ICT4D2.0 과 한국의 ICT4D

SeonUck Paek

paeksu@smu.ac.kr

* Dept. of Computer Software Engineering &

Center for International Development Cooperation

Sangmyung University

* ICT Hope(www.icthope.or.kr )

Contents

• Understanding of ICT4D 2.0• Richard Heeks, “The ICT4D 2.0 Manifesto: Where Next for ICTs and International Development?” Development Informatics Group, 2009.

www.sed.manchester.ac.uk/idpm/research/publications/wp/di/index.htm

• 한국의 ICT4D

ICT4D 0.0, ICT4D 1.0 & ICT4D 2.0

• ICT4D 0.0

– the Indian Institute of Statistics, Kolkata , 1956

– 2 key applications• Government : internal administrative function of public

sectors

• Multi-naionals & firms: seen as a tool for economic growth in the private sector

ICT4D 0.0, ICT4D 1.0 & ICT4D 2.0

• What Happened During 1990-2000?

– Internet + MDG

“MDG: improving the lives of “BOP” – 3 bill. On less than 2 $s/ pay

– Initiatives:• World Development Report from the World Bank, 1998

• Digital Opportunities Task Force by G8 in 2000

• World Summits on the Information Society , Geneva in 2003, Tunis in 2005

– Actors• International Development Org. such as World Bank

• NGO

ICT4D 0.0, ICT4D 1.0 & ICT4D 2.0

• What Happened During ICT4D1.0?

– Copycat project of off-the-shelf solution (northern rural village project model)

• Telecenter project: landline+PC’s

• Ex:

– InforCauca in Colombia

– CLICs in Mali

– Gyandoot in India.

• The Shock of the Old, David Edgerton

– “We have been too obsessed with technology-as-invention, and too little focused on technology-in-use”

– ICT4D1.0’s approach

• Failure of traditional North model(a PC via a landline)

– New innovation required!

ICT4D 0.0, ICT4D 1.0 & ICT4D 2.0

ICT4D 0.0, ICT4D 1.0 & ICT4D 2.0

• What Happened During ICT4D1.0?– Sustainability

– Scalability

– Evaluation

 a rolling re-appraisal of priorities, processes and purposes

Infrastructure

Hardware

Software

Interface

Data

Communication & Processing

User Processes

Business Model

User-Produced Services

User-Consumed Services

Context

Access ModelInnovation

Feasibility

The Technologies and Processes of ICT4D

ICT4D 2.0's New Technological Priorities

• ICT4D 2.0’s direction:– Less emphasis on what might be used (the Internet and

PCs), and more emphasis on what is actually used (mobiles, radio, television).

– Less emphasis on fundamental technical innovation; and more emphasis on application and business model innovation.

– Less emphasis on piloting and sustaining new applications, and more emphasis on assessing and scaling existing applications.

ICT4D 2.0's New Technological Priorities: How to deliver the Internet to 5 billions?

• New Hardware 1: Internet connected PCs?

– Terminals

• OPLC, XO, PixelQi, Intel Classmate, Linutop, InkMedia, Elonex ONE, Asus Eee, "People's PC“, the Simputer

– Telecommunications

• VSAT -> landline

• WiFi ->Wimax

– Power

• Only 15% of sub-sahara can access electricity

• New Hardware 2: Leverage of Mobile Phones?– iPhone-Apps device + netbook device

Blackberry-for-Development?

• New Hardware 3: Older technologies as ICT?– SMS&Call-only Mobile Phone/

– Radio/Television

Pilot projects: hub-and-spoke model :

to hub: via email, Web, CP

to customers: broadcast

• Community Radio - Kothmale in Sri Lanka

• Community Television – Telecentre DB + SMS gateway in Warana in India

ICT4D 2.0's New Technological Priorities: How to deliver the Internet to 5 billions?

+ New Interface

– Audio-visual interface

– Local language support

ICT4D 2.0's New Technological Priorities: How to deliver the Internet to 5 billions?

• New Applications

– Content :

• Local data contents : health, education, agriculture, and rights(ex: Open Knowledge Network project)

• Adapting to community radio & TV

• Participatory video for KIVA an/or Treatment Action Campaign

ICT4D 2.0's New Technological Priorities: How to deliver the Internet to 5 billions?

• New Applications

– Interaction :

• No interaction via email at first

• Local/small SNS

• Rural-to-urban, international SNS

(In 2008 more than 50% lives in urban area)

ICT4D 2.0's New Technological Priorities: How to deliver the Internet to 5 billions?

• New Applications

– Services:

• In Web: Informational => interactional => transactional(service)

• E-government service => m-development Service

– E-Gov: bill-payment, issuing certificates

– M-dev(with SMS-only): reminding of anti-AIDS pils’ taking, monitoring elections , even banking

ICT4D 2.0's New Technological Priorities: How to deliver the Internet to 5 billions?

New Applications

– Productions:

• Authors of data contents

– In community radio, participatory video prj

– Even Web2.0 mind: blogger, mashers, wiki-writers.

• Income/employment

– Around technology: Selling accessaries, pre-paid cards, selling & taking calls

– ICT-based microenterprise: Social IT outsourcing in India

ICT4D 2.0's New Technological Priorities: How to deliver the Internet to 5 billions?

ICT4D 2.0's New Innovation Models

• How to Innovate? :

– "Laboratory" (pro-poor) innovation  

• Telecenter model & OLPC on behalf of the poor

Design-Reality Gap!

Failure of sustainability & success of telecenter project

• Pro-poor pricing model is still valid!

– Pre-paid card

– Microsoft's US$3 Student Innovation Suite software package

ICT4D 2.0's New Innovation Models

• How to Innovate? :

– "Collaborative" (para-poor) innovation :

• participative, user-engaged design processes

ICT4D 2.0's New Innovation Models• How to Innovate? :

– "Grassroots" (per-poor) innovation :

• New processes: Beeping

• New business models: MP owners can serve payment & remittance for others w/o MP

• New products : Re-chipping of Mobile Phones(high-end-body-w-low-end-organs)

ICT4D 2.0's New Innovation Models• How to Innovate? :

– Paradigm shift : Pro=>para=>per

in parallel with:

• Appropriate Technology movement

• Web2.0 movement

• Open source movement

2.0's New Implementation Models

• Implementing ICT4D 2.0

– New Actors

• Private firms(CSR)

• Partnerships(PPP)

• Virtual organisations

– KIVA

– New Approaches

• From Blueprint to Process.

– New Techniques

• Closing Design—Reality Gaps.

Design—Reality Gaps in ICT4D ProjectsInformation

Technology

Processes

Objectives and values

Staffing and skills

Management systems and structuresOther resources

Information

Technology

Processes

Objectives and values

Staffing and skills

Management systems and structuresOther resources

DesignReality

Gap

Good Practice for ICT4D 2.0 Implementation

Actors and Governance:

- Multi-stakeholder partnerships

- An open and competitive environment

Aligned and Contingent Design Techniques:

- Participation of local users

- Appropriate technology mix to match local realities

- Align to local development goals

- Consideration of project risks

Sustainable Projects:

- Financial and social sustainability

- Development of local capacities and use of local institutions

- Local ownership

Successful ICT4D Project

Creating ICT4D 2.0 Champions

Information Systems

Computer Science

Development Studies

ICT4D Champion

s

What is possible with ICT?

What is desirable with ICT?

What is feasible with ICT?

Changing strategic views on ICT and Development

Perceived Contribution of ICTs to Development

Views on ICTs and

Development

Ignore Isolate Idolise Integrate

ICT4D 0.0 ICT4D 1.0

Innovate

ICT4D 2.0

“Jobs not computers!”

graffiti in India

ICT myth!

ICT mainistreaming

“a tool not an end”

Changing ICT4D issues over time

Level of

ICT4D Activit

y

Time

Readiness

- Awareness

- Infrastructure

- Digital Divide

Uptake

- Demand

- Usage

- Use Divide

Impact

- Economic Development Goals

- Social Development Goals

Availability

- Supply

ICT4D 1.0

ICT4D 2.0

Summary of ICT4D Phases

Issue / Phase ICT4D 0.0(1960s – mid-1990s)

ICT4D 1.0(mid-1990s – mid-/late-

2000s)

ICT4D 2.0(mid-/late-2000s onwards)

Iconic Technology PC Database Telecentre Mobile Phone

Key Application Data Processing Content (& Interaction) Services & Production

The Poor Who? Consumers Innovators & Producers

Key Goal Organisational Efficiency MDGs ?Growth & Development?

Key Issue Technology's Potential Readiness & Availability Uptake & Impact

Key Actor Government Donors & NGOs All Sectors

Attitude Ignore --> Isolate Idolise --> Integrate Integrate --> Innovate

Innovation Model Northern Pro-Poor --> Para-Poor Para-Poor --> Per-Poor

Dominant Discipline Information Systems Informatics / Development Studies

Tribrid of CS, IS and DS

Development Paradigm Modernisation Human Development ?Development 2.0?

Summary of ICT4D Phases

• key differences between ICT4D 1.0 & 2.0

– ICT4D 2.0 is about the world's "long tail”.

– “Don't fight the poor". Where 1.0 imposed pre-existing designs and expected the poor to adapt to them, 2.0 designs around the specific resources, capacities and demands of the poor.

– “The network is the platform”

Summary of ICT4D Phases

• 3 questions for ICT4D2.0

– How can the poor be producers of digital content and services?

– How can they create new incomes and job through ICTs?

– And how can we recognise and scale the ICT-based innovations they produce?

한국의 ICT4D

• ODA 차원– KOICA

• ICT 훈련기관 /시설 건립 , 공공행정 ( 전자정부 ), 인적자원개발 (초청연수 , 전문가 /봉사단 파견 ), ICT 제도구축 자문

– EDCF

• 공공행정 ( 전자정부 )

– KISA

• 정보접근센터 구축 , 인적자원개발 ( 초청연수 , 전문가 /봉사단 파견 , 정책자문 ), 중고 PC 지원

– MEST

• 이러닝 세계화 , 첨단교실 구축지원 , 교원 초청 연수 , 중고 PC 지원 , ICT4E 컨설팅 , TPC 파견

한국의 ICT4D

• N-ODA 차원

– 서울대 융복합대학원 (Shadia 팀 )

– CT4D (KAIDEC)

– ICT Hope

– 공학교육인증 수행대학의 설계교과목

• 부산대 공학봉사팀의 태양광 가로등 구축 사업

– 기업의 CSR 활동

• SK 행복나눔재단 /KOTRA: 적정기술 시회적 기업 페스티벌

– HOE, 미래기술적정포럼 등의 NGO

한국의 ICT4D

• PPP

– KOICA

• 대학과의 파트너쉽을 활용한 국제개발협력 사업

• 대학과의 파트너쉽을 활용한 사후관리 사업

– 한국산업기술평가원

• 따듯한 기술 아이디어 공모전

– KOTRA

• 적정기술 사회적 기업 페스티벌

ICT Hope

• PPP 사업 참여 및 민간주도 수요발굴 참여

• 타 NGO 에 대한 ICT 솔루션 제공

• 사회적 공헌 활동 참여자를 위한 플랫폼 구축

– ICT Connect, Kopernik.info

• ICT4D 인지확산

– ICT4D Academy, ICT4D 도서 번역

• Mobileactive.org 와 같은 archive 운영

– Mobile Phone 을 이용한 ICT4D 작품 개발 및 보급

– FrontlineSMS, RapidSMS 개발 환경 구축

• Raspberry Pi, Arduino 를 활용한 ICT4D, ICT4E 개발 /보급

• Networking of ICT4D Actors

0 사회공헌 프로젝트 참여자를 위한 플랫폼 구축

0 Frontline SMS 플랫폼 구축

- 교육 , 의료 등 분야에서 정보 제공 , 학습 플랫폼 , 커뮤니케이션 , 데이터 수집 등 프로젝트 추진

0 Mobile applications

- 2G Phone-base

- Android / iOS 용 applications 및 스마트 디바이스를 활용한 데이터 수집 , Field Staff 교육 및 커뮤니케이션

0 Raspberry Pi & Arduino

- ICT Community Center, 소상공인 , 가정용 컴퓨터 등의 모델링 및 관련 프로젝트

- 교육 분야 솔루션 및 서비스 개발 및 보급

- 다양한 분야에서 NGO 들의 현장 실습을 위한 kit 및 매뉴얼 제작