ict4d, digital technologies for development

Roberto Masiero 1 Roberto Polillo 1, 2

1 Think! The innovation Knowledge Foundation2 Dipartimento di Informatica, Sistemistica e Comunicazione, Università di Milano Bicocca

Master Universitario di II livello in "Management dei sistemi informativi per l'area del Mediterraneo – MaSI4MED"

15 giugno 2012

ICT4D: TECNOLOGIE DIGITALI PER LO SVILUPPO

1

The discipline: ICT4D

Information and Communication Technologies for Development“The application of ICT within the field of socio-economic development, international development and human rights” (Wikipedia)

Interdisciplinariety, different approaches, philosophies, goals, ...

We bring with ourselves our story, …

2

Agenda

1. What is development – and how to measure it

2. ICT penetration and digital divide

3. Evolution of the Internet as a global resource

4. Internet for development: a quantic gap

5. Approaches to ICT4D

6. ICT4D: some good practices

7. Think! research methodology: the diamon of digital innovation

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1. What is development – and how to measure it

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What does it mean "development"?

Development means different things to different people

At its core, it involves concepts of "progress" and "growth"

Development is a multi-dimensional entity, involving empowerment, participation, ….

It cannot be simply equated to the growth of GNP or personal purchasing power…

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However you measure it…

A world of differences

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GDP per capita, 20107

Blue: above world GDP per capita (USD 10,700, purchasing power parity)Orange: below world GDP per capita

Source: IMF International Monetary Fund, from Wikipedia

Country classification by yearly GNI per capita (World Bank, 2008)

8≤ 975≤ 3.855

≤ 11.905> 11.906

GNI per capita (US$)

48.000

35.500

(In 2010, tresholds increased by 3%)

Least Developed Countries9

In 2010:•49 countries•833 ml people

LDC in 2007, from Wikipedia

LDC defined by UN, based on 3 criteria:Low income Human resources weaknessEconomic vulnerability

Almost half the world live on less than $2.50 a day

http://www.globalissues.org

http://www.globalissues.org/

HDI: Human Development Index

Developed by UNDP (United Nations Development Programme, www.undp.org ), from 1992

Covering almost 200 countries Three basic dimensions :

HEALTH: Life expectancy at birth EDUCATION: Education Index

(various indices, changed in 2011) INCOME: Per-capita GNI Index

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http://www.undp.org/

HDI divide in 2011

See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index

Other indicators13

Life expectancyPoverty ratesUnenployment ratesDisposable incomeEducation levels…

Natural resourcesPollution & wasteHuman health…

Satisfaction with lifeHealth conditionsStandard of livingFamily lifeJobs….

www.beyond-gdp.eu

http://www.beyond-gdp.eu/

2. ICT penetration and digital divide14

What a decade!

The first decade of the new millennium saw extraordinary progress in ICT – globally: Global mobile cellular penetration Global internet penetration Enormous technological improvements in ICT The Internet as a pervasive resource

The lag between developed and developing world can be considered to be less that 10 years – on average

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(can be downloaded from the net at no cost)

A fundamental source, highly recommended: www.itu.org

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http://www.itu.org/

The global picture

Mobile With 5.9 billion mobile-cellular subscriptions, global

penetration reaches 87%, and 79% in the developing world In LDCs two thirds of people have cellular coverage and

mobile cellular penetration has reached 34% - up from 5% five years earlier

Internet One third of the world population is online 45% of Internet users are below the age of 25 25% of internet users are in China

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Source: ITU Fact and figures, 2011

The global growth, 2000-2010

Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011

12%

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2011 est:86.7%

Mobile cellular penetration growth19

Source: ITU

Mobile cellular subscription divide, 2000-2010


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6 yrs lag

Mobile cellular penetration by 2011*

http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/

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CIS: Commonwealth of Independent States

Much higher that the USA penetration

in 2004 (43%)


Rural population covered by a mobile signal, 2002-2008

ITU, "Monitoring the WSIS targets. A mid term review", 2010

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Internet Users divide, 2000-2010


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This is higher than global fixed (16%) and mobile (12%) telephone penetration in 2000

Lag about 11 years

Internet users growth26

• In developing countries, 30% of those under 25 use the Internet

Source: ITU Fact and figures, 2011

Internet penetration, by region, 2011*


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Global bandwidth growth28

7x in 5 years

Broadband: what is it?

"Broadband" is a technology neutral term, often used as a marketing buzzword, with different meanings

ITU defines broadband internet access as a [fixed or wireless] public access to the internet at a downstream speed equal or greater than 256 Kbps (March 2010)

Broadband is supported by different technologies with different speed

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Broadband requirements: examples

YouTube: min 500 Kbps; optimal: 1 Mbps or higher

Skype: voice call: 100 Kbps recommended video call: 128-500 Kbps group video call (3 people): 512 Kbps – 2 Mbps download

Streaming movies: 2,5 Mbps suggested 10 Mbps suggested for HD

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Broadband on Europe Digital Agenda

By 2013: bring basic broadband to all Europeans

By 2020: ensure that all Europeans have access to internet speed of

above 30 Mbps and 50% or more European households subscribe to Internet

connections above 100 Mbps

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Broadband divide

Fixed broadband subscribers Mobile broadband subscribers


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Cost: IPB (ICT Price Basket)

Developed by ITU to compare the price of TLC in different countries

Based on a mix of use using fixed telephone, mobile cellulare and fixed broadband

Measured in % to the average monthly income 2010:

Ranges from 0,2% (Monaco) to 71,6% (Niger)Italy: 0,9% (28th); USA: 0,6% (12th)

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IPB index 34


35

Price divide by IPB values (2010)


Price divide by IPB values (2010)36


Ultra-low cost mobiles37

IDI (ICT Development Index)

Developed by ITU to measure the level and evolution over time of ICT in different countries, and to measure the digital divide

Based on a 3 stage model of ICT development Computed for 159 countries, 2002, 2007 & 2008

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The 3 stages model of IDI

1 2 3

Access sub-index

Use sub-index

Skillssub-index

11indicatorsIDI

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IDI components



40

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Digital divide by IDI values (2010)

3. Evolution of the Internet as a global resource

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Evolution of ICT paradigms

Mainframe computing

Client-servercomputing

Cloudcomputing

1965 1985 2005+

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Evolution of the Internet44

1995+

Company web sites Web portals Search engines E-commerce Web as an interface ….

HYPERTEXT, eCOMMERCE

2005+

logs

ocial networks

GC

ooperative creation

haring

eusable contents

SOCIAL MEDIA

1985+

E-mail File transfer Newsgroups ….

COMMUNICATION NETWORK

Christmas 2006

Time person of the year45

Christmas 2010

Christmas 2011

Evoluzione di Internet46

2010+Mobile access

Internet for development47

E-government E-entertainmentE-inclusion

Broadband Internet access

E-health E-education E-commerceE-communication

Broadband as an enabler

Telehealth & telemedicine: broadband can facilitate provision of medical care to unserved and underserved population through remote diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, and consultation with specialists (telehealth & telemedicine)

Education, culture & entertainment: broadband can overcome geographical and financial barriers to provide access to a wide range of educational, cultural and recreational opportunities and resources

Economic development / E-commerce: broadband can promote economic development and revitalization through electronic commerce by creating new jobs and attracting new industries; providing access to regional, national, and worldwide markets

E-government: e-government can help streamline people's interaction with government agencies, and provide information about government policies, procedures, benefits and programs

Public safety and homeland security: broadband can help protect the public by facilitating and promoting public safety information and procedures

Broadband communication services: broadband provides access to new telecommunications technologies such as VOIP

People with disabilities: …

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www.broadband.gov

http://www.broadband.gov/

Example: E-health

Electronic health records: enabling the communication of patient data between different healthcare professionals

Telemedicine: physical and psychological treatments at a distance

Consumer health information: use of online resources on medical topics by healthy individuals or patients

Health knowledge management: best practice guidelines, online resources for the healthcare professionals, epidemiological tracking

Virtual healthcare teams: healthcare professionals collaborating and sharing information on patients through online communication tools

M-health: using mobile devices in collecting patient health data, providing healthcare information, real-time monitoring of patient vitals, and direct provision of care

Healthcare online information systems: for hospital and healthcare professionals: appointment scheduling, patient data management, work schedule management and other administrative tasks surrounding health

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ICT4D: two basic approaches

"TOP DOWN"

"BOTTOM UP"

- ICT for productivity- From the experience and models of developed countries - Emphasis on [large] organizations

- ICT for human development- From the needs of local communities and individuals- New models of services, collaboration and interaction based on local needs and experiences

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The application long-tail51

Source: www.kiwania.net

http://www.kiwania.net/

4. Internet for development: a quantic gap52

These tools can change completely the approach of ICT4D, and its results…

Three big revolutions…

Never, in the story of technology, we had at our disposal a set of powerful tools like those resulting from the evolution of the internet in the last few years…

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1. Communications

Cellular telephony SMS Mail Forum Chat Blog Social networks Microblogging IP telephony Web radio Tele-conference

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1. Communications

Cellular telephony SMS Mail Forum Chat Blog Social networks Microblogging IP telephony Teleconference Web radio/TV

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2011 est:86.7%


1. Communications

Cellular telephony SMS Mail Forum Chat Blog Social networks Microblogging IP telephony Web radio Tele-conference

2003: Skype, Linkedin, MySpace, 2004: Facebook, Flickr, Orkut2005: Youtube, Ning, Zoho2006: Twitter , Google Docs2007:2008: Livestream2009: Foursquare2010:2011: Google+

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2. Cloud computing

Computing power accessible from the net (cloud)

Large reduction of entry barrier to the implementation of ICT solutions: no hardware & software infrastructure needed

Sustainability of ICT solutions: low operation costs

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2. Software as a service

Computing power accessible from the net (cloud)

Large reduction of entry barrier to the implementation of ICT solutions: no hardware & software infrastructure needed

Sustainability of ICT solutions: low operation costs

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Application

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t

Entrybarrier

Before

Entry barrier (CAPEX)

- Hw & sw client & server- K-H (systems & apps) - Infrastructure- Organization set-up

Sustainability (OPEX)

- hw & sw maintenance- Recurrent fees- Technical support- Operations

60

t

Entrybarrier

- Hw/sw client - Client maintenance- Recurrent fees (applications and connectivity)

Entry barrier (CAPEX) Sustainability (OPEX)

After

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2. Software as a service

Developing countryDeveloped country

A new role for NGO?

62

Application virtualization

“Ecosystems” of open-source software components, developed and maintained by large communities

Online services easily integrable to provide higher level services (embedding & mashup technologies)

3. I building block per le applicazioni 3. Applications building blocks63

The pace of change

ICT is changing fast…

My grandaddy (born 1883) typewriter: I learned typing on it

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…and now I use this

• Piattaforme open source• Servizi di hosting• Servizi online per costruzione e hosting• Servizi di pagamento online• Social network sites• Photo, video, slides and document sharing sites•Telefonia IP• Microblogging• Online application suites• Online intranet• Geolocalizzazione

The pace of change…

Drupal

Word

press

Joom

la

Alte

rvist

a

Word

press

.com

W

ikia

Webs

Ning

Weebly

Skyp

e

Twitter

Google

Apps

Linke

dIn

Fac

ebook

YouTube

Slid

eshar

e

Fl

ickr

G

oogle D

ocsZo

ho

Paypal

65

Four

squa

re

The pace of change

People is changing slowly… …but the world is getting younger and younger …and the new generations have grown (and will

grow) with technology

We must target the new generations as the driving force for change

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Internet is a lot more…

The “new” ICT (Internet) is different, and can give a lot of value…

…for a low cost The main enabler will be broadband [mobile]

access to the Internet … because it gives access to lots of things

(definitely, not only information!)

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An agenda for change

Invest in broadband [mobile] access The software is there, and is (almost) free Develop skills to identify, mix and integrate existing

software and services Take advantage of utility computing to avoid building

local infrastructures Concentrate on applications requirements,

prototyping and experimentation Share results over the net

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In three words…

1. Connect, connect, connect

2. Learn and experience the new paradigms

3. Understand local needs

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4. Approaches to ICT4D70

Two possible approaches71

• ICT for Productivity

• ICT for Human Development

From IT Investment to Higher GDP72

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY(hardware, software, applications

and telecommunications)

HIGHER GDP

FLEXIBLE SUPPLY CHAINS

ACCESSIBLE AND FLEXIBLE

WORK OPPORTUNITIES

INCREASED EFFICIENCY

HIGHER QUALITY

GOODS AND SERVICES

BETTER DECISIONS

MAKING TOOLS

LARGER AND MORE

EFFICIENT MARKETS

NEW RESEARCH

TOOLS

LESS SEVERE ECONOMIC

DOWNTURNS

FASTER PRODUCTIVITY

GROWTH

INNOVATIVE PRODUCTS

AND SERVICES

MORE JOBS LOWER INFLATION

ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS

LOWER PRICES

HIGHER WAGES

INCREASED TAX REVENUES

Source: ITIF

Positioning mature & emerging Countries in terms of innovation-based global competitiveness

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Overall Score

So

urc

e:

ITIF

: T

he

Atla

ntic C

en

tury

Positioning mature & emerging Countries in terms of innovation-based global competitiveness

74

Change Score1999-2009

So

urc

e:

ITIF

: T

he

Atla

ntic C

en

tury

IT drives productivity growth75

Annual labor productivity growth

S ource : IT IF : D igital Prospe rity

IT investment as a share of total capital investment

Sources of total factor productivity growth76

S ource : ITIF : D igital Prospe rity

The growth of productivity & the internet77

S ource : ITIF : D igital Prospe rity

Beyond the productivity concept:

ICT for Human Development78

3 gu id e line s for an e xte nd e d conce pt of “ H um an

d e ve lopm e nt” :

2.D e ve lopm e nt as e m powe rm e nt, not a she e r e conom ic

growth

3.Approach ing IC T4D in a conte xt-base d way, nor through

d e te rm in is tic s tance s

4.Pre d om inance of political analys is ove r pe rform ance

e valuation

S ource : S ilvia Mas ie ro, D igital Te chnologie s and H um an D e ve lopm e nt, Th ink! Pape r, O ct 201 0

From IT Investment to Human Development79

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGYIN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

BETTER PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY

REDUCTION IN

HUMAN ISOLATION

ACCESS TO GLOBAL

MARKETS FOR LOCAL SMEs

MORE JOBSMORE

EFFICIENT SUPPLY CHAINS

HIGHER EFFICIENCY

OF INTERNAL RETAIL

SYSTEMS

NEW SECTORAL TOOLS

(E-HEALTH, E-SCHOOL,

E-INCLUSION)

REDUCTION IN INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES

POVERTY REDUCTION

HIGHER PER-CAPITA GDP

BETTER QUALITY OF LIFE

HIGHER HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

HPI-2

HDI

S ource : S ilvia Mas ie ro, D igital Te chnologie s and H um an D e ve lopm e nt, Th ink! Pape r, O ct 201 0

5. ICT4D: some good practices80

Idee da alcune esperienze internazionali:Hole-In-the-Wall Education, India, Bhutan, Cambogia, Africa

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Hole-In-the-Wall EducationHole-In-the-Wall Education

S ource : Th ink! Innovation Map

http://www.thinkinnovation.org/it/innovation/innovation.php?c=5&id=17

eHomemarkets, Malesia82

eHomemarketseHomemarkets



Sambaina Villaggio ICT, Madagascar83

Centro d’azione remoto a Mahobong

Centro di supporto al DiPSA – Milano

Connessione satellitare

attraverso la piataforma satellitare Infopoverty

Sambaina Villaggio ICTSambaina Villaggio ICT



Idee da alcune esperienze internazionali:Akshaya e-Centres, Kerala, India

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Akshaya e-CentresAkshaya e-Centres



NETRA: visita oculistica a costo zero attraverso l'iPhone

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E-Toilet: improving sanitation facilities in developing countries

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYsygg1ZJAg&feature=player_embedded#!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYsygg1ZJAg&feature=player_embedded

6. Think! research methodology87

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Roberto Masierorm as ie ro@ th inkinnovation.org

Roberto Polillorobe rto.polillo@ unim ib .it

www.rpolillo.it

The Innovation Knowledge FoundationVia Pale rm o 5

201 21 Milano

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