PropulsionTechnologies for

Future Air Vehicles

H.M. MaclinAdvanced Engineering

June, 2003

AT –030510/2–6/20/03

Thrust-to-Weight Trend

GE Engines Fn/Wt

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Year of Introduction

Th

rust

-to

-Wei

gh

t R

atio

I-AJ31

J33

J35

J47-C

J47-EJ73

J53

J79

CJ805

J85

J93

CF700

TF39

TF34

CF6-6

CF6-50

F404

CF6-80

F101

F110F414

Trend

PW4098

PW4084

JT8D-217

JT8D-9

JT3D-1

JT9D-7R4G2

JT9D-3A

JT9D-7A

PW4056PW2037

V2500 A1

PW4168

CJ805

CF6-6D

CFM56-2

CFM56-5A

GE90-85B

CF6-80ACFM56-5C4

CF6-80C2-B6F

CF6-80E1-A2

RB-211-535E4

TRENT 895

RB-211-524D

TAY 620

BR 715

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Certification Date

SF

C 3

5K/0

.8M

n U

nins

talle

d

0.90

0.80

0.70

0.60

0.50

0.40

JT3C

Low BypassTurbofan

2nd Gen High BypassTurbofan

High BypassTurbofan

Turbojet

Performance Advancements

GE90-115B

AT –030510/4–6/20/03

Noise Reduction Advancements

120

110

100

90

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

707-100

DC-9-10

737-200

727-200

747-200

DC-10-30

A310

737-300

737-200 A321

747-400 A330

NoiseLevel,

EPNdB(1500-ft.sidelines)

Turbojet

First GenerationTurbofan

Second GenerationTurbofan

• Normalized to 100,000-lb. thrust• Noise levels are for airplane/engine

configurations at time of initial service

Year of Initial Service

Development of High Bypass Turbofan andOptimization of Rotors/Stators for Acoustics

AT –030510/5–6/20/03

Emission Reduction Advancement

0

5

10

15

20

25

Cu

mu

lati

ve M

arg

in, E

PN

dB

Stage III Limit

CF6 CFM56 GE90 CF34

Trend

Stage IV Limit

Engine Models

AT –030510/6–6/20/03

Key Advances in Propulsion

1940 1960 1980 2000 2020

NewCycle Engine

WhittleEngine(GE I-A)

VariableCompressor

Vanes(GE J79)

High BypassTurbofan(GE TF39)

Axial FlowCompressor

Ni-BaseAlloys

DirectionalBlade Alloys

Powder MetallurgyDisks

AnnularCombustors

ReducedStage Count

Thermal BarrierCoatings

CounterrotatingTurbines

AdvancedCooling

BlisksBoltless

RetainersAir-CooledTurbines

EvolutionaryTechnology

Development

AT –030510/7–6/20/03

21st Century Vehicle Systems

Regional 100-150 pax 250+ pax Global ReachTransport

SupersonicBisJet

SupersonicTransport

Long RangeStrike Aircraft

Overland Capable, Environmentally Friendly,Supersonic Commercial Transport / Military Strike

Safe, Environmentally Friendly, Longer RangeCommercial and Military Transportation

AT –030510/8–6/20/03

V-22 Osprey High Lift Vehicle

Predator Sensorcraft

Uninhabited Air Vehicles

Apache

Heavy-Lift Runway-Independent Aircraft

21st Century Vehicle Systems

AT –030510/9–6/20/03

21st Century Vehicle Systems

Safe, Low-Cost Access-to-Space Vehicles / Spaceplane

AT –030510/10–6/20/03

Improved Subsonic Capability

CO2

Performance / Environment• 20% reduction in fuel burn (CO2)

relative to current technology• Reliable, durable operation at

near stoichiometric turbine inlettemperatures

• 85% reduction in NOx relative to1996 ICAO

Prognosis/Reliability• 50% reduction in engine

in-flight failures• 50% reduction in delays

and cancellations• On-condition maintenance

Noise• 55% Reduction in noise

relative to today’s aircraft• 33 EPNdB below Stage 3

21st Century Aero-propulsion System Preeminence

Goals

AT –030510/11–6/20/03

Supersonic Propulsion Challenges

Commercial

SFC @ M 2.0 1.00

M 2.0 Cruise El (g NOx/kg fuel) 50%

Cumulative Noise Reduction* -20dB

Overland Supersonic Capability

Military

Reduction in Emissions 10%

Safety / Reliability 5X

Affordability Reduction 25%

*Relative to Stage 3 Rules

AT –030510/12–6/20/03

Access-to-Space Goals

Thrust to Weight 15 to 1

Mission Cost $100 per lb. Payload

SFC for Subsonic Return 0.9

Safety 1 incident in 10,000flights

AT –030510/13–6/20/03

Space

Hypersonic

SubsonicSupersonic

Technology Needs to Achieve Long RangePropulsion Vision

Compression•High Stage Loading•Flow Controlled Airfoils•Core Drive Fans•Passive & Active Stability•Composite High Speed Airfoils•Blisks

Turbines•Integrated Turbine Blades/Disks•Advanced Cooling•Wake/Shock Management•Clearance Management•Highly Loaded Aerodynamics

Combustion•Low Emission Research•High Mach Combustion•High Heat Sink Fuels•Coke Barrier Coatings•Active Combustion Control

Controls•Intelligent Controls•Distributed Control System•Prognostic Sensors•MEMS•Wireless Communications

Mechanical Components•High DN Bearings•Magnetic Bearings•Air-Oil Brush Seals

Inlet / Nacelle/ Nozzle•Light Weight Structures•Integrated Airframe/Engine Structures•TiAl Structures•Fluidic Mixing•Fluidic Vectoring

Materials•High Temp. Ni Alloys•CMC’s•PMC’s•Nano Structures•Smart Materials & Structures•Advanced NDE•Accelerated ImplementationMethods

Modeling•Physics-based Tools•Time Unsteady Aero•Aeromechanics•CFD Design Tools•Combustor Codes•Digital Engine Model•Noise Prediction Tools•Manufacturing Modeling

AT –030510/14–6/20/03

Investing In Technology

TechnologyCapability

Development Cost / Development Risk

New ParadigmsPulse Detonation EnginesFuel CellsHigh Costs – High Payoffs

Technology to Improve UponToday’s ParadigmsModerate Costs – Moderate Risks

Variable Cycle Engines

Fluidics

Thermal ManagementSystems

Materials

AT –030510/15–6/20/03

Investment Recommendations

Enabling Technology ProductsHistory

ATEGG / JTDE F110, F414

IHPTET F119, F135, F136

E3 CF6, CFM56, GE90Future

UEET / QAT / QSP Advanced TransportURETI’s Global Reach Transport

Supersonic BizJet

VAATE NAI Long Range Strike

RTA Access-to-SpaceAdvanced Rotorcraft

Growth JSF

DARPA Pulse DetonationFuel Cells

Adequate Funding in Enabling TechnologiesKey to Continued U.S. Aerospace Preeminence

AT –030510/16–6/20/03

Propulsion Vision for the 21st Century

Key to Success is Strong Cooperation BetweenAcademia, Industry, and Government Agencies

Academia

Government

Industry

L O C K H E E D M A R TI N

Industry / Government S&T Investment ...

Ris

kIn

vestmen

t

High

Low

Time

Tec

hn

olo

gy

Dem

on

stra

tio

n

Maturation

Fu

nd

amen

tal

Dev

elo

pm

ent

… Positioning for the Future

AT –030510/18–6/20/03

Summary

• U.S. Aerospace industry provides export leadership,military superiority, and clean, fuel efficient aircraft

• Aerospace R&D is the basis for leadership role

• Future trends: faster, environmentally friendly,safe aerospace systems

• Propulsion key contributor to aerospace superiority

• Significant propulsion growth opportunities ahead

• Alternate propulsion concepts must be researched

Consistent, Steady, S&T Funding Neededfor Research / Maintain Intellectual Capital