ideology and activism

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A CONSIDERATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IDEOLOGY AND ACTIVISM IN THE BLACK NATIONALIST MOVEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THE RISE AND FALL OF THE GREENSBORO ASSOCIATION OF POOR PEOPLE THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ATLANTA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLME NT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS BY CLAUDE W. BARNES, JR. DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE ATLANTA, GEORGIA DECEMBER, 1981

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7/26/2019 Ideology and Activism

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A CONSIDERATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IDEOLOGY ANDACTIVISM IN THE BLACK NATIONALIST MOVEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THE

RISE AND FALL OF THE GREENSBORO ASSOCIATION OF POOR PEOPLE

THESIS

SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ATLANTA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIALFULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF

ARTS

BYCLAUDE W. BARNES, JR.

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

ATLANTA, GEORGIADECEMBER, 1981

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DEDICATION

T!" #$"!" !" %$%!&'#$% #( )* )(#$+ F(+$-&$ B'+-$", )* -&$ J(- T. B+((/"!+$ '-%)* '-# E!0'$# D. B+((/"!+$

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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ABSTRACT

BARNES, CLAUDE W., J+. B.A. N(+# C'+(!-' A T S#'#$U-!4$+"!#*, G+$$-"(+(, N(+#

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C'+(!-', J*, 199

A C(-"!%$+'#!(- (2 #$ R$'#!(-"!3 B$#6$$- I%$((7* '-% A&#!4!") I- #$ B'&/ N'#!(-'!"# M(4$)$-#: A C'"$ S#%* (2 #$ R!"$ '-% F' (2 #$ G+$$-"(+( A""(&!'#!(-(2 P((+ P$(3$

A%4!"(+": P+(2$""(+ E'+ P!&'+%  D+. W!!') H. B((-$

T$"!" %'#$%: D$&$)$+, 1981

T$ G+$$-"(+( A""(&!'#!(- (2 P((+ P$(3$ ;GAPP< 6'" (-$ (2 #$ )("#

!-2$-#!' B'&/ 3(!#!&' (+7'-!0'#!(-" #( $)$+7$ 2+() #$ C(-#$)3(+'+* B'&/

 N'#!(-'!"# M(4$)$-# (2 #$ '#$ =>" '-% $'+* >". U-2(+#-'#$*, 3("#?&!4! +!7#"

!#$+'#+$ '+$* +$&(7-!0$% #$ (+7'-!0'#!(-" $@!"#$-&$. T!" "#%* 2!" ' 4(!% !- #$

!#$+'#+$ * 3+$"$-#!-7 '- '-'*"!" (2 #$ !)3'&# (2 &(-2!&#!-7 !%$((7!$" (- #$ +!"$ '-%

2' (2 GAPP '" '- !-#$7+' &()3(-$-# (2 #$ )(4$)$-#. T$ )'5(+ 2!-%!-7 (2 #$ "#%* !"

#'# #$ "#+77$ 2(+ !%$((7!&' $7$)(-* $#6$$- B'&/ P(6$+, P'-?A2+!&'-!"), '-%

M'+@!") 3+$4$-#$% #$ &(-"!%$+'#!(- (2 #$(+$#!&' '-% 3!("(3!&' 3+($)" !- #$

)(4$)$-# '-% #$+$2(+$ &(-#+!#$% "!7-!2!&'-#* #( #$ %$)!"$ (2 3("#?&!4! +!7#"

'&#!4!").

I- (+%$+ #( '&&$"" #$ !)3'&# (2 &(-2!&#!-7 !%$((7!$" (- #$ +!"$ '-% 2' (2 GAPP

#$ "#%* $@')!-$" #$ !%$((7!&' "#+&#+$ (2 #$ C(-#$)3(+'+* B'&/ N'#!(-'!"#"

M(4$)$-# '-% #$- #+'&$" #$ (+7'-!0'#!(-" %$4$(3)$-# -%$+ #$ 7!%'-&$ (2 #+$$

%!22$+$-# !%$((7!&' 3$+"3$&#!4$".

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#$ -$6"3'3$+ 2!$" (2 #$ C'+(!-' P$'&$)'/$+ (2 G+$$-"(+(, N(+# C'+(!-'.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

C'3#$+ 

I. I-#+(%&#!(- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

II. A- O4$+4!$6 (2 #$ I%$((7!&' S#+&#+$ (2 #$C(-#$)3(+'+* B'&/ N'#!(-'!"# M(4$)$-#: F(&"

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O- #$ R'%!&' T+$-% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

III. B'&/ P(6$+, B'&/ A&#!4!") '-% #$ R!"$ (2 #$G+$$-"(+( A""(&!'#!(- (2 P((+ P$(3$ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

IV. P'-?A2+!&'-!"), M'+@!")?L$-!-!")'-% #$ F' (2 #$ G+$$-"(+( A""(&!'#!(-(2 P((+ P$(3$ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

V. C(-&"!(- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

PART ICHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

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+($ !- #$ %$"#+&#!(- (2 J!) C+(6 "$7+$7'#!(- !- #$ S(#,9 6!$ #$ B'&/ N'#!(-'!"#

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)(4$)$-# +$&$!4$ "( !##$ !2 '-* $-$2!#"

LITERATURE REVIEW

9 C. V'-- W((%6'+%, T$ S#+'-7$ C'+$$+ (2 J!) C+(6 ;N$6 Y(+/: O@2(+% U-!4$+"!#* P+$"", 19<.> 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 A%(3 R$$%, B'&/ P'+#!&'+!#* R$&(-"!%$+$%, T$(", N(. 9 ;S3+!-7 199<, 33 1?9. M'--!-7M'+'$, B'&/ N'#!(-'!") !- #$ 19>": T+(7 #$ P+!") (2 R'&$ '-% C'"", S(&!'!"# R$4!$6, V(.1>, N(". '-% ;M'+&?J-$ 198><, 33. 9?9=. L$"#$+ T+(6, T$ $+(?S) S(&!$#*: D!"#+!#!(- '-%#$ P(""!!!#!$" 2(+ E&(-()!& C'-7$ ;N$6 Y(+/: P$-!- B((/", 1981<, 33. 1=?1=.

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CHAPTER

AN OVERVIEW OF THE IDEOLOGICAL STRUCTRUREOF THE CONTEMPORARY BACK NATIONALIST MOVEMENT:

FOCUS ON THE RADICAL TREND

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PART

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CHAPTER

BLACK POWER, BLACK ACTIVISM

AND THE RISE OF THE GREENSBORO ASSOCIATION OF POOR PEOPLE

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CHAPTER

PAN?AFRICANISM, MARISM?LENINISMAND THE FALL OF THE GREENSBORO ASSOCIATION OF POOR PEOPLE

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 3(!#!&' '&#!4!") !- #$ &!#* (2 G+$$-"(+(, #$ "#'#$ (2 N(+# C'+(!-', '-% !- #$ +('%$+

-'#!(-'!"# )(4$)$-#.

W$+$'" #$ $7$)(-* (2 P'-?A2+!&'-!") 6'" $"#'!"$% !- GAPP #+(7

%!"&""!(-" '-% (3$- &(-"#'#!(-, #$ $7$)(-* (2 M'+@!") 3+(&$$%$% !- #$ (33("!#$

)'--$+. P'-?A2+!&'-!") +("$ #( #$ 7!%!-7 3$+"3$&#!4$ #+(7 !-#$+-' '-% $@#$+-'

%!"&""!(-". H(6$4$+, 6$- 6$ ((/ '# (6 M'+@!")?L$-!-!") &')$ #( %()!-'#$ #$ !2$

(2 #$ (+7'-!0'#!(- !# !" )(+$ '&&+'#$ #( %$"&+!$ #$ 3+(&$"" '" -%$)(&+'#!& '-% )(+$

(+ $"" 2(+&$%. T$+$ 6$+$ #+$$ "'!$-# %$4$(3)$-#" #'# $3 $@3'!- (6 P'-?

A2+!&'-!") 6'" +$3'&$% * M'+@!")?L$-!-!") ')(-7 #$ N(+# C'+(!-' N'#!(-'!"#":

F!+"#, O6" S'%'/'!" #+!3 #( A2+!&' '-% !" %!"&""!(-" 6!# $'%$+" (2 A2+!&'-

L!$+'#!(- M(4$)$-#" S$&(-%*, #$ $4(4$)$-# (2 6'# 6(% $ &'$% #$

R$4(#!(-'+* W(+/$+" L$'7$ ;RWL<, '-% '"#* #$ 3(!#!&' !-$ (+ 3+(7+') 3+"$% *

RWL. T!" )("# &+!#!&' 3$+!(% !- GAPP" !"#(+* $7'- -$'+ #$ $-% (2 19 '-%

&(-&%$" 6!# #$ 4!+#' %!"'33$'+'-&$ (2 #$ (+7'-!0'#!(- * 19.

 N$"(- J(-"(-, #'3$% !-#$+4!$6, G+$$-"(+(, N(+# C'+(!-' J'-'+* , 1981.

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D+!-7 #$ "))$+ (2 191, O6" S'%'/! 6'" '(6$% #( 4!"!# 3'+#" (2 !$+'#$%

M(0')!$ '-% $% %!"&""!(-" 6!# S')(+' M!&$ (2 FRELIMO. T$ '"!& &(-#$-#"

(2 #$ %!"&""!(-" +$4(4$% '+(-% #$ $"#!(-: H(6 &(% A2+!&'-" !4!-7 !- A)$+!&'

;A2+(?A)$+!&'-"< $"# &(-#+!#$ #( #$ "&&$"" (2 A2+!&'- L!$+'#!(- M(4$)$-#"

S')(+' M!&$ '-% (#$+ $'%$+" (2 A2+!&'- L!$+'#!(- M(4$)$-#" "77$"#$% #'# B'&/

 3$(3$ !- A)$+!&' &(% $"# '!% #$ "#+77$ !- A2+!&' * &(-#+!#!-7 #( #$ %$2$'# (2

U-!#$% S#'#$" !)3$+!'!").=  W$- O6" +$#+-$% #( #$ U-!#$% S#'#$" #$ !%$' 2(+

A2+!&'- L!$+'#!(- D'* 6'" (+- '-% #$ A2+!&'- L!$+'#!(- S33(+# C())!##$$ 6'"

&+$'#$%. M(+$(4$+, ' -)$+ (2 #$ 3+$4!(" '"")3#!(-" (2 P'-?A2+!&'-!") 6$+$

&'$-7$%. T6( *$'+" '#$+ '# #$ 19 ALSC &(-2$+$-&$ O6" 6(% $@3'!- #$

!)3'&# (2 !" #+!3" #( A2+!&' '" 2((6":

I "$% #( '4$ #$ "')$ 3("!#!(- '" K6'%6( #'# 6$4$7(# #( !$+'#$ A2+!&' '-% #$- 6$ 6! $ 2+$$.I# 6'" +$4(#!(-'+!$" !- A2+!&' 6( +(7# )$#( "$$ #'# #'# 6'"-# #+$. I# 6'" )* %!"&""!(-"W!# 3$(3$ !- M(0')!$ '-% 3+(7+$""!4$P$(3$ !- T'-0'-!', #'# &(-4!-&$% )$ #'# #!"

6'" ' )*"#!&' '-'*"!" '# $"# '-% #'# #$!$+'#!(- (2 A2+!&' 6(% &()$ (-* #+(7 #6( 3+(&$""$".

T$ 2!+"# !" #$ 3+(&$"" (2 (#+!7# "#+77$'7'!-"# !)3$+!'!"), (2 6!& 6$ '+$ ' &+!#!&' 3'+#.

T$ "$&(-%!" #'# +$4(#!(-" &()$ '(# $&'"$ (2 !-%!7$-("# )(4$)$-#" (2 #$ 3$(3$#(6'+%" +$4(#!(-'+* "#+77$. 

O6" $7'- #( (% %!"&""!(-" (- #$ "!7-!2!&'-&$ (2 !" #+'4$" #+(7 A2+!&' '-% #$

!)!#'#!(-" (2 #$ P'-?A2+!&'- 3$+"3$&#!4$ 6$+$ "()$6'# $'(+'#$%. A" ' +$"# (2 #$"$

= O6" S'%'/'!, P$+"(-' !-#$+4!$6, A3+! 1=, 1981. O6" S'%'/'!, P("!#!(- S#'#$)$-#, A2+!&'- W(+%, J*, 19.

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!-!#!' %!"&""!(-" #$ G+$$-"(+( C($&#!4$ (+ #$ $'%!-7 (%* (2 #$ NCN, $7'- #(

"$+!("* "#%* M'+@!")?L$-!-!").8 

T$ G+$$-"(+( C($&#!4$ #+'-"2(+)$% !#"$2 !-#( ' M'+@!"#"?L$-!-!"# "#%* 7+(3

-$'+ #$ $7!--!-7 (2 19. M(+$(4$+, !# $7'- #( &("$ !#" +'-/ '-% 3'&$ !)!#" (- 6(

&(% $(-7 #( #$ "#%* 7+(3. S$4$+' $'%!-7 )$)$+" '-% )("# (2 #$ +'-/ '-% 2!$

(2 GAPP 6$+$ -(# '"/$% #( $&()$ ' 3'+# (2 #$ M'+@!"# "#%* &!+&$ $4$- #(7

%$&!"!(-" 6$+$ $!-7 )'%$ #'# '22$&#$% ' (+7'-!0'#!(-" &(-#+($% * #$ NCN. T$

$)+*(-!& M'+@!"# (+7'-!0'#!(- 2$# #'# )("# (2 #$ )$)$+"!3 (2 GAPP 6'" #((

&())!##$% #( 3+$4!(" !%$((7!&' %!"3("!#!(-" #( 3$+2(+) $22$&#!4$* !- #$ -$6

(+7'-!0'#!(-. F+#$+)(+$, #$ $@!"#$-&$ (2 #$ (+7'-!0'#!(- 6'" "33("$% #( $ ' 6$

/$3# "$&+$#.9  L$'%$+"!3 (2 #$ -$6 (+7'-!0'#!(- 2$# #'# )'-* 3'"# "33(+#$+" &(% -(#

'33+$&!'#$ M'+@!") '-% #$+$2(+$ #$ $@!"#$-&$ (2 #$ (+7'-!0'#!(- 6'" -(# 3!&*

'&/-(6$%7$% -#! $'+* 19.> 

E4$- #(7 #$ M'+@!"# (+7'-!0'#!(- 6'" -(# 3!& )'-* 3'"# "33(+#$+" (2 #$

 N(+# C'+(!-' N'#!(-'!"#" $7'- #( %+!2# '6'*. M'-* +'-/ '-% 2!$ )$)$+" (2 GAPP

 2(+ $@')3$, /-$6 #'# "()$#!-7 6'" 7(!-7 (- '-% )'-* 2$# )'-!3'#$%. 1 

A2#$+ #$ 2(+)'#!(- (2 #$ (+7'-!0'#!(- !# 6'" +$&(7-!0$% #'# #$ )'--$+ !- 6!& #$

(+7'-!0'#!(- 6'" 2(+)$% 6'" ' "$+!(" )!"#'/$. A" $'+* '" J-$, 19 #$ (+7'-!0'#!(-

6(% '%)!#:

8 S3+', 33.=?>.9 T$ (+7'-!0'#!(- 6'" &+$'#$% #+(7 #6( $4$" (2 "!)#'-$(" %$4$(3)$-#". I- G+$$-"(+(, #$(+7'-!0'#!(- 6'" &()3("$% 3+!)'+!* (2 )$)$+" (2 YOBU #$ (+7'-!0'#!(- $"#'!"$% &(-#'&# 6!#"!)!'+ B'&/ M'+@!"# $$)$-#" '-% 2(+)$% ' $2# 2'&#!(- 6!#!- ALSC. A -'#!(-' B'&/ M'+@!"#(+7'-!0'#!(- 6!# (&' &'3#$+" !- "$4$+' &!#!$" 6'" 2(+)$% #+(7 #$ "$&+$# )$+7$+ (2 YOBU, MLU,P$(3$" C($7$, '-% #$ L*-- E"'- I-"#!##$. S$$ 2(+ $@')3$, T$ O+7'-!0'#!(-" C++$-# T'"/,M'* D'*, 1 ; M'*?J-$, 19<, G+$$-"(+(, N(+# C'+(!-'.> C2. R$"(#!(- (- P!& E@!"#$-&$ (2 #$ O+7'-!0'#!(-, M'* D'*, ; J'-'+* , 19< '-%R$4(#!(-'+* W(+/$+" L$'7$ S#'#$)$-# (2 P+!-&!3$", RWL, G+$$-"(+(, N(+# C'+(!-', F$+'+*,19.1 R(""$' J'++$, 3$+"(-' !-#$+4!$6.

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D+!-7 #!" 3$+!(% )$)$+" (2 #$ $'%$+"!3 (2 YOBU,MLU '-% #$ L*-- E"'- I-"#!##$ "(7# #( +$"(4$ 3+($)" (2 !-$, (+7'-!0'#!(- 2(+), '-% "#+'#$7*6!#(# !-4(4!-7 #$ +'-/ '-% 2!$ (+ #("$ (+7'-!0'#!(-".I# 6'" ' 3$+!(% !- 6!& )'-* &()+'%$" +$&$!4$% !##$ (+ -(7!%'-&$ '-% %!+$&#!(-, !##$ (+ -( !-2(+)'#!(- (- #$$"#!(-" -%$+ %!"&""!(-, '-% '% !##$ (+ -( (33(+#-!#*#( &(-#+!#$ #( #$ %!"&""!(- '-% )'/$ %$&!"!(-". 

D$"3!#$ #$ '(4$ '&/-(6$%7$)$-# #$ (+7'-!0'#!(- &(-#!-$% #( 3" 3$(3$ '6'* '-%

!"('#$ !#"$2 2+() #$ &(-&$+-" (2 B'&/ 3$(3$ !- A)$+!&'. D+!-7 #!" 3$+!(% #$ )'!-

'&#!4!#!$" (2 #$ (+7'-!0'#!(- )'-* &(-"!"#$% (2 )'+'#(- !-#$+-' )$$#!-7". A&&(+%!-7 #(

#$ $'%$+"!3, #$ )'5(+ ("#'&$ 3+$4$-#!-7 #$ "&&$"" 2(+ !#" (+7'-!0'#!(-' $22(+#" 6'"

#$ (+7$(!" !%$((7* 3(""$""$% * #$ )$)$+"!3. C(-"$$-#*, (-7 (+" '-%

&(-#$"" )$$#!-7" 6$+$ %$4(#$% #( !%$((7!&' +$)(%!-7 #+(7 &+!#!&!") '-% "$2

&+!#!&!"). A(-7 6!# &+!#!&!"), #$ $'%$+"!3 (2 #$ (+7'-!0'#!(- 6(% %$&'+$ #'#

(+7'-!0!-7 6(+/$+" !- 2'&#(+!$" '-% $&()!-7 ' )$)$+ (2 #$ +$4(#!(-'+* 3+($#'+!'#

6'" #$ )("# !)3(+#'-# '&#!4!#* 2(+ #("$ &(-&$+-$% 6!# 2-%')$-#' &'-7$ !- "(&!$#*.

W!$ #$ )(4$ #( M'+@!") $7'- '" ' 7$-!-$ '##$)3# #( 7( $*(-% #$

!)!#'#!(-" (2 P'-?A2+!&'-!"), !- +$'!#* #$ (33("!#$ $22$&# 6'" '&!$4$%. A&&(+%!-7 #(

#$ -$6 3$+"3$&#!4$, #$ 3+$4!(" 6(+/ (2 (+7'-!0'#!(-" !/$ GAPP '-% ALSC 6'" -(#

&(-"!%$+$% )$'-!-72, P+($#'+!'-!0'#!(- (+ 7$##!-7 ' 5( !- #$ 2'&#(+* '-% (+7'-!0!-7

6(+/$+" 6'" &(-"!%$+$% #$ (-* 6(+#6!$ '&#!4!#*. C(-"$$-#*, #$ N(+# C'+(!-'

 N'#!(-'!"#" 6!#%+$6 2+() GAPP '-% $# #$ (+7'-!0'#!(- "22$+ 2+() -$7$&#. B* 19,

GAPP $-#$+$% ' 3$+!(% (2 "$+!(" %$&!-$ 2+() 6!& !# 6(% -$4$+ +$&(4$+. T$ (4$+'

%$&!-$ (2 (-$ (2 #$ )("# %*-')!& '&/ 3(!#!&' (+7'-!0'#!(-" !- #$ &(-#$)3(+'+*

)(4$)$-# 6'" !#$ -(#!&$'$ '-% '- !-#$+-' %(&)$-# 6(% 3(!-# (# #$ 2((6!-7:

 T$ O+7'-!0'#!(-" C++$-# T'"/, 33. E. S$$ 2(+ $@')3$, O4$+4!$6, -3!"$% !-#$+-' $4''#!(-" (2 #$ $2# 2'&#!(-, G+$$-"(+(, N(+#C'+(!-', 19. I!%., 3..

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GAPP !" '# ' (6 3(!-#: 6$ '4$ -( )(-$* #$+$ !"-( 3+(7+') #$ ('+% !" &(-2"$%, %!"(+7'-!0$% '-%6$'/ #$ "#'22 !" 4!+#'* -(-?$@!"#$-#. T$ %$4$(3)$-#(2 #!" "$# (2 -%$"!+'$ &!+&)"#'-&$" '" &()$ 3(- GAPP 7+'%'*. O+%$&'* '-% %!"!-#$7+'#!(- '" $$- "$$- * $4$+* (-$ !- #$ '"# *$'+ .

A#(7 #$ %$&!-$ (2 GAPP 6'" 7$-$+'* +$&(7-!0$%, #!" %!% -(# )$'- #'# $22(+#"

6(% $ 3+()(#$% #( +$4!4$ #$ (+7'-!0'#!(-. A )'5(+!#* (2 #$ $'%!-7 )$)$+" (2 RWL

4!$6$% #$ %$&!-$ (2 #$ (+7'-!0'#!(- '" 3("!#!4$ (&&++$-&$. T!" )'5(+!#* 2$# #'#

)'!-#'!-!-7 GAPP 6'" '- --$&$""'+* +%$- '-% %!% -(# 3+()(#$ #$ -$6 2(&" (2 #$

M'+@!"# O+7'-!0'#!(-. T$ M'+@!"# (+7'-!0'#!(- 6(% -(# +$&(7-!0$ #$ 3+(2(-% $++(+

#'# 6'" $!-7 &())!##$% -#! !# 6'" #(( '#$.

I- "(+#, #$ 3$+!(% (2 M'+@!"# $7$)(-* (+ %()!-'#!(- +(7# #$ +$'#!4$*

&()3$#$ '#+(3* (2 GAPP. T$ (+7'-!0'#!(- 6'" '$ #( &(-#!-$ 6!# )!-(+ 3+(5$&#"

 # !# 6(% -$4$+ $'% )'""!4$ 3$'4'" '-% &')3'!7-" '7'!-.=  B* 19, #$

(+7'-!0'#!(-' '&#!4!#* &(-"!"#$% %$4$(3!-7 ' 2$6 3+$"" "#'#$)$-#" (- "$$&#$% !""$".

T$ (-&$ "* GAPP (22!&$ 6'" "# %(6- '-% #$ (-* +$)-'-#" (2 #$ (+7'-!0'#!(- '+$

#$ GAPP 2!$" ("$% '# U+ ((/"#(+$. W!$ #$ M'+@!"#" 6! -(# '%)!# #$ +($

#'# )$&'-!&' M'+@!") 3'*$% !- #$ %$"#+&#!(- (2 GAPP, '- '-'*"!" (2 #$ $4(#!(-

(2 #$ (+7'-!0'#!(- -%$+ #$ 7!%'-&$ (2 )$&'-!&' M'+@!") '+$ '"( +$"3(-"!$ 2(+ !#"

%$)!"$.

 N$"(- J(-"(-, A P+(3("' 2(+ ' N$6 T+"#?19 '-% B$*(-%, -3!"$% %!"&""!(- 3'3$+,G+$$-"(+(, N(+# C'+(!-', 19, 3. 1.= C2. G'33 O- R$4$-$ S'+!-7, C'+(!-' P$'&$)'/$+ , J'-'+* ,19.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

A7'!-, #$ 2-%')$-#' $"#!(- 3("$% * #!" #$"!" !": W'# 6'" #$ !)3'&# (2

&()3$#!-7 !%$((7!$" (- #$ +!"$ '-% 2' (2 #$ G+$$-"(+( A""(&!'#!(- (2 P((+ P$(3$

P# '-(#$+ 6'*, #!" "#%* 6'" &(-&$+-$% 6!# %$"&+!!-7 #$ %*-')!&" $#6$$- !%$((7*

'-% '&#!4!") '" #$* -2(%$% !- #$ $4(4$)$-# (2 (-$ +'%!&' '&/ 3(!#!&' (+7'-!0'#!(-

!- #$ 3("#?&!4! +!7#" $+'. I- (+%$+ #( '%%+$"" #!" $"#!(- #$ "#%* 3+$"$-#$% '-

$@')!-'#!(- (2 #$ !%$((7!&' "#+&#+$ (2 #$ C(-#$)3(+'+* B'&/ N'#!(-'!"#

)(4$)$-#. T!" #$(+$#!&' %!"&""!(- 6'" 2((6$% * ' +$&'3!#'#!(- (2 GAPP"

$4(#!(- '-% %$4$(3)$-#" !- #$ C(-#$)3(+'+* '&/ M(4$)$-# '" ' 6($. GAPP"

+$'#!(-"!3 6!# #$ '+7$+ )(4$)$-# 6'" +$4$'$% !- #$ 3+(&$""$" #'# $'% #( )'5(+

"!2#" !- !%$((7!&' 3$+"3$&#!4$". T$ (+7'-!0'#!(- #+(7 !#" $'%$+"!3 6'" ' 4!7(+("

 3'+#!&!3'-# !- #$ %$'#$" '-% %!"&""!(-" #'# $'% #( #$ !%$((7!&' "!2#" #'# (&&++$% !-

#$ )(4$)$-#. T!" "#%* (2 GAPP" %$4$(3)$-# "(6" #'# &'-7$" !- #$ )(4$)$-#"

7!%!-7 !%$((7* 6$+$ ' )'5(+ 2'&#(+ !- #$ +$%!+$&#!(- (2 '&/ '&#!4!") !- #$ 3("#?&!4!

+!7#" $+'. C(-"$$-#*, (-$ (2 #$ )("# "!7-!2!&'-# 2!-%!-7" (2 #!" #$"!" !" #'# #$

)'--$+ !- 6!& &(-2!&#!-7 !%$((7!&' 3$+"3$&#!4$" '&!$4$% $7$)(-* !- #$ )(4$)$-#

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I- '%%!#!(- #( #$ '(4$ &(-&$+-", #!" "#%* "77$"#" #'# #$ +$'#!(-"!3 $#6$$-

#$ $'%$+" '-% #("$ $!-7 $% !- B'&/ 3(!#!&' (+7'-!0'#!(-" 3+()(#$" #$ "$2?

%$"#+&#!(- (2 #("$ (+7'-!0'#!(-" (4$+ #!)$. B(# B'&/ P(6$+ '-% P'-?A2+!&'- !%$((7*

 3+()(#$% !-% '$7!'-&$ '-% "'4!"-$"" ')(-7 #$ +'-/ '-% 2!$ )$)$+" (2 #$

(+7'-!0'#!(-" ;GAPP, SOBU, MLU<. GAPP )$)$+", 2(+ $@')3$, '"")$% #'# #$

M'"#$+ O+7'-!0$+ '-% #$ $'%$+" !- #$ (+7'-!0'#!(- 6(% '6'*" )'/$ %$&!"!(-" #'#

6(% $ !- #$ $"# !-#$+$"# (2 #$ (+7'-!0'#!(- '-% )(4$)$-#. W!$ #$ $'%$+"!3 %!%

-(# $-&(+'7$ !-% 2'!# '-% &(-"#'-#* #'/$% '(# #$ -$$% 2(+ +'-/ '-% 2!$ !-!#!'#!4$,

!- +$'!#* ' 3+(7+') 2(+ #+'!-!-7 "&&$""(+" 6'" -(# !)3$)$-#$%. W!#(# ' 3+(7+') #(

#+'!- +'-/ '-% 2!$ )$)$+" #( '"")$ $'%$+"!3 +$"3(-"!!!#!$" !# !" %(#2 #'# #$

 3+($) (2 !-% 2'!# 6! 7( '6'* (- !#" (- '&&(+%. T!" 3+($) +$&$!4$% ' #+$)$-%("

')(-# (2 '##$-#!(- %+!-7 #$ M'+@!"# 3$+!(%, (6$4$+, #$ (33("!#$ $++(+ 6'"

&())!##$%. E4$- #(7 #$ M'+@!"# 3'"$ 6'" &'+'&#$+!0$% * '- -%$)(&+'#!& "#*$ (2 

(3$+'#!(-, +'-/ '-% 2!$ )$)$+" 6$+$ #+"# !-#( 3("!#!(-" (2 $'%$+"!3 6!#(# "$+!("

&(-"!%$+'#!(- 2(+ '%)!-!"#+'#!4$ (+ (+7'-!0'#!(-' '!!#*. D+!-7 #$ M'+@!"# 3'"$, #$

)("# !)3(+#'-# &+!#$+!' 2(+ $'%$+"!3 6'" (-$" 3(!#!&' !-$: #+'-"'#$% #!" )$'-" #'#

#$ 7!%!-7 3(!#!&' 3$+"3$&#!4$ 6'" #( $ $!$4$% 6!#(# $"#!(-.

I2 B'&/ 3(!#!&' (+7'-!0'#!(-" '+$ #( "+4!4$ !- #$ 2#+$ #$ +$'#!(-" $#6$$-

#$ $'%$+" '-% #("$ $!-7 $% )"# -%$+7( ' 2-%')$-#' &'-7$. C$+#'!-*, #$ GAPP

$@3$+!$-&$ !"#+'#$" #'# !- #$ (-7 +- !-% '$7!'-&$ 3+()(#$" '- -&+!#!&' (#((/

'-% &+!33$" #$ (+7'-!0'#!(-" '!!#* #( 3$+&$!4$ )!"#'/$" '-% &(++$&# #$) $2(+$

!++$3'+'$ %')'7$ !" %(-$. M$&'-!")" '-% '##!#%$" "(% $ 3+()(#$% 6!&

$-&(+'7$ &+!#!&' +$2$&#!(- '-% +'-/ '-% 2!$ )$)$+" "(% +$7'+* $ #+'!-$% #(

'"")$ $'%$+"!3 +$"3(-"!!!#*. W$+$'" #$ $'%$+"!3 "(% $-5(* +$"3$&# '-%

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'-'*"!" (2 GAPP" 3(!#!&' %$4$(3)$-# !-%!&'#$" #'# #$ !-#$+-' "(+&$" (2 B'&/

M(4$)$-#" %$&!-$ 3'* ' )(+$ $""$-#!' +($ #'- #$ $2# !" 6!!-7 #( '%)!#.

GAPP" %!"'33$'+'-&$ 2+() #$ 3(!#!&' &!)'#$ !- G+$$-"(+( '-% N(+# C'+(!-'

!" ' #+'7!& (&&++$-&$. B'&/ 3$(3$ !- G+$$-"(+( '-% !- #$ "#'#$ 6( (-&$ ((/$% #(

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BLIBLIOGRAPHY

B((/"A$-, R($+#. B'&/ A6'/$-!-7 I- &'3!#'!"# A)$+!&': A- A-'*#!& H!"#(+*. N$6 Y(+/ 

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D($%'*, 19=9.A3#$+, D'4!% E. T$ P(!#!&" (2 M(%$+-!0'#!(-. C!&'7(: U-!4$+"!#* (2 C!&'7( P+$"",

19=.B'+'/', T)'- I)!+!. K'6'!%' S#%!$": T$ N$6 N'#!(-'!"). C!&'7(: T!+% W(+%

P+$"", 19.B'+'-, P' '-% S6$$0*, P'. M(-(3(* C'3!#'!"). N$6 Y(+/: M(-#* R$4!$6

P+$"", 19==.B$+)$-0(-$, P' '-% B'*. T$ G+$$-"(+( M'""'&+$. N$6 Y(+/: C$"'+ C'&$

P!&'#!(-, 1981.B+$!#)'-, G$(+7$, $%. T$ L'"# Y$'+ (2 M'&() . N$6 Y(+/: G+(3 P+$"", 19=9.C'+)!&'$, S#(/$*. '-% H')!#(-, C'+$". B'&/ P(6$+: T$ P(!#!&" (2 L!$+'#!(- I-

A)$+!&' . N$6 Y(+/: V!-#'7$ B((/", 19=.C'+)!&'$, S#(/$*. S#(/$* S3$'/": B'&/ P(6$+ #( P'-?A2+!&'-!"). N$6 Y(+/ :

R'-%() H("$, 191.C'2$, W!!') H. C!4!!#!$" '-% C!4! R!7#": G+$$-"(+(, N(+# C'+(!-' '-% #$ B'&/ 

S#+77$" 2(+ F+$$%(). N$6 Y(+/: O@2(+% U-!4$+"!#* P+$"", 198>.C+"$, H'+(%. T$ C+!"!" (2 #$ N$7+( I-#$$&#'. N$6 Y(+/: W!!') '-% M(++(6 ,

19=.D(!", W.E.B. T$ S(" (2 B'&/ F(/. C!&'7(: A. C. M&C+*, 19>.F(+$)'-, J')$". T$ M'/!-7 (2 B'&/ R$4(#!(-'+!$". N$6 Y(+/: M'&)!'-, 19.G+'-#, J('--$,$%. B'&/ P+(#$"#: H!"#(+*, D(&)$-#" '-% A-'*"!": 1=19 #( #$ P+$"$-#.

G+$$-6!&, C(--$&#!&#: F'6&$##, 19=8.G(%-$+, A4!-. T$ D!'$&#!& (2 I%$((7* '-% T$&-((7*: T$ O+!7!-", G+'))$+ '-%

F#+$ (2 I%$((7*. N$6 Y(+/: S$'+* P+$"", 19=.G(%-$+, A4!-. T$ C()!-7 C+!"!" (2 W$"#$+- S(&!((7*. N$6 Y(+/: B'"!& B((/",

19>.G+$$-$$, S'). T$ S3((/ W( S'# B* #$ D((+. N$6 Y(+/: B'-#') B((/", 19=9.H(+/$!)$+, M'@. C+!#!&' T$(+*. N$6 Y(+/: H$+%$+ '-% H$+%$+, 19.

H-#$+, F(*%. C())-!#* P(6$+ S&&$""!(-: A#'-#'" P(!&*?M'/$+" R$4!"!#$%.C'3$ H!, N(+# C'+(!-': T$ U-!4$+"!#* (2 N(+# C'+(!-' P+$"", 198>.

K$*, V.O. S(#$+- P(!#!&". N$6 Y(+/: P(+#$+ S)!#, 199.K!-7 M'+#!- L#$+, J+. S#+!%$ T(6'+% F+$$%(). N$6 Y(+/: H'+3$+ '-% R(6, 19=8K(+", K'+. M'+@!") '-% P!("(3*. N$6 Y(+/: M(-#* R$4!$6 P+$"", 19>.L!-&(-, C. E+!&. T$ B'&/ M"!)" !- A)$+!&'. B("#(-: B$'&(- P+$"", 19=1.L/'&", G$(+7. H!"#(+* '-% C'"" C(-"&!("-$"": S#%!$" !- M'+@!"# D!'$&#!&".

C')+!%7$: T$ MIT P+$"", 191.M'&() . A#(!(7+'3* (2 M'&() . N$6 Y(+/: G+(3 P+$"", 19=.M'&() . O- A2+(?A)$+!&'- H!"#(+*. N$6 Y(+/: P'#2!-%$+ P+$"", 19>.M$!$+, A7"#, R%6!&/ E!(## '-% B+(%$+!&/, F+'-&!" L. B'&/ P+(#$"# !- #$ T6$-#!$#

C$-#+*. N$6 Y(+/: B("?M$++! C()3'-*, I-&., 19.

M$!$+, A7"#, R%6!&/, E!(##. C(+$: A S#%* !- #$ C!4! R!7#" M(4$)$-#", 19?19=8. U+'-': T$ U-!4$+"!#* (2 I!-($" P+$"", 19.

M$!$+, A7"# '-% R%6!&/, E!(##. F+() P'-#'#!(- #( G$##(. N$6 Y(+/: H! '-%W'-7, 19=.

M$!$+, A7"#. N$7+( T(7# !- A)$+!&' 188>?191: R'%!&' I%$((7!$" !- #$ A7$ (2B((/$+ T. W'"!-7#(-. A-- A+(+, M!&!7'-: T$ U-!4$+"!#* (2 M!&!7'-P+$"", 191.

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M!!'-%, R'3. T$ S#'#$ '-% C'3!#'!"# S(&!$#*. N$6 Y(+/: B'"!& B((/", I-&., 19=9M*$+"(-, M!&'$. N(#!-7 C(% B$ F!-$. N$6 Y(+/: I-#$+-'#!(-' P!"$+", 198.P'+$-#!, M!&'$. P(6$+ '-% #$ P(6$+$"". N$6 Y(+/: S#. M'+#!-" P+$"", 198.P$+(, V!&#(+. T$ P(!#!&" (2 R'&!"). N$6 Y(+/: I-#$+-'#!(-' P!"$+", 19.P!4$-, F+'-&!" F(@ '-% C(6'+%, R!&'+%. P((+ P$(3$" M(4$)$-#": W* T$*

S&&$$%, H(6 T$* F'!. N$6 Y(+/: V!-#'7$ B((/", 199.P('-#0'", N!&(". P(!#!&' P(6$+ '-% S(&!' C'""$". L(-%(-: N$6 L$2# B((/", 19.B''+", C$4$'-%. T$ R!4$+ (2 N( R$#+-. N$6 Y(+/: W!!') M'++(6, 19.T+(6, L$"#$+. T$ $+(?S) S(&!$#*: D!"#+!#!(- '-% P(""!!!#!$" 2(+ E&(-()!&

C'-7$. N$6 Y(+/: P$-7!- B((/", 1981.W!!')", E+!&. C'3!#'!") '-% S'4$+*. N$6 Y(+/: C'3+!&(+-, 19==.W((%6'+%, C. V'--. T$ S#+'-7$ C'+$$+ (2 J!) C+(6. N$6 Y(+/: O@2(+% U-!4$+"!#*

P+$"", 19.Y$##$, S')$ F. T$ C(!&$: T$ I""$ (2 B'&/ S+4!4' !- A)$+!&'. N$6 Y(+/:

B$+/$$* P!"!-7 C(+3(+'#!(-, 191.Y(-7, N!7$. A- I-2!-#!$ D!"(+%$+: T$ C+!"!" '-% D$&!-$ (2 #$ N$6 L$2#. B(%$+,

C((+'%(: W$"#4!$6 P+$"", 198.

A+#!&$" '-% P')3$#"

B'+'/', I)') A. T(6'+% #$ C+$'#!(- O2 P(!#!&' I-"#!##!(-" 2(+ A A2+!&'-P$(3$", B'&/ W(+%, V(. 1, N(. 1 ;O&#($+, 19.

B'+'/', I)'-. W* I C'-7$% M* I%$((7*, B'&/ W(+% ;J*, 19<, 33. =?.C'+)!&'$, S#(/$*. M'+@!")?L$-!-!") '-% N/+)'-!"), T$ B'&/ S&('+, V(. ,

 N(. ;F$+'+*, 19<.C((/, S')$ D(!". T$ A)$+!&'- L!$+' D$)(&+'#!& T+'%!#!(-, T$ B'&/

R$4(#!(- '-% M'+#!- L#$+ K!-7, J+. I-#+(%&#!(- #( T$ P!("(3* (2M'+#!- L#$+ K!-7, J+. * H'-$" W'#(-, J+. W$"#3(+#, C(--.: G+$$-6((%

P!"!-7 C()3'-*, 191<, 33. 19?.D'+!#*, W!!') A. I"!(-" (2 B'&/ P+(7+$"", R$4!$6 (2 B'&/ P(!#!&' E&(-()*,

V(. 1>, N(. ;W!-#$+, 198><, 33. 1?1=.F$$-$+7, A-%+$6. P'#" #( F'!+$: T$ D!'$&#!&" (2 O+7'-!0'#!(- '-% I%$((7* !- #$

 N$6 L$2#. A%(2 R$$%, J+. ;$%.< T$ C!+&$ '-% S3!+': C+!#!&' $""'*" (- R'&$,P(!#!&" '-% C#+$ !- #$ =>" '-% B$*(-%. L(!"!'-': L(!"!'-' S#'#$U-!4$+"!#* P+$"". F(+#&()!-7.

T$ G'+* C(-2$+$-&$ R$3(+#. B'&/ W(+%, V(. 1, N(. 1 ;O&#($+, 19<, 33. ?1.

H#&!-7", P!. R$3(+# O- #$ ALSC N'#!(- C(-2$+$-&$. T$ B'&/ S&('+, V(. , N(. 1Q ;J*?A7"#, 19<.

I-#+(%&!-7 M'* %'*: O+ C++$-# T'"/. M'* D'* ;M'*?J-$, 19<, 33. A?.J(-$", M'&/ '-% W!!-7'), A$@. W!#$ C"#(%!'-" (2 #$ B'&/ E@3$+!$-&$.

S(&!' S&!$-&$ Q'+#$+*, V(. 1, N(. 1 ;J-$, 19><, 33.1?=.J(+%'-, J$--!2$+. C#+' N'#!(-'!") !- #$ S!@#!$": P(!#!&" '-% P($#+*, A%(2 R$$%,

J+., ;$%.< T$ C!+&$ '-% #$ S3!+': C+!#!&' E""'*" (- R'&$, P(!#!&" '-% C#+$!- #$ =>" '-% B$*(-%. L(!"!'-': L(!"!'-' S#'#$ U-!4$+"!#* P+$"",F(+#&()!-7.

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K'+$-7', R(-. K'6'!%' '-% I#" C+!#!&": A S(&!(!"#(+!&' A-'*"!". J(+-' (2 B'&/S#%!$" 8 ;D$&$)$+, 19<.

K'+$-7', R(-. T$ Q(#'$ K'+$-7'. P')3$#. L(" A-7$$": U.S. O+7'-!0'#!(-, 19=.K!-7, M'+#!- L#$+, J+. E'!#* N(6: T$ P+$"!%$-# H'" #$ P(6$+. N'#!(- ;M'+&

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P(!#!&' T$(+* '-% S(&!' C'-7$. N$6 Y(+/: A#$+#(- P+$"", 19=.M&G!--!", J')$". T(6'+%" A N$6 B$7!--!-7 C+!"!" '-% C(-#+'%!&#!(- !- B'&/

S#%!$". B'&/ W(+%, V(. , N(. ;M'+&, 19<, 33.?.M'%#!, H'/!. T$ L'#$"# P+7$: T$ A##'&/ O- B'&/ N'#!(-'!") '-% P'-?

A2+!&'-!") * #$ N$6 L$2#, #$ S(-" '-% D'7#$+" (2 #$ O% L$2#. T$ B'&/S&('+, V(. =, -(. 1 ;S$3#$)$+, 19<, 33. ?=.

M'+'$, M'--!-7. B'&/ N'#!(-'!") !- #$ 19>" T+(7 #$ P+!") (2 R'&$ '-%C'"". S(&!'!"# R$4!$6, V(.1>, N(. ;M'+&?J-$, 198><, 33.9?9=.

M'+'$, M'--!-7 A-'#()* (2 B'&/ P(!#!&". T$ R$4!$6 (2 B'&/ P(#!&'E&(-()*, V(. 8, N(. ;S))$+, 198<.

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%()!-'#!(-: D!"&(-#!-#!$" !- M'+@!"# T$(+*, P+$"$-&$ A2+!&'- +% Q'+#$+*,1, 198>.

M'* D'*. M(-#* J(+-' (+ #$ R$4(#!(-'+* W(+/$+" L$'7$ ;RWL<, N(". 1?;S))$+, 19?S3+!-7, 19<.

O'%$$, I)'+! A. T$ S#+77$ !" 2(+ L'-%, B'&/ S&('+, V(., N(.= ;F$+'+*,19<.

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T$ O+7'-!0'#!(-" C++$-# T'"/", M'* D'*, 1 ;M'*?J-$, 19<, G+$$-"(+(, N(+#

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R$4!$6 (2 B'&/ P(!#!&' E&(-()*, V(. , N(. ;S3+!-7,19<, 33. 1?>.

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S#+!&/'-%, B!. T$ G'+* C(-4$-#!(- '-% #$ C+!"!" (2 A)$+!&'- P(!#!&", B'&/W(+%, V(. 1, N(, 1 ; O&#($+, 19<, 33. 1?.

T+-$+, J')$". B'&/ N'#!(-'!"): T$ I-$4!#'$ R$"3(-"$, N$7+( D!7$"#, V(. 1;J'-'+*, 191<.

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A/'!)'#, A% '-% J(-"(- N$"(-. T(6'+% #$ I%$((7!&' U-!#* (2 #$ A2+!&'-L!$+'#!(- S33(+# &())!##$$: A R$"3(-"$ #( C+!#!&!") (2 #$ ALSC S#'#$)$-# (2 P+!-&!3'". G+$$-"(+(, N(+# C'+(!-' (2 N'"4!$, T$--$""$$: P$(3$" C($7$P+$"", 19.

A- A-'*"!" (2 #$ B'&/ M(4$)$-#. S#%$-# O+7'-!0'#!(- 2(+ B'&/ U-!#*,G+$$-"(+(, N(+# C'+(!-', S$3#$)$+ >, 19>.

B'&/ C())-!#*. P+$"" S#'#$)$-#. G+$$-"(+(, N(+# C'+(!-', A7"# 1>, 19>.T$ B'&/ P'-#$+ P'+#* I#" O+!7!- '-% D$4$(3)$-# '" +$2$&#$% !- !#" O22!&!' W$$/*

 N$6" P'3$+. T$ B'&/ P'-#$+ B'&/ C())-!#* N$6" S$+4!&$. A S#'22 "#%* (2 #$ C())!##$$ (- I-#$+-' S$&+!#*, H("$ (2 +$3$"$-#'#!4$", N!-$#*?F!+"#C(-7+$"", S$&(-% S$""!(-, W'"!-7#(-, D.C.: G(4$+-)$-# P+!-#!-7 O22!&$, 19>.

B(-%, V!&#(+. G$-$+' P+!-&!3'" (2 C())-!#* O+7'-!0'#!(- ;W!#!- #$ C(-#$@# (2P'-?A2+!&'-!") '-% S$2 R$!'-&$<. P("!#!(- P'3$+, G+$$-"(+(, N(+# C'+(!-'.

C')!"", T$+$"' B+(&/$-$++*. T$ N'#!(- O2 I"'): C(-#!-!#* '-% C'-7$.U-3!"$% M'"#$+" T$"!", A#'-#' U-!4$+"!#*, A#'-#' G$(+7!', 199.

C())-!#* S$+4!&$ C$-#$+ P+(7+') E@3'-'#!(-. GAPP, G+$$-"(+(, N(+# C'+(!-',D$&$)$+, 191.

C())-!#* S$+4!&$ C$-#$+. P+(7+') F'&# S$$#. GAPP, G+$$-"(+( N(+# C'+(!-',J'-'+*, 19.

G''', D'!! M'!. C())-!#* S$+4!&$ C$-#$+, C())-!#* H("$ P+(7+$"" R$3(+#.GAPP, G+$$-"(+( N(+# C'+(!-' F$+'+*, 19.

GAPP P+(3("' O- H("!-7. P+$"$-#$% #( G+$$-"(+( C!#* C(-&! S$""!(- (- H("!-7.G+$$-"(+(, N(+# C'+(!-', N(4$)$+ , 19=9.

T$ G+$$-"(+( R$3(+#. G+$$-"(+(, N(+# C'+(!-' A7"# 1>,19.G!2(+% C(-#*, P'--!-7 D$3'+#)$-#. U3%'#$, A P'--!-7 N$6" D!7$"#. V(. ,

S$3#$)$+, 19.

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I%$((7!&' P'3$+. S#%$-# O+7'-!0'#!(- (2 B'&/ U-!#*, G+$$-"(+(, N(+# C'+(!-'S$3#$)$+, 19=9.

J(-"(-, N$"(-. A P+(3("' 2(+ ' N$6 T+"#?19 '-% B$*(-%. U-3!"$%D!"&""!(- P'3$+, G+$$-"(+(, N(+# C'+(!-', 19.

L$##$+ #( AAA R$'#* C()3'-*. AAA T$-'-#" S#+!/$ C())!##$$, G+$$-"(+(, N(+#C'+(!-', J'-'+* , 19>.

L$##$+ #( R($+# B'+/$*, D!+$&#(+ (2 R$%$4$(3)$-#. G+$$-"(+(, N(+# C'+(!-',A7"# 1, 19=8.

L(&/$, G$-$. A F$6 R$)'+/" !- R$"3(-"$ #( #$ C+!#!&!")" (2 ALSC. P')3$#P!"$% * #$ L*-- E"(- I-"#!##$, H("#(-, T$@'", A7"#, 19.

M&C(7, V!-&$-# '-% J(-"(-, N$"(-. O3$- L$##$+ #( #$ B'&/ C())-!#*.G+$$-"(+(, N(+# C'+(!-', M'* 1>, 19=9.

M$-, D6!7# B$+-'+%. A D(&)$-#'+* A-'*"!" (2 #$ FBI" C(-#$+!-#$!7$-&$P+(7+') A7'!-"# B'&/ P(!#!&' A&#!4!#!$", 19=8?191. U-3!"$% M'"#$+"T$"!", A#'-#' U-!4$+"!#*, A#'-#', G$(+7!', 199.

 N/+)'!")?T$ I%$((7* (2 #$ A A2+!&'- P$(3$" R$4(#!(-'+* P'+#*. L$'2$#P!"$% * AARP, A#'-#', G$(+7!', 198>.

 N(+# C'+(!-' S#'#$ A%4!"(+* C())!##$$ #( #$ U-!#$% S#'#$" C())!""!(- (- C!4!R!7#". T+($ !- G+$$-"(+(: A R$3(+# (2 '- O3$- M$$#!-7 C(-&$+-!-7 #$D!"#+'-&$" '# D%$* H!7 S&(( '-% N(+# C'+(!-' AT S#'#$ U-!4$+"!#*. NCCACUSCCR, M'+&, 198>.

T( O+ M()" '-% P(3", F+() #$ B'&/ R'%!&'". O3$- L$##$+ #( #$ B'&/C())-!#*, G+$$-"(+(, N(+# C'+(!-', M'* , 19=9.

O4$+4!$6". U-3!"$% !-#$+-' $4''#!(- (2 #$ L$2# F'&#!(-, G+$$-"(+(, N(+#C'+(!-', 19.

P(!#!&' S#'#$)$-# 19: T$ B'&/ L!$+'#!(- M(4$)$-# '-% M'+@!")?L$-!-!").U-3!"$% %+'2#, N'"4!$, T$--$""$$, 19.

P(!#!&' S#'#$)$-# 1. U-3!"$% %!"&""!(- %+'2#, G+$$-"(+(, N(+# C'+(!-',

A7"#,19.P("!#!(- P'3$+. U-3!"$% +$3(+#, NAACP U+'- C+!"!" C())!##$$, G+$$-"(+(,

 N(+# C'+(!-', O&#($+ 1, 198>.T$ P+$"$-# S#+!/$ S!#'#!(-. M$)(+'-%) 2+() AAA T$-'-#" U-!(-, G+$$-"(+(,

 N(+# C'+(!-', M'+&, 19>.P+$"" S#'#$)$-#. BCCPB, G+$$-"(+(, N(+# C'+(!-' J'-'+* , 19.P+(3("' #( #$ F(+% F(-%'#!(-. F(-%'#!(- 2(+ C())-!#* D$4$(3)$-#, D+')

 N(+# C'+(!-', F$+'+* 11, 19>.P+(3("' #( #$ F(-%'#!(- 2(+ C())-!#* D$4$(3)$-#. GAPP, S$3#$)$+ 1, 19=9,

G+$$-"(+(, N(+# C'+(!-'.P+(3("' 2(+ I-#$+!) G+'-# 2(+ E&(-()!& D$4$(3)$-#. GAPP, F$+'+*, 191,

G+$$-"(+(, N(+# C'+(!-'.P!& T+!' (- P(!&$ B+#'!#*. BCCPB, G+$$-"(+(, N(+# C'+(!-', M'+&, 19.R$4(#!(-'+* W(+/$+" L$'7$ S#'#$)$-# (2 P+!-&!3$". AWL, G+$$-"(+(, N(+#

C'+(!-', F$+'+*, 19.R""$, M(++!". O3$- L$##$+ #( #$ B'&/ C())-!#*. G+$$-"(+(, N(+# C'+(!-'

M'* 1, 19=9, UB.S#+'-7$, J(- H. C())-!#* A&#!(- !- N(+# C'+(!-': M'@!)) F$'"!$

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M!"-%$+"#'-%!-7 M!"#'/$ (+ M'7!& F(+)' U-3!"$% 3'3$+ 3+$3'+$%2(+ %$!4$+* '# #$ )$$#!-7 (2 #$ S(#$+- P(!#!&' S&!$-&$ A""(&!'#!(-, M!')!,F(+!%', N(4$)$+, 19=9.

S#+!-7 U3 #( M(4$ F(+6'+%. YOBU, G+$$-"(+(, N(+# C'+(!-', 19 ;ALSC, 33.?<

T+($ !- G+$$-"(+(. N(+# C'+(!-' S#'#$ A%4!"(+* C())!##$$, U-!#$% S#'#$"C())!""!(- (- C!4! R!7#". G+$$-"(+(, N(+# C'+(!-', M'+& 19>.

T+($ !- G+$$-"(+( C(-#!-$%: P(!&$ B+#'!#*. BCCPB, G+$$-"(+(, N(+#C'+(!-', F$+'+*, 19.

U.S. D$3'+#)$-# (2 C())$+&$, B+$' (2 #$ C$-"". G$-$+' S(&!' '-% E&(-()!&C'+'&#$+!"#!&". N(+# C'+(!-', 19> C$-"" (2 P(3'#!(-, N(. PC;1<?C.

U.S. D$3'+#)$-# (2 C())$+&$ B+$' (2 #$ C$-"". T$ S(&!' '-% E&(-()!& S#'#"(2 #$ B'&/ P(3'#!(- !- #$ U-!#$% S#'#$": A- H!"#(+!&' V!$6 , 19>?198.C++$-# P(3'#!(- +$3(+#" S3$&!' S#%!$" S$+!$", N(.8 ; W'"!-7#(-, D.C.:G(4$+-)$-# P+!-#!-7 O22!&$, 199<.

W'# !" GAPP. B+(&+$ '-% F'&# S$$#, GAPP, G+$$-"(+(, N(+# C'+(!-'.W* B'&/ P$(3$ M"# S33(+# #$ L!$+'#!(- S#+77$ !- S(#$+- A2+!&'. L$'2$#,

GAPP, G+$$-"(+(, N(+# C'+(!-', A3+! , 19.W!!-7'), A$@. B'&/ P(!#!&' T(7# !- #$ U-!#$% S#'#$": A C'+'&#$+!0'#!(-

U-3!"$% P.D. D!""$+#'#!(-, U-!4$+"!#* (2 N(+# C'+(!-', 19.W!!-7'), A$@. T$ I)3'&# (2 A&#!4!") (- P(!#!&' T(7# !- B'&/ A)$+!&':

F(&" (- #$ S!@#!$". U-3!"$% 3'3$+ +$"$-#$% '# #$ "*)3("!) (- R'&$,P(!#!&" '-% C#+$, $% '# H(6'+% U-!4$+"!#*, W'"!-7#(-, D.C., O&#($+ ?8,19.

W!!-7'), A$@. P+%$-&$, E)3'#*, D$3$-%$-&* V(!#!(-: C'-7!-7 T$)$" !-A33+('&$" #( #$ "#%* (2 B'&/ P(!#!&' T(7#. U-3!"$% 3'3$+, A#'-#'U-!4$+"!#*, 198>. 

 N$6"3'3$+"

A2+!&'- W(+%

C'+(!-' P$'&$)'/$+ 

G+$$-"(+( D'!* N$6"

 

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APPENDI II

LIST OF PERSONS INTERIVEWED WITH

ORGANIATIONAL AFFILIATIONS

B( B'+-$"???AAA T$-'-#" A""(&!'#!(-

L$6!" B+'-%(-???FCP, GAPP, ALSC, RWL, NAACP

P'#+!&!' D--???AAA T$-'-#" A""(&!'#!(-

D(7 G! ;D'!! M'! G'''< ??? GAPP, MLU, ALSU, RWL

T!) H'++!"???SOBU, MLU

R("$' J'++$????C'#$#$++' W(+/$+" A""(&!'#!(-, GAPP

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 N$"(- J(-"(-????YES, FCD, SOBU, GAPP, ALSC, RWL, CWP

J(*&$ J(-"(-???? SOBU, GAPP, ALSC, RWL, CWP

J(--* B. J(-$"????B!-% W(+/$+" A""(&!'#!(-

O6" S%'/'! ????N(+# C'+(!-' F-%, FCD, MLU, ALSC, RWL

K$* $'%$+"!3 '-% #$ N(+# C'+(!-' N'#!(-'!"#" ;NCN<

APPENDI III

BY?LAWS

2(+ #$

GREENSBORO ASSOCIATION OF POOR PEOPLE

ARTICLE I

 N')$

T$ -')$ (2 #!" (+7'-!0'#!(- "' $ #$ G+$$-"(+( A""(&!'#!(- (2 P((+ P$(3$.

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ARTICLE II

S$&#!(- I. T$ 3+3("$ '-% (5$&#!4$" (2 #!" (+7'-!0'#!(- "' $

A. T( '&# '" &'#'*"# !- (+7'-!0!-7 3((+ B'&/ 3$(3$ '+(-% #$!+ !))$%!'#$ '-%

(-7 +'-7$ 3+($)" !- "& ' 6'* '" #( &+$'#$ ' "$-"$ (2 3(6$+ '-%

%$#$+)!-'#!(- "22!&!$-# #( $22$&# &'-7$ (- #$ 3(!&* $4$.

B. T( 2(&" (- #$ 3(!#!&', $&(-()!&, "(&!', '-% $%&'#!(-' !-5"#!&$" $'3$%

3(- B'&/ 3$(3$ '-% #( 3+(4!%$ '#$+-'#!4$ "(#!(-" 6!& '+$ +$$4'-# !-

#$"$ '+$'" '-% '+$ &(-"!"#$-# 6!# #$ !%$'" (2 "$2?%$#$+)!-'#!(- '-%

!-%$3$-%$-&$ 2(+ B'&/ 3$(3$.

ARTICLE III

M$)$+"!3

S$&#!(- I. M$)$+"!3 "' $ !)!#$% #( !-%!4!%'" '-% )$)$+" (2 N$!7(+((%

C(-&! (+ (#$+ (+7'-!0'#!(- &()3("$% (2 +$"!%$-#" (2 #$ B'&/ &())-!#* !-

G+$$-"(+(.

S$&#!(- II. N$!7(+((% C(-&!" (+ (#$+ (+7'-!0'#!(-" )$$#!-7 #$ +$!+$)$-#" (2

A+#!&$ II, S$&#!(- I, 6( 6!" #( '22!!'#$ 6!# #!" (+7'-!0'#!(- )'* $&()$

(+7'-!0'#!(-' )$)$+" * +$$"#!-7 "& )$)$+"!3. A (+7'-!0'#!(-" (2 #!" -'#+$

)"# $ '33+(4$ * #$ B('+% (2 D!+$&#(+".

S$&#!(- III. E'& )$)$+ "' $ $-#!#$% #( (-$ 4(#$ 2(+ "!-$"" #( $ #+'-"'&#$% * #$

)$)$+"!3.

ARTICLE IV

O22!&$+"

S$&#!(- I. T$ (22!&$+" (2 #!" (+7'-!0'#!(- "' $: C'!+)'-, V!&$?C'!+)'-, S$&+$#'+*

'-% T+$'"+$+.

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S$&#!(- II. O22!&$+" "' $ $$&#$% (- #$ "$&(-% S-%'* !- D$&$)$+ (2 $'& *$'+ '-%

"' (% (22!&$ 2(+ (-$ *$'+ (2 -#! "&&$""(+" '+$ $$&#$%.

S$&#!(- III. C'-%!%'#$" 2(+ (22!&$ "' $ "$$&#$% * -()!-'#!(-" 2+() #$ 2((+.

E$&#!(-" "' $ * ' "(6 (2 '-%".

ARTICLE V

M$$#!-7"

S$&#!(- I.

A. R$7'+ )$$#!-7 (2 #$ B('+% (2 D!+$&#(+" "' $ $% (- #$ "$&(-% '-%

2(+# S-%'*" (2 $'& )(-#.

B. S3$&!' )$$#!-7 " (2 #$ B('+% (2 D!+$&#(+" )'* $ &'$% * #$ &'!+)'- (2

3(- #$ +$$"# (2 (-$ 2(+# ;1< (2 #$ )$)$+" 6( '+$ !- 7((% "#'-%!-7.

C. A )$)$+" (2 #$ B('+% (2 D!+$&#(+" )"# $ -(#!2!$% 3+!(+ #( ' "3$&!'

)$$#!-7. M$)$+" )'* $ &(-#'&#$% * #$ )'!, 3(-$, (+ 3$+"(-' 4!"!#.

 N(#!2!&'#!(- )"# $ ' )!-!)) (2 (+".

D. A (+) (2 #$ ('+% (2 D!+$&#(+" "' &(-"!"# (2 (+ -( $"" #'- 2!4$ ;<

(2 #$ B('+% M$)$+".

E. A-* )$)$+ (2 #$ E@$&#!4$ B('+% 6( )!""$% #+$$ ;< )$$#!-7" 6!#(# '

$7!#!)'#$ $@&"$ "' $ '"/$% #( "#$3 %(6- '" ' )$)$+ (2 #$ B('+% (2

D!+$&#(+". I2 $ !" ' +$3+$"$-#'#!4$" (2 ' &(-"#!#$-# (+7'-!0'#!(-, #$- !# !" #'#

(+7'-!0'#!(-" +$"3(-"!!!#* #( +$3'&$ #$ 3$+"(- !))$%!'#$*. I2 #$ 3$+"(- !"

'- '# '+7$ M$)$+ (2 #$ B('+% (2 D!+$&#(+", #$- !" "$'# )"# 4'&'-# -#!

"& #!)$ #'# #$ )$)$+"!3 "' $$&# '-(#$+ +$3+$"$-#'#!4$.

F. T$ B('+% (2 D!+$&#(+" S' %$#$+)!-$ 6'# !" ' $7!#!)'#$ $@&"$.

S$&#!(- II. M$$#!-7 (2 M$)$+"!3

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A. M$$#!-7" (2 #$ #(#' )$)$+"!3 "' $ $% '# $'"# (-&$ ' *$'+ (- #$

"$&(-% S-%'* !- J*.

B. A (+) (2 #$ )$)$+"!3 "' &(-"!"# (2 '# $'"# (2 #$ )$)$+" !-

7((% "#'-%!-7. N( "!-$"" &'- $ #+'-"'&#$% 6!#(# #!" (+) '# #$

'--' )$$#!-7.

C. T$ "!#$ (2 #$ '--' )$$#!-7 !" #( %$#$+)!-$% * #$ B('+% (2 D!+$&#(+".

ARTICLE VI

B('+% (2 D!+$&#(+"

S$&#!(- I. T$ B('+% (2 D!+$&#(+" (2 #!" (+7'-!0'#!(- "' $ &()3("$% (2 (22!&$+" (2 #$

(+7'-!0'#!(- '" "#'#$% !- A+#!&$ IV '-% S$&#!(- I, '# $'"# (-$ '-% ' )'@!)) (2 #+$$

+$3+$"$-#'#!4$" 2+() $'& (+7'-!0'#!(- !-&%$% !- )$)$+"!3, '-% #+$$ ;< '# L'+7$

P("#", #( $ $$&#$% 2+() #$ )$)$+"!3.

S$&#!(- II. E'& (+7'-!0'#!(-' )$)$+ )'* %$"!7-'#$ '# $'"# (-$, -( )(+$ #'- #+$$

;< 6!# #$ '33+(4' (2 #$ B('+% (2 D!+$&#(+", +$3+$"$-#'#!4$" 6( "' $ &(-"!%$+$%

)$)$+" (2 #$ B('+% (2 D!+$&#(+". T$ &(-"#!#$-# )$)$+"!3 (+7'-!0'#!(- "' "$

'-* )$'-" !# %$"!+$" #( $$&# "'!% +$3+$"$-#'#!4$".

S$&#!(- IV. M$)$+" (2 #$ B('+% (2 D!+$&#(+" "' &(-%&# #$)"$4$" !- '&&(+%'-&$

6!# #$ 7('" '-% (5$&#!4$" (2 #$ G+$$-"(+( A""(&!'#!(- (2 P((+ P$(3$.

S$&#!(- V. T$ &(+3(+'#$ 3(6$+", 3+(3$+#*, '-% '22'!+" (2 #$ G+$$-"(+( A""(&!'#!(-

P((+ P$(3$ , $@&$3# '" (#$+6!"$ 3+(4!%$ * '6, #$ '+#!&$ (2 &(+3(+'#!(- (+ #$ BY?

L'6" "' $ 4$"#$% !- $@$+&!"$, &(-%&#$%, &(-#+($%, '-% )'-'7$% * #$ B('+% (2

D!+$&#(+".

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ARTICLE VII

D#!$" (2 S#'-%!-7 C())!##$$"

S$&#!(- I. F!-'-&!' &())!##$$" '4$ #$ +$"3(-"!!!#* (2 )(-!#(+!-7 !-&()!-7 (+ (#?

7(!-7 2-%" 6!& &()$ #( #$ G+$$-"(+( A""(&!'#!(- (2 P((+ P$(3$ ;%!+$&#* (+

!-%!+$&#*< #+(7 3+(5$&#" 6!& GAPP )'* $ !-4(4$% !-.

S$&#!(- II. T$ P+(7+') C())!##$$ "' 6(+/ 6!# #$ "#'22 !- %$4$(3!-7 ' 7(' '-%

(5$&#!4$ ;&(-&$+-!-7 ' 3+(7+')< 2(+ ' 7!4$- *$'+.

S$&#!(- III. T$ O3$+'#!(-" C())!##$$ 6! &(-#!-("* $4''#$ #$ 3+(7+') '-% "#'22 ,

'" 6$ '" #$ (+7'-!0'#!(-" ;GAPP< '!!#* #( &'++* (# #$ "#'#$% 7('" (2 '-%

(5$&#!4$". I# 6! '"( '""!"# #$ "#'22 !- '-'*0!-7 3+($)" '-% %$4$(3!-7 '#$+-'#!4$

"#+'#$7!$".

S$&#!(- IV. T$ E@$&#!4$ C())!##$$ "' +!-7 #(7$#$+ #$ !%$'" (2 #$ "#'-%!-7

&())!##$$ '-% "3$&!' &())!##$$" ' " %$"!7-'#$% * #$ C'!+)'- (2 #$ B('+%, !- '-

'##$)3# #( "$# #$ 3(!&* 2(+ #$ G+$$-"(+( A""(&!'#!(- (2 P((+ P$(3$. T!" &())!##$$

6! '"( '&# !- $)$+7$-&* "!#'#!(-" !- #$ $4$-# #'# ' (+) (2 #$ B('+% (2 D!+$&#(+"

&'--(# $ (#'!-$%.

ARTICLE I

A)$-%)$-#" '-% P'+!')$-#'+* A#(+!#*

S$&#!(- I. T$"$ B*?L'6" )'* $ ')$-%$% * #6(?#!+%" ;< (2 #$ )$)$+" !- 7((%

"#'-%!-7 '# #$ '--' )$$#!-7, !2 #!+#* ;< %'*" 6+!##$- -(#!&$ !" 7!4$- #( #$ B('+% (2

D!+$&#(+".

S$&#!(- II. R($+#" R$" (2 O+%$+ "' 7(4$+- ' 3+(&$$%!-7".

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ARTICLE

D#!$" (2 O22!&$+"

S$&#!(- I. C'!+)'-3+$"!%$" '# ' )$$#!-7" 3+$"$+4$" (+%$+ )'/$" P'+!')$-#'+*

%$&!"!(-" '-% +!-7.

S$&#!(- II. V!&$?C'!+)'-P$+2(+)" ' %#!$" (2 #$ C'!+)'- !- !" '"$-&$ (+ !-'!!#*

#( "$+4$.

S$&#!(- III. S$&+$#'+*"$-%" -(#!&$" (2 ' )$$#!-7" #( )$)$+" (2 #$ (+7'-!0'#!(-,

/$$3" ' +$&(+% (2 '##$-%'-&$, +$&(+%" #$ "!-$"" (2 ' )$$#!-7" (2 #$ B('+% (2

D!+$&#(+" '-% (2 #$ '--' M$$#!-7, /$$3" "& )!-#$" '-% 3+$3'+$" '-% '""!"#" #$

&'!+)'- !- 3+$3'+!-7 '- '7$-%' 2(+ #$ )$$#!-7.

S$&#!(- IV. T+$'"+$+!" &"#(%!'- (2, '-% +$"3(-"!$ 2(+ ' 2-%" (2 #$ (+7'-!0'#!(-,

+$&$!4$" '-% %!"+"$" 2-%" (- "!7-$% (+%$+" #( 3'* 6!& 6! '#(+!0$% * #$ ('+%

(2 D!+$&#(+".

ARTICLE I

S#'22 A""!"#'-&$

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ARTICLE II

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7/26/2019 Ideology and Activism

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