how we milk our cows

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How do we milk our Cows Fine tuning Milking Management and Parlor Performance Ralph GinsbergUdder Health and Milk Quality Specialist [email protected]

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14 June 2016

The Israeli Dairy Herd

120,000 cows 795 farms

~ 90% of cows on DHI All cows milked in milking parlors or 49 milking robots (30 farms) More than 80% of cows milked with electronic milk meters

24.06.20152How do we milk our cows

14 June 20162

The Israeli Dairy Herd cont.A common database with an integrated data flow system24.06.20153How do we milk our cows

What will we learn Anatomy and Physiology of the Udder Milking Machine Milking Management Fine Tuning in PracticeHow do we milk our cows424.06.2015

Anatomy and Physiology of the UdderHow do we milk our cows524.06.2015



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Udder StimulationStimulating the nerve endings in the teats, results in the release of oxytocin from the Pituitary Gland. It then is transported by the blood stream to the udder. In a good milking routine we will stimulate the udder for milk letdown before we attach the cluster. 24.06.20158How do we milk our cows

Udder StimulationPhases of Milk Ejection Reflex Time Nerve impulse udder to brain0.1 secActivation of hypothalamic cells and oxytocin release1 - 2 secArterial transport of oxytocin to the udder19 - 20 secContraction of myoepithelial cells6 secMilk let down20 - 30 sec Total timeApprox. 1 min


Good nerve stimulation is required to ensure adequate oxytocin release and a good milk ejection24.06.201510How do we milk our cows

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StudydesignnMachineon time,minMilkflow rate,lb/minMilkyield,lb/milkingnMachineon time,minMilkflow rate,lb/minMilkyield,lb/milkingAuthors/yrLsq126.05.6*26.2 126.54.3*25.8 (21) Sagi et al., 1980, Lsq124.45.6*23.2 125.44.3*22.2 (22) Sagi et al., 1980, Expt 1 Lsq44.85.8*27.3 45.45.2*26.9 (22) Sagi et al., 1980, Expt 2 Lsq124.85.8*28.2 126.84.2*28.7 Gorewit et al., 1985 (11)Lsq545.14.3*21.7 545.34.0*20.7 Reneau & Farnsworth, 1994 (19)945.14.923.5945.74.222.8Avg. U.S. studiesLsq217.63.825.1219.22.923.5 (14) Mayer et al., 19841155.54.723.81156.33.922.9Avg. all studies

No stimulationManual stimulation + prep lag = 60 Summary of studies comparing no stimulation prior to machine application and optimized stimulation and prep-lag

No stimulation, only machine attachment. At least 20 seconds manual stimulation with total prep-lag of 60 seconds.* No statistical difference detected in milk yield; all other measures were statistically significant at P < .05. All comparisons were statistically significant including milk yield at P < .05. German study with Fresian-Brown Swiss cross cattle.24.06.201511How do we milk our cows


With Stimulation


No stimulation

Low flow rate

It takes longer to milk out the last kg. of milk if premilking teat preparation is conducted less efficiently 24.06.201514How do we milk our cows

Effect of stimulation and prep lag time on milk letdownFarmPrep time/secAverage yieldkgAverage Milking timemin/cowAverageflow rate kg/minMilk flow rates at specific times kg/minMilk in first 2Min kgLow flow timesec0-15 15-3030-6060-120A0 11.25.42.070.11.61.22.83.890B62 89 11.34.322.630.92.32.94.46.654


Avoid Stress before attaching the cluster in order to inhibit the release of Adrenaline that will effect the milk flow and lengthen the milking process.Basic Rules Cows calm, clean and dry 24.06.201516How do we milk our cows

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Basic Rules Cows calm, clean and dry Calm cows do not defecate or urinate in the milking parlor.

If cows refuse to enter the milking parlor maybe the milker is to blame.24.06.201517How do we milk our cows

No sticks

No yelling

No electric shocks

No hitting

No violence


Putting it all togetherPlace milking units on cows when teats are firm (indicating milk let-down) to take full advantage of the oxytocin response Attach milking units within a minute to a minute and a half to ensure fast, complete milk outs.

Good udder preparation influences: Milking time > Shorter Amount of milk > Higher Less chance of mastitis24.06.201519How do we milk our cows

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The Milking Machine Air LinesRegulatorVacuum GaugeVacuum PumpMilking UnitReceiverMilk LineMilk PumpPulsator24.06.201520How do we milk our cows

Milk harvesting is the process ofExtracting milk from animalsTransporting the milk to a storage tankStoring the milk until it is picked up for processing. Milk is usually cooled during storage


Milk harvesting requires a cooperative effort between The animal The operator A properly functioning milking machine A good milking routine


Milking Machine GoalsA properly designed, installed, maintained, and operated milking machine will: Remove milk from the animal quickly and gently Not contribute to poor udder health Not degrade milk quality from the time of removal to delivery Be easy to clean and sanitize


Lets see how we get milk out of a cow Vacuum is applied to the inside of the liner to withdraw milk from each teat and keep the machine attached to the cow When the pulsation chamber is under vacuum, the liner is open and milk flow starts B Phase 24.06.201524How do we milk our cows


Milk Extraction

The Vacuum PumpThere are several other types of vacuum pumps but they all do the same jobVacuum pumps remove air from the milking machine to create vacuum inside the machine. Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump


Lobe Vacuum Pump

The Vacuum Regulator

Vacuum Regulator

50 kPa0 kPa100 kPaVacuum Gauge

In this animation we will see how the vacuum regulator balances air admission to keep the system vacuum at a constant level. We start with air being admitted into an open teatcup of the milking machine.The vacuum pump is removing this air at the same rate that it is admitted to keep the system vacuum at 50 kPa.24.06.201527How do we milk our cows

The vacuum pump is still removing air at the same rate as before.The regulator opens and starts to admit air at the same rate that it is being removed by the vacuum pump to keep the system vacuum at the set point 50 kPa.

Vacuum Regulation

50 kPa0 kPa100 kPaVacuum Gauge

Now we attach the milking unit to the cow and stop the air from entering through the teatcup.24.06.201528How do we milk our cows

28The vacuum pump always removes the same amount of air from the system.However, the air admitted by the milking unit varies.The vacuum regulator is an air valve that serves as a means to balance the air admitted with the air removed in order to remain a steady vacuum.***notice that the air molecules entering the system from the milking unit and the regulator are equal to the air molecules exiting by the vacuum pump.14 June 2016

Vacuum RegulationIn a real milking machine, the situation is more complicated because air is admitted from many sources both steady and intermittent. However, the basic concept is the same.The regulator makes up the difference between air admission and air extraction to keep the system vacuum at a constant level. 24.06.201529How do we milk our cows

Recommended Teat End Milking Vacuum Levels ISO 32-40 kPa US/NMC 35-42 kPa5 second Average in the Claw or at Teat-end during Peak Flow Rate My personal recommendation 37 to 40 kPa For as much of milking time as possible


What Happens when Milking Vacuum is too low? Liner Slips

Unit Falloff

Slower Milking 24.06.201531How do we milk our cows

What Happens When Milking Vacuum is too High?24.06.201532How do we milk our cows

What Happens When Milking Vacuum is too High? Increases peak flow rate: up to a point Increased strip yield Increased teat tissue stress Increases congestion Teat thickness Open canals Higher liner compression More hyperkeratosis24.06.201533How do we milk our cows

The PulsatorAn air valve that creates pulsation or the opening and closing of the liner


The teat in the open linerThe main purpose of pulsation is to limit the development of congestion and oedema in the teat tissues during machine milking. In addition to (or as a consequence of) this primary function pulsation helps to: Maintain a high rate of milk flow from the teat within each pulsation cycle; 24.06.201535How do we milk our cows

The Pulsation Cycle24.06.201536How do we milk our cows RATE is 60 ppm 60,000 ms / 60 ppm = 1,000 ms

RATIO is 60:40

How do we milk our cows3724.06.2015 When pulsation rate and/or ratio are changed the main influence is on the duration (in Milliseconds) of the b (milking) and d (rest) phases.

These phases will also change as a percentage of the cycle.

The Pulsation Cycle a (opening) and c (closing) phases are determined primarily by the Pulsation Chamber volume, Pulse tube length, and Pulsator air port size.

B phase: ~ 600 ms24.06.201538How do we milk our cows

The teat in the closed liner Counter the possible ill-effects of teat congestion on the level of discomfort or pain experienced by the cow;

Remove enough but not too much Keratin lining from the canal

Reduce the rate of new mastitis infections; Stimulate milk ejection. 24.06.201539How do we milk our cows

Atmospheric pressure is then applied to the pulsation chamber and the liner closes. Milk flow stops and the teat is massaged to reduce congestion

D Phase24.06.201540How do we milk our cows

D Phase: > 200 ms24.06.201541How do we milk our cows

Blue= Air Red= Milk Violet= Air+MilkLets look at how air and milk move through the machine

42Too much info on one slide.Milk and Air flowing from the receiver into the sanitary trap presents a few problems!Need to mention variable speed vacuum pump drives as well as regulators.14 June 2016

24.06.201543How do we milk our cowsMilking Management

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Milking is a compromiseQuickly, Gently, Completely

Quick is usually not gentlecomplete is usually not gentleGentile is usually not the fastest or most complete


The way we milk affectsUdder health & milk quality

Milk production

Milking duration24.06.201545How do we milk our cows

What is milking efficiency? Straight after the cluster is attached we get a constant and fast milk letdown Steady milk flow

The end of the milking process is a sharp drop in milk flow.

The average milking time is shorter24.06.201546How do we milk our cows

Milking efficiency gives us Higher milk yields

Complete milking process

Shorter machine on time24.06.201547How do we milk our cows

The Infection Cycle24.06.201548How do we milk our cows

Hygienic milking routine Hygienic milking ensures that the udder is prepared for milking and reducing new infection rates.

Timing is critical for a good udder preparation.24.06.201549How do we milk our cows

Gloves are a defense against bacteria colonizing on the hand. Bacteria can not attach them selves to the gloves as they do to the hands skin. It is also healthier to disinfect a glove than to disinfect the skin when need be.Wearing gloves during the milkingDuring the milking and especially after treating cows with udder infections it is imperative to disinfect the gloved hands either by spraying or immersion in a disinfectant


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The difference between milking with and without gloves

Gloved hand

Hand after washing24.06.201551How do we milk our cows

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Hygienic milking routineDecreases the environmental pathogens on the teats.

Dip/Spay sanitary fluid only on clean teats. Do not use water to clean dirty teats.

Can be achieved by cleaning the teat with a sanitizing solution or by wiping with alcoholic wipes.

The sanitary fluid has to stay on the teats for 30 seconds to be effective.


Wiping off dirt that is visible on the teats with a clean, single paper towel is necessary for a maximum reduction of environmental organisms and is a strong stimulus for promoting oxytocin release.Dirty teats should we wet with the sanitizer and wiped until they are clean

Dry teats with an individual towel24.06.201553How do we milk our cows

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Over Milking In most cows the front quarters produce less milk than the back quarters, therefore the front quarters milk out quicker than the back quarters. It is very important to remove the cluster when there is a significant reduction in milk flow in the cluster because exposure to high vacuum causes stress and pain to the teat.


Overriding take off settingsOver-milking starts when the milk flow to the teat cistern is less than the flow out of the teat canal. Take off settings can be set with no detrimental effects on milk yield, udder health and milk quality.

Overriding the take off settings results in over-milking affecting teats condition and udder health.


Prevention is the best and cheapest way to cut losses

A full hygienic milking routine is one of the cheapest and most effective ways for healthy udders and more milk24.06.201556How do we milk our cows

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How do we milk our cows5724.06.2015Influence of changes in milking machine parameters and milking routine on milking efficiency

TH Farms Vietnam March 2015


Ways of increasing parlour performance

Improving cow movement

Increasing the average milk flow while units are attached. (vacuum level, pulsation ratio/rate)

Decreasing the amount of time units are attached to cows. (cows comfortable and relaxed during milking, good stimulation and prep- lag time, automatic take-off settings)


Vacuum level -increase from 40-40.5 Kpa to 43.3-43.5 Kpa.

2. Pulsation ratio- from 40:60 to 35:65 (increased the B phase to ~ 600 ms)

3. Threshold for removal -from 480/545 g/minute to 600 g/minute.

4. Milking routine.

Based on the on-farm vacuum and pulsator checking and observation of liner slips and teat conditions during the milking we changed:24.06.201560How do we milk our cows

24.06.201561How do we milk our cowsCows0-1515-3030-6060-12013.02-28.025618830.491.911.532.7915.04-30.045426490.742.402.243.24

24.06.201562How do we milk our cowsDateMilkedLowLow flowPre. lowCowsflow(%)flow timetime13.02-28.025618831.2424.690.3215.04-30.045426490.9322.380.24

% Low Flow time of Milking Time (Low Flow/AMT)

Preliminary Low Flow Time The period of low flow at the beginning of milking. The time of low flow milking in the first stages of the milking curve is a direct indication of poor preparation procedure or milk holdup caused by other factors.Low flow time The time clusters were on the cows during low milk flow (below 1liter/min). This time is an accumulated sum of times during low milk flow at the beginning and at the end of milking. Sometimes indicates pulsation or vacuum problems.

How do we milk our cows6324.06.2015Flow rate at Removal The flow rate between the last two dumps of milk before cluster removal.Low flow Flow ratetimeremovalremoval0.910.870.670.94




Thank you for your attention

Now you know how I feel with bad milking machine parameters24.06.201567How do we milk our cows

how we milk our cows

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