ib history review p2

7/30/2019 IB History Review P2

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Haley BockoIB History Review Paper 2

Topic 1-Causes, practices and effects of wars

Different types and nature of 20 th century warfare

o Civil War

Fought between people of same country

Similar to total war

Few end in compromise Most go until one side wins or gains objective

Compared to total war

More bitterness

Line between civilian and soldier= less clear

Enemy Is not just troops but entire opposing side

o Everyone chooses sides

Results in the militarization of communities and rise to power of onepowerful leader

Usually dictatorships

Intervention of other countries To take advantage of divisions

Support the side that would be favorable if victorious

Can arise because:

People in certain regions of a country feel oppressed

Political divisions

Different religious ideas in a country

Social conflict

Lots of social pressure

More personal than in other types of wars

o Guerrilla Warfare Groups of civilians who took up arms to attack the enemy

Smaller groups than the army operate independently to attack theenemy wherever possible

Attack essential communication and supply lines

Useful when fighting a bigger and better supplied army

Tactics=ambush and sabotage

o Limited war

Not regional or international conflicto Total war

All resources of a nation used by state to achieve victory No distinction between home front and fighting front

Home front: people produce war materials and food to

supply troopso Provides soldiers for mass armies

Fighting front: where war is waged

State takes over/controls production, imports, and exports

Distribution of resources

o Rations for food and raw materials


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Whole nation encouraged by propaganda

Hard to oppose conflict

Total commitment needed

Vital survival of the nation

No compromise for peace

o Until one enemy surrenders

o Any thing goes

Atomic bomb

New weapons

Mustard/ poison gaso Economic warfare to starve enemy

Bombing raids to destroy economy

Kill people producing resources

Limits: prisoners, not mass killings

Chinese Civil War (1927-37 and 1946-49)

o Origins and causes

Long-term:

Collapse of imperial power

o Manchu Qing dynasty = fragile

Major external and internal threats

Increase in foreign interest in the

countryo After the defeat of the British in

the Opium wars 1839-42o Superpowers in the world started

to carve up China among them

and control her trade Emperors inability to resist this influx of foreign

involvement

Rising nationalist resentment and internalopposition to the imperial power

Abdication of the emperor was necessary tomodernize the country

A military nationalistic uprising

Power vacuum arose

The KMT and CCP fight over later in the

civil war

Warlords and regionalism:

o Failure to fill the power vacuum divided up China

into different regions where warlords brutallyexercised their power over the peasants

o 1912 Yuan Shikai set up a military dictatorship

Failed to resolve any of Chinas big problems

Such as foreign interest in the country

Died in 1916 the country descended into


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chaos

Not appointed a successor

For the next decade powerful warlords dividedup the country into independent regions

As country was divided up, more people

became nationalistic and wanted tounify China

The social conditions under the warlordswere very poor, and the exploitation ofpeasants would lead to later significantsupport for the CCP.

As China was internally weak, it had to

accept the TOV and grant the formerGerman colony of Shandong to Chinasgreatest enemy, Japan. This createdmore nationalistic feelings.

o Two different political parties, the KMT and the CCP,

were formed. The two parties both offered a solutionto Chinas problems and they were willing to fight for itas well

KMT

Leader: Sun-Yat-Sen

Three main principles:

1) Nationalism (take away foreign

influence)

2) Peoples democracy (establish a

democratic state)

3) Peoples livelihood (establish

socialism, where the poor arebenefitted)

Under Chiang Kai-Shek

Shifts right

Focuses more on nationalism

Leads to the white terror in Shanghai in

1927

CCP

Communist ideology

Mao adopts Soviet communism to

Chinese conditions Revolutionize Chinese society

1) Eradicate rural poverty through

collective ownership

2) Replace traditional Chinese values

with CCP values

3) Abolish foreign influence especially

western

CCP want a central economy whilst KMT


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wants to maintain capitalism

Initially parties worked together to defeatregionalism

Chiangs shift to the right the white

terror (killing of CCP officials) whatsome historians have called the firstChinese civil war between 1927-37

Ideological divisions also essential tofoundation of conflict in 1946

Short Term:

Failure of KMT to secure single party state

o Civil war inevitable

o Failed to defeat the CCP in 1927

CCP severely weakened

Nationalist government failed to establishcontrol of China

CCP builds up its strength and emerged as

much stronger in the "united front" with KMT in1937 against the Japanese invasion

After the Japanese invasion, the fightingbetween KMT + CCP continued

CCP had emerged in a much stronger

position able to wage war against KMT

End of WW2 and failure of US diplomacy:

o Failure of US to secure peace in China in 1946

Proper civil war broke out between CCP andKMT in the same year

Dropping of atom bombs over Hiroshima and

Nagasaki meant that Japan had to withdrawfrom China

Fighting between CCP + KMT could

commenceo Heavily divided between

communists and nationalists,

Cold war emerged in Europe

US sought to stall a communist victory

in Chinao Intervened to promote a coalition

government in China betweenKMT + CCP

General Marshall led thenegotiations between

Both parties were notprepared to honor theterms of the agreement inpractice

Were fighting again as


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they moved troops intoManchuria

o Nature

Civil war:

Lots of political ideologies involved

o Not so much due to regional differences

Civilians suffered greatly, bot during and in after math of war

Resulted in prolonged dictatorship

Tactics:

Guerilla war:

o Much of communist success on small scale, not in

large open-order conflict

Especially with Japanese oppositiono Mao felt was an important part of achieving

revolutionary goals

Derived from masses and is supported by them

If it truly represents what people want

o Useful vs. Japanese and KMT Both = bigger and more equipped

o Help from Russia

Course:

Reasons for Communist victory:

After the Long March, Mao finally gainedunchallenged command of the CCP

Reasserting guerrilla strategy

Communists set up their headquarters

at Yan'an, where the movement would

grow rapidly for the next ten yearso Due to aggression by the

Japanese

Undermine the Nationalistgovernment

Loss of Manchuria, and itsvast potential for industrialdevelopment and warindustries, was a blow tothe Nationalist economy.

KMT-CCP united front

against Japan Communists expanded

their influence whereveropportunities presentedthemselves through massorganizations,administrative reforms,and the land- and tax-reform measures favoring


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the peasants

Nationalists attempted toneutralize the spread ofCommunist influence

The Red Army fostered an image of conductingguerrilla warfare in defense of the people

Mao began preparing for the establishment of

a new China Skillful organizational and propaganda work

The Communists increased party membershipfrom 100,000 in 1937 to 1.2 million by 1945.

Nationalist internal reforms

In vain

Corruption and political and economic

chaos

Demoralized and undisciplined Nationalisttroops proved no match for the People'sLiberation Army (PLA)

Nationalists exhausted by the long war withJapan and the attendant internalresponsibilities

Communists take over

Little resistance

o After Chiang Kai-shek and a few

hundred thousand Nationalisttroops fled from the mainland

o Effects and results

China remained a single party state in which individual rights andfreedoms were suppressed

Challenges facing the Government:

After war with japan, China's economy and its people were

exhausted

Agriculture production had fallen because people taken

away to fight

o Food shortages

o Industrial production had also fallen

Economy bad

o

KMT leaders took treasury with them when they fled Rift between China and the Western powers

o Cut off from trade and contact with the west, China's

only source of foreign assistance was from the SovietUnion.

Still had problems with some landlords

o Social and ethnic divisions

Effects on West and USA:

US Cold War anxiety


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Refuses to recognize CCP- seat in UN in Taiwan (KMT) and

not PRC (chinas) seat

New front in Cold War- US interpretations of USSR being

the mastermind behind the CCW- cold war context.

World War 1

o Origins and causes:

Long Term: Nationalism

o Emergence of aggressive patriotism in Europe

Austria-Hungary had a large number of ethnicgroups after collapse of ottoman empire

Minorities wanted independence

tension

France= resentment

France had to give upAlsace and

Lorraine to Germany in the Franco-

Prussian war. Political

o Colonies

Growing industries needed more rawmaterials

Scramble for Africa

Colonies wanted independenceo Germany and Britain arms race

Disagreed over railroad from berlin to Baghdad

Increase in German navy

Historiography:o Britain feels threatened, which

leads to their alliances withFrance and Russia

Germany has strongest army

Historiography:

o Germany was determined to start

a war

At the height of its militarypower and wanted toexploit the situation

Allianceso Reduced the ability to deal with responses flexibly

o The Triple Alliance

Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary

Nations offered to support each other militarilyin the event of an attack against any of them bytwo or more great powers

o Franco-Russian Alliance

In response to Triple Alliance
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_war.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_war.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triple_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_war.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_war.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triple_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace


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Mutual military assistance if either country wasattacked

o Entente Cordiale

Britain and France

Ending conflictso Triple Entente

Britain, France and Russia

Counterweight to the Triple Alliance. Economical:

o Commercial Rivalry

Britain dominated the market

Most manufactured goods

Germany closing in on France

Exporting more Iron

Historiography:

o More British insecurity towards

Germany

Short Term: Assassination ofArchduke Franz Ferdinand

o Serbian nationalist group black hand

Blank check from Germany

o Kaiser Wilhelm

o Allowed Austria to declare war

o Nature

Total war:

Entire population expected to contribute to the war effort

Technological developments:

75mm Field Gun Magazine rifle

Machine gun

Tactics:

Germany

o Bringing up forces by railway, dividing its forces and

attacking with infantry supported by cannons

Defensive: used machine guns, barbed wireand heavy big guns to defend lines

o Germany sent Mexico an invitation to start a war

against the US Zimmerman Telegram

o Unrestricted Submarine Warfare tactic

Sank US ships

Trench Warfare

Strategies:

Land:

o Germany:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmerman_Telegramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrestricted_Submarine_Warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_Warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmerman_Telegramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrestricted_Submarine_Warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_Warfare


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Defend on eastern front and attack rapidly onthe west

Schlieffen Plan

Distract USA so no threat

Seas:

o Britain starts a blockade in the North Sea

Make Germany rely solely on its internal goods

Starve ito Effects and results

Social:

Improved status of women

Social barriers undermined because of the emphasis of

national unity

Nationalism exploded

Most killed were between 18-38

Fall in the birth rate between 1914-1918

Manpower shortage during the 1930s.

Political:

Increased Role of Governments

o Health and education

o Greater control over the private sector

Spread of democratic ideals

The US came out favorable in the war

o The power of France, Germany, Russia, and England

all declined

League of Nations to prevent this from happening again

Economic:

Belief in need for economic self-sufficiency Economic problems due to land that was destroyed

o Partially due to Trench warfare

Germany ruined

o Declined as world power and in general

o In ruins because lost of fighting in home

o Blamed for war

The Treaty of Versailles

Germany to blame

o Lost 10% of its land

o Lost All its overseas colonies With this lots of its natural resources and

industries (iron and Steel) that had made iteconomically prosperous before

o Alsace-Lorraine returned to France.

o No annexation of Austria, Czechoslovakia, or Poland

and Danzigo Rhineland was to be declared a demilitarized zone

o Armed forces can be no larger than 100,000
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlieffen_Planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlieffen_Planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations


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o No manufacturing of weapons.

o No importing or exporting weapons

o No poison gas.

o No tanks.

o Small navy, 12 destroyers, 6 battleships, and 6

cruiserso No Submarines

o No military aircrafto War Guilt Clause justifies reparations.

According to Germans:

o Did not feel as though they started the war

o Did not lose

o Supposed to be a peace conference and not a

surrender

Effects of treaty:

o Germany falls behind in its Reparation payments

o French and Belgian soldiers invade the Ruhr region

and sack raw materials and goods in order tocompensate

Allowed under the Treaty of Versailleso German government orders the workers to strike

The strike aids in causing the growing inflationo French kill 100 workers and expel 100,000

protestants from the region in retaliation

World War 2


Long-term:

Versailles:

o German resentment:

Had expected Wilsons 14 points (not a blamegame)

Treaty of Versailles= unfair

Many displaced due to new boundaries

(land lost by Germany)

Took everything Germany could use to

rebuild economy recessionresentment

o Historiography: Orthodox: failed to solve problems and made

some worse

Revisionist: problem was not treaty but failureto uphold its terms

Communist Russia:

o With Germany defeated, no power strong enough to

prevent Russia from spreading communism to Europe

Not much about remilitarization


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Weakness of League of Nations:

o Never granted any army

o Weapon=economic sanctions imposed on those who

did not comply

Did not have much impact because biggesteconomic power (US) not a member

Germanys situation could not get much worseo It was completely ignored by aggressors (japan in

Manchuria)

Short-term:

Great depression:

o Hurt economy=mad people

Germany really not able to recovero Break down of diplomatic system

o Attempts to fix economy not prevent a war

o Also aided in rise of Nazis to power

End of reparations

o Allowed Germany to recover economicallyo Showed looseness of punishments

Pushed for more

Failure of disarmament

o Germany demanded to be considered equal at

conference in Geneva to other allies in league ofnations or they would quit

Meaning that Germany could create an armyas large as any of the other powers

Granted and Germany could remilitarize

Quit league because did not want to be

obligated to fight in a war because ofleague of nations

Rise of fascist leaders and appeasement

o Fascism: exalts nation and often race above the

individualo Britain was too weak to declare war on Germany in

the beginning after ww1o Remilitarized Germany and sought to reunite German

speakers

Troops in Rhineland

Nazis in formally German states stir up trouble Sudetenland: voted to reunite with

Germanyo Hitler demands it and it is given

to himo Promised not to take rest of

country

Does so anyways

Appeasement abandoned


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Nazi-soviet treaty

Avoid war on two fronts

Hitler attacks Poland

o Britain and France declare war

Orthodox view: Hitler wanted to expand Germany

Revisionist: improvisation and took advantage of

opportunitieso Nature

Total war:

Entire population expected to contribute to the war effort

Mass bombing of civilians brought the front line to ordinary

people

People killed in Germany due to bombings = 4x number of

British soldiers killed in WW1

Technological developments:

Long range air craft

Homing torpedoes

Air craft carriers as warships

o Used to be just support

Tactics:

Airborne assaults

o Parachutes from planes

o To seize or sabotage things behind enemy lines

Strategies:

Air:

o Bombers to destroy enemys industry, cities and

morale

On battlefield Strategic air raids

Land:

o Tanks

Fast, low, and heavily armored

Seas:

o Submarine

German: Wolf-pack method

Us vs. Japanese

Resistance and revolutionary movements:

German forces faced lots of guerrilla warfare tactics inplaces they occupied

o Effects and results

Peace (not so much) settlement

Hitler kills himself

o 2 front war = too much

Going to lose

Japan: after atomic bombs

o Surrender


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Results:

Huge physical and economic destruction

o Most killed in any war in history by far

o 20 million people displaced or without homes

o Aerial bombing= mass destruction over all of Europe

Cities destroyed

Communications and transportation destroyed

Total war meant victors in same

condition as losers (destruction)

Political:

o No redrawing of map of Europe

No major treaty or peace settlemento Yalta and Potsdam:

Germanys position

Polands borders

Fate of eastern European states

Keeping future stability

o Germany vanished Partitioned between US, France, Britain and

Russiao Eastern European bloc: dominated by Russia

o Fascism and Nazism disappeared

o United nations

Aimed to maintain peace, promote dialoguebetween nations and international cooperation(like LON)

Many more nations involved in the

development Vs. fascismo Balance of power changed from Europe

USSR and US emerge as super powers

European nations all damaged by war

Economic costs meant they could not

maintain overseas empires

Americas: Falklands/Malvinas (1982)


Long term

Dispute over sovereignty of the island

o Had little strategic or economic importance or value to

Britain or Argentinao Once Argentina had gained independence from Spain

she laid claim to themo In 1833 the British had sent a force to protect them.

o So the dispute between the two countries over the

rightful ownership of these islands has a 150-yearhistory.


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Argentinian foreign Policy strategy

o A stronghold in the South Atlantic

o Chile=major rival

Short term

Political instability in Argentina led to the rise of the military

juntao Dirty war = the disappeared

o Increasing unpopularity

Systematic execution of left-wing opponentso War was fought to divert attention

Severe economic crisis

o Argentina, stemmed particularly from foreign debt

o British

Thatchers austerity measures (privatization)to fight inflation were very divisive, all the moreso due to the high unemployment.

She did not plan it but used it to bolster support

and to keep her image Argentina thought they had good relations with Us, so they

might get aid if neededo Diplomacy failed

USA failure to mediate

Immediate

Negotiations broke down in early 1982:

o Both had faulty or unclear intelligence about the other

sides intentions.

March 26th the Argentinian junta order a full invasion. This

occurred on April 2

nd

.

Topic 5: The Cold War

Origins of the Cold War

o Ideological differences

USSR

Communism: politics

o No central government

o Dictator ship of proletariat would fade away and

society based on complete equality

Communism economicso Everyone takes what they need gives according to

their abilityo Production community owned

o Communal gain, not individual gain

USA

Democracy: politics

o Centralized government elected by people


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Capitalism: economics

o Supply and demand drive motivation and economic

growtho Production privately owned

o Mutual suspicion and fear

Communism viewed by capitalist states with mistrust and fear of itspreading

Stalin attempts to take advantage of post WW2 state toincrease Russian influence in Europe

o Tried to occupy as much of Germany and Eastern

Europe as possible

USSR feared an uprising to end communism

Capitalists states= hostile towards Russia

o USA: Truman Suspicious of Stalin

Some believe dropping atomic bomb was alsodirected towards Russia

Look what we can do if you piss us off

Did not tell Russia, their ally at the time, thatthey were going to do so

Told Churchill about bomb

o Delay to launch D-day= deliberate to exhaust USSR

before ending the waro From wartime allies to post-war enemies

During Russian revolution, USA and other capitalist states senttroops to help anti-communists

Stalin sure there would be another attempt to destroy communism

Hitler invades in 1941

USSR angry with appeasement policy of west

o Yalta Conference:

In Russia, between allied leaders (Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill)

Agreements:

Establishment of UN

o 5 permanent members each with a veto in Security

Council

Germany

o Demilitarized

o Divided between USSR, USA, France, and Britain

East and West

Berlin split too

West=bigger than East and had the better part

More industrious

Eastern Europe

o Stain agreed that governments of eastern Europe

should have free elections

Did not happen, USSR just took over

Japan:


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o Stalin to enter war with Japan as soon as Europes

war ended

Wanted land in return

Dropping of bomb eliminated the need forRussias help

Problems:

Poland

o Potsdam Conference: Truman replaced Roosevelt

Tougher on communists

Truman did not like Russia communist government in Poland

Russia promised to include more noncommunist in

government from old regime but Truman not appeasedo Communism in Eastern Europe:

Cause alarm in the west

Stalin interferes with Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Poland

Speech:

Communism and Capitalism cannot coexisto War inevitable

Iron Curtain Speech

Addressed lack of free elections as promised in Yalta

USSR compared Churchill to Hitler

The grip tightens

Churchill agrees to let Russia keep the satellite states

o How it got control was the problem

o Truman Doctrine

Policy of containment

USA would provide economic and military assistance toprevent the spread of communism past 1947 borders

Change from isolationism

Inspired by Greece

o Communists try to overthrow monarch

Monarch restored by British but strain from

fighting communistsaid from USAo Marshall Plan:

Economic expansion of Truman Doctrine

Economic aid to rebuild after WW2

Economic recover

markets for America exports andsafeguards

Economic prosperity meant less need for communism

USA got to investigate money records

USSR left out (had none)

Dollar imperialism

No satellite states or Czechoslovakia allowed to accept it

o Molotov Plan in response

COMECON


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Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

o Centralized agency linked to

Eastern bloc countries to Moscowo Stimulate control of economic

developmento Czechoslovakia:

Moving towards west

12 noncommunist forced to resign form Gov. Foreign minister killed

Elections of all communist members

Protests from west, but could not prove Russian involvemento Berlin Blockade and Airlift:

Disagreements over treatment of Germany

West=revival

o Called for unification of 4 zones

o New currency

East=satellite state

Communists irritated that there was island of capitalism in berlin inmiddle of soviet zone

New currency put over edge

Closed all road, rail, and canal links

Force west to withdrawal

o West holds on fearing the results of appeasement

West sends supplies by planes

o Neither side wanted war so predicted that USSR

would not shoot down planes

Division of Germany

West: German Federal Republic

East: German Democratic Republic

o NATO:

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Collective security army

Agreed to regard an attack on one of them as an attack on

all of them

Berlin crisis UN needs an army

Warsaw Pact in responseo Historiography:

Traditionalists:

USSR to blame

Blame=most active during war

US supported mutual cooperation

o UN

o Attempts to negotiate between USSR and Britain

US acted in response to Russian hostility

Revisionists:

Even before start, USA had sought to limit USSR influence


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USSR acted in response to USA aggression and ambition

Post-revisionists:

All forces played a part

Nature of the Cold War

o Cuba:

o Cubas relative economic wellbeing

Depended much on the USA as principal market for it agriculturaloutput and investments

Had been ruled by Fulgencio Batista

Had degenerated into a repressive and corrupt dictatorship

Communists had agreed to support the pro-Batista

government in 1938, and in returned they were allows tooperate as a legal political party, the Partido SocialistaPopular

Castro: no alternatives but a resort to armed force

o Political scene was not open to opponents

o 26 July 1953, led a small group of revolutionaries in

Santiago, but taken prisoner Amnesty and fled to Mexico

Che Guevara

With him to Cuba in another coup

Defeated

Fled and groped with other ant-Batista

forceso Batista was suggested by the USA to step down in

favor of a Junta

He fled the country

Revolutionary forces marched into Havana anda new government was established

Castro and Guevara immediately took

charge of the army

Castro = Prime Minister

Castros rule:

Typical reforms of a newly installed nationalist regime:

Takeover of US companies

Reduction of utility and service feeso Expect trouble with the USA

Guatemala-style interventiono Move against other political factions

Many middle classes into exile

Counterrevolutionaries

USA = hostile

The CIA started recruiting

o Did not declare himself a Marxist-Leninist until late

1961.o Agrarian reform took place


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o Trade and credit agreements with the USSR

Bought weapons from east Europe

Oil from soviet=cheapero Eisenhower cut the sugar quota

In response nationalized US companies and allUS banks

Trade embargo

o Kennedy

Bay of Pigs (originally Eisenhowers idea butKennedy ruined it)

The Missile Crisis

Soviets nuclear missiles in Cuba

o Khrushchev: although the USSR

would defend Cuba from anotherattack, it would not establishmilitary bases there of its own

o Refused to place offensive

missiles in other countriesdespite USA missiles in Turkeyand Western Europe

Problems to be address:

o Berlin

Wanted to end Westernoccupation city

An escape route for

thousands of refugeesBerlin Wall

o Presence of American missiles in

Turkey and Italy Arms race and nuclear power

o Ussr far behind USA

o Restore credibility in the Russian

nuclear threat quickly

Cuba

US blockade

o Wasnt working as construction of

the missile sites continuedo Two letters from Khrushchev

Ordered the Missiles inTurkey disarmed

US pledge not to invadeCuba

o Arab-Israeli Conflict:

o Mass immigration of Jews to Palestine

Arabs mad

British wanted two to live together

Divide Palestine in two states was rejected by the Arabs


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Unable to cope with the problem after WW2

Asked the UN to deal

o Divide Palestine

Independence of Israel

Immediately attacked by Egypt, Syria, Jordan,Iraq and Lebanon

British to blame because they did not

keep troops there to keep everythingpeaceful

US to blame using influence in UN

o Israel set up by UN in 1948 in Palestine

Area belonging to Palestinian Arabs

Outraged Arab opinion around the world

Blamed Britain = more sympathetic to Jews than to Arabs

Blamed USA

Supported the idea of a Jewish state very strongly

Arab states refused to recognize Israel

Vowed to destroy ito Achieve political and economic unity among the Arab

stateso End to foreign intervention in their countries

Interference in the Middle East by other counties

Britain and France had been involved in the Middle East for

many yearso Britain with Egypt

Important position in the world

o Crossroads between the Western nations, the

communist bloc and the Third World of Africa andAsiao Oil supplies

Lack of unity among the Arab sates encouraged other

countries to intervene

Most Arab countries = nationalist governments

Bitterly resented Western influence

Pro-Western govs were swept away and replaced by

regimes which wanted to be non-aligned

Arab countries were divided among themselves and poorlyequipped

Results: refugees and mass immigration of Arabs (due to masskillings of them by Jewish troops)

Suez War: 1956

Nasser signed an arms deal with Czechoslovakia for

Russian weaponso Russian military experts went to train the Egyptian

army

Americans therefore cancelled a promised grant of 46 million


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for the building of the Aswan Damo Nasser nationalizing the Suez Canal

Income from it to finance the dam

Secret talks between British, French and Israelis

o Israel would invade Egypt across the Sinai peninsula

and Europeans would step in to protect the structurefrom the damage

Captured the entire peninsula in less than aweek

Britain and France bombed Egyptian airfieldsand marched troops in

Americans refused to support Britain

UN: Americans and Russians demanded animmediate ceasefire

Prepared to send a UN force

o Withdrew

Six day war

Still refused to recognize Israel Iraq ready to cooperate with Egypt to attack Israel

Syria bombing Jewish settlements

Egypt started mobilizing its troops to the Sinai border.

USSR: flow of anti-Israeli propaganda

o Israel was being supported by the USA

Israelis decided that they had to attack first

o Launched a series of devastating air attacks

Cleared out the enemys air forces on theground and captured the Gaza strip, the entire

Sinai peninsula, the West Bank and the GolanHeights

Arabs accept ceasefire

Results:

o Now kept the gained territories as buffer zones

Arab displacement again

Yom Kippur War

Need for a negotiated peace settlement with Israel

o Wanted US help to be mediator, but Us refused

Decided to attack Israel again

o Force Americans to act as mediators

Russian weapons and tactics

On the Jewish feast of Yom Kippur

o Some early Arab success

o The Israelis turn the tables

Kept all territory they had captured in 1967 andeven crossed the Suez Canal to Egypt

USA and the USSR intervene to try to bring outa peace settlement


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Acting with UN co-operation, they organized aceasefire which both sides accepted

Results:

o Hope of permanent peace

o Arab states made use of the oil-weapon

o The Peace treaty

The state of war which had existed between the two countries since

1948 was now over Israel promised to withdrew it troops from Sinai

Egypt promised not to attack Israel again and guaranteed to supplyher with oil

Israeli ships could use the Suez Canalo Election of the less aggressive Labour government in Israel

Better relations with the Palestinianso Oslo accords

Israel formally recognized the PLO

The PLO recognized Israels right to exist and promised to give up

terrorism The Palestinians were given self rule in the West Bank and in part

of the Gaza Strip, areas occupied by Israel since 1967o Dtente:

o 1945 to 1952 there was an increase in tension

o Until 1956 = improved relations between the sides

In 1953 a cease fire was declared in Korea

1954 the peace agreement for Indochina was concluded

Eisenhower talked about liberation this policy was more theorythan practice: neither during the revolt in East Berlin in 1953 nor inHungary 1956 did the USA plan to intervene

Advocated a reduction in defense budget

US away from armed conflicts

Decrease the tension

3rd party congress of 1956, were Stalin was denounced and thepossibility of peaceful coexistence between capitalist andcommunist nations was now emphasized

Austrian question was solved

Relations were established between the Soviet Union and Japan.

Geneva= new relations

Trade between East and West increased

Tourists began to cross the Iron Curtain Negotiations on arms control

o Tension increase up to Missile Crisis of 1962

Middle east problems

Germany and berlin still not resolved

Berlin wall

o Extended period of dtente until the mid-1970s:

Contact between the power blocs increased and several conflictstemporary solutions


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After missile crisis:

Washington and Moscow had seen into the abyss that a war

and not interested

Arms limitation and confidence-building measures between

East and West

o Test ban treaty of 1963

Banned nuclear testes in the atmosphere, inouter space and under water

o Non-proliferation treaty was signed in 1968

Promised to refrain from transferring nuclearweapons to countries not having them

Other countries promised not to accept ordevelop them

o SALT I and SALT II

o USSR and West Germany: Moscow treaty

No use violence to alter existing boundaries in

Europeo Four Power agreements solved a number of conflicts

related to Berlin.

Trade between East and West Germany wasparticularly important, as well as the humangains

o Summits common between East and West

Aimed at the mutual contact and prevention offuture conflicts between the superpowers

o Vietnam:

o Failure: North Vietnamese communist were not contained

The loss of hundreds of thousands of American lives, billions ofdollars and damaging division of U.S. public opinion

The Americans pulled out in 1973.o Fear of other countries falling to communism like dominos

o 1945, Ho Chi Minh declared the independence of the Democratic

Republic of Vietnam.

Hostilities broke out between French and Vietminh in 1946

President Roosevelt had pressured France to relinquish its

hold over Vietnam

Views of USA hardened when Truman became President

o

1950 military aid was sent to help France defeat the Vietminh Aid continued by Eisenhower (domino theory)

Funding 80% of war but not direct involvemento Geneva Accords

The French would withdraw from Indochina

There would be a temporary division of Vietnam at the 17 th parallel

Ho Chi Minh would control the north.

Free elections to unite Vietnam in 1956

Laos and Cambodia would be recognized as independent states.


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o USA attempted to strengthen the area south of the 17 th parallel

To resist an invasion from the north

SEATO (South-East Asia Treaty Organization)

Agreed to meet together if there was an armed attack on one

of them and to take actiono US backed Ngo Dinh Diem lead Government in south

Catholic

Educated USA

1955 Diem establishment of the Republic of Vietnam

US aid to Diem

US training of the South Vietnamese army

Ruthless leader

Land reforms not established

1956, Diem refused to hold electionso Groups of communists Vietcong formed themselves in military units

with a political arm known as the National Liberation Front

Supported by North Vietnam

o Kennedy flexible responseo Diem continued to generate mass discontent

o Kennedy cut off its aid to the regime

o Johnson inherited a situation where there was no longer a stable

government in the South

Where the strength of the Communists in the South was increasingo Gulf of Tonkin incident 1964

American destroyer Maddox was fired on by North Vietnamesepatrol boats off the North Vietnamese coast

Two days later, Maddox and Turner Joy were also allegedly fired

on No physical evidence of the assault was found

Open aggression

Bombed North Vietnamese installations

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Authorized the President to take all necessary measures to

repel any armed attack against the forces of the US andprevent further aggression

Legal basis for the war in Vietnam.

o Bombing in North Vietnam

o Sending 100,000 ground forces to South Vietnam in 1965

o The Great Society and the credibility gap

Improving civil rights, eradicating poverty, increasing access tohealth and education, and creating a cleaner environment

Development of the credibility gap

This was the difference in reality with what the Johnson

administration told Congress and what was actuallyhappening.

o The Tet Offensive


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War of attrition

Anti-war movement was gaining support

Communists launched a surprise attack on holiday

Communists were gradually pushed back from all cities after theuse of massive firepower

Military failure for the Vietcong

Hoped to trigger rebellion, but did not work

o Televised war

Not winning

Bloody

Regime violated basic human rightso Anti war protests reached a new peak

o Bombing of the North was halted and peace talks initiated

o Nixon was elected president in Nov 1968

Wanted American withdrawal form the war

Peace with honor: the USA could not merely withdraw fromVietnam

Nixon wanted a settlement that would guarantee the South areasonable chance of survival.

Henry Kissinger

To use force to reach a peace agreement

A bombing campaign along the Ho Chi Minh trail

Vietnamization

The gradual withdrawal of US troops and handing the war

over to the South Vietnamese government

Nixon doctrine stating that nations were responsible for their

own defense.o

Paris Peace Talks Neither side willing to compromise

North demanding that it have representation in the government ofthe South

All sides continuing to try to win an advantage at the negotiatingtable by achieving an upper hand on the battlefield

Us: airpower to put pressure on the Communists

Nixon and Kissinger dtente with the Soviet Union and

Chinao Aim of improving relations with these countries

o Get them to put pressure on North Vietnam to agree

to a peace settlement Signed in January 1973

Troops would withdraw

North and South would respect the dividing line of the 17 th parallel

North took the initiative

By end of 1975, Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos all fallen to

the forces of communismo Historiography:


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Most: failure

Broader aims of Americas effort in Vietnam

To keep capitalist democracies in South East Asia from

falling to Communismo Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore all of whom faced

Communist threats- survivedo Renewed Tensions:

o USA disappointed with the Soviet intervention in conflicts around theworld

o A new Globalism

Ideological differences still remained

There could be no peaceful ideological coexistenceo Moscow strengthened its capacity to pursue a global policy

o Overall level of defense was increased

The navy expanded and air capacity

More active in the export of armaments and in the early 1980s hadsurpassed USA

o Invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 Close relations with the changing Afghan governments

Pro-communist government assumed power

Proposed only moderate reforms

Growing Soviet influence

Political repression and opposition to the reforms large-scaleMuslim guerrilla against new communist government

Soviet Union directly intervened with 90,000 troops

More pro-Soviet leader installedo Arms limitation treaties had stopped and the USA now expanding its

armament in NATOo Less economic and technological help from the US

Us grant China advantages

USA opening to China

To scare USSR

o US response to the Soviet invasion:

Carter proposed major increases in the defense budget

Grain trade was limited

Exports of high technology halted

Olympic games boycottedo Reagan was firmly anti-communist and had always opposed dtente

USA had to act as the leader of the free worldo Reagans mandate

Defense budget increased dramatically

Verbal attacks on the Soviet Uniono The Reagan administration expected the Soviet Union to yield if the

USA conducted firmly enougho Relations between the USA and the USSR were worse than at any

time since the Cuban crisis in 1962.


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End of the Cold War

Gorbachev

o Determined to revitalize

Years of stagnationo Modernizing and making more efficient the communist party with the

policies ofglasnostandperestroika (economic and social reform).o Did not want to end communism

Replace the existing system with a socialist system which washumane and democratic

o Glasnost

Human rights and cultural affairs

Dissidents released

Freedom of speech

Aims:

Use the media to publicize inefficiency and corruption

Educate public opinion

Mobilize support for the new policies

o Economic affairs Small scale private enterprise allowed

To provide competition for the slow and inefficient servicesprovided by the state

The hope of stimulating a rapid improvement

Quality control throughout industry taken over by independent statebodies

o Political changes

Move towards democracy within the communist party

Members of soviet elected by people rather than appointed

Top party positions and factory managers would be elected

Supreme Soviet replaced by smaller one

Elected through a Congress of Peoples Deputies

Proper parliament

Reserved seats for communist party cancelled

o Communist party was on the verge of losing its

privileged positiono Problems:

Opposition from radicals and conservatives

Some party members felt that reforms not drastic enough

o

Change to a market system as soon as possible Conservative communists

o Changes too drastic

o Party was losing control

The economic reforms did not produce results quickly enough

Wages were dependent on output

Factories did not increase overall output

o Instead concentrated on expensive goods

o Higher wages government print more money


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soaring inflationo Basic goods in short supply

Nationalist pressures

Soviet republics had ben under tight control in Stalins time

Reforms hope for more independence

o Eastern Europe

Poland

Solidarity popular support

o Combination of economic stagnation that the

government failed to resolveo Also support of Pope and Church

o ReformsSolidarity legalized and won first free

electionso Gorbachevs refusal to support the old Communist

regime

Polish Communist party collapsed

East Germany

Living standards well below West No sense of Eastern German nationalism

People look forward for reunification

Regime was unpopular

o Its leader was particularly hated

Pressure to remove leader

Criticized the repressive system and openlydemanded reforms

Government wanted to use force to stopprotests, but Gorbachev would not intervene if

needed The politburo in power

Elections were held in 1990, when parties infavor of unification won

East and West Germany unified 3 October1990

Hungary

Reform from Communist Party

o Reformers sacked the hard-line leader

Dominated the government

October 1989 a new Hungarian Republic was

declared

Elections took place the following year.

Czechoslovakia

Velvet Revolution

o Little violence

o People power clear driving force

o Mass demonstrations calling for reform

o 1989 elected president


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Romania

Violent

One of the most repressive regimes in the East

o Killing of demonstrators by the army

o Uprising against the leader

o Army refused to act against the demonstrators

ib history review p2

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