fyp hybrid vehicle

Upload: muhammad-asif

Post on 07-Jul-2018

221 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    1/65

    Project Report

    On

    “HYBRID VEHICLE: DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT”  Submitted in the partial fulllment of

    Requirement for the award of the degree

    Of 

      BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

    IN

      “Mechanical Engineering”

    UNDER THE GUIDANCE

    OF

    Mr. Arvinda Kumar Pandit

     (  Astt. Professor) 

    Submitted by

    RISHI NAGWAL (0506940043)

    VIKAS KUMAR (0506940055)

    VIVEK PUNDIR (0506940060)

    ASHISH SUHANEY (060694000)

    RADHA GOVIND ENGINEERING COLLEGE, MEERT

    !P! TECHNICAL NIVERSITY, LC"NO#

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    2/65

    SESSION$%&&'$(&

     

    Dep)rt*ent o+ Mec)n-c). En/-neer-n/

    CERTIFICATE

    T!"# "# $% &'$"* $!+$ $!' P%,'&$ '-$"$.'/ Hybrid Vehicle:

    Design and Deel!"ment12 '"- #"$$'/ *  Mr.  Rishi 

     Nagwal, Mr. Vikas Kumar, Mr. Vivek Pundir  ,  Mr. Ashish Suhaney

    "- $!' 7+$"+. ."..'-$ % $!' '8"''-$# % $!' ++/ % $!'

    /''' % Bachelor of Technology   in Mechanical

    Engineering  $% U$$+ P+/'#! T'&!-"&+. U-":'#"$*2 L&;-%< T!'

    #+' !+# ''- &+"'/ %$ -/' $!' #7':"#"%- +-/ "/+-&' % Mr.

     Arvinda Kumar Pandit  /"- $!' +&+/'"& #'##"%- =009>0<

     

    G"/'

    Mr! Ar0-n1) "2*)r P)n1-t

    =

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    3/65

    (Astt. Professor

    D+$'?

    AC#$O%&ED'E(E$T

    F"#$ % +..2 ' %./ .";' $% '@7'## * +$"$/' $%+/# * 7%,'&$

    "/'# Mr. Arvinda Kumar Pandit (Astt. Professor) % 

    ":"- # $!"# %77%$-"$* $% % $!%! "- '-"&!"- % 7%,'&$ "$!%$

    !"# &%%7'+$"%- $!"# 7%,'&$ !+/ -%$ ''- 7%##".'< W' $+;' $!"# %77%$-"$*

    $% $!+-;# * "/' % $!'" :+.+.' "/+-&' +-/ #'#$"%-# $!%!%$

    $!"# 7%,'&$< W' %./ .";' $% $!+-; % +.. $!' !'.7 ;"-/ #77%$ '@$'-/'/

    $% #<

    W' +' +.#% $!+-;. $% % H'+/ % D'7+$'-$ )r!f* C*) *+ain

    % !"# :+.+.' #'#$"%-# $"7#< W' +.#% 7+* % #"-&'' $!+-;# $% )r!f*

    ,* #* Chaudhary- (r* .!gesh #umar /Astt* )r!fess!r0-

    (r* Atul Sharma /Sr* &ecturer0  %$!' +&.$* ''# % $!'

    D'7+$'-$ % M'&!+-"&+. E-"-''"- % $!'" :+.+.' #'#$"%-# +-/

    #77%$<

    W' %./ .";' $% 7+* % #7'&"+. $!+-;# $% (r* Arinda #umar

    )andit (Astt. Professor)- % !"# :+.+.' #'#$"%-# +-/ ;"-/ !'.7

    $!%!%$ $!' 7%,'&$ %; +# P%,'&$ &%%/"-+$%<

    L+#$ $ -%$ $!' .'+#$2 ' 7+* #7'&"+. $!+-;# $% )r!f* /Dr*0 +*#*

    &al /Direct!r0- % $!'" #77%$<

    W' +' +.#% $!+-;. $% +.. $!%#' 7'%7.' !% '' ;-%"-.* % 

    -;-%"-.* "-:%.:'/ "- $!"# 7%,'&$<

    SBMITTED BY

    Rishi $ag1al

    3

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    4/65

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    5/65

    TABLE O3 CONTENTS

    C'$""&+$'

    A&;-%.'/''-$

    A#$+&$

    L"#$ % F"'#

    CHAPTER (: Intro12ct-on )n1 L-ter)t2re re0-e4

    (!(: Intro12ct-on

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    6/65

     < H*"/ &+ +' '&% "'-/.*

    &< T+@ "-&'-$":'# % !*"/ &+#

    =

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    7/65

    5$*7' #"."&%-

    &< F"-"#!"- $!' &'..

    /< P%'"- % !%#'

    5

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    8/65

    CHAPTER (

    Intro12ct-on )n1L-ter)t2re Re0-e4

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    9/65

    '+ !''.

    +-/ %-$ !''.2 !'- /":'- "$! $!' 7%7'..' % $!' &+ +-/ !'- /":'- "$! #%.+ 

     7%'2 $!' 7%' "# $+-#"$$'/ %-.* $% $!' '+ !''.< A-%$!' '+ %$% % #+'

    #7'&""&+$"%- +# "- '+ !''. ".. %7'+$' $!' +;"- '&!+-"# +-/ "$ %7'+$'/ :"+

    RF '%$'<

    W!'- ' #$+$ $!' '-"-' +-/ 7.+&' $!' &+ %- #+&'2 $!' &+ ".. %:' %+/ +-/ $!'

    RF '%$' % #$''"- !''. ".. &!+-' "$# /"'&$"%- $% $!' .'$ +-/ "!$< I #%'%-'

    -''/# $% &'+$' + #//'- +;'2 $!' RF &%-$%. ;'* &+- ' +&$":+$'/ % $!' #+' $% +;'

    #!%' +;' %7'+$'<

    9

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    10/65

    !.". #iterature Review and $a%kground 

    !.".! #iterature Review&

    T!' "#$ D"'&$ I-,'&$"%- S*#$' +# /':'.%7'/ * B%#&!2 +-/ +# "-$%/&'/ * G%."+$!

    +-/ G$$''/ "- 95=< T!' M'&'/'#>B'- 300SL (955)2 $!' "#$ #7%$# &+ #'/ D"'&$

    I-,'&$"%- '$!%/ % "-,'&$"- '.< T!' '. "-,'&$%# '' 7.+&'/ "-$% $!' %'# % $!'

    &*."-/' +.. #'/ * $!' #7+; 7.# "- %$!' M'&'/'#>B'- #"@>&*."-/' '-"-'# ($!'

    #7+; 7.# '' '.%&+$'/ $% $!' &*."-/' !'+/)< L+$'2 %' +"-#$'+ +77."&+$"%-# % 

    '. "-,'&$"%- +:%'/ .'## '@7'-#":' "-/"'&$ "-,'&$"%- '$!%/#<

    D"- $!' .+$' 90#2 $!' F%/ M%$% C%7+-* /':'.%7'/ + #$+$""'/>&!+' '-"-'

    $!'* &+..'/ P%C% (7%+'/ &%#$"%-)20J $".""- + -"8' !"! 7'##' 77

    +-/ /"'&$ "-,'&$%#< O-' !-/'/ C%- V"&$%"+ &+# '' ".$ +$ F%/# A$.+-$+

    A##'.* "- H+7':"..'2 G'%"+ $".""- + P%C% V '-"-'< T!' 7%,'&$ +# &+-&'.'/

    % #':'+. '+#%-# '.'&$%-"& &%-$%.#2 + ;'* '.''-$2 '' "- $!'" "-+-&* 77 +-/

    "-,'&$% &%#$# '' '@$''.* !"! +-/ .'+- &%#$"%- 7%/&'/ -"$%'- %@"/'# "-

    '@&'## % -'+ $' EPA .""$#< A.#%2 $!' $!'' +* &+$+.*$"& &%-:'$' +# 7%:'- $% '

    + %' &%#$ ''&$":' #%.$"%-<

    I$ +# -%$ -$". 996 $!+$ +#%."-' /"'&$ "-,'&$"%- '+77'+'/ "- $!' +$%%$":' +;'$<

    M"$#"#!" M%$%# +# $!' "#$ "$! + GDI '-"-' "- $!' +7+-'#' +;'$

    G+.+-$L'-# 4G93 #.7! '. .'/ $% '"##"%-# 7%.'#2

    +-/ '. '"&"'-&* +# .'## $!+- '@7'&$'/< I$ +.#% /':'.%7'/ $!' "#$ #"@ &*."-/' GDI

     7%' 7.+-$2 $!' 6G74  3

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    11/65

    T%*%$+ "-$%/&'/ /"'&$ "-,'&$"%- '-"-' D4 (T%*%$+ A '-"-') "- =000 T%*%$+ A:'-#"#<

    T%*%$+# 2GR-FSE  V6 #'# + &%"-+$"%- % /"'&$ +-/ "-/"'&$ "-,'&$"%-< I$ #'# $%

    "-,'&$%# 7' &*."-/'2 + $+/"$"%-+. 7%$ "-,'&$% +-/ + -' /"'&$ "-,'&$%<

    L+$' GDI '-"-'# !+:' ''- $-'/ +-/ +;'$'/ % $!'" !"! 7'%+-&'<

    V%.;#+'-A/" "-$%/&'/ $!'" GDI '-"-' "- =002 -/' $!' 7%/&$ -+' F'.

    S$+$""'/ I-,'&$"%- (FSI)2 $!' $'&!-%.%* +/+7$'/ % A/"# L' M+-# 7%$%$*7' +&'&+<

    A.+ R%'% "-$%/&'/ $!'" "#$ /"'&$ "-,'&$"%- '-"-' TS "- =00=2 +-/ $%/+* $!'

    $'&!-%.%* "# #'/ %- +.%#$ ':'* A.+ R%'% '-"-'<

    BMW "-$%/&'/ GDI V= BMW N3 '-"-' "- =003< T!"# "-"$"+. BMW #*#$' #'/

    .%>7'##' "-,'&$%# +-/ &%./ -%$ '-$' .'+->- %/'2 $ $!' &%7+-* "-$%/&'/

    "$# #'&%-/>'-'+$"%- H"! P'&"#"%- I-,'&$"%- #*#$' %- $!' 7/+$'/ N5= #$+"!$>6 "-

    =006< T!"# #*#$' #7+##'# +-* %$!'# "$! + "/' '-:'.%7' % .'+->- $"'2

    "-&'+#"- %:'+.. '"&"'-&*

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    12/65

    (!%!% B)c5 /ro2n1 o+ >?r-1 0e-c.e7

    (!%!%!( In7tr2ct-on7:

    C%--'&$ $!' $+-; $% $!' '-"-' #"- + $+-#7+'-$ '. $'< T!' .':'. % '. #!%./ ''8+. $% $!' '. "-$+;' !'- $!' $+-; "# "- "..'/ 7%#"$"%-< T!' $+-; #"'# % $!' DIESEL

    ENGINES +' +# %..%#?

    < 5C>>45 $% 50 CC =< 5C>>0 $% 5CC

    3< =C>>>90 $% 95C3 $"'#< A/,#$ $!'

    &%7'##"%- #'$$"- #&' #&! $!+$ !'- $!' 7%7'..' "# ."&;'/ + ,'; "# '.$ %- "-'#

    %$ " $!' ,'; "# $%% !"! $!'- #'$ $!' &%7'##"%- .% * -#&'"- $!' &%7'##"%-

    #'$$"- #&'

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    13/65

    W'+$!' %-$"- $!' '-"-' %- + $'#$ '-&! % + %/'.2 $!' '-"-' #!%./ ' ".*

    %-$'/< A .%%#' %-$"- +* &+#' !++/# + 7%' .%## /"- --"- /' $%

    !'+:* :"+$"%-< 0J

    (!%!%!% HYBRID VEHICLES

    A !*"/ :'!"&.' #'# .$"7.' 7%7.#"%- #*#$'# $% 7%:"/' %$":' 7%'< T!"# %#$

    &%%-.* ''# $% +#%."-'>'.'&$"& !*"/ :'!"&.'#2 !"&! #' +#%."-' (7'$%.) +-/

    '.'&$"& +$$'"'# % $!' '-'* #'/ $% 7%' "-$'-+.>&%#$"%- '-"-'# (ICE#) +-/

    '.'&$"& %$%#< T!'#' %$%# +' #+..* '.+$":'.* #+.. +-/ %./ ' &%-#"/''/

    -/'7%''/ * $!'#'.:'#2 $ $!'* &+- 7%:"/' + -%+. /":"- '@7'"'-&' !'-

    #'/ "- &%"-+$"%- /"- +&&'.'+$"%- +-/ %$!' +-':'# $!+$ '8"' '+$' 7%'<

    3J

    A &+2 !"&! !+# + &%"-+$"%- % $% /"''-$ "/'+#2 &+- ' &+..'/ +# + !*"/2 $ $!'

    &+#2 !"&! &%"-' $% '-'* #%&'# % "$# --"- "# 7%7.+.* -+'/ +# !*"/ &+ 1

    H*"/ C+# #' + '&!+'+.' '-'* #$%+' #*#$' $% #77.''-$ %##". '. '-'*

    % :'!"&.' 7%7.#"%-< H*"/ '-"-'# +' #+..' +-/ %' '"&"'-$ $!+- $+/"$"%-+. '.

    '-"-'#< S%' !*"/ :'!"&.'# #' ''-'+$":' +;"- $% '-'+$' '.'&$"&"$* !".'

    $+:+"."-< T!' $' H*"/ V'!"&.' &+- +.#% '' $% + :'!"&.' '-"-' $!+$ #'# +

    &%"-+$"%- % /"''-$ '.# #&! +# 7'$%.' +-/ '$!+-%.< T!' +$"&.'# %- $!"# 7+' +'

    %- $!' $%7"& % H*"/ :'!"&.'# +-/ '.+$'/ $'&!-%.%"'#< 3J

    T% ' #"7.'2 $!' &%-:'-$"%-+. &+# - %- + #"-.' '. #%&' #&! +# +#%."-'2 7'$%.

    +-/ /"'#'.< T!' '-'* '"&"'-&* % $!' &+# +# "-#"&"'-$ $% ''$ $!' $' -''/#2 "-

    $!' !"!.* '-'* /'7.'$"- #"$+$"%-< T!' #'+&! % +.$'-+$":' '#%&'# "# "-$'-#":' +-/

    %-' % $!'2 '.'&$"& &+# '' + #&&'##2 $ "$# .""$+$"%- +# $!' "-+/'8+&* % + .%-

    /":' +-/ /""&.$* % '8'-$ '&!+'#< H*"/ &+# '' + '$$' #%.$"%- #"-&' "$

    &%"-'# $!' '-'"$# % %$! $*7'# % &+#< N%2 %#$ % $!' !*"/ &+# #' $!' '-"-'

    $!+$ %; "- &%"-+$"%- % +#%."-' +-/ '.'&$"&"$*< 3J

     H>?r-1 +#%."-''.'&$"& (+-/ /"'#'.'.'&$"&) :'!"&.'# +' '&%"- "-&'+#"-.* 7%7.+ "- $!' U-"$'/ S$+$'#< H*"/# &%"-' + +#%."-' (% /"'#'.) '-"-' "$! +- '.'&$"&+.

    3

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    14/65

    %$% #*#$' $% "7%:' '"&"'-&*< I $!'" #' '&%'# %' "/'#7'+/2 $!'* &%./

    !'.7 "7%:' $!' %:'+.. '"&"'-&* % $!' 0e-c.e .''$ +-/ &%./ !'.7 .""$ %".

    &%-#7$"%-<

     F$!'2 $!'* &%./ /% #% "$!%$ #"-""&+-$ &!+-'# $% '@"#$"- "-+#$&$'2 !"&! !+#

     ''- + ;'* +"' $% $!' '@7+-/'/ #' % ).tern)t-0e '. :'!"&.'#< I- %/'. *'+ =006

    F%/2 G'-'+. M%$%#2 H%-/+2 N"##+-2 +-/ T%*%$+ ".. %' :'!"&.'# "$! >?r-1 7%'

    $+"-#< A$ $!' 7'#'-$ $"'2 %-.* >?r-1 7+##'-' &+#2 #7%$ $"."$* :'!"&.'# (SUV#)2 +-/

     7"&;7# +' +:+".+.' "- $!' U-"$'/ S$+$'#2 $ >?r-1 :'#"%-# % %$!' 0e-c.e %/'.#

    +-/ &.+##'# +' '@7'&$'/ "- $!' -'+ $'H*"/

    • F'. &'.. H*"/

    )! So.)r Ve-c.e7:

    E.'&$"& :'!"&.' 7%''/ * #%.+ '-'* %$+"-'/ % #%.+ 7+-'.# %- $!' #+&' %

    $!' &+ 

    4

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    15/65

    F" N%? S%.+ A+-''-$ J

    H*"/ :'!"&.' "# + :'!"&.' #"- +- %->%+/ '&!+'+.' '-'* #$%+' #*#$' (RESS)

    +-/ + '.'/ 7%7.#"%- 7%' #%&' % :'!"&.' 7%7.#"%-< T!'* +' .%>7%..$"- +-/

    .%>7'$%.' &%-#"- &+#< T!' /"''-$ 7%7.#"%- 7%' #*#$'# +* !+:'

    &%%- ##*#$'# % &%7%-'-$#< J

    5

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    16/65

    3-/! No!: % Str2ct2r). 1-)/r)* o+ >?r-1 c)r @

    T!' $' &%%-.* ''# $% 7'$%.'>'.'&$"& !*"/ :'!"&.'#2 +.#% &+..'/ H*"/>

    '.'&$"& V'!"&.' (HEV) !"&! #'# +#%."-' (7'$%.) % /"'#'. $% 7%' "-$'-+.>

    &%#$"%- '-"-'#2 +-/ '.'&$"& +$$'"'# $% 7%' '.'&$"& %$%#< N'+.* +.. !*"/#

    #$".. '8"' +#%."-' +-/ /"'#'. +# $!'" #%.' '. #%&' $!%! %$!' '.# #&! +# '$!+-%.

    % 7.+-$ +#'/ %".# !+:' +.#% #''- %&&+#"%-+. #'< H*"/ &+# +.#% #' H*/%'- +#<  J

    (!%!%!; H>?r-1 co*ponent:

    T!'' +' +-* +*# $% &'+$' +- '.'&$"&>"-$'-+. &%#$"%- !*"/< T!' :+"'$* % 

    '.'&$"&>ICE /'#"-# &+- ' /"''-$"+$'/ * !% $!' '.'&$"& +-/ &%#$"%- 7%$"%-# % 

    $!' 7%' $+"- &%--'&$2 +$ !+$ $"'# '+&! 7%$"%- "# "- %7'+$"%-2 +-/ !+$ 7'&'-$ % $!' 7%' "# 7%:"/'/ * '+&! !*"/ &%7%-'-$< T% +,% &+$'%"'# +' #'"'# !*"/#

    +-/ 7++..'. !*"/#< 5J

    )! Ser-e7?

    I- + #'"'# /'#"-2 $!' "-$'-+. &%#$"%- '-"-' "# -%$ /"'&$.* &%--'&$'/ $% $!' /":'

    $+"- +$ +..2 $ 7%'# +- '.'&$"&+. '-'+$% "-#$'+/< T!"# "# #"".+ $% $!' %7'+$"%- %

    /"'#'.>'.'&$"& $+"- .%&%%$":'#2 '@&'7$ $!+$ +# % =0062 A #'"'# !*"/ "# #"".+ $% +-

    6

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    17/65

    '.'&$"& &+ !"&! "# '&!+'/ * '.'&$"&"$* % + #$+$"%-+* %##". '. 7%' 7.+-$2

    '@&'7$ $!+$ $!' 7%' 7.+-$ "# &+"'/ %- %+/< 5J

    F" N%? 3 S'"'# !*"/ 5J

    E.'&$"&"$* % $!' '-'+$% "# '/ $% $!' %$% % %$%# $!+$ +&$+..* %:' $!' &+ +-/

    '@&'## '-'* &+- ' #'/ $% &!+' +$$'"'#< W!'- .+' +%-$# % 7%' +' '8"'/2

    '.'&$"&"$* &%'# % %$! $!' +$$'* 7+&; +-/ $!' '-"-'>'-'+$% #'&$"%-< B'&+#'

    '.'&$"&+. %$%# &+- %7'+$' 8"$' '"&"'-$.* %:' + "/' +-' % #7''/#2 $!"# /'#"-

    '%:'# % '/&'# $!' -''/ % + &%7.'@ $+-#"##"%-< T!' "-$'-+. &%#$"%- '-"-'

    &+- +.#% ' "-'.* $-'/ $% %7'+$' +$ "$# %#$ '"&"'-$ #7''/ !'-':' "$ "# --"-2 % +

    '+$ +"- "- '"&"'-&*< S'7++$' #+.. '.'&$"& %$%# "-#$+..'/ +$ '+&! !''. +' '+$'/

    "- #%' 7%$%$*7'# +-/ &%-&'7$ &+# $!"# +..%# $!' 7%##""."$* % '+#".* &%-$%.."- $!' 7%' /'.":''/ $% '+&! !''.2 +-/ $!''%' #"7.""'# $+&$"%- &%-$%.2 +.. !''. /":'2

    +-/ #"".+ '+$'#< 5J

    S$"..2 #'"'# !*"/# +' #'. "- /":"- &*&.'# $!+$ "-&%7%+$' +-* #$%7# +-/ #$+$#2

    #&! +# % /'.":'* :'!"&.'#2 % #$%7 +-/ % &"$* /":"-< I$ "# .";'.* $!+$ #%' '. &'..

    &+# ".. #' + #'"'#>#$*.' #'$72 "$! $!' '. &'..# '7.+&"- $!' '-"-'>'-'+$% 

    #'&$"%- $!"# %./ '.""-+$' $!' .%## % '"&"'-&* "-!''-$ "- &%-:'$"- $!' '&!+-"&+.

    %$7$ % +- "-$'-+. &%#$"%- '-"-' $% '.'&$"&+. 7%'< 5J

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    18/65

    ?! P)r)..e.:

    P++..'. #*#$'#2 !"&! +' %#$ &%%-.* 7%/&'/ +$ 7'#'-$2 &%--'&$ %$! $!'

    '.'&$"&+. +-/ "-$'-+. &%#$"%- #*#$'# $% $!' '&!+-"&+. $+-#"##"%-< T!'* &+- '

    #&+$'%"'/ /'7'-/"- 7%- !% +.+-&'/ $!' /"''-$ 7%$"%-# +' +$ 7%:"/"-

    %$":' 7%'< I- #%' &+#'#2 $!' "-$'-+. &%#$"%- '-"-' "# $!' /%"-+-$ 7%$"%- +-/

    "# #'/ % 7"+* 7%'2 "$! $!' %$% $-"- %- %-.* !'- + %%#$ "# -''/'/< O$!'#

    &+- - "$! ,#$ $!' '.'&$"& #*#$' %7'+$"- +.%-'< M%#$ /'#"-# &%"-' + .+'

    '.'&$"&+. '-'+$% +-/ + %$% "-$% %-' -"$2 %$'- #"$+$'/ '$''- $!' "-$'-+.

    &%#$"%- '-"-' +-/ $!' $+-#"##"%-2 "- $!' .%&+$"%- % $!' .*!''.2 '7.+&"- %$!

    $!' &%-:'-$"%-+. #$+$' %$% +-/ $!' '-'+$% % +.$'-+$%< 5J

    F" N%? 4 P++..'. !*"/ 5J

    A .+' +$$'* 7+&; "# '8"'/2 7%:"/"- + !"!' :%.$+' $!+- $!' -%+. +$%%$":'

    = :%.$#< A&&'##%"'# #&! +# 7%' #$''"- +-/ +" &%-/"$"%-"- +' 7%''/ * '.'&$"&

    %$%#2 #% $!+$ $!'* &%-$"-' $% -&$"%- !'- $!' "-$'-+. &%#$"%- '-"-' "# #$%77'/

    $!"# %'# $!' 7%##""."$* % $!' '"&"'-&* +"-#2 * %/.+$"- $!' '.'&$"&+. 7%' 

    /'.":''/ $% $!'#' #*#$'#2 +$!' $!+- !+:"- $!' - /"'&$.* % $!' '-"-' +$ +

    #7''/ !"&! /'7'-/# %- '-"-' #7''/< 5J

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    19/65

    (!%!%!< L-ne)r ).tern)tor:

    A .-ne)r ).tern)tor "# '##'-$"+..* + ."-'+ %$% #'/ +# +- '.'&$"&+. '-'+$%< (A-

    +.$'-+$% "# + $*7' % +.$'-+$"- &'-$ (AC) '.'&$"&+. '-'+$%

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    20/65

      F" N%? 5 L+*%$# % H*"/ V'!"&.'# 4J

    )! Teor>

    W!'- + +-'$ %:'# "- '.+$"%- $% + &%". % "'2 $!"# &!+-'# $!' +-'$"& .@ 7+##"-

    $!%! $!' &%".2 +-/ $!# "-/&'# $!' .% % +- '.'&$"& &'-$2 !"&! &+- ' #'/ $% /%

    %;< A ."-'+ +.$'-+$% "# %#$ &%%-.* #'/ $% &%-:'$ '&"7%&+$"- %$"%- /"'&$.*

    "-$% '.'&$"&+. '-'*< T!"# #!%$>&$ '.""-+$'# $!' -''/ % + &+-; % ."-;+' $!+$ %./

    %$!'"#' ' '8"'/ $% &%-:'$ + '&"7%&+$"- %$"%- $% + %$+* %$"%- "- %/' $% '

    &%7+$".' "$! + %$+* '-'+$%

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    21/65

    &'-$< T!"# &'-$ "# #'/ $% &!+' + &+7+&"$%2 $!# #$%"- '-'* % .+$' #'< T!'

    +77."+-&' &+- $!'- 7%/&' ."!$2 #+..* % +2 -$". $!' &+7+&"$% "# /"#&!+'/< I$ &+-

    $!'- ' '>&!+'/ * $!' #!+;"-7"#$%- '-"-'2 +-/ $!' ''>7"#$%- S$'."-

    '-"-'?r-17 Ve-c.e:

    H*"/>'.'&$"& :'!"&.'# (HEV#) &%"-' $!' '-'"$# % +#%."-' '-"-'# +-/ '.'&$"&

    %$%# +-/ &+- ' &%-"'/ $% %$+"- /"''-$ %,'&$":'#2 #&! +# "7%:'/ '.

    '&%-%*2 "-&'+#'/ 7%'2 % +//"$"%-+. +@"."+* 7%' % '.'&$%-"& /':"&'# +-/ 7%' 

    $%%.#< J

     

    3-/ No #or5-n/ o+ >?r-1 0e-c.e7 @(

    (!%!%! 3EL:

    T!' '. "@$' '&%'-/'/ * # % +.. % /"'#'. '-"-'# "# +# %..%#?

    40 P++"- O". (K'%#'-')

    30 A-'#$!'$"& % S%.:'-$ E"$!' 

    =>30 C+#$% O".

    =>3 "-"$"%-# "7%:'# .";' A*. N"$+$' &+- ' #'/<

    =

    http://void%280%29/

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    22/65

    T!' &%'&"+..* +:+".+.' '.# &+- +.#% ' #'/< F% #%' +77."&+$"%-# .";' +&"-

    #%' '. "@$' +* ' %-/ '$$' $!'- $!' '&%'-/'/2 $ "- $!+$ &+#' 7.'+#'

    &!'&; $!+$ $!' %". &%-$'-$2 % + -' '-"-' #!%./ ' -%$ .'## $!'' 30 % + #'/

    '-"-' "$ #!%./ -%$ % '.% =5< T!' '. .%' %". &%-$'-$ "# -%$ '&%'-/'/ +# "$

    .%'# '-"-' ."'< H%':' 30 "# '-%! % $!' %%/ --"- % $!' '-"-'2 +//"-

    %' %". ".. -%$ 7%:"/' '-'"$< 0J

    (!%!%!A.tern)t-0e 32e.

    A$ $!' /+- % $!' +$%%".' +'2 +#%."-' +# $!' 7>+-/>&%"- +.$'-+$":' '. >>

    :*"- "$! '.'&$"& +$$'"'# +-/ #$'+ 7%'< G+# .$"+$'.* %- %$2 % &%#'< B$-% $!+$ '' --"- %$ % /"#$"..'/ /"-%#+ ,"&' >> % +$ $!' :'* .'+#$2 '$$"-

    #"&; % '"- +$ $!' '&* % OPEC >> + :+"'$* % =#$ &'-$* +.$'-+$":'# $%

    +#%."-' +' '-$'"- $!' 7"7'."-' (#% $% #7'+;)

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    23/65

    V''$+.' %". &+- &%%; *% "'# +# '.. +# 7%' $!' :'!"&.' $!+$ '$# *% $% $!' /":'>

    $!< A- "-$''#$"- !"#$%"&+. +&$ "# $!+$ /"'#'. '-"-'# '' %""-+..* /'#"-'/ $% - %-

    :''$+.' %".2 -%$ 7'$%.'>+#'/ /"'#'. '.< E-"-'# &+- #$".. - %- :''$+.' %". +-/

    !'.7 ;''7 $!' +" &.'+-' +-/ '/&' % &%-$*# /'7'-/'-&' %- $!' %". &+$'.# * /%"-

    #%< B"%/"'#'. "# -%$ $!' #+' +# + :''$+.' %". ($!%! $!+$ &+- ' - "- /"'#'.

    '-"-'#2 $%%)< I$ "#2 !%':'2 +/' % + :''$+.' %".< I$# &!"' +/:+-$+' %:' +

    :''$+.' %". "# $!+$ "$ &+- ' #'/ "- +-* &%7'##"%->"-"$"%- (/"'#'.) '-"-' "$! ."$$.'

    % -% %/""&+$"%- -'&'##+*< T!' #' % + :''$+.' %". "- /"'#'.# '8"'# 7'>!'+$'#

    +-/ %$!' '. #*#$' 7+/'#< B"%/"'#'. "# +.#% .'## $%@"& $!+- $+.' #+.$ >> +-/ /'+/'#

    +# +#$ +# #+

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    24/65

    C!%%#' $!' +77%7"+$' 7%7'..' % $!' &!+$ "$ $% $!' '-"-' #% $!+$ $!' 7"#$%-

    $+:'. 7+/#2 &.%#"- $!' '@!+#$ 7%$# '+- $% &%7'## $!' +# $!''2 +$ $!+$

     7%#"$"%- $!' 77' '-/ % 7%7'..' #!%./ ' #!%"- TWO OQ CLOCK< T!"# ".. !'.7

    "- ."&;"- % "!$ $% .'$ ("

    +-/ %> #$%;' 7'$%. '-"-'#< T!' +#%."-' "# !"!.* 7'##"'/2 +-/ "-,'&$'/ :"+ +

    &%%- +". '. ."-' /"'&$.* "-$% $!' &%#$"%- &!+' % '+&! &*."-/'2 +# %77%#'/

    $% &%-:'-$"%-+. .$" 7%"-$ '. "-,'&$"%- $!+$ !+77'-# "- $!' "-$+;' $+&$2 % &*."-/' 7%$<

    GDI '-+.'# #$+$""'/ &!+' (.$+ .'+- -) &%#$"%- % "7%:'/ '. '"&"'-&*

    +-/ '"##"%- .':'.# +$ .% .%+/ o+ oper)t-on:

    T!' +,% +/:+-$+'# % + GDI '-"-' +' "-&'+#'/ '. '"&"'-&* +-/ !"! 7%' 

    %$7$< T!"# "# +&!"':'/ * $!' 7'&"#' &%-$%. %:' +%-$ % '. +-/ "-,'&$"%- $""-#!"&! +' :+"'/ +&&%/"- $% $!' .%+/ &%-/"$"%-#< I- +//"$"%-2 $!'' +' -% $!%$$."-

    .%##'# !'- &%7+'/ $% + &%-:'-$"%-+. '. "-,'&$'/ % &+'$'/ '-"-'2 !"&! '+$.*

    "7%:'# '"&"'-&* "- '-"-'# "$!%$ + $!%$$.' 7.+$'

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    25/65

    #+&'< T!"# $'&!-"8' '-+.'# $!' #' % .$+>.'+- "@$'# "7%##".' "$!

    &+'$%# % &%-:'-$"%-+. '. "-,'&$"%-<

    • Sto-c-o*etr-c %/' "# #'/ % %/'+$' .%+/ &%-/"$"%-#< F'. "# "-,'&$'/ /"-

    $!' "-$+;' #$%;'2 &'+$"- + !%%'-'%# '.>+" "@$' "- $!' &*."-/'< F%

    $!' #$%"&!"%'$"& +$"%2 +- %7$" - '#.$# "- &.'+- '@!+#$ '+/".* $!' 

    &.'+-'/ * $!' &+$+.*$"& &%-:'$'<

    • 32.. po4er  %/' "# #'/ % +7"/ +&&'.'+$"%- +-/ !'+:* .%+/# (+# !'-

    &.""- + !"..)< T!' +">'. "@$' "# !%%'-'%# +-/ $!' +$"% "# #."!$.*

    "&!' $!+- #$%"&!"%'$"&2 !"&! !'.7# 7':'-$ 7"-"-< T!' '. "# "-,'&$'/

    /"- $!' "-$+;' #$%;'<

    D"'&$ "-,'&$"%- +* +.#% ' +&&%7+-"'/ * %$!' '-"-' $'&!-%.%"'# #&! +# :+"+.'

    :+.:' $""- +-/ $-'/ % :+"+.' .'-$! "-$+;' +-"%./"-< W+$' "-,'&$"%- % (%'

    &%%-.*) '@!+#$ +# '&"&.+$"%- &+- !'.7 '/&' $!' !"! NO@ '"##"%-# $!+$ '#.$

    % -"- .$+ .'+- "@$'##$%;' '-"-'#2 '&+#'

    "$ '.""-+$'# &! % $!' 7%..$"%- $!'* &+#'< I- &%-:'-$"%-+. $%>#$%;'#2 $!' '@!+#$

    +-/ "-$+;' 7%$# +' %$! %7'- +$ $!' #+' $"'2 +$ $!' %$$% % $!' 7"#$%- #$%;'< A .+'

     7%$"%- % $!' '.+" "@$' '-$'"- $!' &*."-/' % $!' &+-;&+#' $!%! $!' "-$+;'

     7%$# %'# /"'&$.* %$2 --'/2 $!%! $!' '@!+#$ 7%$< W"$! /"'&$ "-,'&$"%-2 %-.* +" 

    &%'# % $!' &+-;&+#'2 +-/ '. "# -%$ "-,'&$'/ -$". $!' 7"#$%- "#'# +-/ +.. 7%$# +'

    &.%#'/< 0J

    T% $*7'# % GDI +' #'/ "- $%>#$%;'#? .%>7'##' +">+##"#$'/2 +-/ !"! 7'##'<T!' %'2 /':'.%7'/ * O"$+. E-"-' C%7%+$"%- % A#$+."+ (-% O"$+.

    C%7%+$"%-) "-,'&$# + "@$' % '. +-/ &%7'##'/ +" "-$% $!' &%#$"%- &!+'<

    W!'- $!' +" '@7+-/# "$ +$%"'# $!' '. "-$% >"&%'$' /%7.'$#2 :'* #+.. '.+$":'

    $% $!' =0 $% 30>"&%'$' '. /%7.'$# "- %$!' /"'&$ "-,'&$"%- #*#$'#< T!' O"$+.

    #*#$' "# #'/ "- %$% #&%%$'# +-+&$'/ * A7"."+2 P"+"%2 P''%$ +-/ K*&%2

    "- %$%+/ %$%# +-+&$'/ * M'&* +-/ T%!+$#2 +-/ "- 7'#%-+. +$'&+$

    +-+&$'/ * B%+/"'< 0J

    =5

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    26/65

    I- $!' '+.* 990#2 F"&!$ GH % K"&!#''%-2 G'+-* /':'.%7'/ + !"!>7'##' /"'&$

    "-,'&$% % #' "$! $% #$%;' '-"-'#< T!"# "-,'&$% +# -"8' "- $!+$ "$ /"/ -%$ '8"'

    + !"! 7'##' 77 $ +# #$".. &+7+.' % '-'+$"- '-%! 7'##' $% "-,'&$ "-$% +

    &.%#'/ &%#$"%- &!+'< O$%+/ M+"-' C%7%+$"%- (OMC) ."&'-#'/ $!'

    $'&!-%.%* "- 995 +-/ "-$%/&'/ "$ %- + 7%/&$"%- %$%+/ '-"-' "- 996< OMC

     7&!+#'/ + &%-$%.."- "-$''#$ "- F"&!$ "- 99< B'#'$ * '@$'-#":' ++-$* &.+"# % 

    "$# F"&!$ %$%+/#2 OMC /'&.+'/ +-;7$&* "- D'&'' % =000 +-/ $!' '-"-'

    +-+&$"- 7%$"%- +-/ +-/# (E:"-/' O$%+/ M%$%# +-/ %!-#%- O$%+/#)2

    "-&./"- $!' F"&!$ $'&!-%.%*2 '' 7&!+#'/ * B%+/"' "- =00T'&! #*#$'2 +- "7%:''-$ $% $!' F"&!$ '. "-,'&$"%-2 "-

    =0032 +#'/ %- UT'&! +-/ O"$+. /"'&$ "-,'&$"%- #*#$'# '&+#' "$ #'# +

    #'7++$'2 '.$ /":'-2 !"! 7'##'2 '&!+-"&+. '. 77 $% '-'+$' $!' 7'##'

    -'&'##+* % "-,'&$"%- "- + &.%#'/ &!+'< T!"# "# #"".+ $% %#$ &'-$ 4>#$%;'

    +$%%$":' /'#"-#< E-:"%F"$2 + -%->7%"$ &%7%+$"%- #7%-#%'/ * C%.%+/% S$+$'

    U-":'#"$*2 !+# /':'.%7'/ /"'&$ "-,'&$"%- '$%"$ ;"$# % $%>#$%;' %$%&*&.'# "- +

     7%,'&$ $% '/&' +" 7%..$"%- "- S%$!'+#$ A#"+2 #"- $'&!-%.%* /':'.%7'/ * O"$+.

    C%7%+$"%- % A#$+."+<

    E-:"%F"$2 + -%->7%"$ &%7%+$"%- #7%-#%'/ * C%.%+/% S$+$' U-":'#"$*2 !+#

    /':'.%7'/ /"'&$ "-,'&$"%- '$%"$ ;"$# % $%>#$%;' %$%&*&.'# "- + 7%,'&$ $% '/&'

    +" 7%..$"%- "- S%$!'+#$ A#"+2 #"- $'&!-%.%* /':'.%7'/ * O"$+. C%7%+$"%- % 

    A#$+."+< T!' W%./ H'+.$! O+-"+$"%- #+*# +" 7%..$"%- "- S%$!'+#$ A#"+ +-/ $!'

    P+&""& &+#'# 532000 7'+$' /'+$!# '+&! *'+< T!' 00>".."%- $%>#$%;' $+@"# +-/

    %$%&*&.'# "- $!+$ 7+$ % $!' %./ +' + +,% &+#'<

    =6

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    27/65

      F" -%? /"++ % '-"-'

    %!% A10)nt)/e7 o+ >?r-1 c)r7 o0er con0ent-on c)r7 

    D' $% $!' "#"- &%#$ % '. +-/ $!' '-:"%-'-$+. /++' "$ &+#'# $% % 7.+-'$2 +-*

    &+ %-'# % *'# +' .%%;"- % +- +.$'-+$":' +* $% #+:' %-'*< L'$# +&' "$2 '.

    #77.* "# "-"$' +-/ $!' 7"&'# % +# +' %-.* %"- $% "#' !"!' +-/ !"!'< T!+$ "#

    !'' + !*"/ &+ !+# "$# +/:+-$+'#

    H*"/ &+# !+:' ''- +"-"- "- 7%7.+"$* "- '&'-$ *'+#< W"$! .%' &%#$ % 

     7%/&$"%- +-/ -' !*"/ &+ $'&!-%.%* '"- /':'.%7'/2 %-"- + !*"/ &+ "#

     '&%"- +%/+.' $% ':'*%-'<

    =

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    28/65

    )! H>?r-1 C)r7 S)0e7 G)7

    T!' %:"%# +/:+-$+' % #"- !*"/ &+# "# $!+$ "$ #+:'# +#< C%"-"- $!' &.'+-' 

    '-'* % +- '.'&$"& %$% "$! $!' .%- +-' &+7+&"$* % + +#%."-' '-"-' +..%# +

    !*"/ &+ $% #+:' +# &! +# 30 ".'# + +..%-< O-' '+$' % !*"/ &+# "# $!+$ $!'

    +#%."-' '-"-' "# #!$ % +$%+$"&+..* !'- $!' &+ #$%7#< T!"# +.#% !'.7# "- #+:"-

    '.< T!+$ "# +.#% $!' '+#%- !* !*"/ &+# +' #% 8"'$ !* "$ "# #$+$"%-+*< T!' +#%."-'

    '-"-' "# +$%+$"&+..* $-'/ %- !'- *% #$'7 %- $!' +&&'.'+$% 7'/+.<

    ?! H>?r-1 C)r7 Are En0-ron*ent 3r-en1.>

      H*"/ &+# '"$ .%' $%@"& '"##"%-# &%7+'/ $% &%-:'-$"%-+. +#%."-'>

     7%''/ &+# /' $% .'## +#%."-' '"- -'/< I$ "# '-:"%-'-$+..* "'-/.*2 &+#'# .'##

     7%..$"%- +-/ '.'+#'# .'## &+%- /"%@"/' "-$% $!' +$%#7!''< I *% /% -%$ ;-%2

    &+%- /"%@"/' "# %-' % $!' 7"+* '+#%-# % "#"- .%+. +"-< F% '@+7.'2 $!'

    T%*%$+ P"# &+- '/&' $+".7"7' '"##"%-# * 7 $% -"-'$* 7'&'-$ +-/ $!' ''-!%#' +#

    '"##"%-# * +# &! +# "$* 7'&'-$<

    c! T)F Incent-0e7 +or H>?r-1 C)r7

      D' $% %./ 7%."$"&+. 7'##'# +%-/ $!' %./ $% '/&' ''-!%#' '"##"%-#2

    P'#"/'-$ B#! #"-'/ +- +'''-$ "- =005 $% 7%:"/' !' $+@ '."' $% !*"/ &+ 

     *'#< T!' $+@ "-&'-$":' :+"'# * %/'. +-/ +' +#'/ %- $% +&$%#

    < H% '. '"&"'-$ $!' !*"/ &+ "# &%7+'/ $% + &%-:'-$"%-+. &+ "- =00= "$! $!'

    #+' '"!$ &.+##<

    =< H% &! +#%."-' $!' !*"/ &+ &+- #+:' "- "$# ."'$"' &%7+'/ "$! +- '8":+.'-$&%-:'-$"%-+. &+< H*"/ &+ +-+&$'# +' &%-$"-+..* '#'+&!"- % %' +*# $%

    '/&' '. &%-#7$"%- +-/ '$$' '. '"&"'-&*< A.#% +# %' !*"/ &+# +' '"-

    +/%7$'/2 $!' &%#$ % !*"/ &+# ".. '/&' +;"- "$ %' +%/+.' % ':'*%-'<

    =

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    29/65

    =?r-1 c)r7 )re )n eFce..ent co-ce:

    M+-* &+ +-+&$'# +' +;"- !*"/ &+# '&+#' $!'* +' #+.. +-/ '.>'"&"'-$<

    T!'* +' 7%''/ * + &%"-+$"%- % +- '"&"'-$ +# '-"-' +-/ * '.'&$"& %$% $!+$

    !'.7# "$! +&&'.'+$"%-#< B+$$'"'# $!+$ '&!+' +$%+$"&+..* 7%' $!' '.'&$"& %$%<

    O- $!"# #"$' *% ".. "-/ + .+' #'.'&$"%- % $%7" &%:''/ "$! '@7'$ +/:"&' +-/ $"7#

    % +-*%-' &%-#"/'"- $!' 7&!+#' % !*"/ &+#< O " *% .%%;"- $% 7&!+#' H*"/

    C+# +-/ V'!"&.'# S+.' $!'- &."&; $!' ."-;<

    A !*"/ :'!"&.' "# + :'!"&.' $!+$ #'# $% % %' /"#$"-&$ 7%' #%&'# $% %:' $!' :'!"&.'< J

    T!' $' %#$ &%%-.* ''# $% !*"/ '.'&$"& :'!"&.'# (HEV#)2 !"&! &%"-' +- "-$'-+.

    &%#$"%- '-"-' +-/ %-' % %' '.'&$"& %$%#<

    %!; Po4er 7o2rce7:

    Po4er 7o2rce7 -nc.21e:

    • O->%+/ % %$>%+/ '&!+'+.' '-'* #$%+' #*#$' (RESS)

    G+#%."-' % D"'#'. '. • H*/%'- 

    • C%7'##'/ +"  

    • L"8"/ -"$%'- 

    • H+- 7%''/ '

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    30/65

    %!< Vehi%le ty*e

    )! T4o$4ee.e1 )n1 c>c.e$t>pe 0e-c.e7

    M%7'/# +-/ '.'&$"& "&*&.'# +' + #"7.' % % + !*"/2 +# 7%' "# /'.":''/ %$! :"+

    +- "-$'-+. &%#$"%- '-"-' % '.'&$"& %$%  +-/ $!' "/'# #&.'#< E+.* 7%$%$*7'#

    % %$%&*&.'# "- $!' .+$' 00# #'/ $!' #+' 7"-&"7.'#<

    • I- + 7++..'. !*"/ "&*&.' !+- +-/ %$% 7%' +' '&!+-"&+..* &%7.'/ +$

    $!' 7'/+. /":' $+"- % +$ $!' '+ % $!' %-$ !''.2 '

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    31/65

    ?! He)0> 0e-c.e7

    H*"/  7%' $+"-#  +' #'/ % /"'#'.>'.'&$"&  % $%>'.'&$"&  +".+* .%&%%$":'#2

     #'#2 !'+:* %%/# :'!"&.'#2 %".' !*/+."& +&!"-'*2 +-/ #!"7#< T*7"&+..* #%' %

    % !'+$ '-"-' (#+..* /"'#'.) /":'# +- '.'&$"& '-'+$% % !*/+."& 77 !"&!

     7%'# %-' % %' '.'&$"& % !*/+."& %$%#< T!'' +' +/:+-$+'# "- /"#$"$"-

     7%' $!%! "'# % 7"7'# +$!' $!+- '&!+-"&+. '.''-$# '#7'&"+..* !'- .$"7.'

    /":'# 'N"C.=) +$$'"'# $% &+7$' +-/ #$%' '-'* -%+..* /"##"7+$'/ /"-

    3

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_trainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel-electric_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo-electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_machineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_accumulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorail_%C3%A0_grande_capacit%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KiHa_E200http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_ion_batterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-Nickel-Chloride_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-Nickel-Chloride_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_trainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel-electric_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo-electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_machineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_accumulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorail_%C3%A0_grande_capacit%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KiHa_E200http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_ion_batterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-Nickel-Chloride_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-Nickel-Chloride_battery

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    32/65

    /*-+"& +;"- % &%+#$"- /%-!"..< T!'* '@7'&$ +$ .'+#$ + 0 '/&$"%- "- '. #'

    "$! $!"# #*#$' +-/ +' -% #7'-/"- +%$ = ".."%-* %- !*"/ '#'+&!< 6J

    V+"+-$# % $!' $*7"&+. /"'#'. '.'&$"& .%&%%$":' "-&./' $!' G''- G%+$ (GG) +-/ G''-

    K"/ (GK) #"$&!"-*+/ '-"-'# ".$ * C+-+/+# R+". 7%' T'&!-%.%"'#< T!'* $"."'

    + .+' #'$ % !'+:* /$* .%- ."' (0 *) '&!+'+.' .'+/ +&"/ (P+) +$$'"'# +-/ 000

    $% =000 HP '.'&$"& %$%# +# $!' 7"+* %$":' #%&'# +-/ + -' &.'+- -"- /"'#'.

    '-'+$% (60 H7) % '&!+"- $!' +$$'"'# $!+$ "# #'/ %-.* +# -''/'/< N% 7%' % 

    '. +' +#$'/ % "/."-$*7"&+..* 605 % $!' $"' % $!'#' $*7' .%&%%$":'#< I$ "#

    -&.'+ " /*-+"& +;"- (''-'+$":') 7%' "# '&+7$'/ % '#' $ "- 7"-&"7.' "$

    #!%./ ' '+#".* $"."'/<

    S"-&' $!'#' '-"-'# $*7"&+. -''/ '@$+ '"!$ % $+&$"%- 77%#'# +-*+* $!' +$$'*

     7+&;# '"!$ "# + -'."".' 7'-+.$*< I- +//"$"%- $!' /"'#'. '-'+$% +-/ +$$'* 7+&;+'

    +' -%+..* ".$ %- +- '@"#$"- '$"'/ *+/ .%&%%$":'# +' % #"-""&+-$

    +//"$"%-+. &%#$ #+:"-#< T!' '@"#$"- %$%# +-/ --"- '+ +' +.. '".$ +-/ '#'/<

    D"'#'. '. #+:"-# % 4060 +-/ 7 $% 0 7%..$"%- '/&$"%-# +' &.+"'/ %:' $!+$

    % + $*7"&+. %./' #"$&!"-*+/ '-"-'< T!' #+' +/:+-$+'# $!+$ '@"#$"- !*"/ &+#

    !+:' % #' "$! '8'-$ #$+$# +-/ #$%7# +-/ "/.' 7'"%/# +77.* $% $*7"&+. #"$&!"-

    *+/ #'< G''- G%+$ .%&%%$":'# !+:' ''- 7&!+#'/ * C+-+/"+- P+&""& R+".+*2

    BNSF R+".+*2 K+-#+# C"$* S%$!'- R+".+* +-/ U-"%- P+&""& R+".%+/ +%- %$!'#<

     Cr)ne7

    R+". 7%' T'&!-%.%"'# C%7< '-"-''# %;"- "$! TSI T'"-+. S*#$'# I-&< "-

    V+-&%:'2 B"$"#! C%."+ +' $'#$"- + !*"/ /"'#'. '.'&$"& 7%' -"$ "$! +$$'*

    #$%+' % #' "- R' T"'/ G+-$* (RTG) &+-'#< RTG &+-'# +' $*7"&+..* #'/ % .%+/"- +-/ -.%+/"- #!"77"- &%-$+"-'# %-$% $+"-# % $&;# "- 7%$# +-/ &%-$+"-' 

    #$%+' *+/#< T!' '-'* #'/ $% ."$ $!' &%-$+"-'# &+- ' 7+$"+..* '+"-'/ !'- $!'*

    +' .%''/< D"'#'. '. +-/ '"##"%- '/&$"%-# % 500 +' 7'/"&$'/ * R+". 7%' 

    '-"-''#< F"#$ #*#$'# +' '@7'&$'/ $% ' %7'+$"%-+. "- =00<  

    3=

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_brakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle#cite_note-6%23cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_electric_locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Goathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Kidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Kidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switcherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railpower_Technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-acid_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_brakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNSF_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Southern_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_Tyred_Gantryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_brakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle#cite_note-6%23cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_electric_locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Goathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Kidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Kidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switcherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railpower_Technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-acid_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_brakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNSF_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Southern_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_Tyred_Gantry

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    33/65

    1! Co**erc-). Ve-c.e7

    E+.* !*"/ #*#$'# +' '"- "-:'#$"+$'/ % $&;# +-/ %$!' !'+:* !"!+* :'!"&.'#

    "$! #%' %7'+$"%-+. $&;# +-/ #'# #$+$"- $% &%' "-$% #'< T!' +"- %#$+&.'#

    #'' $% ' #+..' .''$ #"'# +-/ $!' '@$+ &%#$# % + !*"/ #*#$' +' *'$ &%7'-#+$'/

    % * '. #+:"-#2 $ "$! $!' 7"&' % %". #'$ $% &%-$"-' %- "$# 7+/ $'-/2 $!'

    $"77"- 7%"-$ +* ' '+&!'/ * $!' '-/ % 995< A/:+-&'# "- $'&!-%.%* +-/ .%''/

     +$$'* &%#$ +-/ !"!' &+7+&"$* '$&< /':'.%7'/ "- $!' !*"/ &+ "-/#$* +' +.'+/*

    ".$'"- "-$% $&; #' +# T%*%$+2 F%/2 GM +-/ %$!'# "-$%/&' !*"/ 7"&;7# +-/

    SUV#< K'-%$! T&; C%7+-* '&'-$.* "-$%/&'/ + !*"/>'.'&$"& $&;2 &+..'/ $!'

    K'-%$! T=0 C.+## 6 $!+$ % &"$* #+' #''# $% ' &%7'$"$":'< F'/E@ +-/ %$!'# +'#$+$"- $% "-:'#$ "- !*"/ /'.":'* $*7' :'!"&.'#7+$"&.+.* % &"$* #' !'' !*"/

    $'&!-%.%* +* 7+* % "#$?r-1 E.ectr-c

    E+$%-# !*"/>'.'&$"& 7%' #*#$'# &%-#"#$ % +- +$%+$'/ &.$&!2 '.'&$"&

    %$%'-'+$%2 %$% &%-$%..'"-:'$'2 '-'* #$%+'2 +$%+$'/ +-+.

    $+-#"##"%- +-/ +- "-$'+$'/ #7':"#%* !*"/ &%-$%. %/.'< H*"/ '.'&$"&

    #*#$'# !+:' &! !"!' '-'* #$%+' &+7+&"$*2 +-/ '-'+..* !+:' .% $% %/'+$'

     7%' &+7+"."$"'#< H*"/ '.'&$"& #*#$'# &+- +.#% 7%:"/' '-"-' % PTO &+7+"."$* % 

    $!%#' -''/"- %;#"$' !*/+."& %7'+$"%-# +-/ +- +@"."+* '.'&$"& 7%' #%&' %

    $!' :'!"&.'2 +;"- $!' :+.+.' "- :'!"&.'# !%#' %;/+* $+;'# $!' % $!' !"!+*

    +-/ $% + ,%#"$'2 !'' $!' $&;Q# 7%' "# #'/ $% %7'+$' %$!' $%%.# +-/ '8"7'-$<

    H*"/ '.'&$"& :'!"&.'# '8"' +- -7'&'/'-$'/ .':'. % "-$'+$"%- +-/ 7+$-'#!"7

     '$''- $&; +;'#2 '-"-' +-+&$'#2 +-/ #77."'# % $!' /":' $+"- +-/ +,% 

    '.'&$"&+. &%7%-'-$#< E+$%-Q# #$+$'* "-&./'# '+.* +-/ #"-""&+-$ &%..+%+$"%- "$!

    $&; OEM#2 '-"-' +-+&$'# +-/ ;'* $'&!-%.%*&%7%-'-$ #77."'#<

    B'"--"- "- =002 E+$%- '+- %'"- &%7.'$'2 "-$'+$'/ H*"/ D":' U-"$# $%

    $&; OEM# $!+$ "-&./' +- +$%+$'/ &.$&!2 '.'&$"& %$%'-'+$%2 %$% 

    &%-$%..'"-:'$'2 '-'* #$%+'2 +$%+$'/ +-+. $+-#"##"%-2 +-/ +- "-$'+$'/

    33

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedExhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle#cite_note-12%23cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humveehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_hominghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedExhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle#cite_note-12%23cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humveehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_homing

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    34/65

    #7':"#%* !*"/ &%-$%. %/.' % $!' $"."$*2 $'.'&%2 -"&"7+."$* +-/ %$!' 

    '/">/$* &"$* /'.":'* :%&+$"%-#<

    %! H>?r-1 H>1r)2.-c

    I- + 7++..'. !*"/ !*/+."& #*#$'2 $!' &%-:'-$"%-+. :'!"&.' 7%' $+"- "#

    #77.''-$'/ * $!' +//"$"%- % $!' !*/+."& #*#$'< T!' E+$%- H*/+."& L+-&!

    A##"#$X (HLA) "# '#$ #"$'/ % :'!"&.'# $!+$ %7'+$' "- #$%7 +-/ % /$* &*&.'#<

    E@+7.'# "-&./' '#' $&;# +-/ #'#< K'* '.''-$# % $!' :+.' 7%7%#"$"%- "-&./'

    "7%:'/ '. '&%-%* $!%! ''-'+$"%- % +;"- '-'*2 .%-' +;' ."'2 +-/

    "-&'+#'/ 7%/&$":"$* /' $% $!' '@$+ 7%' $!' HLA #*#$' 7%:"/'#< F'. '&%-%*

    +-/ '"##"%-# '/&$"%-# "- $!' =0>30 +-' +-/ 7+*+&;# "- =>3 *'+# +' 7%##".' "$!

    $!"# $'&!-%.%*< E+$%- 7.+-# $% &%'&"+."' $!' HLA #*#$' "- '#' $&;# "- =009<

    +&!+'/ * $!' /"'#'. '-"-' !'- $!' &+$ "# %-

    $!' #+&'<

     N'' !*"/ #!"7>7%7.#"%- #&!''# "-&./' .+' $%"- ;"$'#  +-+&$'/ *

    &%7+-"'# #&! +# S;*#+".#< T%"- ;"$'# &+- .* +$ !'"!$# #':'+. $"'# !"!' $!+- $!'

    $+..'#$ #!"7 +#$#2 &+7$"- #$%-' +-/ #$'+/"' "-/#<

    34

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_Launch_Assisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_Launch_Assisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel-electric_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_kitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkySailshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_Launch_Assisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_Launch_Assisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel-electric_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_kitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkySails

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    35/65

    c! A-rcr)+t

    D'.$+ A" L"-'# "# %"- $% ' $-"- $!'" B%'"- 3NG# "-$% !*"/# "- '+.* =00 *

    %-$"- $!' W!''. TX %-/ 7%7.#"%- #*#$' %- $!'" .''$ % B%'"- 3NG#

    =J< B* #"- $!' APU2 !"&! "# 7%''/ * + $"-'2 $% 7%' + C!%# M%$%  %-$'/

    %- $!' .+-/"- '+ % %-/ %:''-$2 D'.$+ A" L"-'# ".. ' &'+$"- + !*"/

    &%-"+$"%- * &'+#"- $% #' $!' +"- '-"-'# % +-*$!"- $ ."!$ +-/ $+;'>%<

    ".+ ngine ty*e

     W!'- $!' $' !*"/ :'!"&.' "# #'/2 "$ %#$ %$'- ''# $% + H>?r-1 e.ectr-c 0e-c.e<

    T!'#' '-&%7+## #&! :'!"&.'# +# $!' AHS%  (Ce0ro.et T)oe2 GMC Y25on2

    Ce0ro.et S-.0er)1o2 C)1-..)c E7c).)1e2 +-/ $!' S)t2rn V2e)2 To>ot) Pr-272

    To>ot) C)*r> H>?r-12 3or1 E7c)pe H>?r-12 To>ot) H-/.)n1er H>?r-12

    Hon1) In7-/t2  Hon1) C-0-c H>?r-1  +-/ %$!'#< A 7'$%.'>'.'&$"& !*"/

    %#$ &%%-.* #'# -ntern). co*?27t-on '-"-'# ('-'+..* +#%."-' % D-e7e.

    en/-ne72 7%''/ * + :+"'$* % '.#) +-/ e.ectr-c ?)tter-e7  $% 7%' e.ectr-c

    *otor7< T!'' +' +-* t>pe7 o+ petro.e2*$e.ectr-c >?r-1 1r-0e tr)-n72 %

    F.. !*"/ $% M-.1 >?r-12 !"&! %' :+*"- +/:+-$+'# +-/ /"#+/:+-$+'#<

    W!".' ."8"/ '.'.'&$"& !*"/# /+$' +&; $% $!' .+$' 00#2 $!' +;"- ''-'+$":'

    !*"/ +# "-:'-$'/ * D+:"/ A$!#2 +- '.'&$"&+. '-"-'' % S7"-/+.'2 A;+-#+#

    "- 9>9< H"# !%'>&%-:'$'/ O7'. GT +# '7%$'/ $% '$ +# &! +# 5MPG +-/

     7.+-# +' #$".. #%./ $% $!"# %""-+. /'#"-2 +-/ $!' M%$!' E+$! N'# %/""'/ :'#"%-

    %- $!'" '#"$'< T!' (PEV)7.>"->'.'&$"&>:'!"&.' "# '&%"- %' +-/ %' 7%7.+<

    I$ !+# $!' /"#$+-&' $!+$ ' -''/ "- A'"&+ +-/ %$!' .%&+$"%-# "$! "/' '@7+-#'# "$!

    -% #':"&'#< Y% &+- 7. "- +-/ &!+' $!' +$$'"'# +# '.. +# &!+' $!' !'- *% +'%- $!' % % $!' '-"-'<

    %!' cont-n2o27.> o2t?o)r1 rec)r/e1 ?)tter> e.ectr-c 0e-c.e 8CORBEV9

    G":'- #"$+.' "-+#$&$'2 7'"##"%-# +-/ :'!"&.'#2 BEV# &+- ' '&!+'/ !".' $!'

    #' /":'#< T!' BEV '#$+."#!'# &%-$+&$ "$! +- '.'&$""'/ +".2 7.+$' % %:'!'+/ "'#

    %- $!' !"!+* :"+ +- +$$+&!'/ &%-/&$"- !''. % %$!' #"".+ '&!+-"# (#''

    35

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Air_Lineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WheelTughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle#cite_note-15%23cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorus_Motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AHS2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Tahoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_Yukonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_Yukonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Silveradohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Escaladehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Vuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Priushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Camry_Hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Escape_Hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Kluger#Hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Insighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Civic_Hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Civic_Hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_Vehicle_Drivetrainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_Vehicle_Drivetrainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mild_hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Air_Lineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WheelTughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle#cite_note-15%23cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorus_Motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AHS2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Tahoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_Yukonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Silveradohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Escaladehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Vuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Priushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Camry_Hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Escape_Hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Kluger#Hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Insighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Civic_Hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_Vehicle_Drivetrainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mild_hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    36/65

    C%-/"$ &+##'-$ &%..'&$"%-)< T!' BEV# +$$'"'# +' '&!+'/ * $!"# 7%&'##%- $!'

    !"!+*+-/ &+- $!'- ' #'/ -%+..* %- %$!' %+/# -$". $!' +$$'* "# /"#&!+'/<

    T!"# 7%:"/'# $!' +/:+-$+'2 "- 7"-&"7.'2 % :"$+..* -'#$"&$'/ !"!+* +-' +# .%-

    +# *% #$+* !'' *% !+:' BEV "-+#$&$' +&&'##< S"-&' +-* /'#$"-+$"%-# +'

    "$!"- 00 ; % + +,% !"!+*2 $!"# +* '/&' $!' -''/ % '@7'-#":' +$$'*

    #*#$'#< U-%$-+$'.* 7":+$' #' % $!' '@"#$"- '.'&$"&+. #*#$' "# -'+.* -":'#+..*

     7%!""$'/<

    T!' $'&!-%.%* % #&! '.'&$"&+. "-+#$&$' "# %./ +-/2 %$#"/' % #%' &"$"'#2 "# -%$

    "/'.* /"#$"$'/ (#'' C%-/"$ &'-$ &%..'&$"%-2 $+#2 '.'&$"& +".2 $%..'*#2 $!"/ +".)<

    U7/+$"- $!' '8"'/ '.'&$"&+. +-/ "-+#$&$' &%#$# &+- ' -/'/2 "- 7"-&"7.'2 *$%.. ':'-'2 +#%."-' % %$!' $+@'#<

    )! H>?r-1 +2e. 812). *o1e9

    I- +//"$"%- $% :'!"&.'# $!+$ #' $% % %' /"''-$ /':"&'# %  7%7.#"%-2  #%' +.#%

    &%-#"/' :'!"&.'# $!+$ #' /"#$"-&$ '-'* #%&'# % "-7$ $*7'# ( '.#) #"- $!' #+'

    '-"-' $% ' !*"/#2 +.$!%! $% +:%"/ &%-#"%- "$! !*"/# +# /'#&"'/ +%:' +-/ $%

    #' &%'&$.* $!' $'#2 $!'#' +' 7'!+7# %' &%'&$.* /'#&"'/ +# /+. %/' :'!"&.'#?

    • S%' '.'&$"& $%..'*#'#  &+- #"$&! '$''- +- %- %+/ /"'#'. '-"-'  +-/

    %:'!'+/ '.'&$"&+. 7%' /'7'-/"- %- &%-/"$"%-# (#'' /+. %/' #)< I-

     7"-&"7.'2 $!"# &%./ ' &%"-'/ "$! + +$$'* ##*#$' $% &'+$' + $' 7.>"-

    !*"/ $%..'*#2 +.$!%! +# % =0062 -% #&! /'#"- #''# $% !+:' ''-

    +--%-&'/<

    • F.'@".'>'. :'!"&.'# &+- #' + "@$' % "-7$ '.# "@'/ "- %-' $+-;  

    $*7"&+..* +#%."-' +-/ '$!+-%.2 % '$!+-%.2 % "%$+-%.<

    • B">'. :'!"&.'?L"8""'/ 7'$%.' +#  +-/ -+$+. +# +' :'* /"''-$ %

     7'$%.' % /"'#'. +-/ &+--%$ ' #'/ "- $!' #+' $+-;#2 #% "$ %./ '

    "7%##".' $% "./ +- (LPG % NG) .'@".' '. #*#$'< I-#$'+/ :'!"&.'# +' ".$

    "$! $%2 7++..'.2 '. #*#$'# ''/"- %-' '-"-'< W!".' $!' /7."&+$'/ $+-;#

    &%#$ #7+&' "- #%' +77."&+$"%-#2 $!' "-&'+#'/ +-' +-/ .'@""."$* !'' (LPG % 

     NG) "-+#$&$' "# "-&%7.'$' +* ' + #"-""&+-$ "-&'-$":' $% 7&!+#'<

    36

    http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conduit_currassent_collection&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduit_current_collectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_(rail)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_railhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_propulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_modehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_trolleybushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_mode_bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biobutanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-fuel_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquified_petroleum_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conduit_currassent_collection&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduit_current_collectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_(rail)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_railhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_propulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_modehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_trolleybushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_mode_bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biobutanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-fuel_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquified_petroleum_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    37/65

    • S%' :'!"&.'# !+:' ''- %/""'/ $% #' +-%$!' '. #%&' " "$ "# +:+".+.'2

    #&! +# &+# %/""'/ $% - %- +$% +# (LPG) +-/ /"'#'.# %/""'/ $% - %-

    +#$' :''$+.' %". $!+$ !+# -%$ ''- 7%&'##'/ "-$% "%/"'#'.<

    • P%'>+##"#$ '&!+-"## % "&*&.'# +-/ %$!' !+->7%''/ :'!"&.'# +' +.#%

    "-&./'/<

     ?!3.2-1 po4er >?r-1

    H*/+."& +-/ 7-'+$"& !*"/ :'!"&.'# #' +- '-"-' $% &!+' + 7'##' +&&.+$% 

    $% /":' $!' !''.# :"+ !*/+."&  %  7-'+$"&  (""7) !"!+*< UPS &'-$.* !+# $% $&;# "- #':"&' "$! $!"# $'&!-%.%*<

    W!".' $!' #*#$' !+# +#$' +-/ %' '"&"'-$ &!+'/"#&!+' &*&."- +-/ "# &!'+7' 

    $!+- +#>'.'&$"& !*"/#2 $!' +&&.+$% #"' /"&$+$'# $%$+. '-'* #$%+' &+7+&"$* +-/

    '8"'# %' #7+&' $!+- + +$$'*<

    ".!- y'rid vehi%le *ower units and how they work 

     )! P)r)..e. >?r-1

    I- + 7++..'. !*"/ +- '.'&$"& %$% +-/ +- "-$'-+. &%#$"%- '-"-' +' "-#$+..'/ #%

    $!+$ $!'* &+- %$! "-/":"/+..* % $%'$!' 7%' $!' :'!"&.'< T*7"&+. 7+##'-' &+ 

    "-#$+..+$"%-# #&! +# $!%#' % T%*%$+ +-/ L'@# #' '.'&$"& 7%' % ':'#"-2 +-/

    .% #7''/ .% $!%$$.' %7'-"- %; '&+#' "$ #'# .'## '-'* +-/ /%'# -%$ '8"' +-*

    '-'* !".' $!' &+ "# "/.'2 +;"- !*"/ :'!"&.'# "/'+. % +- +-/ #+-

    '-:"%-'-$#< A# $!' :'!"&.' #7''/ "-&'+#'# % $!' +&&'.'+$"%- /'+-/'/ "# !"!'2 $!'

    "-$'-+. &%#$"%- '-"-' #$+$# +-/ %$! 7%' -"$# %; $%'$!' "- 7++..'. (!'-&'

    $!' -+')< I-$'-+. &%#$"%- '-"-'# /'.":' %' 7%' % + ":'- %$% '"!$2

    +;"- $!' '$$' #"$'/ % !"!' #7''/#< T!' "-#$+..'/ '.'&$"& %$%# +-/ +$$'*

    &+7+&"$* +* %' + +-' % 3>5 ; "- 7' '.'&$"& %/'2 +$ #7''/# % 7 $% 40 ;!<

    3

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_vegetable_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_hybrid_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_air_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle#cite_note-19%23cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Expeditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_vegetable_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_hybrid_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_air_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle#cite_note-19%23cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Expeditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexus

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    38/65

    B'*%-/ $!"#2 $!' "-$'-+. &%#$"%- '-"-' "# -''/'/ $% '"$!' 7%:"/' "-&'+#'/ 7%' 

    % $% '>&!+' $!' +$$'"'#<

    T!' T%*%$+ P"# &%"-'# $% /":' $+"- /'#"-#2 %;"- +# + #'"'#>7++..'. !*"/2

    !".' $!' F%/ E#&+7' H*"/ #'# + 7++..'. /":' $+"-<

    H% $!' P"# %;#Z S$+$"-? T!' '-"-' +-/ %$% &%-:'$ '. (+#%."-') $% '-'*

    #$%'/ "- +$$'*< P+##"-? T!' '-"-' +-/ %$% +' %$! #'/ $% 7%7'. $!' :'!"&.'<

    S$%77"-? R''-'+$":' +;"- &%-:'$#Q '-'* "-$% '.'&$"&"$* #$%'/ "- $!' +$$'*<

    C"#"-? T!' +$$'* 7%:"/'# +.. $!' -'&'##+* '-'*< T!' '-"-' "# /%+-$<

    O- $!' %7'- %+/2 $!' 7"+* 7%' #%&' "# $!' "-$'-+. &%#$"%- '-"-' (7+$.* $%

    +@""' $!' ."' % $!' +$$'"'#)2 $ !'- +@" 7%' "# '8"'/2 % '@+7.' $%

    %:'$+;'2 $!' '.'&$"& %$% "# #'/ $% +@""' $!' +:+".+.' 7%' % + #!%$ $"'2

    ":"- $!' ''&$ % !+:"- + .+' '-"-' $!+- $!+$ +&$+..* "-#$+..'/<

    T!' '. &%-#7$"%- '-'"$# % + !*"/ '.'&$"& :'!"&.' ++"-#$ +- "-$'-+. &%#$"%-

    :'!"&.' % #"".+ 7'%+-&' &%' $!%! $!' '&%:'* % +;"- '-'*2 #$%'/ "- $!'

     +$$'* * $!' %$%'-'+$% % #' +$ $!' -'@$ #$+$ !"&! "- + &%-:'-$"%-+. :'!"&.'

    %./ !+:' ''- /"##"7+$'/ +# !'+$ % $!' +;'#< A//"$"%-+..*2 $!' +"."$* $% #!$ % 

    $!' '-"-' !".' $!' '.'&$"& %$% "# --"- "-# $!' #+:"-#< T!' .+' $!' %$%2

    +-/ $!' +$$'*2 $!' %' +;"- '-'* "$ &+- '&%:' '%' &%-:'-$"%-+. +;'# +'

    -'&'##+* $% +&!"':' $!' '8"'/ '$+/+$"%-< H%':'2 + '"!$#7+&' &%7%"#'

    /'$'"-'# $!' .""$# % '-'* '&%:'* 7%##".' "- + ":'- "-#$+..+$"%-<

    ?!Ser-e7 H>?r-1

    T!' C!':%.'$ V%.$  &%-&'7$ &+ "# + #'"'#  7.>"- !*"/< T!' '. '-"-'  7%' "#

    '@&.#":'.* #'/ $% '-'+$' '.'&$"&"$* +-/ -%$ #'/ /"'&$.* % /":' !''. 7%7.#"%-<

    A  #'"'# !*"/  #'# '.'&$"& /":'# 7%''/ * + #"-.'>#7''/ "-$'-+. &%#$"%-

    '-"-'< W!".' %7'+$"- +$ "$# %#$ '"&"'-$ #"-.' #7''/2 $!' &%#$"%- '-"-' /":'#

    +- '.'&$"& '-'+$% "-#$'+/ % /"'&$.* /":"- $!' !''.#< T!"# '-"-' &+- /% +-*

    &%"-+$"%- % $!' %..%"-? &!+' + +$$'*2 &!+' + &+7+&"$%2 /"'&$.* 7%' $!'

    '.'&$"& %$%< W!'- .+' +%-$# % 7%' +-/ $%8' +' '8"'/2 $!' '.'&$"& %$% 

    &+- /+ '.'&$"&"$* % + &%"-+$"%- % +$$'"'#2 &+7+&"$%#2 +-/ $!' '-'+$%< A

    3

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Priushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Escape_Hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Volthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_hybrid#Series_hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Priushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Escape_Hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Volthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_hybrid#Series_hybrid

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    39/65

    #'"'# !*"/ /%'# -%$ '8"' +$$'"'# "- "$# /'#"- +# + &+7+&"$% &+- +&$ +# + #$%+'

    /':"&'<

    T!'' +' $!'' +"- %7$"%-# % #'"'# !*"/ '.'&$"& %$%#? P'+-'-$ M+-'$2 3>

    P!+#' AC I-/&$"%-2 M.$">P!+#' AC I-/&$"%-< P'+-'-$ M+-'$ %$%#2 .";' $!%#'

    %-/ "- $!' P"#2 /'+/' "- 7'%+-&' +$ !"!' $'7'+$'# +-/ '8"' + &%%."-

    #*#$' "- $!' /'#"-< T!'* +..% % ''-'+$":' +;"-2 +-/ $!"# &%'# "$! + #+'$*

    $+/' % +# +-* $"' $!'' "# %$"%- * $!' +-'$#2 $!'* 7%/&' :%.$+'< P'+-'-$

    +-'$# +.#% '8"' +' '+$! !"&! "# '@7'-#":' +-/ /""&.$ $% #%&'<

    I- &%-$+#$2 3>P!+#' AC I-/&$"%- %$%# &+- ' +" &%%.'/ +-/ $!''%' !+# '$$' 

    #$+"-+2 $ !+:' .'## 7%' /'-#"$* !"&! '+-# $!+$ $!' '"!$ #+:'/ % '%:"-$!' &%%."- #*#$' "# '7.+&'/ "$! !'+:"' +-/ %' &%7.'@ '+"- % $!' /":' $+"-<

    T!"# %' &%7.'@ $+-#"##"%- '+"- "# +.#% -''/'/ $% &%7'-#+$' % $!' +&$ $!+$ +

    #$+-/+/ 3>P!+#' AC I-/&$"%- %$% &+- ' '"$!' .%>#7''/ !"!>$%8' (.";' +

    #$+-/+/ :'!"&.'# #$+$') % + !"!>#7''/ .%>$%8' (.";' + #$+-/+/ :'!"&.'# +.$'-+$%)

     $ -%$ %$!<

    A M.$">P!+#' AC I-/&$"%- %$% (&+..'/ + C!%# M%$% ) &%>%7$# $!' !+%-" $!+$

    .""$ %$% 7'%+-&'2 !"&! '+-# + $!+$ "$ &+- #%%$!.* &!+-' % '!+:"- .";' +

    !"!>$%8' .%>#7''/ %$% $% '!+:"- .";' + .%>$%8' !"!>#7''/ %$%2 "$!%$ $!'

    -''/ % '"&"'-&* %"- 7!*#"&+. '+"- $!+$ %./ ' '8"'/ $% &%7'-#+$' % +

    3>P!+#' AC I-/&$"%- %$%# .%' 7%' /'-#"$*< T!' +-+* =009 "##' % M%$% 

    T'-/ ++"-' /"#&##'# $!"# $!"/ &!%"&' +-/ "$# #' "- 7.+-'# +-/ :'!"&.'#<

    F$!'%'2 * &%>%7$"- $!' !+%-" $!+$ .""$ #$+-/+/ %$% 7'%+-&'2 '+$' 

    $%8' &+- ' '-'+$'/ * $!"# %$% 7 $% 0 $"'# $!' $%8' % + #$+-/+/ %$%< T!"#

    '@$+ $%8' &+- ' '-'+$'/ % #!%$ #$ % #$+$7 $%8' '8"''-$#2 !"&!

    '+-# $!+$ $!' C!%# M%$% #'/ "- + #'"'# !*"/2 &+- %$! ' #+..' +-/ ' #"'/ % 

    "$# +:'+' $%8' '8"''-$# !".' #$".. 7%:"/"- $!' +&&'.'+$"%- $%8' -''/'/ % 

    %&&+#"%-+. &"&#$+-&'# .";' ,%"-"- + !"!+* % + /'+/ #$%7< T!"# %$% "# 7'#'-$.*

    %-.* '"- #'/ "- W!''. TX +-/ "$# #' $-# +- +"7.+-' "-$% + #'"'# !*"/ "$! +

    $"-' "- $!' APU '-'+$"- $!' '.'&$"&"$* -''/'/ $% 7%' $!' C!%# M%$% "- $!'

    W!''. TX

    39

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorus_Motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Trendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Trendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WheelTughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorus_Motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Trendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Trendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WheelTug

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    40/65

    T!'' +' &'-$.* -% #'"'# 7%/&$"%- 7.>"- !*"/#2 $ GM2 % '@+7.'2 "$! $!'

    C!':%.'$ V%.$ "# 7#!"- %+/ $%+/# + #'"'# 7%/&$ "-$%/&$"%- "- =>3 *'+#<

    A# + "#$ #$*7' ' &+- /"#$"-"#! $!' "./ !*"/< T!"# #$*7' (+:+".+.' "- 7++..'.

    +-/ #'"+. !*"/) #'# + '-'+..* #+..' '.'&$"& %$% %-.* $% +##"#$ 4J  $!' '-"-'

    !'- "$ -''/# '@$+ %%#$2 ++"- /"- "#; +&&'.'+$"%- % !'- %"- 7 + !"..< T!'

    H%-/+ C":"& H*"/ +-/  H%-/+ I-#"!$ +.. "-$% $!' #'&%-/ &+$'%*< F$!' '@+7.'#

    +' $!' '&'-$.* +--%-&'/ M'&'/'# S +-/ BMW >S'"'# "./ !*"/#<

    T!' +"- "7%:''-$ "- '. &%-#7$"%- %:' + &%-:'-$"%-+. :'!"&.' "$! $!' #+'

     7'%+-&' "# 7%##".' * $!' "-#$+..+$"%- % + #+..' "-$'-+. &%#$"%- '-"-'2 "$!

    #+..' "-$'-+. .%##'# +-/ .%' '"!$< T!'' +' +.#% #+:"-# $!%! '-'* '&%:'*$!%! $!' %$%'-'+$% %- $!' %:'- +-/ !".' /'&'.'+$"-< T!"# '.'&$"&+. '-'*

    +* ' #'/ $% /":' $!' +&2 7%' #$''"-2 +-/ %$!' +@"."+"'# '.'&$"&+..* +# +-/

    !'- -''/'/ +# %77%#'/ $% &%-$"-%#.* "$! $+/"$"%-+. '.$>/":'- 77#2 '/&"-

    '&!+-"&+. .%##'# +-/ #% "7%:' $!' '. &%-#7$"%-<

    M+-+&$'# &.+" #+:"-# % +77%@"+$'.* 5 '. &%-#7$"%- ++"-#$ +

    &%-:'-$"%-+. :'!"&.' % #"".+ 7'%+-&'<

    %!(( P.2/$-n >?r-1 e.ectr-c). 0e-c.e 8PHEV9

    A-%$!' #$*7' +//'/ $% $!' !*"/ +;'$ "# $!' P.>"- H*"/ E.'&$"& V'!"&.'

    (PHEV)< T!' PHEV "# #+..* + '-'+. '.>'.'&$"& (7++..'. % #'"+.) !*"/ "$!

    "-&'+#'/ '-'* #$%+' &+7+&"$* (#+..* L">"%- +$$'"'#)< I$ +* ' &%--'&$'/ $% +"-#

    '.'&$"&"$* #77.* +$ $!' '-/ % $!' ,%-'* $% +:%"/ &!+"- #"- $!' %->%+/ "-$'-+.

    &%#$"%- '-"-'<

    T!"# &%-&'7$ "# +$$+&$":' $% $!%#' #'';"- $% "-""' %->%+/ '"##"%-# * +:%"/"- > % 

    +$ .'+#$ "-"""- > $!' #' % ICE /"- /+".* /":"-< A# "$! 7' '.'&$"& :'!"&.'#2

    $!' $%$+. '"##"%- #+:"-2 % '@+7.' "- CO= $'#2 "# /'7'-/'-$ 7%- $!' '-'* #%&'

    % $!' '.'&$"&"$* '-'+$"- &%7+-*<

    F% #%' #'#2 $!"# $*7' % :'!"&.' +* +.#% ' "-+-&"+..* +$$+&$":' #% .%- +# $!'

    '.'&$"&+. '-'* '"- #'/ "# &!'+7' $!+- $!' 7'$%./"'#'. $!+$ $!'* %./ !+:'

    %$!'"#' #'/< C'-$ $+@ #*#$'# "- +-* E%7'+- &%-$"'# #' "-'+. %". $+@+$"%-

    40

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Volthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle#cite_note-26%23cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Civic_Hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Insighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Volthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle#cite_note-26%23cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Civic_Hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Insight

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    41/65

    +# + +,% "-&%' #%&'< T!"# "# '-'+..* -%$ $!' &+#' % '.'&$"&"$*2 !"&! "# $+@'/

    -"%.* % $!' /%'#$"& &#$%' !%':' !'#!' #'# "$< S%' '.'&$"&"$* #77."'#

    +.#% %' 7"&' '-'"$# % %>7'+; -"!$ #'#2 !"&! +* $!' "-&'+#' $!'

    +$$+&$":'-'## % $!' 7.>"- %7$"%- % &%$'# +-/ +- %$%"#$#<

    4

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    42/65

    32e. ce.., e.ectr-c >?r-1

    T!' '. &'.. !*"/ "# '-'+..* +- '.'&$"& :'!"&.' '8"77'/ "$! + '. &'..< T!' '.

    &'..# +# '.. +# $!' '.'&$"& +$$'* +' %$! 7%' #%&'#2 +;"- $!' :'!"&.' + !*"/<

    F'. &'..# #' !*/%'- +# + '. +-/ 7%' $!' '.'&$"& +$$'* !'- "$ "# /'7.'$'/< T!'

    F%/ E/' H*''# D":' "# +- '@+7.' % + '. &'..'.'&$"& !*"/<

    CHAPTER En0-ron*ent). -772e7

    !( En0-ron*ent). -772e7:

    )! 32e. con72*pt-on )n1 e*-77-on7 re12ct-on7

    T!' !*"/ :'!"&.' $*7"&+..* +&!"':'# '+$' '. '&%-%* +-/ .%' '"##"%-#

    $!+- &%-:'-$"%-+. "-$'-+. &%#$"%- '-"-' :'!"&.'# (ICEV#)2 '#.$"- "- ''

    '"##"%-# '"- '-'+$'/< T!'#' #+:"-# +' 7"+".* +&!"':'/ * $!'' '.''-$# % +

    $*7"&+. !*"/ /'#"-?

    < R'.*"- %- %$! $!' '-"-' +-/ $!' '.'&$"& %$%# % 7'+; 7%' -''/# '#.$"-

    "- + #+..' '-"-' #"'/ %' % +:'+' #+' +$!' $!+- 7'+; 7%' #+'<

    =< H+:"- #"-""&+-$ +$$'* #$%+' &+7+&"$* $% #$%' +-/ '#' '&+7$'/ '-'*2

    '#7'&"+..* "- #$%7>+-/>% $+"&<

    3< R'&+7$"- #"-""&+-$ +%-$# % '-'* -%+..* +#$'/ /"- +;"- '$&<

    (''-'+$":' +;"-) T!"# "# + '&!+-"# $!+$ '/&'# :'!"&.' #7''/ *

    &%-:'$"- #%' % "$# ;"-'$"& '-'* "-$% +-%$!' #'. % % '-'*2

    /'7'-/'-$ 7%- $!' 7%' +$"- % $!' %$%'-'+$%<

    O$!' $'&!-"8'# $!+$ +' -%$ -'&'##+".* !*"/ '+$'#2 $ $!+$ +' '8'-$.*

    %-/ '. #+:"- '+#'# %- !*"/ :'!"&.'# "-&./'

    < S!$$"- /%- $!' '-"-' /"- $+"& #$%7# % !".' &%+#$"- % %$!' "/.'

     7'"%/#

    =< I7%:"- +'%/*-+" (7+$ % $!' '+#%- $!+$ SUV# '$ #&! +/ '.

    '&%-%* "# $!' /+ %- $!' &+< A %@ #!+7'/ &+ % $&; !+# $% '@'$ %' %&'

    $% %:' $!%! $!' +" &+#"- %' #$'## %- $!' '-"-' +;"- "$ %; !+/')<

    4=

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine_vehicle

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    43/65

    I7%:"- $!' #!+7' +-/ +'%/*-+" % + &+ "# + %%/ +* $% !'.7 '$$' $!'

    '. '&%-%* +-/ +.#% "7%:' !+-/."- +$ $!' #+' $"'<

    3< U#"- .% %.."- '#"#$+-&' $"'# ($"'# '' %$'- +/' $% ":' + 8"'$2 #%%$!

    "/'2 !"! "7 '$&< $ '"&"'-&* +# + .%' 7"%"$*< T"'# &+#' '&!+-"&+./+2 %-&' ++"- +;"- $!' '-"-' %; !+/'2 &%-#"- %' '.< H*"/

    &+# +* #' #7'&"+. $"'# $!+$ +' %' "-.+$'/ $!+- '.+ $"'# +-/ #$"' % *

    &!%"&' % &+&+#' #$&$' +-/ ' &%7%-/ !+:' .%' %.."- '#"#$+-&'

    !".' '$+"-"- +&&'7$+.' "72 +-/ #% "7%:"- '. '&%-%* !+$':' $!'

     7%' #%&'<

    T!'#' '+$'# +;' + !*"/ :'!"&.' 7+$"&.+.* '"&"'-$ % &"$* $+"& !''

    $!'' +' '8'-$ #$%7#2 &%+#$"- +-/ "/."- 7'"%/#< I- +//"$"%- -%"#' '"##"%-#  +'

    '/&'/2 7+$"&.+.* +$ "/."- +-/ .% %7'+$"- #7''/#2 "- &%7+"#%- $% &%-:'-$"%-+.

    '-"-' :'!"&.'#< F% &%-$"-%# !"! #7''/ !"!+* #' $!'#' '+$'# +' &! .'##

    #'. "- '/&"- '"##"%-#<

    '. y'rid Vehi%le missions&

    H*"/ V'!"&.' '"##"%-# $%/+* +' '$$"- &.%#' $% % ':'- .%' $!+- $!'

    '&%'-/'/ .':'. #'$ * $!' EPA (E-:"%-'-$+. P%$'&$"%- A'-&*)< T!'

    '&%'-/'/ .':'.# $!'* #'#$ % + $*7"&+. 7+##'-' :'!"&.' #!%./ ' '8+$'/ $% 5+#'/ +$$'"'#< T!''

    +' +-* $*7'# % +$$'"'#< S%' +' + %' $%@"& $!+- %$!'#< W!".' +$$'"'# .";' .'+/

    +&"/ % -"&;'. &+/" +' "-&'/".* +/ % $!' '-:"%-'-$2 $!' $%@"&"$* .':'.# +-/

    '-:"%-'-$+. "7+&$ % -"&;'. '$+. !*/"/' +$$'"'#$!' $*7' &'-$.* #'/ "-

    !*"/#+' &! .%'< T!%! ##$+-$"+..* .'## $%@"& $!+- &%-:'-$"%-+. &+ +$$'"'#2

    43

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadway_noisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Civichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Civichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Insighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Priushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadway_noisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Civichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Insighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    44/65

    -"&;'.>+#'/ +$$'"'# +' ;-%- &+&"-%'-#2 +-/ !+:' ''- #!%- $% &+#' + :+"'$* % 

    $'+$%'-"& ''&$#<

    A.$!%! &%7+-"'# +' -/"- '#'+&! $% #' $!'#' #+' .'## $%@"& +$$'"'#2 $!' +&$ % 

    $!' +$$' "# .'+/ "# #% &!'+72 +-/ %-'* +.+*# 7.+*# + +&$% !'- /'+."- "$!

    +## 7%/&$"%- % +- "$' A&&%/"- $% + =003 '7%$ '-$"$.'/2 G'$$"- $!' L'+/

    O$2 * E-:"%-'-$+. D''-#' +-/ $!' E&%.%* C'-$' % A-- A%2 M"&!

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    45/65

    9< I$ "# "/'.* ;-%- $!+$ 7$$"- %- $!' &+# AC +'&$# $!' ".'+'< I- +//"$"%-2

    ;''7"- $!' &+# "-/%# /%- &+- +.#% "-&'+#' $!' /+ '-'+$'/ * $!' &+2

    $!# +'&$"- $!' ".'+' $!'<

    0< T+;' %-' .%- $"7 "-#$'+/ % #':'+. #!%$ %-'#< T!' '-"-' "# %' '"&"'-$ !'-

    +<

    ! R)4 *)ter-).7 7ort)/e:

    T!'' "# +- "7'-/"- #!%$+' % +-* +' +$'"+.# #'/ "- $!' +-+&$' % !*"/

    &+#<

    F% '@+7.'2 $!' +' '+$! '.''-$  /*#7%#"  "# '8"'/ $% +"&+$' +-* % $!'

    +/:+-&'/ '.'&$"& %$%# +-/ +$$'* #*#$'# "- !*"/ 7%7.#"%- #*#$'#<  N'%/*"

    "# +-%$!' +' '+$! '$+. !"&! "# + &&"+. "-'/"'-$ "- !"!>#$'-$! +-'$# $!+$ +'

    %-/ "- 7'+-'-$ +-'$ '.'&$"& %$%# +.. $!' +' '+$! '.''-$# "- $!' %./ &%'

    % C!"-+2 +-/ +-* +-+.*#$# '."':' $!+$ +- %:'+.. "-&'+#' "- C!"-'#' '.'&$%-"

    +-+&$"- ".. &%-#' $!"# '-$"' #77.* * =0=< I- +//"$"%-2 '@7%$ 8%$+# %-

    C!"-'#' R+' E+$! '@7%$# !+:' '#.$'/ "- + '-'+..* #!+;* #77.* % $!%#' '$+.#<

    A ' -%->C!"-'#' #%&'# #&! +# $!' +/:+-&'/ H%"/+# L+;' 7%,'&$ "- -%$!'- C+-+/+

    +# '.. +# M$ W'./ "- A#$+."+ +' &'-$.* -/' /':'.%7'-$2 !%':' "$ "# -%$ ;-%-

    " $!'#' #%&'# ".. ' /':'.%7'/ '%' $!' #!%$+' !"$#<

     Alternative green vehi%les

    O$!' $*7'# % ''- :'!"&.'# "-&./' %$!' :'!"&.'# $!+$ % ..* % 7+$.* %- +.$'-+$":'

    '-'* #%&'# $!+- %##". '.< A-%$!' %7$"%- "# $% #' +.$'-+$":' '. &%7%#"$"%- ("

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    46/65

    !; O?ject-0e o+ te Project

    T!'' +' $!' %..%"- 7%"-$# % 7%,'&$?

    “A H>?r-1 C)r 27-n/ G)7o.-ne D-rect Inject-on En/-ne )n1 ?)tter-e7 c)r/e1 ?>

    7o.)r ener/>”!

    T% "$ + +#%."-' /"'&$ "-,'&$"%- '-"-' "$! 7%7'..' .+/'# +$ $!' %-$ $% '$ +@"

    +" $!#$<

    E.ectr-c 0e-c.e po4ere1 ?> 7o.)r ener/> o?t)-ne1 +ro* 7o.)r p)ne.7 on te 72r+)ce

    o+ te c)r!

    46

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    47/65

    CHAPTER ;: De7-/nEFper-*ent). 7et2p

    ;!( LIST O3 COMPONENTS

      + ? F+'

      ? S$''"- #*#$'

      & ? F%-$ +-/ R'+ +@.'

      / ? B+;"- #*#$'

      ' ? P"' %:' 

      ? F'. #*#$'

      ? I-"$"%- #*#$'

      ! ? L"&+$"- #*#$'

      " ? G'+%@ +##'.*

      , ? D":'."-' #*#$'

      ; ? S%.+ 7+-'.

      . ? P%7'..' +-

    )! 3r)*e:

      I$ "# $!' +"- #$&$+. &%7%-'-$ !"&! #77%$# +.. $!' &!+##"# #*#$'# +-/ $!' %/*< I$ "# '-'+..* +/' 7 % #$''. %@ #'&$"%- % &!+--'. #'&$"%-<

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    48/65

    +! 32e. 7>7te*7:

    P7%#' % '. #*#$' "# $% #77.* '. "-#"/' $!' &*."-/' % -"-< W' #'# $% $*7'#

    % '.#

    < G+#%."-' /"'&$ "-,'&$"%-

    =< S%.+ 7%'

    I- +#%."-' '-"-'2 + '. "-,'&$"%- 77 77# +#%."-' '. $% $!' "-,'&$%2 +-/ +#'%#

    % "# "-,'&$'/ "-$% &*."-/' * -%.'#<

    /! I/n-t-on 7>7te*:

    F-&$"%- % $!' #*#$' "# $% "-"$' $!' '. "$!"- $!' &*."-/'< !'- $!' "-"$"%- #"$&! "#

    +/'1 ON12 $!' /& .%# % $!' +$$'* $% $!' "-"$"%- &%". !"&! +"#'# .% :%.$+' $%

    :'* !"! :+.'<

    ! L2?r-c)t-n/ 7>7te*:

    T!"# #*#$' !'.7# "- '/&"- $!' "&$"%- '$''- $% +$"- 7+$# !'$!' "- %$+*

    %$"%- % '&"7%&+$"-<

    -! Ge)r ?oF 7>7te*:

    A- +$% :'!"&.' '8"'# +@< T%8' +$ "$# #$+$# #!+7'/ .+/'#+-/ * +&&'.'+$"- + +## % +" '++/<

    4

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    49/65

    ;!% Co*ponent7 o+ en/-ne

      F"

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    50/65

    ;! De7-/n o+ En/-ne

    T!'' "# $% #$%;' '-"-' #' "- % 7%,'&$2 /'#"-"- % $% #$%;' '-"-' ":'-

     '.%>

    G-0en D)t)$

    S4ept Vo.2*e %!< center c2?-c

    Spee1 o+ prope..er +)n 8N9 %&&& rp*

    Stro5e .en/t 8L9 (

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    51/65

      I

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    52/65

    ;!; Top and Bottom view of Propeller base hybrid vehicle :

      B%$$% V"'

     

    R'+ W!''. G'+ M%$% (DC)

    F" -%< 9 %$$% :"' % :'!"&.'

    5=

      F%-$ W!''.

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    53/65

    TOP VIE#

      FUEL ENGINE

    TANK 

      3-/ no (&: top 0-e4 o+ >?r-1 0e-c.e

    53

    RFRFR FRFRR 

      TO MOTOR 

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    54/65

    CHAPTER < #or5-n/ o+ So.)r ce..

     Y%:' 7%+.* #''- &+.&.+$%# $!+$ !+:' #%.+ &'..# >> &+.&.+$%# $!+$ -':' -''/

     +$$'"'#2 +-/ "- #%' &+#'# /%-$ ':'- !+:' +- % $$%-< A# .%- +# *% !+:' '-%!."!$2 $!'* #'' $% %; %':'< Y% +* !+:' #''- .+' #%.+ 7+-'.# >> %- '''-&*

    %+/ #"-# % &+.. %@'#2 %- %*#2 ':'- "- 7+;"- .%$# $% 7%' ."!$#< A.$!%! $!'#'

    .+' 7+-'.# +'-$ +# &%%- +# #%.+ 7%''/ &+.&.+$%#2 $!'*' %$ $!''2 +-/ -%$ $!+$

    !+/ $% #7%$ " *% ;-% !'' $% .%%;< T!'' +' #%.+ &'.. ++*# %- #+$'.."$'#2 !''

    $!'* +' #'/ $% 7%' $!' '.'&$"&+. #*#$'#<

    Y% !+:' 7%+.* +.#% ''- !'+"- +%$ $!' #%.+ ':%.$"%- % $!' .+#$ =0 *'+# >>

    $!' "/'+ $!+$ %-' /+* ' ".. +.. #' '' '.'&$"&"$* % $!' #-

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    55/65

    T!' #%.+ &'..# $!+$ *% #'' %- &+.&.+$%# +-/ #+$'.."$'# +' poto0o.t)-c ce..7 % *o12.e7

    (%/.'# +' #"7.* + %7 % &'..# '.'&$"&+..* &%--'&$'/ +-/ 7+&;+'/ "- %-' +')<

    P!%$%:%.$+"&Q#2 +# $!' %/ "7."'# (7!%$% [ ."!$2 :%.$+"& [ '.'&$"&"$*)2 &%-:'$ #-."!$

    /"'&$.* "-$% '.'&$"&"$*< O-&' #'/ +.%#$ '@&.#":'.* "- #7+&'2 7!%$%:%.$+" +' #'/

    %' +-/ %' "- .'## '@%$"& +*#< T!'* &%./ ':'- 7%' *% !%#'< H% /% $!'#'

    /':"&'# %;Z

    P!%$%:%.$+"& (PV) &'..# +' +/' % #7'&"+. +$'"+.# &+..'/ 7e*-con12ctor7 #&! +#

    #"."&%-2 !"&! "# &'-$.* $!' %#$ &%%-.* #'/< B+#"&+..*2 !'- ."!$ #$";'# $!' &'..2

    + &'$+"- 7%$"%- % "$ "# +#%'/ "$!"- $!' #'"&%-/&$%  +$'"+.< T!"# '+-# $!+$ $!'

    '-'* % $!' +#%'/ ."!$ "# $+-#''/ $% $!' #'"&%-/&$%< T!' '-'* ;-%&;#

    '.'&$%-# .%%#'2 +..%"- $!' $% .% ''.*< PV &'..# +.#% +.. !+:' %-' % %' '.'&$"&

    "'./# $!+$ +&$ $% %&' '.'&$%-# ''/ * ."!$ +#%7$"%- $% .% "- + &'$+"- /"'&$"%-<

    T!"# .% % '.'&$%-# "# + &'-$2 +-/ * 7.+&"- '$+. &%-$+&$# %- $!' $%7 +-/ %$$% % 

    $!' PV &'..2 ' &+- /+ $!+$ &'-$ % $% #' '@$'-+..*< F% '@+7.'2 $!' &'-$ &+-

     7%' + &+.&.+$%< T!"# &'-$2 $%'$!' "$! $!' &'..# :%.$+' (!"&! "# + '#.$ % "$#

     ".$>"- '.'&$"& "'./ % "'./#)2 /'"-'# $!' 7%' (% +$$+') $!+$ $!' #%.+ &'.. &+-

     7%/&'<

    T!+$# $!' +#"& 7%&'##2 $ $!''# '+..* &! %' $% "$< L'$# $+;' + /''7' .%%; "-$%

    %-' '@+7.' % + PV &'..? $!' #"-.' &*#$+. #"."&%- &'..<

    S"."&%- !+# #%' #7'&"+. &!'"&+. 7%7'$"'#2 '#7'&"+..* "- "$# &*#$+.."-' %< A- +$% 

    % #"."&%- !+# 4 '.'&$%-#2 ++-'/ "- $!'' /"''-$ #!'..#< T!' "#$ $% #!'..#2 $!%#'

    &.%#'#$ $% $!' &'-$'2 +' &%7.'$'.* ..< T!' %$' #!'..2 !%':'2 "# %-.* !+. ..2

    !+:"- %-.* % '.'&$%-#< A #"."&%- +$% ".. +.+*# .%%; % +*# $% ".. 7 "$# .+#$ #!'..

    (!"&! %./ .";' $% !+:' '"!$ '.'&$%-#)< T% /% $!"#2 "$ ".. #!+' '.'&$%-# "$! % %

    "$# -'"!% #"."&%- +$%#< I$# .";' ':'* +$% !%./# !+-/# "$! "$# -'"!%#2 '@&'7$ $!+$

    "- $!"# &+#'2 '+&! +$% !+# % !+-/# ,%"-'/ $% % -'"!%#< T!+$# !+$ %# $!'

    cr>7t)..-ne 7tr2ct2re2 +-/ $!+$ #$&$' $-# %$ $% ' "7%$+-$ $% $!"# $*7' % PV &'.. .

    55

    http://science.howstuffworks.com/diode.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/atom.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/diode.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/atom.htm

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    56/65

    ) !S-.-con -n So.)r Ce..7

    A #%.+ &'.. !+# #"."&%- "$! -*p2r-t-e7 >> %$!' +$%# "@'/ "- "$! $!' #"."&%- +$%#2

    &!+-"- $!' +* $!"-# %; + "$< W' #+..* $!"-; % "7"$"'# +# #%'$!"-

    -/'#"+.'2 $ "- % &+#'2 % &'.. %./-$ %; "$!%$ $!'< T!'#' "7"$"'# +'

    +&$+..* 7$ $!'' %- 77%#'< C%-#"/' #"."&%- "$! +- +$% % 7!%#7!%%# !'' +-/

    $!''2 +*' %-' % ':'* ".."%- #"."&%- +$%#< P!%#7!%%# !+# ":' '.'&$%-# "- "$#

    %$' #!'..2 -%$ %< I$ #$".. %-/# "$! "$# #"."&%- -'"!% +$%#2 $ "- + #'-#'2 $!'

     7!%#7!%%# !+# %-' '.'&$%- $!+$ /%'#-$ !+:' +-*%-' $% !%./ !+-/# "$!< I$ /%'#-$ %

     7+$ % + %-/2 $ $!'' "# + 7%#"$":' 7%$%- "- $!' 7!%#7!%%# -&.'# !%./"- "$ "-

     7.+&'<

    W!'- '-'* "# +//'/ $% 7' #"."&%-2 % '@+7.' "- $!' % % !'+$2 "$ &+- &+#' + '

    '.'&$%-# $% '+; '' % $!'" %-/# +-/ .'+:' $!'" +$%#< A !%.' "# .'$ '!"-/ "- '+&!

    &+#'< T!'#' '.'&$%-# $!'- +-/' +-/%.* +%-/ $!' &*#$+.."-' .+$$"&' .%%;"- %

    +-%$!' !%.' $% +.. "-$%< T!'#' '.'&$%-# +' &+..'/ +ree c)rr-er72 +-/ &+- &+* '.'&$"&+.

    &'-$< T!'' +' #% ' % $!' "- 7' #"."&%-2 !%':'2 $!+$ $!'* +'-$ :'* #'.<

    O "7' #"."&%- "$! 7!%#7!%%# +$%# "@'/ "- "# + /"''-$ #$%*< I$ $-# %$ $!+$

    "$ $+;'# + .%$ .'## '-'* $% ;-%&; .%%#' %-' % % '@$+ 7!%#7!%%# '.'&$%-# '&+#'

    $!'* +'-$ $"'/ 7 "- + %-/ >> $!'" -'"!%# +'-$ !%./"- $!' +&;< A# + '#.$2 %#$

    % $!'#' '.'&$%-# /% '+; ''2 +-/ ' !+:' + .%$ %' '' &+"'# $!+- ' %./ !+:'

    "- 7' #"."&%-< T!' 7%&'## % +//"- "7"$"'# %- 77%#' "# &+..'/ 1op-n/2 +-/ !'-

    /%7'/ "$! 7!%#7!%%#2 $!' '#.$"- #"."&%- "# &+..'/ N$t>pe (- % -'+$":') '&+#'

    % $!' 7':+.'-&' % '' '.'&$%-#< N>$*7' /%7'/ #"."&%- "# + &! '$$' &%-/&$% $!+-

     7' #"."&%-<

     A&$+..*2 %-.* 7+$ % % #%.+ &'.. "# N>$*7'< T!' %$!' 7+$ "# /%7'/ "$! %%-2 !"&!

    !+# %-.* $!'' '.'&$%-# "- "$# %$' #!'.. "-#$'+/ % %2 $% '&%' P$t>pe #"."&%-<

    I-#$'+/ % !+:"- '' '.'&$%-#2 P>$*7' #"."&%- (7 % 7%#"$":') !+# '' !%.'#< H%.'#

    '+..* +' ,#$ $!' +#'-&' % '.'&$%-#2 #% $!'* &+* $!' %77%#"$' (7%#"$":') &!+'< T!'*

    %:' +%-/ ,#$ .";' '.'&$%-# /%<

    ?! N$t>pe P.27 P$t>pe S-.-con

    T!' "-$''#$"- 7+$ #$+$# !'- *% 7$ N>$*7' #"."&%- $%'$!' "$! P>$*7' #"."&%-<R''' $!+$ ':'* PV &'.. !+# +$ .'+#$ %-' e.ectr-c +-e.1< W"$!%$ +- '.'&$"& "'./2 $!'

    56

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    57/65

    &'.. %./-$ %;2 +-/ $!"# "'./ %# !'- $!' N>$*7' +-/ P>$*7' #"."&%- +' "- &%-$+&$<

    S//'-.*2 $!' '' '.'&$%-# "- $!' N #"/'2 !"&! !+:' ''- .%%;"- +.. %:' % !%.'# $%

    +.. "-$%2 #'' +.. $!' '' !%.'# %- $!' P #"/'2 +-/ $!''# + +/ #! $% ".. $!' "-<

    <

    3-/ no(% Te e++ect o+ te e.ectr-c +-e.1 -n ) PV ce.. 

    T!"# '.'&$"& "'./ +&$# +# + /"%/'2 +..%"- (+-/ ':'- 7#!"-) '.'&$%-# $% .% % $!'

    P #"/' $% $!' N #"/'2 $ -%$ $!' %$!' +* +%-/< I$# .";' + !".. >> '.'&$%-# &+- '+#".* %

    /%- $!' !".. ($% $!' N #"/')2 $ &+-$ &." "$ ($% $!' P #"/')<

    <

    c!3-n-7-n/ te Ce..

    T!'' +' + ' %' #$'7# .'$ '%' ' &+- '+..* #' % &'..< S"."&%- !+77'-# $% ' +

    :'* #!"-* +$'"+.2 !"&! '+-# $!+$ "$ "# :'* '.'&$":'< P!%$%-# $!+$ +' '.'&$'/ &+-$

     ' #'/ * $!' &'..< F% $!+$ '+#%-2 +- +-$"'.'&$":' &%+$"- "# +77."'/ $% $!' $%7 % $!'&'.. $% '/&' '.'&$"%- .%##'# $% .'## $!+- 5 7'&'-$<

    T!' "-+. #$'7 "# $!' .+## &%:'   7.+$' $!+$ 7%$'&$# $!' &'.. % $!' '.''-$#< PV %/.'#

    +' +/' * &%--'&$"- #':'+. &'..# (#+..* 36) "- #'"'# +-/ 7++..'. $% +&!"':' #'.

    .':'.# % :%.$+' +-/ &'-$2 +-/ 7$$"- $!' "- + #$/* +' &%7.'$' "$! + .+##

    &%:' +-/ 7%#"$":' +-/ -'+$":' $'"-+.# %- $!' +&;<

    5

    http://science.howstuffworks.com/fpte6.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/fpte6.htm

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    58/65

    3-/ no!( B)7-c 7tr2ct2re o+ ) /ener-c 7-.-con PV ce.. 

    S"-.' &*#$+. #"."&%- "#-$ $!' %-.* +$'"+. #'/ "- PV &'..#< P%.*&*#$+.."-' #"."&%- "#

    +.#% #'/ "- +- +$$'7$ $% &$ +-+&$"- &%#$#2 +.$!%! '#.$"- &'..# +'-$ +#

    '"&"'-$ +# #"-.' &*#$+. #"."&%-< A%7!%# #"."&%-2 !"&! !+# -% &*#$+.."-' #$&$'2 "#

    +.#% #'/2 ++"- "- +- +$$'7$ $% '/&' 7%/&$"%- &%#$#< O$!' +$'"+.# #'/ "-&./'

    +.." +#'-"/'2 &%77' "-/" /"#'.'-"/' +-/ &+/" $'.."/'< S"-&' /"''-$

    +$'"+.# !+:' /"''-$ +-/ +7#2 $!'* #'' $% ' $-'/ $% /"''-$ +:'.'-$!#2 %

     7!%$%-# % /"''-$ '-'"'#< O-' +* '"&"'-&* !+# ''- "7%:'/ "# $% #' $% %

    %' .+*'# % /"''-$ +$'"+.# "$! /"''-$ +-/ +7#< T!' !"!' +-/ +7 +$'"+.

    "# %- $!' #+&'2 +#%"- !"!>'-'* 7!%$%-# !".' +..%"- .%'>'-'* 7!%$%-# $%

     ' +#%'/ * $!' .%' +-/ +7 +$'"+. '-'+$!< T!"# $'&!-"8' &+- '#.$ "- &!

    !"!' '"&"'-&"'#< S&! &'..#2 &+..'/ .$">,-&$"%- &'..#2 &+- !+:' %' $!+- %-' '.'&$"&

    "'./<

    1!Po4er-n/ ) Ho27e

    No4 t)t 4e )0e o2r PV *o12.e, 4)t 1o 4e 1o 4-t -t6 #)t 4o2.1 >o2 )0e

    to 1o to po4er >o2r o27e 4-t 7o.)r ener/>6 A.to2/ -t7 not )7 7-*p.e )7 j27t

    7.)pp-n/ 7o*e *o12.e7 on >o2r roo+, -t7 not eFtre*e.> 1-++-c2.t to 1o, e-ter!

    F"#$ % +..2 -%$ ':'* %% !+# $!' &%'&$ %"'-$+$"%- % +-.' % "-&."-+$"%- $% $+;'

    +/:+-$+' % $!' #-# '-'*< N%->$+&;"- PV #*#$'# "- $!' N%$!'- H'"#7!''

    #!%./ 7%"-$ $%+/ $' #%$! ($!"# "# $!' %"'-$+$"%-)< T!'* #!%./ ' "-&."-'/ +$ +-

    +-.' '8+. $% $!' +'+# .+$"$/' $% +#% $!' +@" +%-$ % '-'* *'+>%-/< A

    /"''-$ %"'-$+$"%- +-/% "-&."-+$"%- &%./ ' #'/ " *% +-$ $% +@""' '-'*

    5

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    59/65

     7%/&$"%- % $!' %-"- % +$'-%%-2 +-/% $!' #' % "-$'< O &%#'2 $!'

    %/.'# #!%./ -':' ' #!+/'/ * -'+* $''# % "./"-#2 -% +$$' $!' $"' % /+* % 

    $!' $"' % *'+< I- + PV %/.'2 ':'- " ,#$ %-' % "$# 36 &'..# "# #!+/'/2 7%'

     7%/&$"%- ".. ' '/&'/ * %' $!+- !+.<

    I *% !+:' + !%#' "$! +- -#!+/'/2 #%$!>+&"- %%2 *% -''/ $% /'&"/' !+$ #"'

    #*#$' *% -''/< T!"# "# &%7."&+$'/ * $!' +&$# $!+$ *% '.'&$"&"$* 7%/&$"%- /'7'-/#

    %- $!' '+$!'2 !"&! "# -':' &%7.'$'.* 7'/"&$+.'2 +-/ $!+$ *% '.'&$"&"$* /'+-/

    ".. +.#% :+*< T!'#' !/.'# +' +".* '+#* $% &.'+< M'$'%%.%"&+. /+$+ ":'# +:'+'

    %-$!.* #-."!$ .':'.# % /"''-$ '%+7!"&+. +'+#< T!"# $+;'# "-$% +&&%-$ +"-+..

    +-/ &.%/* /+*#2 +# '.. +# +.$"$/'2 !"/"$*2 +-/ %$!' %' #$.' +&$%#< Y% #!%./

    /'#"- % $!' %#$ %-$!2 #% $!+$ *%.. !+:' '-%! '.'&$"&"$* +.. *'+< W"$! $!+$ /+$+2

    +-/ ;-%"- *% +:'+' !%#'!%./ /'+-/ (*% $"."$* ".. &%-:'-"'-$.* .'$# *%

    ;-% !% &! '-'* *% #' ':'* %-$!)2$!'' +' #"7.' '$!%/# *% &+- #' $%

    /'$'"-' ,#$ !% +-* PV %/.'# *%.. -''/< Y%.. +.#% -''/ $% /'&"/' %- + #*#$'

    :%.$+'2 !"&! *% &+- &%-$%. * /'&"/"- !% +-* %/.'# $% "' "- #'"'#<

     Yo2 *)> )0e ).re)1> /2e77e1 ) co2p.e o+ pro?.e*7 t)t 4e.. )0e to 7o.0e! 3-r7t,

    4)t 1o 4e 1o 4en te 72n -7nt 7-n-n/6 Cert)-n.>, no one 4o2.1 )ccept on.>

    )0-n/ e.ectr-c-t> 12r-n/ te 1)>, )n1 ten on.> on c.e)r 1)>7, -+ te> )0e )

    co-ce! #e nee1 ener/> 7tor)/e $$ ?)tter-e7! n+ort2n)te.>, ?)tter-e7 )11 ) .ot o+

    co7t )n1 *)-nten)nce to te PV 7>7te*! C2rrent.>, o4e0er, -t7 ) nece77-t> -+

    >o2 4)nt to ?e co*p.ete.> -n1epen1ent! One 4)> )ro2n1 te pro?.e* -7 to

    connect >o2r o27e to te 2t-.-t> /r-1, ?2>-n/ po4er 4en >o2 nee1 -t )n1

    7e..-n/ to te* 4en >o2 pro12ce *ore t)n >o2 nee1! T-7 4)>, te 2t-.-t> )ct7

    )7 ) pr)ct-c)..> -n+-n-te 7tor)/e 7>7te*! Te 2t-.-t> )7 to )/ree, o+ co2r7e, )n1 -n

    *o7t c)7e7 4-.. ?2> po4er +ro* >o2 )t ) *2c .o4er pr-ce t)n te-r o4n 7e..-n/

    pr-ce! Yo2 4-.. ).7o nee1 7pec-). eJ2-p*ent to *)5e 72re t)t te po4er >o2 7e..

    to >o2r 2t-.-t> -7 7>ncrono27 4-t te-r7 $$ t)t -t 7)re7 te 7)*e 7-n27o-1).

    4)0e+or* )n1 +reJ2enc>! S)+et> -7 )n -772e )7 4e..! Te 2t-.-t> )7 to *)5e 72re

    t)t -+ tere7 ) po4er o2t)/e -n >o2r ne-/?oroo1K >o2r PV 7>7te* 4ont tr>

    to +ee1 e.ectr-c-t> -nto .-ne7 t)t ) .-ne*)n *)> t-n5 -7 1e)1! T-7 -7 c)..e1

    -7.)n1-n/!

    59

    http://science.howstuffworks.com/question651.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/battery.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/power.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/power.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/power.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/question651.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/battery.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/power.htm

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    60/65

     I *% /'&"/' $% #' +$$'"'#2 ;''7 "- "-/ $!+$ $!'* ".. !+:' $% ' +"-$+"-'/2 +-/ $!'-

    '7.+&'/ +$' + &'$+"- -' % *'+#< T!' PV %/.'# #!%./ .+#$ =0 *'+# % %'2

     $ +$$'"'# ,#$ /%-$ !+:' $!+$ ;"-/ % #'. ."'< B+$$'"'# "- PV #*#$'# &+- +.#% '

    :'* /+-'%# '&+#' % $!' '-'* $!'* #$%' +-/ $!' +&"/"& '.'&$%.*$'# $!'* &%-$+"-2

    #% *%.. -''/ + '..>:'-$".+$'/2 -%->'$+.."& '-&.%#' % $!'<

    c.e B)tter-e7

    W!+$ ;"-/# % +$$'"'# +' #'/ "- PV #*#$'#Z A.$!%! #':'+. /"''-$ ;"-/# +'

    &%%-.* #'/2 $!' %-' &!++&$'"#$"& $!+$ $!'* #!%./ +.. !+:' "- &%%- "# $!+$ $!'*

    +' /''7>&*&.' +$$'"'#< U-.";' *% &+ +$$'*2 !"&! "# + #!+..%>&*&.' +$$'*2 /''7>

    &*&.' +$$'"'# &+- /"#&!+' %' % $!'" #$%'/ '-'* !".' #$".. +"-$+"-"- .%- ."'<C+ +$$'"'# /"#&!+' + .+' &'-$ % + :'* #!%$ $"' >> $% #$+$ *% &+ >> +-/ +'

    $!'- "'/"+$'.* '&!+'/ +# *% /":'< PV +$$'"'# '-'+..* !+:' $% /"#&!+' +

    #+..' &'-$ % + .%-' 7'"%/ (#&! +# +.. -"!$)2 !".' '"- &!+'/ /"- $!' /+*<

    T!' %#$ &%%-.* #'/ /''7>&*&.' +$$'"'# +' .'+/>+&"/ +$$'"'# (%$! #'+.'/ +-/

    :'-$'/) +-/ -"&;'.>&+/" +$$'"'#< N"&;'.>&+/" +$$'"'# +' %' '@7'-#":'2 $

    .+#$ .%-' +-/ &+- ' /"#&!+'/ %' &%7.'$'.* "$!%$ !+< E:'- /''7>&*&.' .'+/>

    +&"/ +$$'"'# &+-$ ' /"#&!+'/ 00 7'&'-$ "$!%$ #'"%#.* #!%$'-"- +$$'* ."'2

    +-/ '-'+..*2 PV #*#$'# +' /'#"-'/ $% /"#&!+' .'+/>+&"/ +$$'"'# -% %' $!+- 40

     7'&'-$ % 50 7'&'-$<

    A.#%2 $!' #' % +$$'"'# '8"'# $!' "-#$+..+$"%- % +-%$!' &%7%-'-$ &+..'/ + &!+'

    &%-$%..'< B+$$'"'# .+#$ + .%$ .%-' " &+' "# $+;'- #% $!+$ $!'* +'-$ %:'&!+'/ %

    /+"-'/ $%% &!< T!+$# !+$ + &!+' &%-$%..' /%'#< O-&' $!' +$$'"'# +' ..*

    &!+'/2 $!' &!+' &%-$%..' /%'#-$ .'$ &'-$ % $!' PV %/.'# &%-$"-' $% .%"-$% $!'< S"".+.*2 %-&' $!' +$$'"'# !+:' ''- /+"-'/ $% + &'$+"- 7'/'$'"-'/

    .':'.2 &%-$%..'/ * '+#"- +$$'* :%.$+'2 +-* &!+' &%-$%..'# ".. -%$ +..%

    %' &'-$ $% ' /+"-'/ % $!' +$$'"'# -$". $!'* !+:' ''- '&!+'/< T!' #' % +

    &!+' &%-$%..' "# '##'-$"+. % .%- +$$'* ."'<

    60

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    61/65

    T!' %$!' 7%.' "# $!+$ $!' '.'&$"&"$* '-'+$'/ * *% PV %/.'#2 +-/ '@$+&$'/

    % *% +$$'"'# " *% &!%%#' $% #' $!'2 "# /"'&$ &'-$2 !".' $!' '.'&$"&"$*

    #77."'/ * *% $"."$* (+-/ $!' ;"-/ $!+$ ':'* +77."+-&' "- *% !%#' #'#) "#

    +.$'-+$"- &'-$< Y% ".. -''/ +- -n0erter2 + /':"&' $!+$ &%-:'$# DC $% AC< M%#$

    .+' "-:'$'# ".. +.#% +..% *% $% +$%+$"&+..* &%-$%. !% *% #*#$' %;#< S%'

    PV %/.'#2 &+..'/ AC *o12.e72 +&$+..* !+:' +- "-:'$' +.'+/* ".$ "-$% '+&!

    %/.'2 '.""-+$"- $!' -''/ % + .+'2 &'-$+. "-:'$'2 +-/ #"7."*"- ""- "##'#<

    Gener). 7ce*)t-c o+ ) re7-1ent-). PV 7>7te* 4-t ?)tter>

    7tor)/e 

    3-/ no!(;

     T!% "- $!' %-$"- !+/+'2 ""-2 ,-&$"%- %@'#2 %-/"- '8"7'-$2

    %:'&'-$ 7%$'&$"%-2 DC +-/ AC /"#&%--'&$# +-/ %$!' +&&'##%"'# +-/ *% !+:'

    *%#'. + #*#$'< E.'&$"&+. &%/'# #$ ' %..%'/ ($!''# + #'&$"%- "- $!' N+$"%-+.

    E.'&$"&+. C%/' ,#$ % PV)2 +-/ "$# !"!.* '&%'-/'/ $!+$ $!' "-#$+..+$"%- ' /%-' *

    + ."&'-#'/ '.'&$"&"+- !% !+# '@7'"'-&' "$! PV #*#$'#< O-&' "-#$+..'/2 + PV #*#$'

    '8"'# :'* ."$$.' +"-$'-+-&' ('#7'&"+..* " -% +$$'"'# +' #'/)2 +-/ ".. 7%:"/'

    '.'&$"&"$* &.'+-.* +-/ 8"'$.* % =0 *'+# % %'<

    6

  • 8/18/2019 Fyp Hybrid Vehicle

    62/