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Ibi Bateke Carbon Sink Plantation (IBCSP)

Socio-Environmental Impact Assessment - Update as of February 2009

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30 years lease (bail ferme)

concession

DRC Congostate

OK - 8000hato Muschiete

Traditional leaders

- 30 years lease - Concerns 4,500 hectares which are part of the

Mushiete concession within the Ibi estate - Concerns the implementation of the carbon sink

plantation - Lease contract is ready to be signed by both

parties

NOVACEL

-Deed number issued; ministerial act - OK - Procedures for a permanent concession title ongoing - In total, it will have 8,000 ha (6,000 ha already acquired + 2,000 additional ha) inscribed within the Ibi estate. - Concerns all aspects of land management

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Mr. Sylvain Ngambimi is under contract with NOVACEL since July 1998.�

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2 Mr Joseph Kimbeni Sedi is coordinator of the DST since July 2008. Ms Philomène Misinga has worked as a social expert since October 2008; and Mr Guylain Ibabi has worked as an agricultural expert since January 2009.

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Ibi Batéké Carbon Sink Project

Socio-Environmental Impact Assessment Executive summary3

1.1 A brief presentation of the project The project is located on the Batéké Plateau, in the Kinshasa Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It will be implemented in the Ibi domain, located 140 km east of Kinshasa, close to the village of Mbankana. This domain covers an area of 20,000 hectares and is bordered to the south by the National Road that links Kinshasa to Kikwit. The project consists of the reforestation of 8000 hectares4 using fast-growing species (eucalyptus, pines, acacias) and local species. This plantation is expected to produce firewood for local use; charcoal to supply the city of Kinshasa; lumber and timber; as well as to sequester carbon. It will foster local development, which is currently very slow, by creating employment and by improving the livelihood of the local population. The plantation will be sustainably managed and will become part of the landscape, both ecologically and economically. Moreover, ecological conditions in the project area are similar to those encountered in the whole Bateke plateau, which spreads from Angola to Gabon and across the two Congo nations. It will thus be possible to replicate the project and to adapt it to diverse socio-economic contexts. 1.2 Legal, regulatory and political aspects After years of dictatorship and tribal wars supported by foreign powers, the DRC entered into a process of peace negotiations in 2003. This process was implemented by a transition government, which gathered the various parties in conflict, and was supported by the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC). Free elections were organized in July 2006 to elect the President and the 500 representatives of the national assembly. This first election was a success despite a few tensions and irregularities observed during the announcement of the results. A process of decentralization, necessary in such a vast country, was also initiated. The DRC ratified most international conventions on environmental issues, including the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol. The Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation, Water and Forest (MECNEF), more particularly its General Secretariat for Nature Conservation and Sustainable Development, is in charge of the application of the UNFCCC. In conformity with the decisions taken at the Conference of the Parties, the DRC created a Designated National Authority (DNA) in charge of approving projects eligible to the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The DRC also ratified international conventions relative to human rights, such as the UN-Universal Declaration of

3 Translation from the original report in French. « Étude d’Impact Socio-Environnemental », Rapport Final, Oréade-Brèche. 4 Throughout this document, the total project area to be reforested is presented as 8,000 hectares, which reflects the initial project design. However, the area under the Ibi Bateke Carbon Sink Project is limited to 4,220 hectares.

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Human Rights and the UN-International Convention of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Concerning forest policies, the transition National Assembly recently approved a new forest law (# 011/2002 of August 29, 2002, which replaced the former law, issued in April 11, 1949). The application decrees of this new law have not all been issued, but the decree # 05/116 of October 24, 2005 enabled the conversion of forest products extraction authorizations into forest concessions. Concerning endangered species, the Ministerial order # 020/CAB/MIN/ECN-EF/2006 of May 9, 2006 established a list of 72 fully protected species (50 mammals and 22 birds) and 234 partially protected species (75 mammals, 125 birds and 34 reptiles). The commercial extraction of certain tree species is also forbidden, in application of the CITES. 1.3 Methodological considerations The present study was conducted by several Congolese teams, under the supervision of French consulting firms, in order to build local expertise capacities. Two parallel socio-economic surveys have been conducted:

- The first concerned the population living in the Ibi domain. The whole population was interviewed, using a focus group approach, and a participatory mapping was conducted.

- The second concerned the population living in villages located around the Ibi domain, through focus groups and individual interviews.

The fieldwork was conducted from May to June 2006. Draft reports were delivered in July-August 2006 and edited in September-October 2006. An environmental assessment was conducted for establishing the “without project” scenario, which is required for the elaboration of the Project Design Document (PDD), a document to be submitted to the Clean Development Mechanism Executive Secretariat. This environmental assessment includes phyto-sociological surveys, soil surveys, and measurements of herbaceous and ligneous biomass. The fieldwork was conducted in April-May 2006, followed by laboratory analysis in June-July. Draft reports were delivered in September-October 2006. Data relating to the “without project” situation were collected in several locations representing the diversity of savannah ecosystems encountered in the area. 1.4 Project justification and alternatives Concerning firewood, lumber and timber, the demand in Kinshasa and in DRC appears to be high, and the commercialization of these products should not face any problem. Moreover, the pine plantations will deliver products that meet local standards in term of price and quality. Regarding social aspects, the project is located in an area where unemployment is high, and provides opportunity to improve local livelihoods, by bringing new economic opportunities, through the sale of wood and of carbon credits. Regarding environmental aspects, the plantation will contribute to decreasing global warming by carbon sequestration, and will help to conserve natural ecosystems, such as riparian forests, which are currently cut for charcoal production. The possible alternatives to the project are:

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Alternative 1: establishment of the plantation in a single phase, by planting trees at an increasing pace, from 500 to 2,000 hectares per year, on a total area of 7,200 hectares. Alternative 2: establishment of the plantation in two phases, by planting 2950 hectares during the first three years (phase one), using seeds collected locally; and 4550 hectares during the two following years (phase two), using improved varieties. Alternatives 3 and 4: Various locations and combinations of species can be adopted for the plantation, according to whether the promoters favor protection against fires or against diseases. The second alternative, which consists of the progressive establishment of the plantation and enables the use of improved varieties whose capacity in terms of carbon storage is more elevated, appears to be more relevant. It has the following advantages:

- Concerning economic aspects, it enables the selection of more efficient and profitable tree species and varieties.

- Concerning social aspects, the progressive establishment of the plantation should enable the local population to better adapt to the changes of the landscape.

- Concerning environmental aspects, the use of species that are better adapted to local conditions should enable a lower use of pesticides and herbicides.

1.5. Project description The plantations to be established by the project are as follows5:

Species 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Total Eucalyptus and acacias

200 250 750 1200 1300 3700

Pines and acacias

200 250 750 1000 1000 3200

Local species

50 100 150 300

Test plantations

50 100 100 25 25 300

Total reforested

500 700 1750 2225 2325 7500

Firebreaks and dirt roads

33.6 47.0 117.5 149.3 156.0 503.5

Total project area

534 747 1867 2374 2481 8003

Four types of plantations will be established: Type 1: a plantation for charcoal production, consisting of two lines of eucalyptus alternating with one line of acacia. Eucalyptus urophylla should be used during the first phase, followed by Eucalyptus PF1 (reproduced vegetatively by cuttings) during the second phase.

5 Please see ferefence 4 above.

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Type 2: a plantation for lumber and timber production, consisting of two lines of pine (Pinus oocarpa, P. caribea, P. tecunumannii) alternating with one line of acacia.

Type 3: an « ecological » plantation, consisting of local species: Millettia laurentii (local name: wenge), which is of paramount importance in the Congolese forests; Cleistopholis glauca and/or C. patens (local name: sobu), which is seldom utilized locally but grows fast; and other locally useful species that remain to be selected. Type 4: an experimental plantation, aimed at testing new management practices and new species and varieties (to be established later). During the first phase of the project (from 2007 to 2009), the plantation will be established using locally collected seeds of eucalyptus and acacias. The nurseries will use simple technologies, such as black plastic containers. During the second phase, the seeds will be produced using more sophisticated technologies that will have been tested during the first phase, or will be purchased in research centers or other seed producers that use state of the art technologies (selection, hybridation, cloning, etc…). The establishment of a large plantation using these technologies will be complex and will require a perfect control of all operations. The following phases can be distinguished:

- Identification and study of the plantation site. - Preparation of the site. - Plantation.

Cleaning and maintenance of the plantation will be done mechanically, in between the lines, and manually, in the lines, three times a year during a two year period for the eucalyptus, and during a three year period for the other species. The plantation will be protected by the workers and other staff involved, by a team of eco-guards, including a person who will permanently drive over the site, and by a specific program aimed at preventing fires. This program will consist of two components:

- Creation and maintenance of green firebreaks along the dirt roads, and burned firebreaks around the plantation site.

- Creation of a fire monitoring and control system that includes a sensitization program (the local population, and, more specifically, the workers, will be targeted) and a team equipped with equipment for emergency intervention (four wheel drive vehicle, trailer with water tank, pump and fire fighting hoses, chainsaws, machetes, etc…).

The project did not provide details about the modalities of wood harvesting. But harvesting will be done manually using chainsaws. Concerning charcoal production, clear-cutting will be practiced, and the wood will be chain sawed and carbonized directly on the plots, using a technique similar to that employed by the local people. The by-products of acacia thinning will also be transformed into charcoal. Small sized wood will be transported using a tractor and trailer and carbonized out of the plot. By-products of pine thinning will be used as poles and small sized lumber. The estimated volumes of production are as follows:

- Firewood (includes acacias and pines): 100,000 to 155,000 m3/year, starting in 2013. - Pine poles from 2019 to 2023: 65,000 m3/year. - Large pine poles and timber from 2025 to 2029: 115,000 m3/year. - Pine timber after 2037: 125,000 to 200 000 m3/year.

According to a first estimate, charcoal to be sold in Kinshasa will represent 10 to 15 truckloads per day.

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1.6 Initial state of the environment 1.6.1 General characteristics of the biophysical and natural environment The Ibi estate is exposed to a warm and humid tropical climate with four seasons:

- A large dry season from mid-May to mid-September. - A large rainy season from mid-September to mid-December. - A small dry season from early January to late February. - A small rainy season from early March to mid-May.

Annual rainfall is 1500 mm, with 100 rainy days per year. The monthly average temperature is remarkably constant: 24 to 25°C. The relative air humidity is always quite elevated: 80%. The Batéké plateau is constituted of ocher sands with an underlying sandstone substratum. The plateau is generally very flat, with a southward slope. The altitude is 1000 meters in the northern part (in Angola) and 700 meters in the vicinity of the Congo River. Many rivers flow across the plateau, from south to north. The altitudinal range between the plateau and the rivers is about 200 meters. The Ibi estate is bordered by the Duale and Lufimi rivers in the west, and is crossed by the Ibi River, whose spring provides drinking water. All three rivers have an elevated discharge (two liters/second for the Ibi river, and still more for the others). The soils are favorable to the establishment of forest plantation. They are deep, loose, and permeable; and have an elevated porosity, with a high proportion of small particles. No stones are found and their preparation can be easily mechanized. They are poor in nutrients but this should not be a cause for concern, given the low requirements of the species that will be planted. The risks of erosion should not be neglected, in spite of the flat character of the land. Erosion is visible on the hillsides of the Duale and Lufimi valleys, in areas with no vegetation cover, for example on the trails that link the villages to the springs. But the reforestation sites are not located on these hillsides. The vegetation is mostly an herbaceous savannah with a few scattered shrubs. The density of woody plants increases from south to north, probably due to anthropogenic causes, as the collection of firewood is more elevated in the vicinity of the National Road. The savannahs to be reforested are dominated by two species: Hyparrhenia diplandra (an herbaceous plant) and Hymenocardia acida (a shrub). Riparian forests cover the three valleys and are more or less intact, according to their remoteness. A larger section of forest covers the plateau in the northern part of the estate, at the confluence of the Ibi, Duale and Lufimi rivers, but it is being cleared for the production of charcoal and for cultivation. This clearing is uncontrolled and often occurs on steep slopes, which provokes erosion and biodiversity losses. This degradation must be stopped, and the promotion of agroforestry systems, which can also provide firewood, could be a solution.

Fires occur several times a year in the savannahs. They are generally anthropogenic (accidental, or intentional, in which case they are ignited to facilitate hunting or for other purposes). Large mammals (elephants, buffalos, lions) used to be common in the area but have been decimated by hunting. Small mammals (duikers, guibs) are now also threatened by over hunting. Potentially,

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the area could shelter a fauna similar to that encountered in the neighboring reservation of Bombo Lumene (duikers, guibs, bush pigs, jackals, monkeys, birds), where ecological conditions are similar but where illegal hunting is also severe. 1.6.2The human environment Settlement in the studied area consists of three “cités rurales” (Mbankana, Mutiene and Kinzono – Mampu) located around the project area and part of the Maluku rural municipality; 11 villages and 7 farms located within the project area, mostly on the eastern and western edges of the Lufimi and Duale rivers; and the inhabitants of the Ibi estate. The villages and farms were all created less than 25 years ago, some of them only 3 or 4 years ago. Villages are the permanent settlements of members of the Téké community, which is native to the area, while farms reflect a dynamic of private land appropriation motivated by economic objectives. The Ibi estate belongs to the NOVACEL society, which promotes the development of agricultural production directly, or indirectly, through a partnership with agroforestry farmers. The population of the “cités rurales” is about 17,290 (Mbankana: 14,940 habitants; Mutiene: 2,300 habitants; Mampu: 500 habitants). One third of the interviewees were less than 24 years old and gender distribution is even. 501 persons live on the Ibi Estate (430 in the villages, 16 in the farms, and 55 in the Ibi station), which represents a density of 2 persons/km2.

Agriculture is the main economic activity in the Ibi estate and in the studied area. It provides subsistence to the population, and some surplus is sold in Kinshasa. The development of infrastructure is limited. Roads are poorly maintained (except the National Road), the supply of drinking water is almost nonexistent (except in Mampu and Ibi), and private generators provide electricity. Health centers and schools are in bad shape and the recruitment of teachers is difficult. 1.7 Assessment of environmental and social impacts The main negative environmental impacts concern the local livelihoods and economic activities. The table below summarizes these impacts and the proposed mitigations.

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Issue or component

Cause of the impact

Impact Level of the impact

Suppression, mitigation or compensation measures

Effects and remaining impacts

Soil Construction machinery

Erosion Low: soils are fragile but with low slopes

Definition of specifications for the plantation operations; definition of monitoring and control procedures.

Improvement of soil fertility by the plantation of acacias

Water table Increased use of water by the plantation and the population

Degradation of the water table

Low (limited use)

Qualitative and quantitative monitoring, and capture of other springs, if necessary

None

Fauna Ecosystem modification

Local extinction of species

Low: the fauna is already absent

Support to action that could favor the reintroduction of locally extinct species

Positive

Ecosystem Ecosystem modification

Local extinction of species

Knowledge in this domain is Insufficient

A large area of savannah remains

None

Ecosystem Plantation of exotic species on large areas

Some species become invasive

Low: the savannahs and the forest can hardly be colonized by the species that will be planted

Monitoring outside of the Ibi domain

Very low or null

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Issue or component

Cause of the impact

Impact Level of the impact

Suppression, mitigation or compensation measures

Effects and remaining impacts

Landscape Establishment of large plantations

Closure of the landscape

Medium to high: significant transformation of the landscape, mostly in the vicinity of the National Road)

Landscape approach in the Ibi valley (plantation of a mixture of species)

Habits will evolve rapidly

Population of the neighbor villages

Labor needs of the project Good reputation of the project Poor socio-economic conditions in the area

Population inflow

Medium: low population density and only moderate risk of migration

Physical delimitation of the Ibi Estate The villages located in the Ibi estate are put under the responsibility of the project Support to development in the area, outside the Ibi domain (education, technical training, purchase of agricultural equipment, support to cooperatives, healthcare).

Positive

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Issue or component

Cause of the impact

Impact Level of the impact

Suppression, mitigation or compensation measures

Effects and remaining impacts

Population Immigration Possible economic differentiation between the population of the Ibi estate and the other inhabitants of the area

Increasing risk of conflict

Low: tensions and migrations are currently limited, as customary leaders are respected

Creation of an institution in charge of conflict resolution Involvement of customary authorities

Low

Population Increase of traffic on roads, as a consequence of the development of new economic opportunities

Increasing risk of car accidents

Low: the speed is naturally limited by the poor condition of the roads

Training of drivers and education of the population Utilization of equipment in good shape

Low

Population Risks relating to operations in the plantation

Accidents and health problems

Medium: the population has not been trained for this type of work

Training of workers Utilization of adapted equipment Control of operations Creation of a health center

Some risks remain but they should be at an acceptable level

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Issue or component

Cause of the impact

Impact Level of the impact

Suppression, mitigation or compensation measures

Effects and remaining impacts

Population Reforestation of the area

Increasing risk of fires

Medium: fires are frequent in the area and the plantation is vulnerable to them

Creation of firebreaks Control Education of the local population

Low in the medium or long term

Population Creation of jobs

Abandonment of agricultural activities Poor management of income

Medium: high expectations from the project, and poor livelihood

Selection of candidates, with an attention to women Monitoring and training of staff Extension of new agricultural techniques New agricultural equipment is made available

Low, or positive in the medium or long term

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Issue or component

Cause of the impact

Impact Level of the impact

Suppression, mitigation or compensation measures

Effects and remaining impacts

Population Immigration Overuse of water resources

Medium to high: the availability of water is a major problem in the area

Studies aimed at monitoring precisely the resources and the production capacity Education of the population Control

Probably low

Capacity of health care infrastructures

Immigration Overload of infrastructure

Medium: the capacity of the current health centers is low, and immigration is moderate

Creation of a health care center in the Ibi Station More health care capacities are provided to the population

Probably positive in the medium or long term

Capacity of education infrastructure

Immigration Increasing overload of the infrastructure

Low: the capacity of the education centers is limited, but immigration is moderate

Improvement of the education capacity in the area Partnership between the Mampu center and the CADIM

Probably positive in the medium to long term.

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Issue or component

Cause of the impact

Impact Level of the impact

Suppression, mitigation or compensation measures

Effects and remaining impacts

Transportation infrastructure

Increase in traffic as a consequence of the development of economic activity

Degradation of the infrastructure

Medium: the infrastructure is currently in poor condition, and traffic could increase

Contribution to the maintenance of the National Road and of local dirt roads

Positive in the long term

Farmers Mampu Agroforestry center

Development of economic activities in the domain

Increasing competition to the detriment of other producers in the area

High: competition on the main economic activities, high production capacity of the project, and disadvantages of the Mampu center (remoteness, difficult access, etc…).

Technical knowledge is provided to other actors, as well as machinery for construction and road maintenance Creation of a cooperative or improvement of existing cooperatives, and support to the collective commercialization of products

Positive in the long term

NGOs Development of a new project

Difficult working conditions for the NGOs

Low, considering the activities currently implemented

Communication between the project and the NGOs

Low

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1.8 Consultation of the local population and stakeholder analysis The local population was interviewed by the consulting firms in charge of the socio-economic analysis. Two approaches were used:

- An exhaustive consultation of the adult population living in the Ibi estate, through focus groups.

- A partial consultation of the population living in the “cités rurales”, through a survey with stratified sampling and through focus groups (3 groups per site, 12 persons per group).

Two workshops were organized to deliver the results, on July 15 and 16 of 2006, for the traditional authorities of Mbankana, and for the whole population of Mbankana. The project was presented in Lingala, Téké and French languages. At the end of these workshops, the traditional leaders signed a text approving the project. Two meetings were further organized in Kinshasa, on July 18 and 19 of 2006, for presenting the project to development operators and state officials. The project was officially accepted at the closing of these workshops. During these meetings, the concept of carbon sink proved difficult to explain, but it also appeared that most of the population had heard of the project and approved it. The fact that the promoter of the project is a native from the area seems to contribute to its approval. The surveys also identified a series of apprehensions relative to the evolution of land ownership in the future, to the equity of benefit sharing, to the competition of the project with other producers, and to the risk of tensions between the project staff and other key actors of the region. Expectations were also expressed regarding employment opportunities, the maintenance of infrastructure, and the creation of a medicinal plants arboretum. The conclusions of the stakeholder analysis are presented in the table below.

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Stakeholders Impacts of the project Expectations and apprehensions Involvement inor benefit fromthe project

PrimaryPositives: improvement of livelihood bycompensation measures (improved access to water,education, healthcare and technical knowledge)

Expectations: more efficient agriculturaltechniques and higher capacity ofproduction; improved access to water andhealthcare

Peasantsliving in theIbi estate

Negatives: disruption of traditional livelihood andloss of productive capacity due to the abandonmentof agricultural activities; competition with theproject for agricultural and charcoal production;conflict with immigrants attracted by jobopportunities provided by the project; risk ofaccidents for the workers hired for plantationoperations

Apprehensions: loss of agricultural land;lower availability of labor for agriculturalactivities, due to the attractiveness ofplantation jobs; income decrease

Temporaryemployment

Positives: improvement of livelihood due tocompensation measures (improved access toeducation and healthcare)

Expectations: more job opportunities;improved access to healthcare and water;better maintenance of the infrastructure;creation of a medicinal plant arboretum

Peasantsliving in the“citésrurales”

Negatives: disruption of traditional livelihood andloss of productive capacity due to the abandonmentof agricultural activities; competition with theproject for agricultural and charcoal production;risk of accidents for the workers hired forplantation operations.

Apprehensions: risks of fires; incomedecrease

Temporaryemployment

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Stakeholders Impacts of the project Expectations and apprehensions Involvement inor benefit fromthe project

Positives: more job opportunities Expectations: possibility of using projectequipment; improved access to healthcareand water; maintenance of infrastructure;reforestation; creation of a medicinal plantarboretum

Farmersand/orlandowners Negatives: competition with the project for

agricultural and charcoal production; insufficientaccess to services as a consequence of immigration

Apprehensions: loss of land ownership; riskof fires; income decrease

Part of thepopulationopposed to theproject if nottaken intoconsideration

Positive: improvement of the socio-economicsituation through new job opportunities

Expectations: possibility of using theequipment and/or the technical support ofthe project; improved access to healthcareand water; maintenance of infrastructure;reforestation; creation of a medicinal plantsarboretum

Vulnerablepeople

Negatives: risk of accident for the workers hiredfor plantation operations

Apprehensions: risk of fires; exclusion fromthe opportunities provided by the project

Temporaryemployment

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Stakeholders Impacts of the project Expectations and apprehensions Involvement inor benefit fromthe project

KeysExpectations: development of the area

Traditionalauthorities

Negative: lower authority over the land in the Ibiestate

Apprehension: loss of authority; loss ofownership of land

Part of thepopulationopposed to theproject if nottaken intoconsideration

Donors Positives: financial benefits Expectation: investment return ratio of theproject

Supply offinancialresources for theimplementationof the project

SecondaryPositives: development of their activities inpartnership with the project

Expectations: development of the area

NGOs Negatives: loss of influence on the local population Apprehensions: competition between theproject and the Hans Heidel foundation,located in Mampu

Sharing oftechnicalexpertise;collaborations

State services Expectations: development of the area Involvement inprojectmonitoring, andinstitutionalstrengthening

Private sector Positives: increasing business opportunities as aconsequence of production increase and livelihoodbetterment

Expectations: more commercial exchanges Supply ofservices

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