hydrogen - fuel for future propulsion technologies · hydrogen - fuel for future propulsion...

Hydrogen -Fuel for Future Propulsion Technologies

John HollisHead of Government and Industrial Affairs

Challenges in the Transportation Sector. Mobility of the Future.

Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007

+1970’s - 1980’s Air quality ZEV mandate

1990’s +Climate changeKyoto Protocol

+

Hydrogen Powered Vehicles2000’s +Supply guarantee

The Challenge of “Air quality”.Development of Car Emissions (Germany).


8000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

10000

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

1000

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

01980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Driving [Mrd. km/pa]

0

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

CO [kt /pa]

HC [kt /pa]

NOx [kt/pa]

Particles [kt /pa]800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

01980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0





The Challenge of “Climate Change”.Political Indicators.

Rio Conference (UN Framework Convention on Climate Change)

• The ultimate objective.....is the stabilization of greenhouse gases …to prevent dangerous interference with the climate system.

Kyoto Protocol

• Reduction of CO2 equivalent emissions at least 5% below 1990 levelsin the period 2008 to 2012 (developed countries)

• European Community - 8%• Germany- 21%• UK - 12.5 %

European Commission (interpretation of IPCC results)• medium term:Reduction of worldwide CO2 emissions by 20-40% by 2020• long term: Reduction of worldwide CO2 emissions by 70%

UK Legislation?

• 60% reduction by 2050

Categorisation of anthropogenic CO2 Emissions.EU-15 in 2004 and Changes since 1990.


20041990

CO2 total

Industry

Power plants and district heating plants

Households and small consumers

Transportation sectorin general

100%

25.8

34.8

19.0

20.5

100%

22.8

34.2

18.5

24.5

3369 mio. t 3507 mio. t

Development of CO2 Emissions.Cars in EU-15.


CO

2-Em

issi

ons

[Mt]

3750

3500

3250

3000

2750

2500

2250

20001995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

750

700

650

600

550

500

450

400

Driv

ing

[Mrd

. km

]

Driving

CO2-Emissions

Source: Tremove, 2006.EU-15: Österreich AT, Belgien BE, Dänemark DK, Finnland FI, Frankreich FR, Deutschland DE, Griechenland GR,Irland IE, Italien IT, Luxemburg LU, Niederlande NL, Portugal PT, Spanien ES, Schweden SE, Großbritannien UK.

The Challenge of “Energy Supply”.Independence, Stability and Security.


Source: Green Paper, European Commission, 2006.

World Energy Demand [Exajoule]

Timetoday + 25 years

Import Dependancy50

EU Energy Requirements [%]

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050Time

70

200

1.000

800

600

400

Source: World Energy Council

Energy Diversification

Possible Types of Energy for Passenger Cars.From Primary Energy to Fuel.


Petrol HydrogenPropane/Butane MethaneDiesel EthanolSeed oil Methanol

Batterypower

Electricity

Exhaustible Energy

Petroleum, Natural gas, Coal Nuclear fuel

Renewable EnergySolar irradiation, Hydro-electric power, Wind power

Biomass

Energy Strategy of the BMW Group. Control Tools.


Basic Technology - Drive Electrification Hybridisation

Lightweight Construction

Energy Carrier

Additional Units

AerodynamicsHeat Management

Rolling Resistance

Hydrogen

Well-to-Wheel Comparison of Fuels.CO2 Emissions in Combustion Engine.


g C

O2/k

m

Source: Verkehrswirtschaftliche Energiestrategie

Well-to-tank

H2 from natural gas and electrical current mixture: higher CO2emissions as compared to petrol

H2 from renewable energies: significant CO2 reductions

Petrol Diesel CNG LH2 ICE(Wind off-shore)

LH2 ICE(Natural gas)

Tank-to-wheel

280

240

200

160

120

80

40

0

Two Basic Scenarios.Potentials for sustainable CO2-Reduction.


Biomass Wind off/onshore

Wasserkraft

Natural Gas/Energy Mix EU

distinct CO2-Reduction (approx. 25 % per vehicle-km)

Wind off/onshore

Water Power

Clean Energy 50

Clean Energy 100maximum CO2-Reduction (approx. 90 % per vehicle-km)

+ 50 %

100 %

50 %

Source: Transport Energy Strategy TES

Hydrogen as an Automobile Energy Carrier.Fuel Costs and CO2 Emissions.


CO

2-Em

issi

ons

[g/k

Wh]

Source: Transport Energy Strategy TES

Costs [€ cent/kWh]

500

400

300

200

100

00 5 10 15 20 25

WindWater power Biomass Solar-thermal

Petrol with tax

Petrol without tax LH2 -Mix

50 % LH2 from regenerative energies

50 % LH2 from natural gas

Wind LH2 with tax

Different Hydrogen Propulsion Systems.Common Infrastructure Requirements.


Internal Combustion Engine ICE:+ power/weight & power/volume ratio+ cost-efficient production+ Proven durability

Fuel Cell & E-Motor:+ High starting torque+ Zero Emission Vehicle+ Wide-spread public

acceptance for urban traffic?

Both drive train concepts include specific advantages and further development potential. The entry into a

“hydrogen world” requires both: setting up activities of the petroleum

industry and extensive choice of automobiles

BMW Hydrogen 7.Hydrogen Technology Features.


Vehicle

CFK strengthening in side frame

Hydrogen gas warning system

LH2-fuel tank system

LH2-coupling system

Control System

Boil-off-ManagementSystem

LH2-Storage System

New components

Adapted components

H2-Powertrain

Bifueled internal combustion engine

Adapted ignition system

Digital Motor Electronics (DME)

H2 mixture generation system


6.0 litres

191 kW (260 bhp) at 5100 rpm

390 Nm at 4300 rpm

External Fuel-Mixture Generation

Direct Injection

Bi-fuelled 12-cylinder engine (LH2 / petrol)

Capacity

Maximum output

Maximum torque

H2:

Petrol:

BMW Hydrogen 7.Bi-fuelled H2 Combustion Engine.

BMW Hydrogen 7.Lowest NOX emissions in all Driving Conditions.


NO

x-E

mis

sion

s [p

pm]

Air ratio [l]

5.00.0 2.0 3.0 4.01.0

Suppressed area Lean combustion(without catalytic converter)

Rich combustion(Catalyticconverter)

Stoichiometric combustion

Catalyticconverter

Raw emissions Emissions

Fuel Tank Concept for Liquid Hydrogen.


Cryogenic at approx. - 250 °C

Double-walled

High Vacuum with Aluminium reflective FoilMulti-layer Insulation

approx. 8 kg < 8 minutes17 h9 d

Type:

Shape:

Super Insulation:

Fuel tank Capacity: Refuelling Time:Start Boil-off*:Holding Time*:

*Basis: half-full Tank

BMW Hydrogen 7Operating Principle


BMW Hydrogen 7 Safety Features.Vehicle Tests.


Tests throughout the whole year:

- High speed routes - Testing in cold regions- Testing in hot regions> 1 mio. testing-kilometres

H2 technology - tested for the user.

BMW Hydrogen 7Active Safety System


BMW Hydrogen 7Passive Safety System


BMW Hydrogen 7. Interior Design Features.


Pioneering the H2-Infrastructure. In Europe, USA and Japan.


H2Win

Environmental Protection Agency/ DaimlerChrysler/ UPS (Michigan)

FreedomCAR/FreedomFUEL

CUTE Clean Urban Transport for

Europe & ECTOS Ecological City

Transport System & STEP

SINERGY (Singapore)

Lighthouse Projekte(EU)

NEDO

HyLights

JHFCJapan Hydrogen

and Fuel Cell Demonstration

Project

Fleet operators/ Prototypes

TESTransport Energy

Strategy

CEPClean Energy Partnership

China

HyWays

Californian Hyway

Californian Fuel Cell Partnership

DOEDepartment of

Energy

CleanEnergy Partnership CEP Berlin. Hydrogen Demonstration Project.


Publicly available, integrated Hydrogen Filling Stations:ARAL Messedamm TOTAL Heerstraße

Test and Demonstration of:

Production, Transport and Distribution of H2Storage and Refuelling of H2Operation, Service and Maintenance of H2 Vehicles

Future Hydrogen Demand for Transport. Start of Market Penetration not before 2020.


Source: International Energy Agency, Prospects for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells, 2005

IEA Scenario Parameter

E: Environmental Policy

S: Supply Security

T: Technology Process

E: Economic Conditions

C: Competing Options

Start of market penetration for hydrogen as fuel not before 2020Further development & growth strongly dependent on policy factors and technological progressFeasible demand projections today impossible!


Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 1

World Technical Potential for H2from Wind and Solar Power.15 - 30- fold Coverage of World Fuel Requirements.

1.00

0 TW

h/a

World fuel requirements

H2(Solar thermal power)

BTLH2(Wind power)

800

600

400

25

0

Source: IfE, Lehrstuhl für Energie- und Anwendungstechnik, Prof. U. WagnerEnergie aus Biomasse, M. Kaltschmitt, H. Hartmann Hrsg., 2001

Future Hydrogen Demand for Transport in the EU. Initial Concentration on few “Lighthouse Regions”.


Common position of following industry partners:

Phase I until 2010: Technology Development and Cost Reduction. Bundling of hydrogen demand for cars to one pilot region in Europe

Phase II from 2010 to approx. 2015: Pre-commercial Technology Refinement and Market Preparation. Further build up of infrastructure in one European pilot region and for buses in a few selected European regions

Phase III starting around 2015: Commercialisation. Ramp-up of production leading to mass production within at least 10 years for every OEM.

The Hydrogen Circle.Conclusion.


Production of Hydrogen from unlimited available sources

Distributionand Refuelling

Utilization and technology of Hydrogen

H2A closedcircle

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