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Lab Group Manager, Fuel and Emissions Treatment Systems

General Motors R&D Center, Warren, MI

Norman D. Brinkman

Fuels and Propulsion Systems for

the Future

2

GM Sees a Change Coming

Drivers for Change

World population and global vehicle parc

Transportation “Well-to-Wheels” CO2 emissions

Energy security

Demand for country or region-specific solutions

3

Sources: U.S. Census Bureau International Population Database, GM Global Market & Industry Ana

Transportation is a growth

industry!

8

6

4

2

0

16%

12%

10%

8%

0%

Billio

ns

Perc

en

t

1980 1990 2000 2020

World Population Global Vehicle Parc

12%

15%

4

Transportation “Well-to-Wheels CO2

Emissions

Note: Each curve represents the effects ofindividual technology penetrations to near 100%without regard to feasibility

Source: World Business Councilfor Sustainable Development

5

111

88

146

195

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

2003 2030

Non-OECD

OECD

56

79

37

45

23

37

18

23

39

106

9

18

6

1310

22

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

OECD

North

America

OECD

Europe

Non-

OECD

Europe-

Eurasia

OECD

Asia

Non-

OECD

Asia

Middle

East

Africa Central

& South

America

2003

2030

Global Energy Demand – 2030

1.3%

0.7%

1.8%

1.0%

3.7%

2.4%2.6%

2.8%

3.0%

1.0%

Global: 2.0%/yr

70% over 2003MBDOE

MBDOE

Source: DOE-EIA 2006

6

So What’s the Solution?

In GM’s view we must

Increase fuel efficiency of conventional propulsionvehicles in response to market demands

Displace a portion of petroleum fuel usage

Diversify energy sources for use in transportationapplications

Reduce net emissions of carbon dioxide

7

GM Advanced Propulsion Technology Strategy

Improved

Vehicle Fuel

Economy &

Emissions

Reduced

Petroleum

Consumption

Fuel

Infrastructure

Hybrid ElectricVehicles (incl.Plug-In HEV)

IC Engine andTransmissionImprovements

Hydrogen FuelCell Vehicles

Battery ElectricVehicles

Near-Term Mid-Term Long-Term

Petroleum (Conventional and Alternative Sources)

Bio Fuels (Ethanol E85, Bio-diesel)

Hydrogen

Electricity (Conventional & Alternative Sources)

8


Improved

Vehicle Fuel

Economy &

Emissions

Reduced

Petroleum

Consumption

Fuel

Infrastructure








Hydrogen


9

Conventional Propulsion Systems

Improve fuel efficiency:Active Fuel ManagementVariable Valve Timing (VVT)Direct InjectionTurbochargingLean Combustion: HCCI / Stratified

Gasoline Diesel

Improve Emissions:Low-Temperature CombustionAdvanced Air HandlingModel-Based & Closed-Loop ControlEfficient NOx aftertreatment

10


Improved

Vehicle Fuel

Economy &

Emissions

Reduced

Petroleum

Consumption

Fuel

Infrastructure








Hydrogen


11

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2007 2008 20092006 2010

GM Hybrid Portfolio

HybridHybrid

2-Mode2-Mode

HybridHybrid

Light HybridLight Hybrid

GM/Allison Hybrid Bus

Tahoe/Yukon

Escalade

Silverado/Sierra

2-Mode2-Mode

HybridHybrid

Saturn AURA/Chevy Malibu

Saturn VUE

2-Mode2-Mode

Plug-InPlug-In

Saturn VUE

Saturn VUE (timing not announced)

Chevy Silverado/GMC Sierra

12

Chevy Volt Concept

Electric Drive Motor

120 kW / 320Nm (peak)

Li Ion Battery Pack

136 kW peak power

16 kWh energy

53 kW Generator

Internal CombustionEngine

1.0L 3-cylinder turbo

13

Advanced Battery Technology

Much improvement over time

Focused on “power” for hybrids,NOT “energy” for plug-insand pure electric vehicles

Lithium-ion chemistry canprovide both power andenergy

Greatest hurdle: Develop large, high-volume lithium-ion battery packs

Individual cells that meet requirements exist

Cost ($/kWh)

Requires intensive development with battery sources

14


Improved

Vehicle Fuel

Economy &

Emissions

Reduced

Petroleum

Consumption

Fuel

Infrastructure








Hydrogen


16

GM’s Newest Fuel Cell Stack

Power:

73kW continuous

110kW peak

Power density:

1.6kW/liter

4th generation fuel cell stack

372 single fuel cells

17

Project Driveway - 100 Vehicle

FleetWorld’s largest fuel cell vehicle fleet

With customers later this year

4th-generation fuel cell propulsion

Engineered for 50,000 miles of life

Able to start and operatein sub-freezingtemperatures.

18


Improved

Vehicle Fuel

Economy &

Emissions

Reduced

Petroleum

Consumption

What about

Energy Source

Diversification?








Hydrogen


19

Alternate Resources – A Blending

Strategy

Fuel-Cell ElectricHydrogen

ShiftReaction

Energy Carrier Propulsion SystemConversionEnergy Resource

Ele

ctr

ific

ati

on

Ele

ctr

ific

ati

on

ICE Hybrid

Conventional ICE:

Gasoline / Diesel Liquid

Fuels

Petroleum FuelsOil(Conventional)

Oil(Non-Conventional)

Liquid Fuels / Electricity / Hydrogen as the In-Vehicle Energy Carriers

Cri

tical D

ep

en

den

cy o

n B

att

ery

Tech

no

log

y

Electricity

Heat

Renewables(Solar, Wind, Hydro)

Nuclear

Plug-In Hybrid ICE

Electric Vehicle

Syngas

CO, H2

Methanol

orFischer

Tropsch

Coal

Natural Gas

1st and 2nd Generation Biofuels

Biomass

20

Electricity: Energy Diversity

ExemplifiedDiverse energy sources areused for electricity generation– based on local resources

Existing, global infrastructurewith clearly-defined standards

Efficient transmission system

Spare generation capacityexists: US “valley filling” up to43% of light-duty fleet *

Energy from Renewables(17%)

High growth (~52%) but justkeeping up with overalldemand growth

Hydropower alreadymaximixed

Global Electricity Generation 2003

Generation capacityalready exists

Baseload: Nuclear, hydro

Baseload: Coal

MidnightNoonMidnight Noon Midnight

Ele

ctr

icit

y D

em

an

d

Peak Peak

US Daily Load Shape

* PNNL Report 2007; 33miles/day commute

BIOFUELSare part of the solution

22

U.S. Ethanol Production

0

10

20

30

2000 2005 2010 2015

Billio

n g

al./y

r.

RFA Data

U.S. Government

Survey

E10 limit

23

Chevy Avalanche ,

Suburban & Tahoe

GMC Yukon &

Yukon XL

Chevy SilveradoGMC Sierra

Chevy Uplander

Chevy Monte Carlo

Chevy Impala

The GM U.S. “FlexFuel Club”17 models for 2007 MY!

GMC Savana

24

Global Renewable Fuels

In Brazil, FlexPower is now available inevery passenger car model.FlexPower models account for 90%of sales.

In Sweden, Saab leads theenvironment-friendly car segmentwith 9-5 BioPower, accounting for85% of Saab 9-5 sales.

In U.S., GM has 2 million FlexFuelE85-capable vehicles on theroad. Building >400,000 moreevery year.

25

Biofuels will play a key role

Achieving the maximum potential of biofuels willrequire continued innovation

Plants with high yields and low resource inputs

Low cost cellulosic conversion technologies

Improved systems for resource and fuel logistics

Propulsion technologies that maximize “Field-to-Wheels” fuel efficiency

But what about

COAL?

27

World Coal Reserves

Exajoules

Source: Businessweek 2006

Three expected largest automobilemarkets have much coal, but little oil

28

Multiple Options for Coal


ShiftReaction


Ele

ctr

ific

ati

on

Ele

ctr

ific

ati

on

ICE Hybrid

Conventional ICE:


Fuels

Syngas

CO, H2

XTL or

Methanol

Coal

Cri

tical D

ep

en

den

cy o

n B

att

ery

Tech

no

log

y

Electricity

Heat

Plug-In Hybrid ICE

Electric Vehicle

29

How will Coal be Used?

Coal to liquidsFischer Tropsch liquids compatible with oil infrastructure

Methanol and dimethyl ether lower manufacturinginvestment

China is the place to watch

ElectricityMuch progress still needed in battery cost andperformance

Hydrogen Storage technology and infrastructure

Affordable CO2 sequestration will be the key to largescale use of coal

30

Fuels and Propulsion are a System


ShiftReaction


Ele

ctr

ific

ati

on

Ele

ctr

ific

ati

on

ICE Hybrid

Conventional ICE:


Fuels

Petroleum FuelsOil(Conventional)

Oil(Non-Conventional)

Syngas

CO, H2

XTL or

Methanol

Coal

Natural Gas

1st and 2nd Generation Biofuels

Biomass

Cri

tical D

ep

en

den

cy o

n B

att

ery

Tech

no

log

y

Electricity

Heat

Renewables(Solar, Wind, Hydro)

Nuclear

Plug-In Hybrid ICE

Electric Vehicle

31

Characteristics of best fuels/propulsion

system

On a well to wheels basis, maximizes the distancedriven per

Unit resource (barrel, ton, or acre)

Ton of CO2 or other emissions

Dollar

Minimizes negative impacts on society

Flexible to permit regions to use resources theyhave available

32

Key Research Required

Low cost battery technology

Low cost, high density hydrogen storage

Cost effective logistics and distribution systems foralternative fuels

Low CO2 biofuels, such as cellulosic ethanol

Affordable CO2 sequestration, especially for coal-derived fuels

33

Summary

General Motors is Committed to

Implement Advanced Propulsion Technologies tooptimize fuel efficiency and minimize emissions

Accelerate the utilization of biomass with E85 andBio Diesel capable propulsion systems

Drive the electrification of the vehicle

Reinvent the automobile with a viable automotivefuel cell system

Work closely with all stakeholders make sure wehave the best fuels/propulsion system

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