母公司的财务报表中进行处理？

在母公司的个别财务报表中仅确认其对子公司的投资。这不是一项符合资本化条件的资产，因此借款费用不能资本化。

在母公司的合并财务报表中需要将借款费用进行资本化。但是，在集团内公司间借款的情况下主体可能需要对子公司发生的借款费用进行调整以从集团整体的角度反映对某项符合资本化条件的资产的融资情况：

• 如果集团使用外部一般借款，而且集团层面的资本化率不同于子公司所使用的资本化率，应对子公司资本化的借款费用进行调整。

• 如果集团使用外部专门借款，而且外部专门借款发生的借款费用不同于子公司资本化的借款费用金额，应对借款费用进行调整。

根据IAS 23计算并资本化的借款费用不能超过集团发生的借款费用。

4.4 如果某项符合资本化条件的资产在集团内的一家主体，而一般借款在集团内的另一家主体，应如何确定借款费用？

合并财务报表是将整个集团作为一个单一主体进行编制。因此，可以按照如下指引执行：

1. 在合并财务报表中抵销集团内利息收支。

2. 除非集团各主体间的资金转移存在重大限制（例如，政府施加的货币管制或其他限制措施），否则母公司和子公司的所有借款通常会纳入一个资金池。


Illustrative example – Group situations

Parent Co (consolidated)

Real Estate Co Construction Co Finance Co

• Parent Co has no operating activities of its own but performs management functions for its subsidiaries.

• Financing activities and cash management in the group are coordinated centrally.

• Finance Co is a vehicle used by the group solely for raising finance.

• All entities in the group prepare IFRS financial statements.

The following information is relevant for the current reporting period:

Real Estate Co:

• External general borrowings of C1,000,000 with an interest rate of 7% pa.

• Expenditures on qualifying assets during the period amounted to C1,540,000.

• All construction works were performed by Construction Co. Amounts invoiced to Real Estate Co included 10% profit margin.

Construction Co:

• No borrowings during the period.

• Financed C1,000,000 of expenditures on qualifying assets using its own cash resources.

Finance Co:

• Raised C2,000,000 at 7% pa externally and issued a loan to Parent Co for general corporate purposes at the rate of 8%.

Parent Co:

• Used loan from Finance Co to acquire a new subsidiary.

• No qualifying assets apart from those in Real Estate Co and Construction Co.

• Parent Co did not issue any loans to other entities during the period.


示例 - 集团情况

Parent Co (consolidated)

Real Estate Co Construction Co Finance Co

• Parent Co没有自身的经营活动，只是执行对子公司的管理职能。

• 集团的融资活动和现金管理进行集中协调管理。

• Finance Co仅是集团用于筹集资金的工具。

• 集团中所有的主体均按照编制国际财务报告准则编制财务报表。

下列信息与当前报告期间相关：

Real Estate Co:

• 外部一般借款1,000,000元，年利率为7%。

• 当期符合资本化条件的资产发生支出为1,540,000元。

• 所有的建筑工程由Construction Co实施。向Real Estate Co开具的发票金额包括

10%的利润率。

Construction Co:

• 当期没有发生借款。

• 用自有资金负担符合资本化条件的资产发生的1,000,000元支出。

Finance Co:

• 以7%的年利率从外部取得借款2,000,000元，并以8%的利率向Parent Co提供贷款用于一般企业运营。

Parent Co:

• 用来自Finance Co的贷款购买了一家新的子公司。

• 除了在Real Estate Co和Construction Co.的资产外，无符合资本化条件的资产。

• Parent Co当期未向其他主体提供任何贷款。


Question: What is the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation in the financial statements of each of the four entities for the current reporting period?

Solution

Finance Co:

No expenditure on qualifying assets have been incurred, so Finance Co cannot capitalise anything.

Real Estate Co:

Total interest costs in the financial statements of Real Estate Co equal C70,000. Expenditures on qualifying assets exceed total borrowings, so the total amount of interest can be capitalised.

Construction Co:

No interest expense has been incurred, so Construction Co cannot capitalise anything.

Consolidated financial statements of Parent Co:

Total general borrowings of the group:

C1,000,000 (Real Estate Co) + C2,000,000 (Finance Co) = C3,000,000

Although Parent Co used proceeds from its loan to acquire a subsidiary, this loan cannot be excluded from the pool of general borrowings.

Total interest expenditures for the group = C3,000,000 x 7% = C210,000

Total expenditures on qualifying assets for the group are added up. Profit margin charged by Construction Co to Real Estate Co is eliminated:

Real Estate Co – C1,540,000/1.1 = C1,400,000

Construction Co – C1,000,000

Total consolidated expenditures on qualifying assets: C(1,400,000 + 1,000,000) = C2,400,000

Capitalisation rate = 7%

Borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation = C2,400,000 x 7% = C168,000

Total interest expenditures of the group are higher than borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation calculated based on the actual expenditures incurred on the qualifying assets.

Therefore, only C168,000 can be capitalised.


问：当前报告期间这四家主体中每一家的财务报表中符合资本化条件的借款费用金

额是多少？

解决方案

Finance Co:

因没发生符合资本化条件的资产相关的支出，Finance Co不能进行任何资本化。

Real Estate Co:

Real Estate Co财务报表中利息费用总额等于70,000元。符合资本化条件的资产发生

的支出超过借款总额，因此利息总额能够进行资本化。

Construction Co:

因没有发生利息费用，Construction Co不能进行任何资本化。

Parent Co的合并财务报表：

集团一般借款总额：

1,000,000元 (Real Estate Co) + 2,000,000元 (Finance Co) = 3,000,000元

尽管Parent Co用贷款收益购买了一家子公司，但这一贷款不能被排除于一般借款之

外。

集团发生的利息支出总额 = 3,000,000元 x 7% = 210,000元

集团中符合资本化条件的资产发生的支出总额进行加总。Construction Co从Real Estate Co取得的利润率应予抵消：

Real Estate Co – 1,540,000元/1.1 = 1,400,000元

Construction Co – 1,000,000元

符合资本化条件的资产发生的合并支出总额：(1,400,000 + 1,000,000) = 2,400,000元

资本化率 = 7%

符合资本化条件的借款费用 = 元2,400,000 x 7% = 168,000 元

集团利息支出总额高于以符合资本化条件的资产所发生的实际支出为基础计算的符

合资本化条件的借款费用。

因此，仅有168,000元集团能够进行资本化。


5. Foreign exchange differencesIAS 23 requires capitalisation of foreign exchange differences relating to borrowings to the extent that they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs. The gains and losses that are an adjustment to interest costs include the interest rate differential between borrowing costs that would be incurred if the entity borrowed funds in its functional currency and borrowing costs actually incurred on foreign currency borrowings. Foreign exchange gains and losses might include effects of other economic factors as well. The question is how to determine what portion of foreign exchange differences arises due to the differential between the interest rates in two countries and, thus, represents an adjustment to interest costs. We consider below some scenarios that frequently arise in practice.

Foreign exchange loss on borrowings in a currency that is stronger than the functional currencyThe interest rate on borrowings in a currency that is stronger than an entity’s functional currency is usually lower than the rate on equivalent borrowing in the functional currency. When the functional currency depreciates against the currency of borrowings during a period, the entity incurs foreign exchange loss on its borrowings.

Total expense on borrowings (interest cost plus foreign exchange loss) approximates to the interest cost of the equivalent borrowing in the functional currency. In this situation, the foreign exchange loss compensates for the lower interest rate and is likely to represent an adjustment to interest cost (or at least some portion of it). The foreign exchange loss is

Interest cost infunctional

currency

Foreign exchange loss

Interest cost in the currency of borrowings

therefore an addition to interest costs. The actual amount of loss that can be capitalised should be determined. Please see the discussion at the end of this section.

Foreign exchange gain on borrowings in a currency that is weaker than the functional currencyAn entity might have a functional currency that is different from the currency of a country where it operates. This might occur when a subsidiary is not considered autonomous from its overseas parent and, thus, has the same functional currency as the parent. It also occurs in some specific industries, such as the petroleum industry, where the US dollar is often the functional currency of upstream companies. So an entity might have a functional currency which is stronger than its local currency.

The interest rate on borrowings in the local currency might be higher than on equivalent borrowings in the entity’s functional currency. The entity will record a foreign exchange gain if the currency of borrowings depreciates against the entity’s functional currency.

Interest cost inthe currency of borrowings

Interest cost on the borrowings in

functional currency

Foreign exchange gain


5. 外汇汇兑差额

IAS 23要求对与借款相关的外汇汇兑差额进行资本化，但仅限于视为利息费用调整的汇兑差额。作为利息费用调整的利得和损失应该是主体如果以其功能货币借入资金而应该会产生的借款费用与外币借款实际产生的借款费用之间的利率差异。外汇汇兑的利得和损失可能也包括其他经济因素的影响。问题在于如何确定由于两国间利率差异所产生的外汇汇兑差额部分，即利息费用的调整额。下面我们来考虑一些实务中经常出现的情况。

借款货币比功能货币坚挺时产生的汇兑损失

当借款货币比主体的功能货币坚挺时，其利率通常低于以功能货币计价的等价借款的利率。当期功能货币对借款币种贬值时，主体的借款发生汇兑损失。

借款费用总额（利息费用加上汇兑损失）接近于以功能货币计价的等价借款的利息成本。在这一情况下，汇兑损失与较低的利率相抵，而且很可能作为利息费用的调整额（或者至少作为其中一部分）。因此，汇兑损失增加了利息费用。主体应确定能够进行资本化的实际借款费用金额。请参见本节最后部分的探讨。

借款货币比功能货币疲软时产生的汇兑利得

主体的功能货币可能不同于其经营所在国家的货币。当某一子公司不被视为独立于其海外母公司，因而与母公司的功能货币相同时可能会出现这一情况。这在一些特定的行业，例如石油行业（该行业的上游公司通常采用美元作为功能货币）也可能出现。因此，主体的功能货币可能比本国货币坚挺。

以本国货币计价的借款的利率可能高于以主体的功能货币计价的等价借款的利率。如果借款

货币对主体的功能货币贬值，主体将会确认汇兑利得。

以功能货币计价的利息费用

外汇汇兑损失

以借款货币计价的利息费用

以借款货币计价的利息费用

以功能货币计价的借款的利息费用

外汇汇兑利得


The higher interest cost of the borrowing in the local currency is partially offset by foreign exchange gains. Net expense on borrowings in the local currency approximates to the interest cost of the equivalent borrowing in the entity’s functional currency. In this situation, foreign exchange gain compensates for higher interest rate and is likely to represent an adjustment to interest costs (or at least some portion of it). Thus, foreign exchange gain is deducted from interest costs. The actual amount of loss that can be capitalised should be determined. Please see the discussion at the end of this section.

The two scenarios above illustrate that total cost of borrowing in different currencies is not expected to differ significantly. The foreign exchange difference in many cases normalises the cost of borrowing in different currencies and is considered an adjustment to interest costs in such cases. The differential between the interest rates in two countries, however, is not the only factor that influences exchange rates between their currencies. Other economic factors, such as unemployment rate, productivity or government currency regulation, might have significant impact on exchange rates. It is difficult to determine the role of various factors on exchange rates. In simplest terms, foreign exchange differences cannot be considered an adjustment to interest costs if they move borrowing costs in different currencies further apart instead of bringing them closer together.

IAS 23 does not prescribe which method should be used to estimate the amount of foreign exchange differences that can be included in borrowing costs.

The following two methods were considered by the IFRIC staff:

1. The portion of the foreign exchange movement can be estimated based on interest rates on similar borrowings in the entity’s functional currency.

2. The portion of the foreign exchange movement can be estimated based on forward currency rates at the inception of the loan.

In using either method, an entity cannot capitalise more costs than the actual total costs incurred. Other methods might be possible. Management uses judgement to assess which foreign exchange differences can be capitalised. The method used is an accounting policy choice. The method should be applied consistently to foreign exchange differences, whether they are gains or losses.


以本国货币计价的借款较高的利息费用部分由汇兑利得抵销。以本国货币计价的借款所产生的费用净额接近于以主体的功能货币计价的等价借款的利息费用。在这一情况下，汇兑利得补偿了较高的利率，而且很可能作为利息费用的调整额（或者至少作为其中一部分）。因此，主体应从利息费用中扣除汇兑利得。主体应确定能够进行资本化的实际借款费用金额。请参见本节最后部分的探讨。

上述两种情形说明预计以不同货币计价的借款发生的费用总额不会有重大差异。在此类情况下汇兑差额将以不同币种计价的借款费用正常化，并被视为利息费用的调整额。但是，两国利率之间的差异不是影响各币种间汇率的唯一因素。其他经济因素，例如失业率、生产率或政府货币管制均可能对汇率产生重大影响。确定各个因素对汇率的影响作用较为困难。简而言之，如果汇兑差额是将不同币种借款费用之间的差额增大，而不是将其缩小，则不能被视为利息费用的调整额。

IAS 23并未明确要使用哪种方法以估计可计入借款费用的外币汇兑差额。

IFRIC的工作人员考虑了如下两种方法：

1. 汇率变动部分可以以主体功能货币的类似借款的利率为基础进行估计。

2. 汇率变动部分可以以贷款开始时的远期汇率为基础进行估计。

在使用任何一种方法时，主体进行资本化的费用不得超过实际发生的费用总额。其他方法可能也适用。管理层运用判断以评估哪些汇兑差额可以资本化。主体所使用的方法是一项会计政策选择。因此无论外币汇兑差额是利得还是损失均应一致地使用。


6. Cessation of capitalisationA qualifying asset might be completed in parts, and each part can be used or operated separately. Capitalisation for one given phase or part ceases when this part is ready for its intended use or sale. Each subsequent phase will give rise to capitalisation of borrowing costs over its own construction period.

Illustrative example – Assets completed in phasesTelecom entity A is in the process of rolling out its 3G network. Entity A plans to commence the offering of 3G services once it has achieved 60% population coverage. Throughout the rollout period, which lasts for 18 months, entity A completes the rollout of cell sites, testing the sites and the leased lines and microwave links between the sites and the core network. Testing the network sites continues up to the point that entity A achieves 60% population coverage. Certain final tests on all sites are completed just in advance of the commercial launch and are vital to confirming the network's operational readiness.

Over which period does entity A capitalise borrowing costs?

Entity A capitalises borrowing costs incurred from the inception of the rollout through to the confirmation of the network's overall operational readiness. While parts of the network are built over time and much of the network testing is also completed over the 18-month rollout period, the final testing and sign-off of the network's operational readiness is not completed until just before entity A is ready to launch the network.

The network assets are not 'ready for use in the manner intended by management' until the final network tests covering 60% of the population. Capitalisation on the remaining 40% will commence when construction activities for that 40% start.

7. Interaction between IAS 23 and IAS 11An entity might be constructing an asset for a customer under a construction contract to which IAS 11, ‘Construction Contracts’, applies. Borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the construction of an asset which is accounted for under IAS 11 are treated as contract costs in accordance with IAS 23 and IAS 11 and included in the total cost of the asset.

The determination of the amount of borrowing costs to be capitalised in the financial statements of the constructor is based on the net position of the contract, after deducting customer payments received in advance in respect of the contract. No borrowing costs are capitalised when advances from customers exceed the contract costs incurred and the contract is in a net credit position during the whole construction period. The constructor has not incurred any borrowing costs, as the financing was provided by the client.

The net position in a contract might change over the construction period from net debit to net credit (or vice versa). Capitalisation is required for those periods when the contract is in a net debit position.

8. First-time adoptionAn entity transitioning to IFRS might have expensed all borrowing costs or used a methodology that was different from IAS 23 under previous GAAP. IFRS 1 provides an exemption for retrospective application of IAS 23 and permits two options. The entity can start capitalisation of borrowing costs under IAS 23 either from the date of transition or from an earlier date that management designates as a commencement date under paragraph 28 of IAS 23.

The entity should not restate the amount of borrowing costs that was capitalised under previous GAAP as at the date when the entity chooses to apply IAS 23. Borrowing costs incurred after this date on qualifying assets already under construction should be accounted for under IAS 23.


6. 停止资本化

某项符合资本化条件的资产可能部分完工，而且每部分可单独使用或运转。当这一部分达到预定可使用或可销售状态时应当停止该阶段或部分的资本化。每一后续阶段均将对建造期内的借款费用进行资本化。

示例—分阶段完成的资产

经营电信业务的主体A正在构建3G网络。主体A计划一旦网络的人口覆盖率达到60%即开始提供3G服务。在持续了18个月的整个构建期间内，主体A完成了基站的架设，并测试了各个基站以及基站和核心网络之间专用线路和微波线路。网络基站的测试一直持续到该网络可以覆盖60%的人口。在商业化运营该网络之前主体完成了所有基站的某些最终测试，这些测试对于确认网络已达到可运行状态而言非常重要。

主体A在哪一期间内对借款费用资本化？

主体A应将从开始构建到确认整体网络已达到可运行状态的整个过程中所发生的借款费用资本化。虽然部分网路在一段时间内陆续建造完成，而且大部分网络测试也是在18个月的构建期间内完成的，但是直至主体A准备商业化运营该网络之前才完成了网络已达到可运行状态的最终测试和签字保证。

该网络资产直到最终网络测试覆盖60%的人群前并未达到“管理层预期的可使用状态”。于剩下的40%的建造活动开始时，主体应继续对于剩余40%的借款费用进行资本化。

7. IAS 23和IAS 11之间的相互影响

主体可能与客户签订了一个建造某项资产的合同，而该合同适用于《国际会计准则第11号—建造合同》。根据IAS 11核算的直接归属于该项资产建造的借款费用，按照IAS 23和IAS 11作为合同成本予以核算，计入资产总成本。

建造方应在扣除收到的客户预付的合同相关款项后，基于合同净额确定财务报表中应予资本化的借款费用金额。当客户预付款超过发生的合同成本，而且合同在整个建造期内都是处于结算额大于已完工额时，任何借款费用均不应进行资本化。因为是由客户提供资金，故建造方未发生任何借款费用。

在建造期内，合同的净额状况可能从借方余额变为贷方余额（或相反）。对于合同有已完工额大于已结算额的期间，主体按照要求应进行借款费用资本化。

8. 首次执行

向国际财务报告准则过渡的主体可能已将所有的借款费用计入费用，或者所使用的原一般公认会计原则下的方法不同于I AS 23的要求。IFRS 1规定了对追溯适用IAS 23的豁免，允许主体有两个选择。主体可以从准则转换日起根据IAS 23进行借款费用的资本化，管理层也可以根据IAS 23第28段指定一个早于准则转换日的生效日开始根据IAS 23进行借款费用的资本化。

主体无须重述其选择的开始执行IAS 23的日期以前的期间根据原一般公认会计原则进行资本化的借款费用金额。在这一日期之后发生的与符合资本化条件的资产相关的借款费用应根据IAS 23进行会计核算。


Acknowledgements致谢

Clarry Chan | 陈嘉怡Accounting Consulting ServicesPartner 会计专业咨询服务合伙人

Morgan Li | 李嵘明 Accounting Consulting Services Senior Manager 会计专业咨询服务高级经理

Sepcial thanks to the following individuals for their contributions to the translation and production of this publication.

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成都中国成都市武侯区人民南路四段3号成都来福士广场塔1栋26楼04室邮政编码 610041电话: +86 (28) 6291 2188

重庆中国重庆市渝中区邹容路68号重庆大都会东方广场19楼1905室邮编400010电话: +86 (23) 6393 7888

大连中国大连市西岗区中山路147号森茂大厦8楼邮编116011电话: +86 (411) 8379 1888

广州中国广州市天河区珠江新城珠江西路10号普华永道中心18楼邮编510623电话: +86 (20) 3819 2000

杭州中国杭州市下城区环城北路208号坤和中心3205室邮编310006电话: +86 (571) 2807 6388

澳门澳门苏亚利斯博士大马路323号中国银行大厦29楼电话: +853 8799 5111

南京中国南京市鼓楼区中央路201号金茂广场南塔12A层01室邮编210009电话: +86 (25) 6608 6288

宁波中国宁波市江东区民安东路268号宁波国际金融服务中心E座1203室邮编315040电话: +86 (574) 8187 1788

青岛中国青岛市市南区延安三路234号海航万邦中心1号楼37楼邮编266071电话: +86 (532) 8089 1888

沈阳中国沈阳市沈河区青年大街121号企业广场A座7楼705室邮政编码 110013电话: +86 (24) 2332 1888

深圳中国深圳市罗湖区深南东路5016号京基100 — A座34楼邮编518001电话: +86 (755) 8261 8888

新加坡新加坡048424邮区PWC 大厦克罗士街8号17楼电话: +65 6236 3388

苏州中国苏州市苏州工业园区旺墩路188号建屋大厦1501室邮编215028电话: +86 (512) 6273 1888

台湾台北市信义区110基隆路一段333号27楼电话: +886 (2) 2729 6666

天津中国天津市和平区南京路189号津汇广场2座36楼邮编300051电话: +86 (22) 2318 3333

武汉　

中国武汉市武昌区积玉桥临江大道96号武汉万达中心41楼04室邮编430060电话: +86 (27) 5974 5818

厦门中国厦门市思明区鹭江道8号国际银行大厦11楼B室邮编361001电话: +86 (592) 210 7888

西安中国西安市南关正街88号长安国际中心D座7楼邮编710068电话: +86 (29) 8469 2688

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