household toxicants part 2

7/28/2019 Household Toxicants Part 2

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Ivermectin

Worm medication used orally and

parenterally in most species (Heartguard,

Ivomec, Eqvalen, Zimecterin)

Cumulative toxicant

Young animals more susceptible

Often a problem in dogs given horse paste


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Ivermectin

Dogs-6ug/kg =heartworm preventive dose;

2.5 mg/kg PO =mydriasis, 5mg/kg PO= muscle

tremors, 40 mg/kg PO= death Collies, Aust. Shepherd, Shelties, Border Collies-

0.1 -0.2 mg/kg PO or SC causes toxicity and death

Cats-0.5mg/kg=mydriasis and tremors Equine-2mg/kg=ataxia and blindness

Cattle and Sheep-4mg/kg=ataxia/death


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Ivermectin

Mechanism of action is to increase GABA release,affinity of GABA receptor and direct GABAagonist

Onset time is hours to 1 day, affects CNS

Clinical signs-hypersalivation (dogs), tremors,bradycardia, convulsions, coma, mydriasis,

blindness, ataxia Can see anaphylactic reactions in dogs

No visible lesions


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Ivermectin

Diagnosis

History of administration

Brain ivermectin concentration >100ppbTreatment

Short acting barbiturate for convulsions (no benzos)

IV physostigmine (0.04mg/kg) BID in comatose

animals

Flumanezil and moxidectin-expt. Benzo antagonists

Epinephrine, fluids for anaphylaxis


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Household Cleaners

Product warning label indicates level of

toxicity

No label = LD50 > 5 g/kg

Caution = 0.55 g/kg

Warning = 50500 mg/kg

Danger: Poison =


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Soaps, Shampoos, Detergents

Most have low toxicity

Usually cause only vomiting and diarrhea

Cationic surfactants are found in contact lenssolutions, fabric softeners, swimming poolalgicides; can cause neuromuscular and ganglionic

blockade as well as GI ulcerations, acidosis and

shock Anionic surfactants are in many cleaning products

like shampoos have the potential to causehemolysis


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Disinfectant Cleaners

Products like Lysol contain phenolic compoundsmixed with detergents

Pine oil based compounds like Pine Sol These products are especially toxic to cats due to

metabolism by glucuronidation; can cause liverinjury, jaundice, and renal damage in conjunction

with GI problems Phenolics also found in creosote and tar paper;

watch out for pigs


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Alkaline Compounds

Ammonia, Oven Cleaner, Most Drain Openers

All have pH of >12 which can cause burns (ulcerations)

Ulcers can be very severe, especially with granular drainopeners

Ingestions causes GI ulcerations, vomiting, salivation,

dysphagia (esophageal stricture), dyspnea

Bleach and scouring powders with bleach usually not highenough pH to cause ulceration; can be a problem if mixed

with ammonia = chloramine gas


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Acidic Compounds

Toilet bowl cleaners, concrete cleaner,

Lime-A-Way, some drain openers

Can cause severe burns, but usually not as

deep as alkali

Signs and treatment similar to alkaline

products


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Treating Household Cleaner Ingestions

If a potentially toxic amount of a non-

corrosive compound ingested, emesis

should be induced; no activated charcoalunless systemic effects are expected

For corrosive compounds 1) dilute with

milk or water, 2) determine exactly howmuch of what material was ingested


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Treating Toxic Corrosive

Ingestions If there is pain, dysphagia, excessive

drooling, or ulceration and the exposure was

potentially toxic:Establish airway and get esophagoscopy

If esophagus cant be examined quickly, startcorticosteroids

If examination indicates burns, givecorticosteroids

Symptomatic and supportive care


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Drano IngestionInitial Visit


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Drano IngestionFinal Visit


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Petroleum Products

Gasoline, mineral spirits, kerosene, lighter

fluid, nail polish remover, solvents, motor

oil, furniture polish

Biggest worry is aspiration causing

hydrocarbon pneumonia

Pneumonia risk related to viscosity; lessviscous = more toxic


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Systemic Toxicity of

Hydrocarbons Most hydrocarbons are CNS depressants

Some volatile hydrocarbons sensitize the

heart to catecholamines and can causesudden death due to cardiac arrest

Many hydrocarbons cause dermal irritation

and hair loss


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Signs of Hydrocarbon Toxicity

Depression, lethargy, ataxia, seizures, coma

Dyspnea, coughing, wheezing, X-ray

changes in lungs with pneumonia

Spontaneous vomiting and aspiration often

occurs with more volatile compounds


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Treating Hydrocarbon Ingestions

Wash for dermal exposures

Do not try to increase viscosity by adding

heavier compound

Do not induce emesis unless a large, life

threatening ingestion (>1 ml/kg)

Monitor for pneumonia; treat with

antibiotics if present


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Oak (Acorn) Poisoning

Red Oak are most toxic due to high tannins, LiveOak is questionable

problems are seasonal, usually in fall after a stormor during summer droughts

primarily affects cattle; calves are moresusceptible

Toxic priniciple is thought to tannins or theirmetabolites

Animals must consume large amounts of acorns orbuds to be toxic


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Oak poisoning

Cases have relatively low morbidity withmoderate mortality (35-80%)

Animals usually ingested acorns for 1 week priorto signs

Symptoms are primarily renal and GI-anorexia,depression, weakness and possible nasal

discharge; progresses to rumen atony, black tarrydiarrhea, ventral edema, dehydration.

terminal animals are often recumbent near water


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Cyanogenetic Plants

Wild and choke cherry, Sudan and Johnson

grass, Flax, Sugar beet tops, Arrow grass

contain glycosides with cyanide groups


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Thiaminases

Horsetails and Bracken Ferns

Thiaminases destroy thiamine causing

neurological problems; causes aplasticanemia in ruminants

Primarily affects horses and ruminants

Usually occurs if other forage is inadequate


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Bracken Fern


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Calcium Oxalate plants

Members ofAraceae family contain calcium

oxalates; Dieffenbachia (Dumb Cane),

Philodendron, Elephant ear, Calla lily, Arum lily,Caladium

All parts of plant are toxic; stalk more toxic than

leaves

Usually occurs in cats, dogs, birds, and lizards

Rarely life-threatening


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Preformed calcium oxalate crystals embed in all

parts of GI tract; also contain proteolytic enzymes

that cause histamine release Onset time is immediate; primarily affects GI

system

Clinical signs include head shaking, salivation,

dyspnea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of voice


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Diagnosis is by history of exposure and

compatible clinical signs

Treatment

Rinse mouth with water

Anithistamines for dyspnea

Demulcents (Kao-pectate; no Pepto in cats)

Fluids for severe vomiting and diarrhea


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Precatory Bean; Rosary Pea

Grows in Carribean

Commonly sold as rosary beads

Extremely toxic, 1 pea can kill a child or

dog

Severe enteritis leads to shock


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Castor Bean

Common plant in S. Florida

Mole plant

Seeds are extremely toxic due to ricin


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Oleander

Contains cardiac glycosides (much like

digitalis)

Highly toxic


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Cassia

Coffeeweed, sicklepod

Causes muscle degeneration


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Crotalaria

Rattlebox

Causes liver injury


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Cycas and Zamia

Sago Palms, Coontie Plants

Seeds are especially toxic

Causes liver injury


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Sesbania

Seeds are most toxic part

Produce severe hemorrhagic or necrotic

enteritis


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Cestrum

Day and night blooming jessamine

Contains Vitamin D

Kidney damage


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Lantana

Causes photosensitization secondary to liver

injury

household toxicants part 2

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