HYBRID VEHICLEA

project report

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted to

DEPARTMENT

Under the Esteemed guidance of

M.Siva Krishna B.Tech

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

A.A.N.M. & V.V.R.S.R. POLYTECHNICGUDLAVALLERU -521356

2013-2016

A.A.N.M &V.V.R.S.R POLYTECHNICSESHADRI RAO KNOWLEDGE VILLAGE

GUDLAVALLERU

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Certificate This is certify that this project work entitled HYBRID VEHICLE Is bonafideworkofMr./Miss………………………………….Regd.No…………………………..of VI semester D.M.E along with his/her batchmates submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Diploma in Mechanical Engineering by the Andhra Pradesh State Board of Technical Education And Training during the academic session 2013-2016

Project Guide Head of the Department Principal

M.Siva Krishna Sri.N.V.K.Prasad Sri.N.S.S.V.Ramanujaneyulu

B.Tech M.Tech M.Tech,MISTE,MIETE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is great pleasure for us to express our sincere thanks to our Honorable principal Sri.N.S.S.V.Ramanjaneyulu M.Tech, MISTE,MIETE. Who had inspired a lot through his speeches. He is the only personality who had given the meaning to the techonolgy studies and told us how to survive in this competitive world.

We express our deep sense of heartful thanks to Sri.N.V.K.Prasad B.Tech, Head of mechanical engineering Department for his cheerful motivation and encouragement at is stage of this endeavor. We are indebted him.

We record with pleasure our deep sense of gratitude to our beloved project guide M.Siva Krishna B.Tech lectures in Mechanical Engineering Department, for the stimulating guidance and profuse assistance. We have from this through tout the course of the project work. We should always cherish our association with him for his encouragement, approachability and freedom of through and action we are enjoyed during this work.

We thanks for the faculty of Mechanical Engineering Department for their co-operation in completing this project.

PROJECT ASSOCIATESPIN: NAME:

1.13030-M-021 CH.MOUNIKA

2.13030-M-024 CH.USHA

3.13030-M-029 D.GANESH SAI

4.13030-M-034 G.HEMALATHA

5.13030-M-037 I.VIJAY KUMAR

6.13030-M-038 I.MURALI KRISHNA NAYAK

7.13030-M-039 J.ASHOK REDDY

8.13030-M-043 K.BHARATH KUMAR

9.13030-M-046 K.SURYA PRAKASH

10.13030-M-051 K.SRINIVAS YADAV

11.13030-M-052 K.MOHAN SAI

12.13030-M-071 N.ANJANEYULU

13.13030-M-072 N.DURGA PRASAD

14.13030-M-074 N.PAVAN KUMAR

15.13030-M-075 N.SAI SOWJANYA

16.13030-M-081 P.JASWANTH VARMA

17.13030-M-088 SK.KAREEM

18.13030-M-091 SK.JAFAR

19.13030-M-095 S.DURGA SAI RAM

20.13030-M-100 T.SURESH

21.13030-M-103 T.PRAVALLIKA

22.13030-M-107 V.INDUMATHI

23.13030-M-402 D.GOPI

24.13030-M-403 K.SRIKANTH

ABSTRACT

Internal combustion engines produce appreciable

emissions and are also less efficient at part loads. On other hand electric

drives have zero emissions, but also very limited range. It is thus logical to

combine the best aspects of both and the result is a hybrid vehicle.

Optimum strategy would then be to use electric drive during slow moving

city traffic, for acceleration and for hill climbing and IC engines at cruising

speeds on highways. This would also results in reduced pollution in cities,

along with improved mileage.

The engine on the conventional car is sized for the peak power

requirement, which is seldom required in actual practice. The hybrid car

uses a much smaller engine, whose size is kept closer to the average

power requirement rather than the peak power. A smaller engine is always

more efficient due to the reason that it would run at its optimum capacity

most of the time as compared to a bigger engine running at part load most

of the time.

Electric motor helps in several ways:

1. Provides extra power when the car is accelerating or climbing a hill.

2. Starts the engine, eliminating the need for a separate starter.

3. Provide regenerative braking to capture energy during braking.

CONTENTS:

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY

BASIC COMPONENTS & THEIR DESCRIPTION

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF HYBRID VEHICLE & TYPES OF HYBRID SYSTEMS

BENEFITS & DRAWBACKS OF HYBRID VEHICLE

SCOPE FOR FUTURE EXPERIMENT ACTION

CONCLUSION

BIBILIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION:

A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more

distinct power sources to move the vehicle; for example, a conventional

internal combustion engine and also a high voltage electric motor. The

term most commonly refers to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which

combine an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors.

However, other mechanisms to capture and use energy may also be

included, such as diesel-electric trains which are powered by both diesel

engine and electric motor and submarines that use diesel engines to

power the rotors and also to charge batteries that power the craft when

submerged. A vehicle is a hybrid if it utilizes more than one form of

onboard energy to achieve propulsion. In practice, that means a hybrid

will have a traditional internal-combustion engine and a fuel tank, as well

as one or more electric motors and a battery pack.

Hybrid cars are sometimes mistakenly confused with electric vehicles.

Hybrids are most often gasoline-burning machines that utilize their

electric bits to collect and reuse energy that normally goes to waste in

standard cars. Theoretically, diesel-electric hybrids would be even more

fuel-efficient, but hybrid systems and diesel engines both represent extra

cost. So far, installing both in the same vehicle has proven to be

prohibitively expensive.

A hybrid car is an automobile that has two or more major sources of

propulsion power. Most hybrid cars currently marketed to consumers have

both conventional gasoline and electric motors, with the ability to power

the vehicle by either one independently or in tandem. These vehicles are

appropriately termed gas-electric hybrids. Other power sources may

include hydrogen, propane, CNG, and solar energy. The technology used

depends on the goals set for the vehicle, whether they are fuel efficiency,

power, driving range, or reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Consumer

oriented hybrid cars, which have been on the market for about ten years,

are usually tuned for reduced emissions and driving range. Additionally,

owners of hybrid vehicles often enjoy social benefits such as prestige and

discounted secondary services. Some Chicago hotels as well as hotels in

other cities give parking discounts to people driving hybrid cars.

Corporate and government fleets that have been in service for twenty

years or more are usually tuned for fuel efficiency, often at the cost of

driving range, power, and hydrocarbon emissions.

Motors are the "work horses" of Hybrid Electric Vehicle drive systems.

The electric traction motor drives the wheels of the vehicle. Unlike a

traditional vehicle, where the engine must "ramp up" before full torque

can be provided, an electric motor provides full torque at low speeds. The

motor also has low noise and high efficiency. Other characteristics include

excellent "off the line" acceleration, good drive control, good fault

tolerance and flexibility in relation to voltage fluctuations.

The front-running motor technologies for HEV applications

include PMSM (permanent magnet synchronous motor), BLDC (brushless

DC motor), SRM (switched reluctance motor) and AC induction motor. A

main advantage of an electromotor is the possibility to function as

generator. In all HEV systems, mechanical braking energy is regenerated.

The maximum Operational braking torque is less than the maximum

traction torque; there is always a mechanical braking system integrated in

a car.

Accessories such as power steering and air conditioning are powered by

electric motors instead of being attached to the combustion engine. This

allows efficiency gains as the accessories can run at a constant speed or

can be switched off.

HISTORY:

Gasoline cars of 1900 were noisy, dirty, smelly, cantankerous, and

unreliable. In comparison, electric cars were comfortable, quiet, clean,

and fashionable. Ease of control was also a desirable feature. Lead acid

batteries were used in 1900 and are still used in modern cars. Hence lead

acid batteries have a long history (since 1881) of use as a viable energy

storage device. Golden age of Electrical vehicle marked from 1890 to 1924

with peak production of electric vehicles in 1912. However, the range was

limited by energy storage in the battery. After every trip, the battery

required recharging. At the 1924 automobile show, no electric cars were

on display. This announced the end of the Golden Age of electric-powered

cars.

The modern period starts with the oil embargoes and the gasoline

shortages during the 1970s which created long lines at gas stations.

Engineers recognized that the good features of the gasoline engine could

be combined with those of the electric motor to produce a superior car. A

marriage of the two yields the hybrid automobile.

Invention Of hybrid vehicle:

In 1890 Jacob Lohner, a coach builder in Vienna, Austria, foresaw the

need for an electric vehicle that would be less noisy than the new gas-

powered cars. He commissioned a design for an electric vehicle from

Austro-Hungarian engineer Ferdinand Porsche, who had recently

graduated from the Vienna Technical College. Porsche's first version of

the electric car used a pair of electric motors mounted in the front wheel

hubs of a conventional car. The car could travel up to 38 miles.

Early Hybrid Vehicles:

In 1900 Porsche showed his hybrid car at the Paris Exposition of 1900. A

gasoline engine was used to power a generator which, in turn, drove a

small series of motors. The electric engine was used to give the car a little

bit of extra power. This method of series hybrid engine is still in use today,

although obviously with further scope of performance improvement and

greater fuel savings.

In 1915 Woods Motor Vehicle manufacturers created the Dual Power

hybrid vehicle, second hybrid car in market. Rather than combining the

two power sources to give a single output of power, the Dual Power used

an electric battery motor to power the engine at low speeds (below

25km/h) and used the gasoline engine to carry the vehicle from these low

speeds up to its 55km/h maximum speed. While Porsche had invented the

series hybrid, Woods invented the parallel hybrid.  

In 1918 The Woods Dual Power was the first hybrid to go into mass

production. In all, some 600 models were built by. However, the evolution

of the internal combustion engine left electric power a marginal

technology  

In 1960 Victor Wouk worked in helping create numerous hybrid designs

earned him the nickname of the “Godfather of the Hybrid”. In 1976 he

even converted a Buick Skylark from gasoline to hybrid.  

In 1978 Modern hybrid cars rely on the regenerative braking system.

When a standard combustion engine car brakes, a lot of power is lost

because it dissipates into the atmosphere as heat. Regenerative braking

means that the electric motor is used for slowing the car and it essentially

collects this power and uses it to help recharge the electric batteries

within the car.

BASIC COMPONENTS OF HYBRID VEHICLE &

THEIR DESCRIPTION:

1. HEAT ENGINE

2. MOTOR

3. GENERATOR

4. BATTERIES

5. TRANSMISSION

1. HEAT ENGINE:

A petrol engine (known as a gasoline engine in North America) is

an internal combustion engine with spark-ignition, designed to run on

petrol (gasoline) and similar volatile fuels.

It was invented in 1876 in Germany by German inventor Nikolas August

Otto.

In most petrol engines, the fuel and air are usually pre-mixed before

compression (although some modern petrol engines now use cylinder-

direct petrol injection). The pre-mixing was formerly done in a carburetor,

but now it is done by electronically controlled fuel injection, except in

small engines where the cost/complication of electronics does not justify

the added engine efficiency. The process differs from a diesel engine in the

method of mixing the fuel and air, and in using spark plugs to initiate the

combustion process. In a diesel engine, only air is compressed (and

therefore heated), and the fuel is injected into very hot air at the end of

the compression stroke, and self-ignites.

Petrol engines may be air-cooled, with fins (to increase the surface area on

the cylinders and cylinder head); or liquid-cooled, by a water

jacket and radiator. The coolant was formerly water, but is now usually a

mixture of water and either ethylene glycol or propylene glycol.

These mixtures have lower freezing points and higher boiling points than

pure water and also prevent corrosion, with modern antifreezes also

containing lubricants and other additives to protect water pump seals and

bearings. The cooling system is usually slightly pressurized to further

raise the boiling point of the coolant.

Petrol engines use spark ignition and high voltage current for the spark

may be provided by a magneto or an ignition coil. In modern car engines

the ignition timing is managed by an electronic Engine Control Unit.

2. MOTOR:

Workings of a brushed electric motor with a two-pole rotor (armature) and

permanent magnet stator. "N" and "S" designate polarities on the inside

face of the magnets; the outside faces have opposite polarities.

The positive and negative signs show where the DC current is applied to

the commutator which supplies current to the armature coils.

A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct

current electrical power into mechanical power. The most common types

rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields. Larger DC motors are used

in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists, or in drives for steel

rolling mills. The advent of power electronics has made replacement of DC

motors with AC motors possible in many applications.

A simple DC motor has a stationary set of magnets in the stator and

an armature with one more windings of insulated wire wrapped around a

soft iron core that concentrates the magnetic field. The windings usually

have multiple turns around the core, and in large motors there can be

several parallel current paths. The ends of the wire winding are connected

to a commutator. The commutator allows each armature coil to be

energized in turn and connects the rotating coils with the external power

supply through brushes. (Brushless DC motors have electronics that

switch the DC current to each coil on and off and have no brushes.)

The speed of a DC motor can be controlled by changing the voltage

applied to the armature. The introduction of variable resistance in the

armature circuit or field circuit allowed speed control. Modern DC motors

are often controlled by power electronics systems which adjust the voltage

by "chopping" the DC current into on and off cycles which have an

effective lower voltage.

DC motors can operate directly from rechargeable batteries, providing

the motive power for the first electric vehicles and today's hybrid

cars and electric cars as well as driving a host of cordless tools. Today DC

motors are still found in applications as small as toys and disk drives, or in

large sizes to operate steel rolling mills and paper machines. Large DC

motors with separately excited fields were generally used with winder

drives for mine hoists, for high torque as well as smooth speed control

using thyristor drives. These are now replaced with large AC motors with

variable frequency drives if external power is applied to a DC motor it acts

as a DC generator, a dynamo.

This feature is used to slow down and recharge batteries on hybrid

car and electric cars or to return electricity back to the electric grid used

on a street car or electric powered train line when they slow down. This

process is called regenerative braking on hybrid and electric cars. In

diesel electric locomotives they also use their DC motors as generators to

slow down but dissipate the energy in resistor stacks.

3. GENERATOR (DYNAMO):

A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use

of a commutator. Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of

delivering power for industry, and the foundation upon which many other later

electric-power conversion devices were based, including the electric motor,

the alternating-current alternator, and the rotary converter. Today, the

simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation, for efficiency,

reliability and cost reasons. A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical

commutator. Also, converting alternating to direct current using power

rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and

usually economic. The dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields

to convert mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct electric current through

Faraday's law of induction.

A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, called the stator, which

provides a constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings called

the armature which turn within that field. The motion of the wire within the

magnetic field causes the field to push on the electrons in the metal, creating

an electric current in the wire. On small machines the constant magnetic field

may be provided by one or more permanent magnets; larger machines have

the constant magnetic field provided by one or more electromagnets, which

are usually called field coils.

4. BATTERY:

A HEV battery is type of rechargeable battery that supplies electric energy

to an automobile. An automotive SLI battery (starting, lighting, and

ignition) is an automotive battery that powers the starter motor, the lights,

and the ignition system of a vehicle's engine, mainly in combustion

vehicles.

Hybrids employ two battery types. Nickel-metal hydride batteries

are used in almost all current hybrids, but they are not sufficiently

efficient and compact for plug-in use.Lithium-ion batteries that are

durable enough for automotive use are the battery of choice for plug-ins

and, increasingly, for newer conventional hybrid models. They are lighter

and more energy-dense than nickel-metal hydride batteries. Battery

engineers continue to seek the next-generation hybrid or electric vehicle

battery that will offer even lighter weight, lower cost and greater range.

BATTERY REQUIREMENTS:

Ordinary hybrids .i.e.., Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) require high power

in short pulses, from 1.0 to1.5 KWh, which means that the batteries must

be able to provide many shallow charging cycles.

On the other hand, HEVs need a large battery which can provide energy in

all-electric (charge-depleting) mode for a defined distance. For instance, a

HEV would need 10KWh energy for a 40 miles (64Km) range 5KWh for a

10 miles (16Km) range.

Besides this energy, the battery also must provide higher continuous

power discharge-deep charging cycles similar to that of an electric

vehicle. In addition, the batteries should also be able to provide many

shallow cycles for the blended/mixed modes.

Batteries for EV (electric vehicle) should be able to produce about 40KWh

of continuous-discharge energy and be capable of one charge per week.

5. TRANSMISSION:

This cutaway illustration image shows a typical manual transmission from a

front wheel drive automobile, showing shafts, splines, gears, roller bearings

and a torque converter.WORKING OF HYBRID VEHICLE:

How does a hybrid automobile work? What goes on under the hood to

give you 20 or 30 more miles per gallon than the standard automobile?

And does it pollute less just because it gets better gas mileage?

Defining-Hybrids:

A vehicle is a hybrid if it utilizes more than one

form of onboard energy to achieve propulsion. In practice, that means a

hybrid will have a traditional internal-combustion engine and a fuel

tank, as well as one or more electric motors and a battery pack.

Hybrid cars are sometimes mistakenly confused with electric vehicles.

Hybrids are most often gasoline-burning machines that utilize their

electric bits to collect and reuse energy that normally goes to waste in

standard cars. Theoretically, diesel-electric hybrids would be even more

fuel-efficient, but hybrid systems and diesel engines both represent

extra cost. Any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power

that can directly or indirectly provide propulsion power is a hybrid.

Most hybrid cars on the road right now are gasoline-electric hybrids.

Below are the terms most often used when referring to hybrid vehicles.

Motor-generator: The more accurate term for the electric motor. It

provides supplemental acceleration "oomph" when operating as a motor

by drawing electricity from the battery. Several hybrids have two, and a

few models employ three.

Stop-start: Present on all hybrids, the engine's traditional starter motor is

absent because the motor-generator takes on that function, too. Hybrid-

control software shuts the engine off while stopped at traffic signals and

automatically restarts it again with the electric motor when the driver

releases the brake pedal thus eliminating the fuel waste of an idling gas

engine.

Regenerative braking: An important function of the motor-generator is

to generate electricity to recharge the battery as it absorbs a portion of

the vehicle's momentum when slowing or coasting downhill. Normal cars

waste all of their excess momentum as heat in the brakes. Regenerative

braking is insufficient to stop a car quickly, so conventional hydraulic

brakes are still necessary.

Electric drive: Operating the vehicle on electric power alone is possible if

the hybrid system has enough electrical capacity. The maximum speed and

distance over which electric-only operation can be sustained varies from

essentially zero to a handful of miles, and has everything to do with the

weight and aerodynamics of the vehicle, the strength of the motor-

generator and, more than anything else, the capacity of the battery.

The operating principles of a hybrid car revolve around the interaction

between the two energy sources. According to TechnoBlitz, this principle

involves a simple idea; when the hybrid is not moving, neither are either

engines -- this includes the gasoline engine which shuts off when stopping

at a red light, which saves energy. The start-up of the car depends upon

the electric motor, and it continues to power the vehicle up to a certain

speed, at which time the gasoline engine takes over operation. Anytime

there exists a need for sudden acceleration the gasoline power is

available, in addition to handling the power at extended high speeds. This

continual interaction saves energy and occurs automatically.

TYPES OF HYBRID SYSTEMS:

1. Series Hybrid System

2. Parallel Hybrid System

3. Combined Hybrid system

Series Hybrid System:

In a series hybrid system, the combustion engine drives an

electric generator (usually a three-phase alternator plus rectifier) instead

of directly driving the wheels. The electric motor is the only means of

providing power to the wheels. The generator both charges a battery and

powers an electric motor that moves the vehicle. When large amounts of

power are required, the motor draws electricity from both the batteries

and the generator.

Series hybrid configurations already exist a long time: diesel-electric

locomotives, hydraulic earth moving machines, diesel-electric power

groups, loaders.

Structure of a series hybrid vehicle

Advantages of series hybrid vehicles:

There is no mechanical link between the combustion engine and the

wheels. The engine-generator group can be located everywhere.

There are no conventional mechanical transmission elements

(gearbox, transmission shafts). Separate electric wheel motors can

be implemented easily.

The combustion engine can operate in a narrow rpm range (its most

efficient range), even as the car changes speed.

Series hybrids are relatively the most efficient during stop-and-go

city driving.

Parallel Hybrid System:

Parallel hybrid systems have both an internal combustion engine (ICE) and

an electric motor in parallel connected to a mechanical transmission.

Most designs combine a large electrical generator and a motor into one

unit, often located between the combustion engine and the transmission,

replacing both the conventional starter motor and the alternator (see

figures above). The battery can be recharged during regenerative

breaking, and during cruising (when the ICE power is higher than the

required power for propulsion). As there is a fixed mechanical link

between the wheels and the motor (no clutch), the battery cannot be

charged when the car isn’t moving.

When the vehicle is using electrical traction power only, or during brake

while regenerating energy, the ICE is not running (it is disconnected by a

clutch) or is not powered (it rotates in an idling manner).

Parallel hybrids can be programmed to use the electric motor to substitute

for the IC engine at lower power demands as well as to substantially

increase the power available to a smaller IC engine, both of which

increase the fuel economy substantially compared to an ordinary vehicle

run only by an IC engine.

Advantages of parallel hybrid vehicles:

Both the engine and the motor supply power simultaneously, due to

which the vehicle has more power.

Most parallel hybrid vehicles do not require separate generator for

recharging since the motor regenerates the battery.

Because the power is directly carried to road wheels, it is more

efficient.

However, a gear box is necessary in the parallel configuration to

synchronize the engine and the motor.

Combined Hybrid system:

Combined hybrid systems have features of both series

and parallel hybrids. There is a double connection between the engine and

the drive axle mechanical and electrical.

Power-split devices are incorporated in the powertrain. The power to the

wheels can be either mechanical or electrical or both. This is also the case

in parallel hybrids. But the main principle behind the combined system is

the decoupling of the power supplied by the engine from the power

demanded by the driver.

Simplified structure of a combined hybrid electric vehicle

In a conventional vehicle, a larger engine is used to provide

acceleration from standstill than one needed for steady speed cruising.

This is because a combustion engine's torque is minimal at lower RPMs, as

the engine is its own air pump. On the other hand, an electric motor

exhibits maximum torque at stall and is well suited to complement the

engine's torque deficiency at low RPMs.

At lower speeds, this system operates as a series HEV, while at high

speeds, where the series powertrain is less efficient, the engine takes

over. This system is more expensive than a pure parallel system as it

needs an extra generator, a mechanical split power system and more

computing power to control the dual system.

OPERATING MODES:

There are a number of mode in which HEV’S can operate. These modes

manage the vehicle battery discharge strategy, due to which they directly

affect the type and the size of the battery required. Various operating

modes are:

Charge-depleting mode: In this the vehicle operates only on electricity

until the battery charge level is depleted to a predetermined level at which

the IC engine would be engaged. A Pure electric vehicle can operate only

in this mode.

Charge-sustaining mode: In this mode, the vehicle operates by

combining optimally the power from both the engine as well as battery,

such that the battery charge always remains above a pre-determined level.

Ordinary production hybrids operate in this mode. In case of a plug-in

hybrid, it can switch automatically into this mode as soon as it has

exhausted its all-electric charge-depleting mode.

Blended mode: This mode is applied in case of vehicles not having

enough electric power to sustain high speeds, without the help of I.C

engine of the vehicle. Thus, this is a type of charge-depleting mode. This

mode is used in vehicles such as Renault Kangoo and some conversions of

Toyota Prius.

Mixed mode: The term is used for a trip in which the combinations of the

above modes are applied.

For example, a HEV 32 km may start a trip with 8 Km of

low-speed charge-depleting mode, then enter an expressway and operate

in blended mode for 32 km, which consumes 16 km of all-electric range at

twice the fuel economy. After covering this 32 km the driver exists

expressway and drives further 8Km without running the engine, thus

utilizing 8+16+8=32Km, i.e., its full all-electric range. After this he can

switch on to the charge-sustaining mode for another 20Km to reach his

destination. Such a trip is termed a mixed mode.

THE BENEFITS HYBRID VEHICLES FOR YOU AND ENVIRONMENT

There are many benefits of hybrid cars, so it's not a surprise that they are

becoming more and more popular each year. Hybrid cars can run on

electricity or water. There are also some that run on a combination of gas

and electric or gas and water. Hybrid autos that are known as water

hybrids do not really run on water, but instead on hydrogen that has been

extracted from the water. Usually a water hybrid car runs on a

combination of gasoline and hydrogen. Here are some of the top benefits

to owning one of these green cars.

Environmental concerns: Hybrid cars emit less smog into the

atmosphere than a regular car. The reason they emit pollution is because

they run partially on gasoline once higher speeds have been hit.

Increased mileage: Hybrid cars allow for increased gas mileage. Again,

this is due to the fact that they run only partially on gasoline. When an

electric hybrid automobile is running on electric it will not be using any

gasoline. The car will instead use electrical energy to start and to

operate at low speeds. This will decrease the exhaust emissions and be of

great benefit to the atmosphere. As the vehicle gains speed, the gasoline

engine will take over.

Uses clean energy: Hybrid vehicles use clean sources of energy such as

hydrogen and electric. Although they still use gasoline, harmful

emissions are reduced when the hydrogen or electric powered engine is

running the vehicle. Hybrid cars help reduce carbon emissions in the air.

Reduced fuel and maintenance costs: The lesser cost of fuel is a

main benefit to hybrid car owners. When driving a vehicle that doesn't

always need gas to run, you can save a lot on fuel costs. Hybrid vehicles

require less maintenance because there are fewer moving parts and

because of the clean fuel source. This is especially true with a water

hybrid vehicle. There is less buildup in the engine, resulting in less wear

and tear on the motor.

Excellent performance: Hybrid cars work with the same level of

performance as any other car. With the exception of some electric hybrid

cars that don't run as well on steep uphill climbs, you can expect the same

high performance that you have always experienced with your vehicle. The

electric hybrid might need to be switched over to gasoline to climb steeper

hills.

In large cities where pollution is at its worst, hybrid autos make the

largest impact because they produce very little to no emissions at slower

speeds. Most people that drive them love them and do not notice any

difference in performance. The demand for hybrid vehicles continues to

increase, causing automakers to struggle to keep up with the demand for

them. Hybrid vehicles are not gaining popularity only with the general

public, but also with police and other law enforcement agencies.

DRAW BACKS HYBRID VEHICLES

Hybrid cars have steadily increased in popularity because some of the

advantages they have over conventional gas powered vehicles. However

there can be some downsides to going hybrid and each consumer should

know about the possible drawbacks of taking advantage of hybrid

technology before making the switch. Issues that drivers of hybrid cars

may face include:

Reduced performance: The ultra-efficient hybrid motors have been

criticized by some drivers as lacking power in comparison with their

conventionally powered counterparts. The battery packs which are an

essential part of a hybrid car's powertrain do not function as well under

extremely cold temperatures. Anyone who needs a car that is going to

perform reliably during very cold winters may want to consider an

alternative vehicle. Also, operating the batteries at extremely hot

temperatures may reduce their life. In addition, the battery pack adds a

considerable amount of weight to the car, which could be a disadvantage

under some conditions.

Increased cost: Consumers can expect to pay up to 20% more to

purchase a hybrid vehicle than they would for a conventionally powered

vehicle of the same make and model. This is because the complex hybrid

drive components cost more to manufacture and assemble than a

conventional drivetrain.

Expensive parts and maintenance: Hybrid parts tend to be more

expensive and hard to find than for other vehicles. Many parts for the

high-output electric motors and battery storage systems are unique and

high-tech. Also, most repairs on a hybrid car just can't be handled by a

home mechanic. There are special safety considerations (like the danger of

electrocution) when repairing a hybrid car that mean it should be left to a

specialized technician. Also, if you ever leave your car sitting for long

periods of time a hybrid car is probably not a good choice. The battery

pack in a hybrid needs to be run through its cycle regularly to keep it

working well. Parking your car and not starting it for several weeks could

actually ruin the battery system.

Safety concerns: The NiMH (Nickel Metal Hydride) batteries that are

part of the hybrid drive system operate at extremely high voltages, which

can represent an electrocution hazard in an accident.

SCOPE FOR FUTURE EXPERIMENT ACTION

Since petroleum is limited and will someday run out of supply. In the

arbitrary year 2037, an estimated one billion petroleum-fueled vehicles

will be on the world's roads. Gasoline will become prohibitively expensive.

The world needs to have solutions for the “400 million otherwise

useless cars”. So year 2037 “gasoline runs out year” means, petroleum

will no longer be used for personal mobility. A market may develop for

solar-powered EVs of the size of a scooter or golf cart. Since hybrid

technology applies to heavy vehicles, hybrid buses and hybrid trains will

be more significant. Manufacturers of hybrid cars are attempting planning

on increasing the efficiency of hybrid engines, hopefully being able to push

these vehicles up to 70 miles to the gallon. General Motors is already

looking to develop their new hybrid to that 70 mile mark in 2010, and may

be able to push that number even higher.If hybrids can use Lith-Ion

batteries, then cars can accelerate faster to higher speeds, be even more

efficient, and would be able to lengthen the distance between fill-ups. Not

only would those advantages be available, new hybrids would be much

more affordable to consumers, and hopefully would solve a lot of

problems. Especially since, as it stands, most of the battery packs used in

current hybrids could be much more efficient than they are. Hybrid cars

are already extremely efficient, but there is always room for improvement.

90% of the hybrid cars on the market today could easily be more efficient,

although, Zero Emissions won't be possible, seeing as how hybrids still

require gasoline So, even though the hybrid you want may not be available

yet, there is hope no matter what. As long as consumers are willing to buy

hybrids now, these

advances will be more

affordable, and soon you

could be enjoying your

very own Volkswagen

Beetle Hybrid with

close to zero emissions

and plenty of room for that

walking stick you just

had to bring camping with you.

EXPERIMENTAL LAYOUT:

The below images represents the simple working

model of a hybrid vehicle which was implemented by our team members.

CONCLUSION:

Researches and projects

developed during the past

years present different

solutions and approaches

to the electric and

hybrid electric

technologies.

Hence, it is validated by

means of computational

simulating the functioning of the control system for the motor working as

motor and generator treating all of the aspects and subsystems of a hybrid

electric vehicle carefully is a complex and time consuming task. Hybrid

cars are definitely more environmentally friendly than internal-combustion

vehicles. Batteries are being engineered to have a long life. When the

hybrid cars become more widespread, battery recycling will become

economically possible. Research into other energy sources such as fuel

cells and renewable fuels make the future look brighter for hybrid cars.

BIBILIOGRAPHY:

AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING BY KIRPAL SINGH

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle

"Hybrid Electric HMMWV" . GlobalSecurity.Org. Retrieved 2008-11-

17.

How Do Hybrid Vehicles Impact the Environment?