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-1- ikr×aty ;ksxn'kZu ] gfjd`".k nkl ] xhrk izSl xkSj[kiwj A i"̀B&93

2 izek.k (cgh) iq'krSuh eqvkQh o iV~Vsnkj eSustj Hkqjs'oj efUnj iq'krSuh iqtkjh A

3 mifu"knksa esa ;ksx foKku ]iw.kZ pUn iar 'kkL=kh fo'os'ojkUn oSfnd ] i"̀B&93

ifjf'k’V Hkkx A

1- fljekSjh miHkk"kk rFkk mlds fofHkUu ox Z

1-0 fljekSjh mi&Hkk"kkfljekSj ds vf/dka'k fuoklh fljekSjh (igkM+h)

Hkk"kk cksyrs gSa A lj&tkWtZ fxz;lZu izHk`fr Hkk"kk ds fo¼kuksa us mrjhHkkjr dh leLRk igkM+h Hkk"kkvksa dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk gS A ;s dze'k%iwohZ] eè; rFkk if'peh igkM+h dgykrh gSa A lqnwj iwoZ dh igkM+husikyh ;k rl&dqjk vFkok xksj[kkyh dgykrh gS A eè; dh dqekÅauhrFkk x<+okyh dgykrh gS A if'peh igkM+h tkSulkj ckcj ls ysdjHknzokg (dk'ehj) rd cksyh tkrh gS A fljekSjh] c?kkVh] D;ksaFkyh]dqYyqbZ] e’M;kyh] dkaxM+h] pEc;kyh rFkk Hknzokgh blh if'peh igkM+hds :Ik gSa A if'peh igkM+h dks vc fgekpyh igkM+h Hkh dgk tkusyxk gS A

mi;qZDr if'peh vFkok fgekpyh igkM+h mi Hkk"kkvksa dhvusd cksfy;ka gSa A ;|fi bu dk mn~xe ,d gh gS A ijUrq fpjdkyrd fHkUu&fHkUu jktuSfrd bdkb;ksa] fHkUurkvksa ds ?ksjs esa ca/s jgus dsdkj’k bu ds 'kCn lewg esa O;kdj.k rFkk mPpkj.k esa fHkUurk izrhrgksrh gS ijUrq okLro esa ;s ,d gh gSa A bl {ks=k ds nqxZe ouksa] ioZrksa]unh] ukyksa ls vkPNkfnr gksuk rFkk vkokxeu ds lk/uksa dh deh blfHkUUkrk ds iuirs jgus dk ,d vkSj dj.k gS A LorU=krk izkfIr rFkkbl {ks=k ds ,dhdj.k ds i'pkr~ ;s fHkUurk,a /hjs&/hsjs lekIr gksrh tkjgh gSa A

fljekSjh mi Hkk"kk dh c'kkÅ] ?kkjBh rFkk [kkSyVwcksfy;ka gSa A tkSulkjh Hkh blh dh ,d cksyh gS A ;s cksfy;ka fljekSj

326

e’My tkSulkj ckcj] f'keyk ftys dh tqCcy rFkk pkSiky rglhyvkSj ft+yk vEckyk ds ekSjuh (dksVkgk) ijxus esa cksyh tkrh gSa Afdlh le; ;s lc {ks=k izkphu fljekSj fljekSj fj;klr esa lfEefyrFks A mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds vkjEHk esa fo'ks"kr% xksj[kk ;q¼ ds i'pkr~rFkk vaxzstksa ds bl Hkw&Hkkx ij vf/dkj dj ysus ij ;g bl ls tqnsdj fn;s x;s A bu {ks=kksa esa tkSulkj ckcj vc mÙkj izns'k dk Hkkx gSrFkk eksjuh dksVkgk gfj;k’kk izns'k esa lfEefyr gS A

fljekSjh mi Hkk"kk ds iwoZ esa if'pehfgUnh] nf{k’k esa [kM+h cksyh rFkk gfj;k’koh] if'pe esa c?kkVh rFkkmÙkj esa D;ksaFkyh vkSj cq'kgjh (dqYyqoh) Hkk"kk,a cksyh tkrh gSa A vRk%bu lc dh Nki ls ;g vNwrh ugha gSa A Mk- fxz;lZu ds vuqlkj ;glEiw’kZ fljekSj] layXu vEckyk ftyk ds ioZrh; Hkkx rFkk ft+ykf'keyk ds tqCcy vkSj pkSiky {ks=kksa esa cksyh tkrh gS A ;g eè;igkM+h rFkk if'peh igkM+h ds chp lsrq dk dke djus okyh Hkk"kk gS Afxjh unh fljekSj ds eè; esa fLFkr gS A ;g unh bl ft+ys dks nksHkkxksa esa fxjh okj vFkok c'kkÅ rFkk fxjhikj vFkok /kjBh esa ck¡V nsrhgS A blh unh ds dkj’k c'kkÅ ij if'peh igkM+h (D;ksaFkyh c?kkVhrFkk cq'kgjh dqYyqoh) dk vf/d izHkko vkSj /kjVh ij if'peh fgUnhrFkk [kM+h cksyh dk izHkko jgk gS A D;ksafd igys bl unh ds chp esagksus ds dkj’k bl ds okj rFkk ikj clus okyksa dk vkil esa delEidZ jgrk jgk A c'kkÅ dh iqu% 'kq¼ c'kkÅ vkSj gkVh nks cksfy;ka gSaA blh izdkj /kjBh dh ls;’Vw RkFkk /kjVw nks cksfy;ka gSa A budsvfrfjDr dqN vU; LFkkuh; cksfy;ka Hkh fljEkkSj esa cksyh tkrh gSa tSlsikaoVk nwu dh ckgr;ksa dh cksyh] ft+yk vEckyk ds eSnkuh Hkkx dslkFk yxus okys {ks=k f=kyksdiqj rFkk ukgu dh f=kyksdiqjh vFkokuku~gVw cksfy;ka rFkk f?kUuh ?kkV dh ?kkMw cksyh A ;s lc [kksyVwcksfy;ka dgykrh gSa A okLro esa bu lc cksfy;kas ds cksyus okys ckgjls vkdj fljekSj esa cls gq, gSa rFkk bu dh la[;k cgqr de gS AdqN yksx [kksyVw dh ns'kokyh cksyh Hkh dgrs gSa A tks fd fljekSjh ghgS A

Qyr% fljekSjh ds fxjh ikjh (c'kkÅ rFkk gkVh) vkSjfxjokjh (/kjVw rFkk ls;’Vw) nks eq[; :Ik gSa% bu esa ls fxjh ikjh BsBfljekSjh rFkk fxjhokjh lk/kj.k fljekSjh dgh tk ldrh gSa A ;s nksuksadze'k% if'peh igkM+h vkSj if'peh fgUnh ls izHkkfor gSa A ijUrq buds

327

bl izdkj izHkkfor gksus rFkk dgykus ij Hkh ewyr% ;s fgUnh dh nqfgrk^if'peh igkM+h* dh nsu gS A ;gka ds fuoklh [kkSyVw cksfy;ksa dks ;|fieSnkuh Hkkxksa vFkok ckgj ls vk;s gq;s yksxksa (ftUgsa fljekSjh esa ns'kokyhdgk tkrk gS) dh cksfy;ka ekurs gSa ijUrq ;s lc vc okD;&foU;klrFkk mPPkkj.k ds fygkt ls iw.kZr;k fljekSjh cu xbZ gSa rFkk bu ijfljekSjh /kjVh dk LIk"V izHkko izrhr gksrk gS A ;g izHkko Bhd ,sls ghgS tSls fxjhikj esa gkVh cksyh ij c'kkÅ dk izHkko gS A c'kkÅ ;FkkFkZesa tqCCky {ks=k vkSj ml ls layXu fljekSjh {ks=k esa cksyh tkrh gSftlds nwljh vkSJ cjkM+h cksyh tkrh gS A cjkM+h fljekSjh dh vis{kkD;ksaFkyh ls vf/d izHkkfor izrhr gksrh gS A

fljekSjh orZeku dky esa <kbZ yk[k ds yxHkxyksxksa }kjk cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kk gS A Mk- fxz;lZu us yxHkx lkB o"kZigys lu~ 1911 dh tu&la[;k ds vk/kj ij viuh iqLrd fyafXofLVdlosZ vkQ bf.M;k dh uoha ftYn ds pkSFks Hkkx ds i`"B 456 ijfljekSjh dk lksnkgj.k foLr`r o.kZu fd;k gS ijUrq bl ds i'pkr~ bl{ks=k dh tu&la[;k rFkk blds cksyus okyksa dh la[;k esa Ik;kZIr o`f¼gqbZ gS A muds o.kZukuqlkj fljekSj fuokfl;ksa dh Hkk"kk Lo;a fljekSjhdgykrh gS A ;g Hkk"kk fljekSj rd gh fufgr ugha gS cfYd ft+ykvEckyk ds dqN igkM+h Hkw&Hkkx tks fljekSj ds lkFk yxrs gSa rFkktqCCky ds vf/dka'k Hkkx esa Hkh ;g cksyh tkrh gS A bUgksaus bl cksyhds dqN mnkgj.k] bl dh fyfi rFkk okD; foU;kl vkfn Hkh mifLFkrfd, gSa

Mk- fxz;lZu ds erkuqlkj igkM+h Hkk"kk dk vk/kj[k'k Hkk"kk gS A ijUrq jktLFkkuh ls Hkh bl dk lEIkdZ jgk gS ftldkdkj.k ;gka xqtZj izHkko dk gksuk gS A ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd tkslikn y{kh; xqtZj ;gka ds [kf'k;ksa ls jy&fey x;s mUgha dh lUrkusamÙkjh Hkkjr rFkk jkTkLFkku esa QSyh vkSj le; ds chr tkus ij os ghiqu% bu igkM+ksa esa vkdj jkt djus yxha A blh dkj.k yxHkx lHkhigkM+h jktk vius vki dks Hkkjr ds eSnkuh Hkkxksa ls vk;s gq, jktiwrcrkrs Fks A fljekSj dk vfUre jktoa'k mu esa ls ,d Fkk A bu oa'kds jktk vius vki dks tSlyesj ds jktoa'k dk oa'kt crkrs Fks AtqCCky] cylu rFkk Fkjksp ds 'kkld Hkh blh oa'k ls Fks A

Likn y{kh; xqtZj dkSu lh cksyh cksyrs Fks\D;k ;g b.Mks&vk;Zu (Hkkjksih;) Hkk"kk lewg dk gh ,d vax Fkh \ ;s

328

lHkh ckrsa vHkh 'kks/ dk fo"k; gS A ;s yksx Lokr ls jktLFkku dh vksjc<+s vr% bu dh Hkk"kk Lokrh xqtZjh dh ctk; esokrh ;k jktLFkkuhdgykus yxh A ;gka ls iqu% igkM+ksa dh vksj ykSV tkus ds dkj.k blhesokrh jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk dk izHkko fljekSjh ij iM+k tks fljekSjh dsmPPkkj.k rRoksa ls LIk"V gksrk gS A blds vfrfjDr vk;kZorZ ls layXurFkk mlds fljs ij fLFkr gksus ds dkj.k laLd`r Hkk"kk dk izHkko HkhfljekSjh ij gS A bl esa tks Qkjlh] vjch ds 'kCn ?kqy fey x;s gSa Abldk dkj.k ckn esa ;gka ds jktoa'k dk iBku rFkk eqXky ckn'kkgksa dslEIkdZ esa vkuk dgk tk ldrk gS A Qkjlh] vjch ds cgqr ls 'kCnvc Hkh ;gka ds fuoklh cksyrs jgrs gSa tSls% nkyr (vnkyr)] dpgjh]ft+yk] QkSt] bTTkr] ckx] vDycksUn (vdyean)] rjhd (rkjh[k)]eqU'kh] ru[kk] drkc] etky] rkxr (rkdr) rFkk reht vkfn A ijUrq,sls 'kCnksa dh vis{kk laLd`r ds rRle rFkk rn~Hko 'kCnksa dk ;s yksxvf/d la[;k esa iz;ksx djrs gSa tSls dqDdj] xkao] vkx] MkS.M] vknj]nq"V] ck.k] xks;.k] (x;.k)] xkS.k (x.k)] fijFk~oh (i`Foh)] pkSj] }kjrFkk nk.k (nku) vkfn A

1-0-1 mPPkkj.k&fo'ks"krk %

fljekSjh esa mPpkj.k rFkk mPPkfjr èofu;ksa dsvuqlkj Lojksa esa ^v* dk mPPkkj.k ^vk* rFkk ^vkS* gks tkrk gS tSls^dkiM+k* rFkk ^?kkSj*] ^diM+k* rFkk ^?kj* ds LFkku ij A ^b* dk mPPkkj.k^,* ds :Ik esa fd;k tkrk gS tSls&^frl* ds LFkku ij ^rsl* ml dsvFkZ esa A ^bZ* rFkk ^,* dk mPPkkj.k nksuksa :iksa esa gksrk gS tSls&^og* dsvFkZ esa ^lh* vFkok ^ls* A ^v* vkSj ^vkS* Hkh LFkku ds vuqlkj :Ik cnyysrs gSa % tSls&lquuk ds vFkZ esa ^'kq.k.kk* vkSj ^'kq.k.kkS* RkFkk lqPPkk dsvFkZ esa ^'kqPPkk* rFkk ^'kqPPkkS* rFkk ^eSa* ds vFkZ esa ^vkag* rFkk ^vkSag*vFkok ^gkSa* vkfn A

O;atuksa eas ^g* (egkizk.k v?kks"k) dkmPPkkj.k fo'ks"k :Ik ls fd;k tkrk gS A ftls fxjk dj ^v* dhlgk;rk ls èofur fd;k tkrk gS A tSls ^gkFk* vkSj ^gksuk* dks ^vgkFk*vkSj ^vgks.kksa* rFkk cfgu dks ^cks;.k* bl vk/kj ij o.kZ ekyk dk gj

329

pkSFkk egkizk.k ?kks"k v{kj ^g* dh èofu fxjk dj rhljs v{kj ds esy lscksyk tkrk gS A tSls ^?kj* dks ^xgkSj* A if'peh igkM+h dh ;gfo'ks"krk yxHkx lHkh LFkkuksa ij ikbZ tkrh gSa A esokrh (jktLFkkuh) esaHkh ;g feyrh gS A ijUrq dk'ehjh rFkk iatkch esa o.kZekyk ds gj pkSFksv{kj dk èofu&lEcU/h vyxko bl ls dgha foy{k.k gS rFkk viuktqnk gh LFkku j[krk gS A bu esa gj oxZ dk pkSFkk v{kj igys v{kjds esy ls cksyk tkrk gS tSls dgj (?kj)] pgxM+k (>xM+k) vkfn A

fljekSjh esa dBksj O;atuksa dks dksey èofu;ksaesa ifjofrZr djus dh fo/k Hkh feyrh gS A tSls nkar dk ^nkan* vkSj^ikap* dks ^ikat* mPPkkj.k fd;k tkrk gS A blesa oxZ ds vUr ds gjnwljs v{kj dks mlh oxZ ds igys v{kj esa cny fn;k tkrk gS tSls^BkB* dks ^BkV* dgk tkrk gS A blh izdkj poxZ ds o.kksaZ ls vkjEHkgksus okys 'kCnksa dks nUR; cuk dj cksyk tkrk gS tSls ^pkj* dks ^r~pkj*^tku* dks ^r~tku* A vUr esa ^l* dks ^'k* cksyk tkrk gS % tSls&^n'k*^ch'k* rFkk ^'kkS* vkfn A vUR; ^u* dks Hkh ^.k* esa cny fn;k tkrk gStSls&^iks.k*] ^ik.kh* vkfn A ,sls gh ew/ZU; ^"k* dks ^'k*] ^[k* vFkok ^N*esa cnyk tkrk gS tSls ^ek.k'k*] ^ckSj[kk* vkSj ^ekaN* vkfn A dHkh&dHkh^y* dks ^y* esa tSls esyk ^=k* dks ^p* tSls ^ik=k* dks ^ikp* vkSj ^{ks=k*dks ^[ksp* A blh izdkj ^{k* dks ^[k* tSls ^i{k* dks ^ik[k* dgk tkrk gSA ^;* rFkk ^o* izk;% ^vk* esa ifjofrZr gks tkrs gSa tSls&^;kn* dk ^vkn*vkSj ^okLRks* dk ^vkLrs* A

bl Hkk"kk esa os lHkh rRo gSa tks mPPkkj.k dsfy, vko';d gSa A ;s bl us fHkUUk&fHkUUk lkef;d izHkkoksa vkSj feJ.kksals xzg.k fd, gSa A bleas [kf'k;k rFkk xqtZjh vkfn lHkh izHkko lqjf{krgSa A blds vius fo'ks"k mPPkkj.k] èofu;ka] iz;Ru vkSj xeds gSa tks blslkFk yxus okyh nwljh Hkk"kkvksa ls vyx j[krh gSa A

1-0-2 laKk %

laKk ds ewy rFkk fodkjh nksuksa :Ik gksrs gSa A ;slcy vkSj fucZy nks vU; Hkkxkas esa Hkh ck¡Vh tk ldrh gSa A lcy dsvUr esa ^v* vFkok ^vk* yxk jgrk gS tSls u`.k vFkok y~.k] ?kksM+k rFkkdkxn vkfn A ijUrq fucZy laKk,a O;atukUr gksrh gSa tSls xgkSM~] nkp~vFkok ikp~ vkfn A

330

1-0-3 fyax %

bl esa L=khfyax rFkk iqafYYkx nks gh fyax gksrs gSa A izkf.k;ksads |ksrd iqafYyxksa dks L=khfyax esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy;s laKkvksa esav.k izR;; yx tkrk gS tSls&ukbZ ls uk;.k] ck<+h ls ck<.k vkfn AvdkjkUr vFkok mdkjkUr laKkvksa esa ^bZ* izR;; yx tkrk gS tSlsNksVw&NksVh] pekj&pekjh] ykM+k&ykM+h vkfn A dqN laKk,a L=khfyax esanwljk gh :Ik xzg.k dj ysrh gSa tSls 'kksjk&'kk'kq] csVk&cksgw]HkkbZ&cSg.k] ckck&vEek vkfn A

1-0-4 opu %

fljekSjh esa fgUnh dh rjg nks gh opu gksrs gSa A ,d opurFkk cgqopu A dHkh&dHkh nksuksaa opuksa ds :Ik ,d gh izdkj ds gksrsgSa A tSls ckg~e.k 'kCn cgqopu esa Hkh ckg~e.k gh cksyk tkrk gS ijUrqcs;j dk cgqopu cs;jksa cu tk;sxk A

1-0-5 dkjd %

dkjd Hkh fgUnh ds leku gh gksrs gSa A drkZ eas ,d opu esa fodkj gkstkrk gS vkSj cgqopu esa Hkh A ;g ,d tSlk gh gksrk gS AtSls&ckg~e.k] ckg~e.ksa rFkk gke] gkeas vkfn yxHkx lHkh rn~HkolaKkvkas ds :Ik fgUnh ds leku gksrs gSa] ftl esa ^us* ds LFkku ij^okys* yx tkrk gS tSls xkao okys ^xkao okyksa us* ds LFkku ij fucZyrn~Hko iqafYyax laKkvkas ds dkjd :Ik fljekSjh dh fo'ks"krk gS A drkZds :Ik esa dksbZ :Ik tksM+ fn;k tkrk gS] tSls&^xgkSjs* vFkok ^?kkSjs* ,dopu esa Hkh ^xgkSjs* gksxk vkSj cgqopu esa Hkh xgkSjs vFkok ?kkSjs jgsxk AfucZy rn~Hko L=khfyax laKkvksa dk fodkjh :Ik Hkh Loj dh o`f¼ ls cutkrk gS tSls&^csg.k* dk ,d opu ^csg.ks* cgqopu esa Hkh csg.ks gksaxh A,sls dh drkZ ds vfrfjDr dj.k rFkk vf/dj.k ,dopu rFkk cgqopuksa

331

esa ^,* tksM+us ls cu tkrk gS tSls&ckck ls ckcs (cki }kjk) ^/h* ls^/hj* (iq=kh }kjk) A

foHkfDr;ksa ds vU; :Ik izR;;ksa ds iz;ksx }kjk curs gSatSls&^dks* ds fy, ^[ks* vFkok ^vkxs* ;k ^xs*] ^ls* ds fy, ^nk*] ^ns*]^nh*_ dk] ds] dh ds fy, jk] js] jh_ esa ds fy, ^nk*] ^nh*] eka>]ikans] vkfn A

1-0-6 foHkfDr :Ik %

fljekSjh ds fodkj rFkk dkjd foHkfDr;kafgUnh ds gh leku gksus ls yxHkx lHkh orZeku vkSj laKk 'kCnksa esa,d gh lh foHkfDr;ka yxrh gSa tSls & ^NsMq,* ysjks nh* (cPPkksa us ph[ksaekjha) vFkok ^rkS; jksVh [kkbZ* (rwusa jksVh [kkbZ)] blh izdkj lizR;;drkZ dkjd dk foHkfDr :Ik ;k izR;; ^,* gS tks izR;sd laKk ds vUresa nksuksa fyaxksa esa tksM+k tkrk gS A mijksDr loZukeksa dh Hkkafr ghvizR;; esa loZuke vkSj laKk ds :Ik vifjofrZr jgrs gSa tcfdlizR;; esa ewy :Ik esa Hkh fodkj vk tkrk gS vkSj os 'kCn viusifjofrZr :iksa ds lkFk foHkfDr;ka tksM+rs gSa A deZ dkjd esa loZuke'kCn vius vfUre :Ik esa cnyrs gSa vkSj vUr rd mlds mlh :Ik esafoHkfDr;ka tqM+rh tkrh gSa A bl izdkj loZuke 'kCn deZ dkjd esavizR;;h jgrs gSa A izk;% fljekSjh esa laKk 'kCnksa esa bl dkjd esafoHkfDr ugha yxrh A tSls ^NsM+w nw/ ns* (cPPks dks nw/ nks ) ;k ^NksVh?kkSjs [ks Hkst* (yM+dh dks ?kj Hkstks ) ;gka ^NsM+w* vkSj ^NksVh* ewy :Ikesa gh jgs gSa A ijUrq dHkh&dHkh bl fu;e dh vis{kk Hkh feyrh gS Afo'ks"kdj vdkjkUr laKk 'kCnksa esa ;g fodkj fn[kkbZ nsrk gS]tSls&^dqDdjks [ks jksVh ik* (dqrs dks jksVh nks)* ^ek"Vªks [ks vFkok *ek"VªkschB.kh [ks cksy vFkkZr~ (ekLVj dks cSB.ks dks dg) A bl izdkj dqDdjrFkk ek"Vj laKk 'kCn vdkjkUr gksus ls deZ dkjd ds v/hu vkdkjUrgks x, gSa A d.kZ dkjd esa ^yksbZ* ;k ^yks,* nksuksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh foHkfDrds fy, ds LFkku ij cksyh tkrh gS A lEcU/ dkjd esa ^dk* ^ds* ^dh*ds LFkku ij ^js* ^jh* foHkfDr;ka gksrh gSa A dsoy fut okpd 'kCk~n^vki* (Lo;a) ds lkFk lEcU/ dkjd esa fgUnh ds uk ^uSuh* ds LFkku ij.k] .kS] .kh] yxrh gS A vf/dj.k esa ^esa* vkSj ^ij* fljekSjh esa ^nks* HksatvkSj ^ikans* ik;k tkrk gS A fyax Hksn ds vuqlkj dkjd foHkfDr;ksa dk

332

:Ik lEcU/ dkjd ds vfrfjDr dHkh ugha cnyrk A deZ dkjd esa vkSjdHkh&dHkh lEiznku dkjd esa foHkfDr ^[k* ;k ^[ks* dk iz;ksx Hkh gksrkgS] tSls ^rsbZ [k psabZ*(rq> dks pkfg,) ;k ^rs&bZ psabZ (rq>s pkfg,) A

1-2 dqN laKkvksa ds foHkfDr :Ik

vkdkjkUr iqafYaYkx] xgksM+k (?kksM+k)dkjd ,dopu cgqopudrkZ xgksM+s xgksM+sdeZ xgksM+s [k xgksM+s [kdj.k xgksM+s nk] xgksM+s yksbZlEiznku xgksM+s [ks] xgksM+s jh [kkrjh cgqopu esa Hkhviknku xgksM+s xSnk ,d tSls :IkgksxsalECkU/ xgksMs+ jk] js] jh] jksvf/dj.k xgksM+s ikans] xgksMs+ nk]lEcks/u gs xgksM+s ! gs xksfM+;k !

bZdkjkUr gkFkh (gkFkh)drkZ gkFkh&gkfFk, gkFkh gkfFk,deZ gkFkh] gkFkh [k gkFkh] gkFkh [kdj.k gkFkh yksbZ] gkFkh yks; ,d opu dh rjglEiznku gkFkh [ks ,d opu dh rjgviknku gkFkh xSnk] gkFkh nk ,d opu dh rjglEcU/ gkFkh] jk] js] jh] jks ,d opu dh rjgvf/dj.k gkFkh ikans] gkFkh nk ,d opu dh rjglEcks/u gs gkFkh ! gs gkfFk;ks !ÅdkjkUr laKkvkas tSls&NsMw] NksVw rFkk foPNw vkfn ds :Ik Hkh blhizdkj curs gSa A

bZdkjkUr L=khfyax ^NksVh* (yM+dh vFkok iq=kh)drkZ NksVh] NksfV, NksVh] NksfV,deZ NksVh] NksVh[k NksVh] NksVh[k

333

dj.k NksVh yksbZ] NksVh yks; ,d opu dh rjgviknku NksVh nk] NksVh xSnk] ,d opu dh rjglEcU/ NksVh jk] js] jh] jks ,d opu dh rjgvf/dj.k NksVh ian] NksVh ikans ,d opu dh rjglEcks/u gs NksVh ! gs NksfV;ks !

O;atukUr iqafYaYkx ^?kkSj* (?kj)drkZ ?kkSjs] ?kkSjs ?kkSjs] ?kkSjsdeZ ?kkSjks] ?kkSjks[k ?kkSjks] ?kkSjks[kdj.k ?kkSjks yksbZ] ?kkSjs yks; ,d opu dh rjglEiznku ?kkSjks [ks ,d opu ds gh lekuviknku ?kkSjks ok] ?kkSjks xSnk ,d opu dh rjglEcU/ ?kkSjks jk] ?kkSjks jk] jh] js ,d opu dh rjgvf/dj.k ?kkSjks iank ?kkSjks nk]

?kkSjs esa> ,d opu dh rjglEcks/u gs ?kksj A gs ?kksj A

O;atukUr L=kh fyax ^cSg.k* (cfgu) AdrkZ cSg.k] cSg.ks cSg.ks] cSgf.k,deZ cSg.kh] cSg.kh [k cSg.kks] cSg.kks[kdj.k cSg.kh yksbZ] yks; cSg.kh yksbZ] yks;lEiznku cSg.kh [k] [ks cSg.kh [k] [ksviknku cSg.kh nk] xSnk cSg.kh nk] xSnklEcU/ cSg.kh jk] jks] jh] js cSg.kh jk] jks] jh] jsvf/dj.k cSg.kh ika ns ok cSg.kks ikan nklEcks/u gs cSgf.k, A gs cSgf.k;ks A

blh izdkj xkvks vFkok xk, (xkS) ds :Ik curs gSa A

1-2-1 loZukefljekSjh esa mÙke iq:"k loZuke esa ,d opu esa vgka]

vkgksa] fHk[k] Hkk[k] Hkh[ks] cgqopu esa gke] gkeks[k] eè;e iq:"k esa rw]rkSa;] rk[k] rkbZ[ks rFkk cgq opu esa ^rqe* :Ik gksrk gS A vU; iq:"k esa^lk* :Ik nksuksa :iksa esa gksrk gS A vknj lwpd ^vki* 'kc~n ds LFkku

334

ij lnSo ^rqe* dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A dqN loZukeksa dh foHkfDr;ksads :Ik bl izdkj gSa A

iq:"k okpd mÙke iq:"k ^vgka* (eSa) Adkjd ,d opu cgq opudrkZ gka] vgkas] vkagÅ] U;a] ekS;a gkae] gkaesdeZ eh gkaeksdj.k eh yks;] yksbZ gkaeks yksbZ] gkeksyks;lEiznku eha[k eha[ks] ek[k gkaeks [ksviknku eh xSank] ewa xSank gkaeks xSnklEcU/ esjk] esjks] esjh] esjs Egkjk] Egkjks] Egkjh] Egkjsvf/dj.k ehank] ewank] ehikans] gkeksa iakns cgkekSnk] gkeksikan

iq:"k okpd eè; iq:"k ^rw* (rw)drkZ rw] rkS;a rqe] rqesa] rq,a]deZ rkbZ] rSbZ reks] rqvkSadj.k rkabZnk] rkabZ yksbZ yks; gkeksnk] gkeks yksbZ] yks;lEiznku rkabZ [ks] rkSbZ [ks rqeksa [ks] rqvkS [ksviknku rkabZ xSnk] rsabZ xSank rqeks [ks] rqvkS [kslEcU/ rsjk] rsjh] rsjks] rsjh Rgkjk] Rgkjks] Rgkjh] Rgkjsvf/dj.k rkabZnk] rsbZnk] rkbZikan] rqeks ikan] rqvkS ikan] rqekSnk

rsabZikan] rqvkSank

vU; iq:"k rFkk fu'p; okpd ^bZ* (;g 'kCn)iqafYaYkx L=khfyax

drkZ bZ] ,sf.k,] bZ] bUgsa bZ] bZ,] bZ] bUgsadeZ ,slh] bUgksa bZ;ksa] bUgksadj.k ,slh yksbZ@yks; bUgha yksbZ@yks;] bZ;ksayksbZ@yks;lEiznku ,slh [k@[ks bUgksa [k@[ks] ba;ks[k@[ksviknku ,slh xSnk bUk~gksa xSnk] bZ;ksa xSnklEcU/ ,ljk] jks] jh] js buks jk] jks] jh] js] bZ;ksa

jk] jh] js] jh

335

vf/dj.k ,slnk] ,likan] bUgkSnk] bukSnk] bukSikan] bZ;ksankbUgkSikan b;ksaikan

vU; iq:"k okpd fu'p; okpd lh (og) 'kCk~n AiqafYaYkx L=khfyax,dopu cgqopu ,dopu

cgqopudrkZ lh] ls rsf.k,] lh] ls] frUgsa lh] ls] fr,alh] ls] frUgsadeZ rSlh frUgksa rh vkSfrUgksadj.k rslh yksbZ] yks; frUgksa yksb frvksa yksbZ] yks;iq- cgqopu

yks;dh rjglEiznku rslh[k] [ks frUgks[k] [ks rhvksa [k [ksoghviknku rslh xSnk frUgkas xSnk rhvksa xSnkoghlEcU/ rsljk] jks] jh] js frUgksa jk] rhvks] jk] jks]ogh

jks] jh] js jh] jsvf/dj.k rslhnk] rslh ikan frUgksa nk] rhvksa nk] ikanogh

frUgksaikanvfu'p; okpd 'kCn dqbZ vFkok dq,a (dksbZ) A

fljekSj esa dksbZ ds vFkZ esa dqbZ ;k dq,a 'kc~n iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSa Aftu dk dkjd :Ik dkSu ds vFkZ esa d.k~ dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gS AokD;ksa esa dqbZ vFkok dq,a 'kc~n dk iz;ksx de gh gksrk gSS A tSls] iz'ulwpd ds fy, %& ^dqa, Mksvk ikaMk \* (dksbZ ikj Hkh x;k Fkk \) vFkok^Egkjh ckrks fu ck.knk dq,a uk A* vFkkZr~ gekjh ckrksa dks dksbZ ughatkurk A blh izdkj vfu'p; okpd ^dqN* 'kc~n dk iz;ksx Hkh blhewy :Ik esa lhfer gS A lEcU/ okpd t~ (tks) 'kc~n

336

iaqfyaxL=khfyax

,dopu cgqopu ,dopucgqopudrkZ tw] tsf.k, tw]ftUgs tw] ft;saiqafyax cgqopu dh

rjgdeZ tSlh ftUgksa T;ksaiqafyax cgqopu dh

rjgd.kZ tSlh yksbZ] yks; ftUgksa yksbZ yks; T;ksa yksbZ] yks;iqafyax cgqopu dh

rjglEiznku tSlh [k] tSlh [ks ftUgks[k] [ks ft;ks [k] [ksiqafyax cgqopu dh

rjgviknku tSlh xsnk ftUgksa xSnk ft;ksa xSnkiqafyax cgqopu dh

rjglEcU/ tsljk] jks] js] jh ftUgksajk] T;ksa jk] jks] jh] jsogh

jks] jh] jh]vf/dj.k tSlh nk] tSlh& ftUgksank] ikan ft;ksank] ikanogh

ikan

iz'uokpd dw.k (dkSu) 'kc~n AdrkZ dw.k] dwf.k, dw.k]fdUgsa

337

deZ dkSlhfdUgksadj.k dkSlh yksbZ] yks; fdUgksayksbZ] yks;lEiznku dkSlh [k] [ks fdUgksa[k] [ksviknku dkSlh xSnk fdUgksaxSnklEcU/ dkSlh] jk] jks] jh] js fdUgksa jk]jks] jh] jsvf/dj.k dkSlh nk] dkSlhikan fdUgksank]fdUgksaikan

futokpd vki (Lo;a) 'kc~n AdrkZ vki vkih]vkideZ vkih esa] Hkh vkih;k vkiwa eawdj.k vkih yksbZ] yks; vkihyks;lEiznku vkih] [k] [ks vkiw[k] [ksviknku vkih xSnk vkiwxSnklEcU/ vki.kk] vki.kks vki.ks]vki.khvf/dj.k vkihnkvkihikan('ks"k :Ik lc opuksa vkSj iq:"kksa esa leku gksrs gSa A)

Åij fy[ks mnkgj.kksa ls Li"V gks tkrk gS fd fljekSjh esa eSa] rw] vkSjiz'u okpd ^dkSu* 'kc~nksa ds vfrfjDr lHkh loZuke 'kCk~nksa dkL=khfyax esa :Ik esa cny tkrk gS A tcfd fgUnh esa loZuke 'kc~nksa esafyax fodkj ugha gksrk A ;|fi fgUnh dh Hkkafr fljekSjh esa Hkh loZuke'kc~nksa dk lEcks/u ugha gksrk fdUrq viokn esa dHkh&dHkh ,slk gksrk

338

jgrk gS A tSls ^,syks rw*] vksyk] rw] ^,sjh rw*] vkSj jsrw]* ds vFkksZa esa?kksrd vO;; dh lgk;rk ls iq:"k okpd eè;e iq:" esa fyax Hksndjds lEcks/u dk :Ik izkIr fd;k tkrk gS A og fo'ks"krk dsoy ^rw*'kCk~n esa gh feyrh gS A bldk dkj.k fljekSjh esa ifr iRuh dk ijLIkjuke ls lEcks/u ugha gksrk gS A tks dqN nwjh ij fLFkr laKk ds fy;sfd;k tkrk gS A tSls vks ekbZVw] gs jkeukFk \* fljekSjh esa ^,syk] vksyk*rFkk ^,syh*] vksyh*] 'kc~n ^rw* 'kCk~n ds lkFk tksM+ dk lk/kj.kr;k ifriRuh ds ijLij lEcks/u ds fy, iz;qDr gksrk gS A bl miHkk"kk esa drkZdkjd ds v/hu nks :Ik gSa A tSls vgka] ekS;a] rw] rkSa;] bZ] ,sf.k,] lh]rsf.k,] dw.k] dqf.k, bR;kfn A igyk :Ik orZeku vkSj Hkfo";rdky esavkSj nwljk Hkwrdky esa Ikz;ksx gksrk gS A tSls vgak [kkÅa (EkSa [kkrk gw¡)]vgka [kkÅ,a (eSa [kkÅaxk) rFkk ekS;a [kk;k (eSaus [kk;k) A

1-2-2 fo'ks"k.k

fljekSjh ds fo'ks"k.k yxHkx fgUnh ds fo'ks"k.kksa ds leku ghgksrs gSa A mu esa dksbZ fHkUUkrk ugha gksrh A tSls dkyk vFkok dkyks]lksg.kk vFkok lksg.kks] cqjk vFkok cqjks] fuÅaM+k vFkok uhmavk (uhpk)]mpM+k vFkok mPPkk (Åapk)A mu fo'ks"k.kksa dh tks] laKk ds :Ik esacjrs tkrs gSa laKk ds leku gh foHkfDr;ka curh gSa A fdUrq fo'ks"; dslkFk vkus okys fo'ks"k.kksa esa tks vksdkjkUr vFkok vkSdkjkUr gSa] mudslkFk foHkfDr fpUg ugha yxrs Arqyuk ds fy, ^,lnk* vFkok dHkh&dHkh ^Mk* vkSj lkSHkhnk* iz;qDr fd,tkrs gSa A tSls vPNk] ,lnk] vkPNk] vFkok vkPNM+k vkSj lkSHkh nkvkPNk A dqN fo'ks"k.k bl izdkj gSa % & ,sgjk vFkok bZ'kk (blizdkj)] rsgjk] rsgjks ;k fr'kk (ml izdkj) dsgjks] dsgjk ;k fd'kkvFkok fd'kks (fdl izdkj) tsgjk] tsgjks] ft'kk vFkok rsr.kks vFkokrsrM+k (mruk) dsrk dsrM+k] dsr.kk ;k dsrxks (fdruk) cS.k] tsrM+ktsr.kk ;k tsr.kks (ftruk) A

1-2-3 fdzz;k

339

^vkSlks* orZeku dky dh fdz;k dk :Ik gS A vkslks (gSa) vkSlfn;k;k vkSlfn,] ^vks* lgk;d fdz;k ^jok* (jgk) vFkok ,Fkha (dsoyudkjkRed ds fy,) rFkk Fkk] Fks] fFk,] Fkks;] Hkwrdky esa vkSj yk] xs],] ma, tSls&[kkÅa, @.kk] tk.kk ;k .kks] vkfn Hkfo";r~ ds :Ik gksrs gSatSls vkstks fdz;k ls rhuksa dkyksa ds :Ik ,sls gksaxsorZeku jkeksxs drkc vkSlks (jke ds ikliqLrd gS) AHkwr jkeks xs drkc Fkh (jke ds ikliqLrd Fkh) AHkfo";r~ jkeks xs fdrkc gksyh (jke ds ikliqLRkd gksxh)A

rFkk udkjkRed esa ^jkeksxs drkc fu ,Fkha* A (jke ds ikl iqLRkdugha gS)

1-2-4 vO;; 'kCn

vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dh rjg fljekSjh esa Hkh laKk loZukerFkk fo'ks"k.k 'kCk~nksa ls gh vO;; 'kc~n curs gSa A budk vk/kj HkhlaLd`r rFkk izkd`r vkfn Hkk"kk,a gSa A

1-3 fdz;k fo'ks"k.k

fljekSjh ds dqN fo'ks"k.k bl izdkj gSa %&

1-3-0 LFkku okpd %?kkSjs (lehi)] uhMs+ (fudV)] gwjh txg (vkSj LFkku

ij) A Åck ;k gqok (Åij)] Hkhrj ;k Hkhrjks (vUnj)] ckbZ.Mk(ckgj)] ghrk vFkok ,sFk (;gka)] rsFk (ogka)] tSFk (tgka)] dkSFk(dgka)] gqank (uhps)] gsBs (uhps)] ewys (uhps)] ikans (Åij)] rqyh (uhpsls)] xk'kh (Åij ls)] budk (b/j)] frUgdk (m/j)] fdUgdk ;k

340

dsgj dk (fd/j)] bUnk (blesa) frUnk (mlesa)] vksjk] m.Mk ;kvksjgdk (b/j)] iksjk] iq.Mk ;k iksjg dk (ijs ;k ml vksj] vkxs ;kvkxoS (vkxs)] ihNs ;k ikNos (ihNs)] lkS;s (lh/s ;k nkbZa vkSj)] Msjs(ckbZ vksj)] vjdk] vkjos ;k vk.Mk (vkSj)] ikjdk] ikjok ;k ik.Mk(ikj) A dbZ ,sls fo'ks"k.k Hkh gSa tks fdz;k fo'ks"k.k ds :Ik esa Hkh iz;ksxgksrs gSa A tSls gsBk] <hBk bR;kfn A

1-3-1 dkyokpd %

vkcs (vc)] rkScs] (rc)] dkScs (dc)] gSch (vHkh)]fxjh] rsbZus (fQj)] vkts (vkt)] dg~y (dy)] iksj'kks (ijlksa)] fgtks(igyk dy )] Qjstks (fiNyk ijlksa)] vksjds ;k vcds (bl o"kZ)]iksjds (fiNys o"kZ)] ijkjds] (fiNys ls fiNys o"kZ)] ujkj ds (fiNysls fiNys ls fiNys o"kZ vFkkZr~ pkj o"kZ igys)] Hkh'kks ;k Hkksydh(losjs)] lka>s ;k c~;kys+ ('kke dks)] vkU/js ;k E;kuljh (izkr%dky)nksrh (vkus okys dy) A

1-3-2 Ikfjek.k okpd fdz;k fo'ks"k.k %

HkkSrk (cgqr)] FkksM+k (FkksM+k)] nk.kk[k (tjk lk)] m''kh(cgqr de)] eqDrk (dkQh)] vgksydk (gydk)] Hkkjh ;k xkSjdk(Hkkjh)] ,sr.kk ;k ,srk (bruk)] rSr.kk ;k rSrk (mruk) dSr.kk ;kdSrk (fdruk)] tsr.kk ;k tsrk (ftruk) A

1-3-3 jhfr okpd fdz;k fo'ks"k.k %bZ'kk ;k ,sjk (,slk ;k bl izdkj) fr'kk ;k

rsgjk (ml izdkj ;k oS'k)] fc'kk ;k tsgjk (ftl izdkj) tkf.k;ks(ekuksa)] lwyS (/hjs&/hjs)] fcLrs (vfgLrs ;k nsj ls)] 'kh?kS (rst]tYnh)] lrkch (rsth+ ls)] pk.kd (vpkud)] NkSfy;ks (gSjkuh ls ;kvpkud)] ,dhcsjh (,d gh ckj)] >sV] 'kV~V (>V ls) vkih (Lo;a)A

fu'p; okpd %

341

t:j (vo';)] lkph (lpeqp)] fBDdk ;kfBDdks (T;ksa gh ;k lgh)] HkkSyk (cs'kd) A

vfu'p; okpd % dk tkf.k (dnkfpr~) A

LohdkjkRed %vkgks] gkEcS (gka)] lkph (lp gS) A gksj (gka] lp) A

fu"ks/kRed %uk] Hkkt ;k ektkjks (er) uk] uh] (ugha) A

lEcU/ cks/d %rsbZ,s] rksabZ (okLrs)] lk,] lkbZ (tSlk] ln`';)] rwM+h (rd)]

lq/s (lesr)] xkS;yh (lkFk) [kkrjh (ds fy,] [kkfrj)] fcuk (cxSj) A

3-3-4 ;kstd %gksj] gks (vkSj)] ^ch* (Hkh] vkSj)] ts (;fn)] ds

(D;ksafd)] rkS] rkScs (rc] blhfy,)] ds (;k)] dkSf.k[k] dkSfn[k (fdlfy,)] ij (fdUrq)] rkScs ch (rks Hkh)] uh rks (ugha rks) A vkSj ds vFkZesa fljekSjh esa nks 'kCk~n gSa igyk ^gksj* vFkok ^jkS* vkSj nwljk ^ch* A nks;k vf/d 'kcnksa dks ;ksftr djus ds fy, ,d 'kc~n ds :Ik esa jkS]^gksjs* iz;qDr gksxk A vkSj izR;sd 'kc~n ds lkFk vyx&vyx dj lcdk tksM+us okys vO;; ds :Ik esa Hkh iz;qDr gksxk A tSls] fugkyw]n;kyw jkS ekfB;k Mks xks, (fugkyw] n;kyw vkSj ekfB;k pys x;s) rFkkfugkyw ch] ekfB;k ch n~gus Mks xks, (fugkyw] vkSj ekfB;k nksuksa pysx;s) A ;gka ^ch* 'kCn ^Hkh* vFkZ vf/d nsrk gS A

1-3-5 |ksrd vO;;

vfgYyk (vkgk) ckSvk HkkbZ cksvk (okg HkbZ okg)]'kksd % vksfgYyk (gk vk)] nsÅok (gknso)] jke jke (gjs jke)] gks

vks] bR;kfn AfrjLdkj % Nh_ Nw_ QVdkj ALohdkj % rks (vPNk Bhd gS)] gkEcs (gka ;g Bhd gS)] vkgks (gka) A

342

vk'p;Z % vkPNk ! vksgyk ! xTTkc ! vksg rsjk ;k vksg rsjh AfoLe;kfn Hkko |ksrd inksa esa iw.kZ rFkk vfHkO;Dr ugha gks ikrs A vRk%

fljekSjh esa bl {ks=k esa vf/d 'kc~n ugha gSa A dsoy O;fDr dh HkkoHkafxek gh iw.kZ vFkZ dk |ksrd gksrh gS tks fcuk fdlh èofu ds ^g*tSls v{kj ds lkFk izdV gksrh gS A bl esa v{kj fo'ks"k ds LFkku]iz;Ru vkSj 'okl ij gh tksj fn;k tkrk gS AfljekSjh Hkk"kk dk oS;kdjf.kd :Ik lS¼kfUrd n`f"V ;s fgUnh tSlk gh gSA ;|fi bl Hkk"kk esa vHkh rd O;kdj.k dh 'kq¼rk vkSj ifjektZu ughagqvk A bl Hkk"kk dh fo'ks"krk bl ds okD;&fuekZ.k fof/ esa fufgr gS]O;kdj.k esa ugha tSls fd vU; yksd Hkk"kkvksa dh A ^,slh yksd Hkk"kk,aiMkS+lh fuekZ.k 'kSyh ls izHkkfor gksrh gSa A fljekSjh if'peh igkM+h dhmiHkk"kkvksa rFkk if'peh fgUnh ls izHkkfor gS A

(milagkj)

^^fljekSjh yksd lkfgR; esa nSo laLd`fr** uked 'kh"kZd ds bl 'kks/izcU/ fy[kus ls vfHkizk; lqn`M+rk ls fopkj djrs gq, mu lHkh:<+hoknh ,oa ijEijkxr rF;ksa ij n`f"Vikr djuk vkSj mUgha rF;kas dksnSo laLd`fr ds fo"k; esa lR; ekuk tkrk pkfg, tks 'kkL=klEk~Ur gks Ablh fo"k; ls lEcaf/r gj ml isgyq dks mlds okLrfod Lo:Ik dk'kks/ dj fct fc[kkjus dk iz;kl dj ikBdks ds lEeq[k izLrqr djukgh bl 'kks/ izcU/ dk eq[; y{; j[kk x;k gS A nsoHkwfe fgekpy esafLFkr ftyk fljekSj] ;gka ds yksxksa esa izpfyr fjfr]fjokt [kku&iku]jgu&lgu laLdkj] R;kSgkj] nSoh; vkLFkk] eSys ,sfrgkfld rFkk

343

n'kZuh; LFkku] ;gka ij fLFkr fnO; nsoh&nsorkvksa ds efUnj ;gka ijizpfyr fdaeonfUr;ka] nUr dFkkvksa ds lgkjs ls pyh ;gka dh izfl)nsoh&nsorkvksa dh dFkk,a] fj'rs&ukrs lEcU/] vkfn lHkh fo"k;ksa dksxgurk ls v/;;u djrs gq, 'kks/ dk eq[; fo"k; ;gka dh lkekftdvkLFkk ftlesa nSoh; vkLFkk dh cgqyrk gS ftls nSo laLd`fr dgk x;kgS A bl fo"k; dk xHkhajrk iwoZd fofHkUUk LFkkuksa ds nsoh&nsorkvksa rFkkmuds efUnjksa dh izpfyr dFkkvksa dks laxzfgr fd;k x;k gS] ykSfddlaLd`fr ;k lkfgR; vkSj oSfnd laLd`fr ;k oSfnd lkfgR; esa 'kks/ladyu dk eq[; dsUnz fcUnq fljEkkSj dk eq[; efUnj Hkwjs'oj egknsogS tgka nsork dh bgyksfdd [ksy ds nkSjku efUnj ds ik'Zo Hkkx esafLFkr f'kyk fo'ks"k ij v/Zjkf=k ds le; Nykax yxrh gS A bldk;FkklEHko oSfnd lkfgR; vkSj ykSfdd lkfgR; [kkst dj fudkyus dkiz;Ru fd;k x;k gS A fo'ks"k [kkst ds ckn laLd`r ,oa ÅnwZ dh iqLrdksadk Hkh fo'ks"k lgkjk fy;k x;k gS] ftlesa 'kCn dh mRifr] :<+hoknh'kCnksa dk iz;ksx Hkh Li"V djus dk iz;Ru fd;k x;k gS A ;Fkk lEHko:<+h;ksa dks nwj djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS tks ijEijkxr :Ik ,d'kSyh gksus ds dkj.k yksd lkfgR; ds :Ik esa izpfyr gks tkrh gS tSlsblh 'ksk/ ds eq[; v/;k; tks fljekSjh ^^oSfnd dky esa nSo laLd`fr**dj ds fy[kk x;k gS] esa ^HkwfjJ`ax* 'kCn dks Hkwfjflga] Hkwjf'kax] Hkwfjf'kxkavkfn vuds 'kCnksa ds :Ik esa izpfyr gks x;k gS ,oa blesa ;ksxn'kZu lsHkh vfHkizk; mu :<+h;ksa dks gVkuk gS tks ;gka nsork ds bgykSfdd[ksy esa izpfyr gks x;k tSls nsork dks ykSfdd [ksy ds :Ik esa HkkbZvkSj cgu dk ekudj nsork vkSj nsoh ;k nsgh ekrk dguk tcfd'kjhj ;k nsg ftls nso dgk x;k gS vkSj 'kjhjh] vkRek ;k nsgh dgktkrk gS] ;gh HkzkfUr nwj djus ds ;ksx lw=kksa ,oa laLd`r O;kdj.k]fu:Dr dk lgkjk ysdj bls iw.kZr% fl) djus dk iz;Ru fd;k x;kgS A blh izdkj fljekSjh yksd lkfgR; esa gh ugha vfirq Hkkjrh;lkfgR; esa nSo laLd`fr esa fofHkUu izdkj ls tkuh tkrh gS ftlesa dbZfdaeonfUr;k] :<+h;k] HkzkfUr;k vkfn dqN Hkh dg yks tks lkekftdLrj Ikj QSyh gqbZ gS tks 'kks/ ds )kjk gh lgh vkdafyr gh tk ldrhgS A fljekSj ftyk esa fofHkUu nsoh&nsorkvksa ds efUnj muls tqM+hdkj&izFkk,a ijEijk,a vkSj vU; ekU;rk,a ds vkLFkk fo'okl dk vVwVxBcU/ gS mls osn] 'kkL=k] ykSfdd lkfgR;] iqjk.k vkSj vU;izkekf.kdrkvksa dks laxzfgr dj rF;e;h cukus dks iz;Ru fd;k x;k gS