improved cook stove - prof. k.r.shrestha

Improved Cooking Stove

Programme in Nepal

Prof. Dr. Krishna Raj Shrestha

Research Centre for Applied Science and

Technology (RECAST)

Tribhuvan University

Kathmandu, Nepal

Improved Cook StoveA cooking stove is a device in which fuel is burnt to cook food.

Improved cooking stove is a device that is designed to consume less fuel and save cooking time, convenient in cooking process and creates smokeless environment in the kitchen

Total Energy Consumption 9.344 Million TOE (Economic survey, 2009)

Per Capita energy consumption 15 GJ

Traditional Energy Sources(8.204m toe) 87.8 %

Fuel Wood 89.2 %

Agri-residues 4.2 %

Animal Dung 6.6%

Commercial (1.074 mtoe) 11.5 %

Petroleum 63.7 %

Coal 17.5 %

Electricity 18.8 %

Renewable 0.70 %

Average Per capita Energy Consumption 15 GJ

Average Per capita Fuel wood consumption 559.5kg

Overall energy Demand is increasing by 3 percent per annum

4

By Fuel Type

Trad

itio

nal

(8

7.1

%)

By Sector

Source: WECS, 2010

Nepal’s Energy Consumption Pattern

3,470,224

55,610

1,140,662

563,126

131,5964,523 22,583 34,973

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

4,000,000

Data source: CBS, 2012

Ecological Belt Firewood Cow Dung

Mountain (8.6%) 344,843 1,517

Hill (42.1%) 1,696,376 2,810

Terai (49.3%) 1,429,005 558,799

Total(100%) 3,470,224 563,126

Grand Total 4,033,350

Number of Households by Usual Type of Cooking

Fuel

Energy Ladder for Cook Stoves

About 86 percent of the total energy is used in domestic sector in

which more than 90 percent is used for cooking purposes,

4.6 percent in industrial sector,

1.1 percent in trade sector,

3.9 in transport sector

and agriculture sector accounts for 0.9 percent (Economic Survey, 2002).

Annually about 11 million tons of fuel wood are burnt for cooking alone and

even with the low performance (11 percent fuel savings) estimates indicates

that

one ICS can save on average one metric ton of fuel wood annually

(WECS, 1996).

During last five years, about 52,300 ICS have been installed

In various parts of the country and the percentage of the rural households using

ICS is still less than 10 percent according to NLSS data.

Indoor air Pollution

1.8 million people die each year because of indoor air pollution

( The World Health Report, WHO 2008)

11 Title

People Need Many Things, including Better Stoves ….

Efficiency (Cont.)

• Energy Input = Weight of fuel used x Heating

Value of fuel

• Energy Output = Heat gained by water in low

power phase + Heat gained by water in high

power phase + Heat gained by the vessel

• Efficiency = (Output/Input) x 100 %

Water Boiling Test

The heat utilization efficiency is calculated by the equation:

[ Sw x Wm (Tf - Ti) + (L x We) ]

PHU = ----------------------------------------------------- x 100

[ (Efm x Wf) + ( Ekm x Wk)]-(WC xHC)Where,

Sw = Specific heat of water, 4.18 kj/kg.

Wm = Weight of water in pot at start of test, kg.

Tf = Temperature of water at boiling point, 0 C

Ti = Temperature of water at start of test, o C

L = Latent heat of water at boiling, 2256 kj/kg

We = Wt of water evaporated at end of each test, kg

Efm = heat value of fuel, kj/kg.

Wf = Weight of fuel used, kg.

Ekm = Heat value of kindling, kg.

Wk = Weight of kindling, kg.

The power input of the fire was calculated by the equation:

(Efm x Wf) + ( Ekm x Wk)

P = --------------------------------------

tWhere,

P = Power Input (Kw)

t = time taken to complete the task (sec)

The burning rate of the stove was calculated by the

equation:

Efm + Ekm

BR = ------------------------------- X 1000

tWhere,

BR = Burning Rate (g per minute)

Efm = Weight of fuel used (equivalent dry weight)

Ekm = Wt of kindling used (equivalent dry weight)

t = time taken to complete the task (min)

History of ICS in Nepal• 1950s with the introduction of Indian models

'Hyderabad and Magan stoves.

• In 1960s an Agricultural Engineering workshop of the

Department of Agriculture developed mould based stove .

• In late 1970s a no. of NGOs, Peace Corps, Women Training Centre,

RECAST and UNICEF were involved in

ICS research and dissemination of Lorena Stove

• In the 1980s, HMG/ The National Planning Commission,

addressed the fuel wood consumption

issues in its 6th 5-year Plan, together with the introduction of

Community Forestry ,

HMG initiated dissemination ceramic pre fabricated stoves,

supported by FAO and UNDP.

Nepal: Country Background - 1

18

• Area: 147,181 sq. km

• Population: 26.494 million (CBS, 2012)

• Households: 5.427 million (including 5.423 million

individual HHs & 4 thousand institutional HHs) (CBS, 2012)

• Rural/urban population ratio: 83/17 (CBS, 2012)

• Energy Sector:

Energy consumption: 401 million GJ/Year (WECS, 2010)

Electricity access: 67% HHs (CBS, 2012)

Inadequate power supply (scheduled power cuts)

Petroleum: 100% imported

Heavy reliance on traditional biomass energy

Alternative Energy Promotion Centre

Established on November 3, 1996

Currently under the Ministry of Science, Technology and

Environment

Semi autonomous status; Board represented by public sector,

private sector & financial sector

Working as a national focal agency for alternative/ renewable energy

in Nepal.

Mandate: policy and plan formulation, resource mobilization,

technical support, M&E, standardization, quality assurance &

coordination

Subsidy and financial Assistance

Institutional and organizational strengthening of stakeholders in the

renewable energy sector

Centre for excellence: micro hydro, biogas

20

Traditional Cooking Stoves

21

Household Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS): Mud type

1 pot hole 2 pot hole plane2 pot hole raised

3 pot hole plane 3 pot hole raised Multipurpose

Rocket

22

3 pot hole with water tank

3 pot hole with ash tray

2 pot hole with ash tray

3 pot hole without water tank 2 pot hole without water tank

Household ICS: Metallic type

AEPC/ESAP Promoted

Model III

AEPC/ESAP Promoted

Model II

AEPC/ESAP Promoted

Model I

23

Institutional ICS

Improved Cooking Stove (ICS) Initiatives in Nepal

• Introduced since 1950s

• Community Forestry Development Program

(1980-91): distribution of prefabricated ICS

free of cost; no skill transfer at local level; lack

of ownership

• In govt. plan since 7th Plan (1985-90); Current

3-Year Plan (2010-13) target – 300,000 ICS

• Built-on-site ICS design by RECAST/TU in

1990s

• AEPC-executed Energy Sector Assistance

Program, ESAP (1999-2012)24

Key achievements

• Strong local network of service providers

16+ RSCs, 250+ LPOs+DSCs; 32 MICS

manufacturers

• 10,000+ trained ICS technicians (Stove

Masters);

~50% women; ~40% certified promoters (quality stove

builders active in business)

• 720,000+ HHs benefitted through ICS, MICS &

IICS

• Standardized guidelines & implementation

framework

• Institutional partnership from national to local

25

-

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

100,000

Dec-00 Dec-01 Dec-02 Dec-03 Dec-04 Dec-05 Dec-06 Dec-07 Dec-08 Dec-09 Dec-10 Dec-11 Dec-12 May-13

Mid Hills 476 10,455 21,180 26,213 48,461 59,367 41,203 23,831 39,893 60,931 88,437 89,182 96,520 33,334

Terai 282 11,384 39,815 23,902

High Hills 829 2,241 2,710 2,695 1,836

ICS

Nu

mb

er

YEAR WISE ICS INSTALLATION AS OF MAY 2013

Total cumulative ICS installation: 725,177

Mid Hills: 639,483

Terai: 75,383

High Hills: 10,311

Clean Cooking Solutions for all by 2017

20-27 Jan 2013 (07-13 Magh 2069)

Technology Options for CCS4ALL

1. Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS): mud &

metallicEfficient burning of solid biomass & reduction in

IAP; progress so far (May 2013): 725,000+

2. BiogasReplacing the solid biomass fuel; complements

with ICS (e.g., biogas is for cooking food & ICS

for animal feed); Progress so far (May 2013): ~

300,000

3. Solar cookersAlternative cooking technology option in specific

regions (e.g., trekking routes); Progress so far

(May 2013): 600+

4. Briquettes, gasifiers & electricity based

29“ICS is 1st choice to reach another 3 million HHs !”

Scenario for 100% coverage

30

-

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000

900,000

1,000,000

1,100,000

Achievemnet Trend

Business as usual scenario Target

Ambitious Target

National Rural and Renewable Energy Programme,

NRREP(2012-17)

1. Central Renewable Energy Fund (CREF) Component

2. Technical Supports (TS) Component2.1 Biogas Subcomponent (Biogas)2.2 Biomass Energy Subcomponent (ICS, briquettes, gasifiers)2.3 Solar Energy Subcomponent (Solar cookers)2.4 Community Electrification Subcomponent (Electricity-based

cooking)2.5 Institutional Development Subcomponent

2.5.1 Institutional Support 2.5.2 Monitoring 2.5.3 Gender and Social Inclusion

2.6 Climate and Carbon Subcomponent

3. Business Development for RE and Productive Energy Use (PEU) Component

31

•National Framework Programme of GoN implemented by AEPC

and supported by a number of development partners

•Components/Subcomponents:

Policy Environment

• Rural Energy Policy, 2006 => Renewable Energy

Policy, 2013

• Renewable Energy Subsidy Policy, 2013

• Renewable Energy Subsidy Delivery Mechanism,

2013

• Provision of indirect incentive through Value Added

Tax and Customs Duty Exemption

32

Approaches

• Joint muti-stakeholder coordination platform

• Dedicated unit within AEPC

• Monitoring against national baseline

• Targeted capacity building for service delivery

• Active engagement of local bodies, private

sector, development partners & stakeholders

• National coordinated localized campaign

• Clustered approach

• Commitment of partners (for

conceptualization & implementation)

• Multiple partnership modalities to cooperate

33

Progress so far

• Interest from private sector and investors

• Stimulating response from Development

Partners

• Positive initiatives from carbon project

developers

• National ICS Forum (NIF) => National

Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (NACC)

• Successful organization of Clean Cookstoves

Market Place 2013, an important platform for

sharing of experiences & for coming up with 34

The strategic intent of NACC is to coordinate efforts

and create synergies for providing Clean Cooking

Solutions for All by 2017

Coordinating Sector Knowledge

Collaboration Platform

Creating Enabling Environment

For more information visit http://nepalcookstoves.org/

Nepal Alliance for Clean Cookstoves

(NACC)

http://nepalcookstoves.org/

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

SNV

Nepal Services

1

2

3

45

67

Practical Action

1

2

3

4

IUCN

1 23

45

6

WINROCK

1

2

3

ECCA

1

2

Exciting response form various National and

International NGOs and Carbon Financing

Programmes

National Key issues• Biomass is the primary source fuel of the country.

• Traditional biomass (fuel wood, agri-residues & cattle dung)

has large share in relation to any other sources resulting in

87.1 % of the total energy consumption (WECS, 2010).

• 83% of the population lives in the rural areas (CBS 2011) and

about 2/3 of the total household (3.47 million) use fire wood for

cooking in the country ; additional 0.57 million households use

dried cattle dung (guitha).

• National ICS database shows the record of only around 0.6

million of these rural household using ICS.

• By implementing National Rural and Renewable energy

Programme (NRREP), AEPC intends to address this issue

through the dissemination of Clean and energy efficient Solid

biomass technologies for household and institutional cooking

as well as for thermal applications in the SMEs.

National Energy Context from Cooking Energy

Perspective

38

637,000 mud ICS & 7,000 metal ICS

Problem: Opportunity for High Impact

26.62 M National Population

= 5.66 M Households

1.02 M HHs potential for biogas Potential

270 K HHs got biogas

Around 3.80 M rural HHs do not have access to clean cooking fuels.

And 3 M rural HHs households qualify only for

ICS.

Around 800,000 rural HHs qualify for

Biogas

Existing Scenario (Dec 2012)

From investment perspective: ICS has many times higher

carbon revenue potential compared to biogas

1 M HHs have LPG

Nepal’s RE Sector

• Single National Framework under Alternative Energy

Promotion Centre (AEPC), Ministry of Science,

Technology & Environment (MoSTE):

– National Rural & Renewable Energy Programme (NRREP)

started from July 2012 for 5 years.

– National ICS Forum created under AEPC chairmanship for

sector coordination and dialogue.

– A new national campaign or call for “Clean Cooking

Solutions for All by 2017” by the government.

Implementation- Benefits

Reduction in biomass consumption for cooking

purpose

- potential for 20-40% reduction in fuel wood

consumption.

Improvement of Indoor environment and Health

- reduction of smoke in the kitchen/ house

- reduction in eye, skin and respiratory diseases

increased safety for small children

increased hygiene in the kitchen

environment/less soot on walls

decrease damage to tin roofs due to smoke.

Implementation- Benefits

Reduction in Women's work Loads

- reduction in workload for collecting fuel wood/time saving

- reduction in cooking time

- reduction in time in cleaning utensils , pots and pan

- reduction in cleaning the kitchen

- possibility of cooking in more than one pot at a time –saves time

- reduction in soot and smoke damage to clothes

Implementation- BenefitsImprovement of food and nutrition

control of fire and food tastes better

no need to eat left over food or under cooked food

Employment Opportunities

- Providing opportunities for skill development, self

employment and income generating activities -

empowerment of women and rural poor and building

self reliance

- women and disadvantaged group's participation in

decision making in rural development

Implementation- BenefitsWin-win benefits

-a win-win benefit is one in which a benefit in one way also gives a benefit in another way.

-both the environment and the communities involved benefit.

-improved forest covers improves water retention and nutrition in the soil

-properly managed forest improves biodiversity-both plant and animal

Impact on Environment

Fuel wood consumption reduced by about

half

•30 to 90 percent reduction in indoor air

pollution (IAP)

•Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by

about 2.5 ton carbon dioxide per year per

stove

Impact on Health

• Fewer respiratory disease, particularly

lower respiratory infections such as

pneumonia among children and Chronic

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

among women

• Fewer eye problems as well as other

health problems such as headache

• Reduced fire hazard in the kitchen

Impact on Gender

• Reduced drudgery of women as they spend

less time collecting firewood, cooking and

washing dishes

• Improved health of women due to reduced

exposure to smoke

• Increased participation by men in kitchen

work because of clean environment

Induced air ICS (Big) - FoST


Type of fuel used Efficiency (%)

Wood 26.8

Wood 33.4

Avg. Efficiency 30.1


Temp Profile of Water Boiling Test

0

20

40

60

80

100

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Time Interval (min)

Tem

pera

ture

(oc)

Wood

Rocket Stove – FoST

Rocket Stove

Developed by: Dr. Larry Winiarsky

Approvecho Research Centre, Oregon, USA


Type of fuel used Efficiency (%)

Wood 25.9

Wood 21.3

Avg. Efficiency 23.6

Construction of HH RS

60 Title

Stove Designs to start with …. 1/4

• New ICS Design with rocket principle – no chimney, modular

• The metallic combustion chamber is the heart of the new product

Rocket Stove

63 Title


• New ICS Design with rocket principle – no chimney, modular

• The metallic combustion chamber is the heart of the new product

Metallic combustion chamber without top plate to reduce cost

First demo ICS with the new rocket design in Dadeldhura

64 Title


• Lab test shows 34 to 36% efficiency

• Field test around 28% efficiency, expected to improve further.

65 Title


• New ICS designs with/without chimney, metallic heating plate, etc.

• The combustion chamber will be of metal or ceramics

• 3 such designs with metallic or ceramic c/chamber are currently being tested in the field for efficiency, user acceptability, etc.

With this, a technological road map is being finalised for further design and development focusing on 2-3 designs.

Rocket Stove – FoSTTemp Profile of Water Boiling Test

0

20

40

60

80

100

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Time Interval (min)

Tem

pera

ture

(oC

)

Wood

Types of stoves Efficiency/ Fuel use PM 2.5

Emissions

CO

Emissions

Indoor emissions*

High

Power

Thermal

Efficiency

(%)

Specific

Fuel

Consump

tion

(MJ/min/

L)

High Power

(mg/MJd)

Low

Power

(g/min/l)

High

Power

(g/MJd)

Low Power

(g/min/L)

CO

(g/min)

PM2.5

(mg/min)

Chimney Stove

(Natural Draft)

≥20 ≤0.045 ≤979 ≤8 ≤16 ≤0.20 ≤0.42* ≤2

Chimney Less

(Natural Draft)

≥25 ≤ 0.039 ≤386 ≤4 ≤11 ≤0.13 ≤0.62 ≤17

Forced Draft for

all stoves

≥35 ≤0.028 ≤168 ≤ 2 ≤9 ≤ 0.10 ≤0.49 ≤8

Nepal Benchmark (Interim) on Solid Biomass

Cookstoves

Testing Facilities Available in Nepal

Renewable Energy Test Station

(RETS)Nepal Academy of Science and Technology

(NAST)

Khumaltar, Lalitpur

Testing and

certification

Testing Facilities Available in Nepal

Regional Cookstoves Testing and

Knowledge Centre, Nepal (RTKC), Centre for Rural Technology, Nepal (CRT/N)

Testing

;+:yfut÷Aoj;flos ;'wfl/Psf] r'nf]

Prepared By: Rajeev M Shrestha 71

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b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L k|sf/sfvfgf Pp6} r'nf]df ksfpg x'g] .

bfp/f sd vkt x'g] .

w'jfF /lxt .

tLg d'v] r'nf] -Aoj;flos r'nf]_

7'nf ;fOhsf ef8f a;fNg .

;fdfGo eGbf km/s cfsf/sf]O+{§faf6 agfOg] .

bIftf !%–#) k|ltzt .

tfk lat/0f klxnf] ef8fFdf *)k|ltzt / bf];|f] @) k|ltzt .


;+:yfut ;'wfl/Psf] r'nf]

ESAP åf/f tof/ kf/]sf] b'O{ d'v] l8hfOg

;+:yfut ;'wfl/Psf] r'nf]

;fO{h @–# lkm6 ;Ddsf]ef8fF /fVg] Kjfn / @@–#)OGr cUnf] .

u]6 l/Ë / bfp/f xfNg] u]6wft'sf] – -ls6_ x'g] .

lrDgLsf] prfO{ & – * lkm6eGbf al9 .


Aoj;flos r'nf]

;fwf/0f lrof gf:tf k;nx?dfk|of]u ug{] r'nf .

b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L k|sf/sfvfgf Pp6} r'nf]df ksfpg x'g] .

;fdfGo k|sf/s} O{+§faf6 agfO{g] .

bIftf !%–#) k|ltzt .

tfk lat/0f klxnf] ef8fFdf *)k|ltzt / bf];|f] @) k|ltzt .


Aoj;flos r'nf]

#@”— #^” nDafO{, @&”—#!” rf}8fO{ / !@” cUnf] .

lrDgLsf] prfO{ % lkm6 ;Dd x'g].


Key achievements• 637,101 ICS disseminated till Nov. 2012

• 8,730 metallic ICS installed in high hill region of the

country

• More than 1500 Institutional/ commercial ICS installed

• 4 institutional gasifiers disseminated for drying agro-

products.

• 2,372 VDCs, 33 Municipalities and 63 district received

mud ICS installations.

• 285 local partner Organizations (LPO) and district

Service centres (DSC).

• More than 8,000 promoters/stove masters trained to

build ICS

• Installation capacity in place for the installation of

100,000ICS per year

kl/ro:

Large cardamom locally called

“Alainchi”

Jofkfl/s v]tL - ;d'b|L ;tx af6 #))) b]lv %))) kmL6 sf] pmrfO{df, ;DefJo If]q Onfd lhNnf

g]kfn, ;+;f/sf] bf];|f] 7"nf] pTkfbs b]z

kl/ro : contd.

! lsnf] tfhf cn}+rL ;'sfpg ! b]lv # lsnf] bfp/f vkt

x'G5

;g\ !((& df

– cn}+rL ;'sfpg (,&^# d]l6|s tg sf] vkt eof]

– lrof ;sfpg $,@!# d]l6|s tg sf] vkt eof]

cn}+rL v]tL (agroforesty)

k/Dk/fut cn}+rL ;'sfpg] tl/sf :

Rocket Stove Cardamom Dryer

Major components of IGS-2

Fuel chamber

Water seal

Combustion chamber

Reaction chamber

Primary air supply

Secondary air supply

Ash chamber system

Stand for cooking pots

Institutional Gasifier Stove (IGS)

Rice Husk Gasifier Stove

Institutional Gasifier Stove (IGS)

• Efficiency 24 – 28 % depending upon the types of fuel used.

• Uses wide variety of fuels - briquettes, coallumps/briquettes, biocoal, waste biomass –woodchips, twigs, corncobs, pine cones, etc

• IGS may be used for community cooking inschools, hospitals, hostels, canteens, road siderestaurants, etc

Conclusive Remarks (Cont)

Types of cook stoves Average

Efficiency

Induced air small ICS (FoST) 23.4

Induced air big ICS (FoST) 30.2

Natural draft Rocket Stove (FoST) 23.6

Induced air ICS (CRT) 27.1

Bio-briquette stove (CRT) 10.2

Induced air ICS (Sindhu Urja) 22.2

Testing of Gasifier Stove

Economic Evaluation of Gasifier

Stove

Details GS TCS ICS Kerosen

e

LPG

Investment 12925 100 242 500 3500

Fuel consumption per

meal per family (kg or

liter)

2.13 5.5 3.25 0.3516 -

Fuel consumption per

day per family (kg/liter)

4.26 11 6.5 0.7032

Economic Evaluation of Gasifier

Stove (Contd…)

Details GS TCS ICS Kerosene LPG

Fuel consumption

per year per family

(kg/liter/cylinder)

1554.9 4015 2372.

5

256.668 8

Cost of fuel wood

(Rs/kg/liter/cylinder)

4 4 4 34 800

Total cost of fuel/year

(Rs )

6219.6 16060 9490 8726.7 6400

Total cost of

power/year (Rs )

221.92 0 0 0 -

improved cook stove - prof. k.r.shrestha

Education