BY:-ANSHUL SARINABHISHEK MISRASHIVAM TYAGITUSHAR SHARMAAATISH GOEL

FUELS

• FUELS

• TYPES

• PRODUCTION

• FUELS COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE IN INDIA

• PRICES

Overview of Petrol & Diesel Engine

Petrol Engine Diesel Engine

PRESENT SCENARIO• The increasing industrialization and motorization of the

world has led to a steep rise for the demand of petroleum-based fuels. Petroleum-based fuels are obtained from limited reserves. These finite reserves are highly concentrated in certain regions of the world.

• The current fuel reserves are expected to be depleted by 2035.

• Countries not having these resources are facing energy/foreign exchange crisis, mainly due to the import of crude petroleum.

• The buying of fuel for local demand, puts immense pressure on the nation’s economy, which inhibits with the financial growth of the country.

• The emissions caused by the current generations of fuels are very hazardous for planet earth, its flora and fauna and its inhabitants.

ALTERNATIVE FUELS• ALCOHOL

• HYDROGEN

• BIODIESEL

• BIOMASS

• PLASTIC WASTE

• ALGAE BASED FUELS

• AMMONIA

• HCNG

• LIQUID NITROGEN

• WATER

ALCOHOLMethanol and ethanol fuel are primary sources of energy; they are convenient fuels for storing and transporting energy. These alcohols can be used in internal combustion engines as alternative fuels. Generally Ethanol( CH3CH2OH) is the most commonly used alcohol .

• Ethanol has a higher octane number of up to 120, much higher than that of petrol, which is between 87 and 98.

• The two commonly used blends of ethanol are 15% and 85%.

• Ethanol has been made since ancient times by the fermentation of sugars. Zymase, an enzyme from yeast, changes the simple sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide.

• The government of India unveiled its National Biofuel Policy in October 2008. The policy required oil companies to sell petrol blended with at least five per cent of ethanol5% ethanol blending programme (EBP) started in UP, Delhi, Uttaranchal, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra (partially), and AP (partially).

• All new cars produced in Brazil have flexi-fuel engines which run on 100 per cent ethanol or 100 per cent petrol or any combination of the two.

• It is 98% pollution-free, has lower evaporative emissions, and deposits no carbon in the engine or oil, resulting in a tripling of engine life.

• Due to its high octane number, it is more efficient than gasoline.

• The by-products of alcohol production are clean, instead of being oil refinery waste, and are worth more than the alcohol itself.

• It is easy to produce, store and transport.

• Helps in revitalizing the economy and reduces the energy dependence on other countries.

• Even small scale plants can be setup easily to generate energy for small industries.

• A 5% blend can be used without any engine modification.

Disadvantages

• It is not viable to manufacture in a water scarce country since it requires large quantities of water.

• It has low energy density as compared to Petrol and Diesel.

• Ethanol can be corrosive to some of the metal parts in the engine.

• It is a little costly than pure gasoline.

• For using more than 20% Ethanol blend suitable engine modifications need to be done.

• Profits of Oil companies get reduced since gasoline sale is reduced.

• No proper transport and storage infrastructure currently available in India.

Advantages

BIODIESEL

• Methyl or Ethyl ester of fatty acid or vegetable oil and animal fat.

• Main resources for biodiesel are non-edible oils obtained from plant species such as Rubber.

• Biodiesel can be blended in any proportion with mineral diesel to create a biodiesel blend or can be used in its pure form.

• Biodiesel operates in compression ignition (diesel) engine.

• It require very little or no engine modifications because biodiesel has properties similar to mineral diesel.

• It can be stored just like mineral diesel and hence does not require separate infrastructure.

• The use of biodiesel in conventional diesel engines result in substantial reduction in emission of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate.

THESIS REPORT Author: ER. TUTUNEA DRAGOS, Scientific Guiding: Prof.univ.dr.eng. BICĂ

Marin

• the reduction of reserves of fuel of petroleum origin and especially the need to reduce environmental pollution.

HYDROGEN

• Hydrogen could eventually replace conventional fossil fuels in traditional internal combustion engines

• Hydrogen fuel is a zero-emission fuel which uses electrochemical cells, or combustion in internal engines, to power vehicles and electric devices. It is also used in the propulsion of spacecraft and can potentially be mass-produced and commercialized for passenger vehicles and aircraft.

• In a flame of pure hydrogen gas, burning in air, the hydrogen (H2) reacts with oxygen (O2) to form water (H2O) and releases heat. Combustion heat enables hydrogen to act as a fuel.

• Hydrogen can be produced by electrolysis and steam-methane reforming process.

• Disadvantage of hydrogen, relative to carbon fuels, is its storage.

• Liquid hydrogen has extremely low density (14 times lower than water) and requires extensive insulation—whilst gaseous hydrogen requires heavy tankage.

• Even when liquefied, hydrogen has a higher specific energy but the volumetric energetic storage is still roughly five times lower than gasoline.

• However, the energy density of hydrogen is considerably higher than that of electric batteries, making it a serious contender as an energy carrier to replace fossil fuels

• The 'Hydrogen on Demand' process creates hydrogen as needed, but has other issues, such as the high price of the sodium borohydride that is the raw material.

CONCLUSION

Keeping all the arguments in mind, it is seen that Hydrogen can be a suitable fuel for the future. Although Alcohol and Biodiesel can be used without any changes in the engine, the merits of Hydrogen as a fuel outweigh the merits of these two fuels. The major advantage of using Hydrogen is that it produces zero tailpipe emissions. Honda and Toyota are already working on hydrogen fuelled vehicles which will see the light of the day by 2017,hence Hydrogen is the fuel of the future.