hotline p1 w2002 - ta instruments · pittsburgh conference 2002 the 2002 pittsburgh conference of...

W i n t e r 2 0 0 2

New Products mdashThermal Analysis

Rheology

TECH Talk

Molecular Weight Distribution Software

Dr B Costello R Smith and Dr G Dallas

Optional software for the AR Series

Rheometers uses data from common

rheological tests to determine polymer

molecular weight distribution (MWD)

Basic viscoelastic information such

as storage and

loss modulus is

first converted

to a relaxation

spectrum This

data is used to

generate the

MWD data using no assumptions for

peak shape Full Story

Featured Technical Articles

New ProductBrochures

Training Courses

New Staff atTA Instruments

Conferences ampExhibitions

How Tzerotrade Technology Improves DSC Performance ndash

Part II Peak Shape and Resolution Dr B Cassel

TA Instrumentsrsquo Q Seriestrade

DSC modules with Tzerotrade

technology provide signifi-

cant improvements in peak

shape and resolution over what commonly

results from other DSC designs The new

technology results in

signals that better

represent actual ther-

mal transitions This

is especially valuable

in kinetic analysesFull Story

DSC Tzerotrade Technology An Enhanced Tool for Food Science

Dr B Cassel

The new Q Seriestrade DSCs with Tzero

technology and MDSC offer significant

performance improvements in the analysis

of food products

By providing flatter

baselines superior

sensitivity and better resolution they are

able to more completely and accurately

quantify transitions and

reactions commonly

observed in food

analysis

Full Story

FREE Posters ndashRheology

Thermal Analysis

FREE PolymerReference Card The Most Complete Thermal

Analysis Product Line

Just Got BetterSee NEW Products

DEMODEALS

P R O M O T I O N S

Trade-In

NEW

Log [Molar mass (gMol)]

04000

02000

04 5

Molecular Weight Distribution

w(M

)

06000

New Product Introductions

TA Instruments is pleased to announce that the following new Q Seriestrade products and accessories will be formally

introduced at the forthcoming Pittsburgh Conference in New Orleans (March 17-22 2002) Contact your TA Instrumentsrsquo

Representative or visit our website for preliminary details

Q800 Dynamic Mechanical AnalyzerThe Q800 is a sixth generation product and represents nearly thirty years engineering experience in

designing the best ways of applying stress to a sample and measuring the resultant strain The Q800

utilizes the latest non-contact linear drive motor technology to provide precise control of stress

while unmatched sensitivity and resolution in strain control is obtained from an advanced optical

encoder Together with low friction air bearing technology the Q800 design provides superior

performance than obtainable from traditional designs employing LVDT technology stepper motors

and mechanical springs Several novel clamping systems are also offered The Q800 replaces the

DMA 2980 the worldrsquos 1 selling dynamic mechanical analyzer ndash the best just got better

Q600 Simultaneous DSC TGAThe new Q600 provides the latest in simultaneous measurement of heat flow (DSC) and

weight change (TGA) on a single sample over the temperature range from ambient to

1500˚C Our engineers have designed exceptional baseline stability and sensitivity into the

Q600 together with a high degree of automation versatility and ease-of-use Included in

the Q600 are new electronics digital mass flow controllers a touch screen control display

monitor and provision for introducing a reactive gas into the sample chamber

Q Series DSC AccessoriesThe highly innovative Q Series DSC (Q1000 Q100 Q10) product line was introduced in 2001 to great customer response

Its revolutionary Tzerotrade technology provides multiple performance benefits over the traditional heat flux or power

compensation designs New for 2002 is a series of accessory modules that extend its range of applications

bull The Liquid Nitrogen Cooling System (LNCS) provides programmable cooling from 550 to -180˚C

and is intended for the Q1000 and Q100 modules Its high cooling capability makes it ideal for

isothermal crystallization studies

bull The Photocalorimeter Accessory (PCA) is available for the Q1000 or Q100 and enables

characterization of photocuring materials between ambient and 80˚C using a mercury

source and dual light guideoptical filter system Tzero technology permits the light

intensity to be directly measured

bull The Pressure DSC Cell (PDSC) is an accessory cell for the Q1000 DSC for heat flow measurements

at pressures from 1 Pa to 7 MPa

Enhanced Polymer Library SoftwareThis new and powerful polymer analysis library was developed in collaboration with Professor J Honerkamp and

Dr C Friedrich two eminent researchers at the University of Freiburg (Germany) It includes MWD and is an option for

latest fourth generation Rheology Advantage software (RA4) and represents some of the latest technology in rheological

polymer data interconversion When paired with the outstanding controlled rate controlled stress performance of the AR

2000 Advanced Rheometer it makes for the best powerful polymer analysis package available

21 CFR Part 11 SoftwareOur Thermal Advantage and Rheology Advantage software will be enhanced with features that aid customers in meeting

the guidelines expressed in USFDA Title 21 CFR Part 11 Key features include

bull System access is limited to those who are responsible for the data reports generated by the system Specified levels

of access determine the operations that a given user can perform The software automatically lsquologs out a user after a

specified period of inactivity Reuse of user passwords is denied

bull Data Reports generated are stored in a secure limited access SQL database An Oraclereg database will follow in a

future product

bull The system disables any functions used to invalidate the data or results without detection The system provides a secure

computer-generated time-stamped audit trail of all entries and actions that create modify or delete electronic records

Audit trails are stored securely in the system database

bull Universal Analysis 2000 functionality has been expanded to provide direct DSC purity determination

DOWNLOAD BROCHURE

DOWNLOAD BROCHURE

DOWNLOAD BROCHURE

HOME

Tech Talk

This section will provide technical notes helpful hints and service advice and specific information on thermal analysis and

rheology instrumentation and use The goal is to help you get maximum value from your TA Instruments equipment

Thermal Analysis Technical DocumentsAvailable in file form for easy download this informative article discusses the benefits of using a DMA temperature ramp

experiment vs DTUL for polymer performance characterization Written by our Applications Engineer Sujan Bin Wadud

the article provides valuable information for engineers charged with selecting materials for a particular end-use

(Download Article)

Testing LabsA list of contracted Testing Laboratories for Thermal Analysis is available for easy download (Testing Labs)

HINTSHerersquos a hint for the user with multiple modules on one controller It is easy to identify the module for the current realtime

plot display if the background color is set to a different color for each module In this way the user may identify from some

distance the module currently presenting the realtime display To set the background color for each module right click on

the reatime plot window then click on settings and background You may then choose any color you like to define the

module of interest Thanks to Mark Galloway (TA Instruments) for this Hint

Installing or replacing the hang down wire on a vertical TGA requires some care and experience Herersquos a hint to make

it easier Cover the furnace opening with a strong flat piece of paper like a business card Place the replacement hang

down wire into position within the purge gas tube with its lower end resting on the business card Using the furnace and

stop buttons slowly lower the furnace until the top of the hang down wire is located just below the Kapton stirrup

Now a pair of tweezer may be used to hook the wire onto the stirrup without fear of dropping and bending the wire

Thanks to Larry Bartelt (Abbott Laboratories) for this hint

REWARDS FOR HINTSDo you have a hint that might help another TA user These

suggestions are very popular so we are looking for more to

pass along Do you have such a hint that you would like to offer

Send it to us and if we use it wersquoll send you a quality TA Pen

Send your hints to rblainetainstcom

HOME

HOME

NEWBROCHURES ndash

Click on the cover to download abrochure

OVERVIEW

DMATGADSC

RHEOLOGY

Training Courses

HOME

2002 US COURSE SCHEDULEThermal Analysis and Rheology Training Courses

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

TGA DSC MDSC DMA RheologyFebruary 18 February 19 February 20 February 21 February 22

TGA DSC MDSC DMAApril 15 April 16 April 17 April 18

DSC TGA DMA RheologyJune 10 June 11 June 12 June 13

TGA DSC MDSC DMAAugust 12 August 13 August 14 August 15

DSC TGA DMA RheologyOctober 7 October 8 October 9 October 10

TGA DSC MDSC DMA RHEOLOGYDecember 9 December 10 December 11 December 12 December 13

The TMA training course will be taught over the Internet in 2002

TMA Part I TMA Part IIMarch 25 March 26 100 - 300 PM (Eastern Time)

April 8 April 9 100 - 300 PM (Eastern Time)

More Information and Course Outlines

Getting the Most out of Thermal-Rheological Techniques Award Winning Interpretations amp SolutionsA three-day course is being offered April 22-24 2002 The primary course instructors include Yash P Khanna

Harvey E Bair and Stephen R Byrn Topics include a review of the thermal and rheological family of

techniques interpretation of results and case histories The course will be held at the Headquarters Plaza

Hotel in Morristown New Jersey For information contact InnoPlast Solutions at 973-539-0487 or by

email at innoplastaolcom

Chris Kleespies has more than 15 years of applications and sales experience with

thermal analysis and XRF Chris moved from San Diego in 1999 to join TA Instruments as

a Territory Sales Manager Chris was recently promoted and is now the Eastern Regional

Sales Manager and is located in New Castle DE

New Staff at TA Instruments

TA Instruments continues to grow and add staff worldwide Some of our new employees are detailed below

Tim Sadowski has 16 years of applications and sales experience with XRD XRF

FTIR thermal analysis and rheological techniques Tim joined TA Instruments in 1998 as

a Territory Sales Manager and has recently been promoted to the Western Regional Sales

Manager position Tim resides in Minneapolis Mn

HOME

Conferences and Exhibitions

Pittsburgh Conference 2002The 2002 Pittsburgh Conference of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy will be

held at the Morial Convention Center (New Orleans LA) from March 17-22 2002

For information on registration and the technical program contact the conference

staff at 412-825-3220 or at wwwpittconorg TA Instruments will be exhibiting our

latest thermal and rheology products at booth 2865 and look forward to

meeting with you there A significant added incentive to visit our booth will be that

one very lucky person will win one of our exciting Q100 DSC systems with Tzerotrade

technology Further details will be available shortly

Analytica 2002The 18th International Trade Fair and Analytica Conference for Instrumental Analysis Laboratory Technology and

BioTechnologies Analytica is Europes global platform for

Instrumental analysis bull Diagnosis bull Laboratory Technology bull Biotechnologies

Venue New Munich Trade Fair Center

For more information httpwwwmunichtradefairscomAnalyticadefaulthtm

30th Annual Conference mdash North American Thermal Analysis SocietyConference September 23-25 2002 Short Course September 21-22 2002

Pittsburgh Marriott City Center Pittsburgh Pennsylvania

Register or Join on-line please visit wwwnatasinfoorg

For more information call 916-922-7032

Additional EventsA listing of other national conferences exhibitions being held during the first six months of 2002 where TA Instruments

thermal analysis and rheology equipment will be displayed are as follows

HOME

2002 EUROPEAN EVENT SCHEDULEDate Meeting Location Country

Jan 31st ndash Feb 1stThermal Analysis

Wuumlrzberg Germanyin the Automotive Industry

March 26 ndash 29 Forum Labo Paris France

April 10th ndash 11th TAC 2002 Greenwich UK

April 23rd ndash 26th Analytica Munich Germany

April 24th ndash 26th EurRheo Torremolinos Spain

May 3rd Flemish Thermal Analysis Day TBA Belgium

May 15th Laborama Liege Belgium

May 16 ndash 17th Belgium Polymer Group University of Mons (organisers) Belgium

May 29 ndash 31 Thermal Analysis Congress Massy France

May 30th Laborama Gent Belgium

June 11th ndash 14th Kemiforum Stockholm University Sweden

June 12th ndash 14th Nordic Rheology conference Gothenburg Sweden

June 26th ndash 27th Surfex Manchester UK

More Information germanytainstcom francetainstcom infotaeuropecocom

spaintainstcom belgiumtainstcom swedentainstcom

2002 NORTH AMERICAN EVENT SCHEDULEDate Meeting Location

April 8 ndash 10 ACS National Orlando FL

May 1 ndash 3 Pressure Sensitive Adhesives Council Meeting Atlanta GA

May 5 ndash 9 SPE ANTEC San Fransisco CA

May 13 ndash 15 SAMPE Long Beach CA

May 14 ndash 15 Canadian Thermal Analysis Society Meeting Mississauga Ont Canada

June 16 ndash 19 Inst Food Technologists Meeting Anaheim CA

Analytica 2002April 23-26 Munich

TA booth C1C1203204

For your FREE poster email ndash infotainstcom


FREE Rheology Poster FREE Thermal Analysis Poster HOME

For your FREE Polymer Reference Card email ndash infotainstcom

w w w t a i n s t c o m

i n f o t a i n s t c o m e - m a i l

i n t e r n e t

TA Instruments109 Lukens Drive New Castle DE 19720

(302) 427-4000

compliments of

Common PolymersReference Card

Symbol Reference Standard Tm(˚C) Hm(Jg)

In Indium 15661 2871Sn Tin 23195 606Pb Lead 32746 231Zn Zinc 41953 1080Ag Silver 96193 ndashAu Gold 106443 ndash

C a l i b r a t i o n s t a n d a r d s


U s e f u l C o n v e r s i o n s1 Pa = 10 dynescm2

1 psi = 6895 Pa1 psi = 6895 x 10-3 MPa

1 Pa = 0000145 psi1 MPa = 1000000 Pa

1 GPa = 1000 MPa1 Newton = 10197 g force

1 Joule = 0239 calories1 calorie = 4184 Joules

˚F = 95 (˚C) + 32˚C = 59 (˚F - 32)

10 Poise = 1 Pa sec

C o m m o n P o l y m e r s R e f e r e n c e

ABS Acrylonitrile 110 ndash 125 ndash 375 65 ndash 95 2070 ndash 4140Butadiene styrene

PMMA Polymethylmethacrylate 85 ndash 110 160 313 50 ndash 90 2240 ndash 3170Acrylonitrille 95 135 ndash 66 3450 ndash 4070

PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene 126 327 525 70-120 525PVDF Polyvinylidene fluoride -60 ndash -20 170 ndash 178 470 70-142 1724 ndash 2896Nylon 6 Nylon 6 40 ndash 87 210 ndash 220 400 80 ndash 83 2690Nylon 66 Nylon 66 50 255 ndash 265 426 80 2830 ndash 3240PC Polycarbonate 140 ndash 150 ndash 473 68 2350PBT Polybutylene terephthalate ndash 220 ndash 287 386 60 ndash 95 2280 ndash 2760PET Polyethylene terephthalate 73 ndash 80 245 ndash 265 414 65 2410 ndash 3100PEEK Polyetheretherketone 150 334 575 40 ndash 108 3860PEI Polyetherimide 215 ndash 217 ndash ndash 47 ndash 56 3310LDPE Low density Polyethylene -25 98 ndash 115 459 100 ndash 220 240 ndash 330HDPE High Density Polyethylene 60 ndash 80 130 ndash 137 469 59 ndash 110 1000 ndash 1550PI Polyimide ndash 310 ndash 365 ndash 45 ndash 56 3100 ndash 3450PPO Polyphenylene Oxide 100 ndash 142 ndash 400 38 ndash 70 2250 ndash 2760PPS Polyphenylene Sulfide 88 285 ndash 290 508 49 3790PP Polypropylene -20 160 ndash 175 417 81 ndash 100 1170 ndash 1720PS Polystyrene 74 ndash 109 240 ndash 250 351 50 ndash 83 2620 ndash 3380PSO Polysulfone 190 ndash 510 56 2690PES Polyethersulfone 220 ndash 230 ndash ndash 55 2400 ndash 2620PVC Polyvinyl Chloride 75 ndash 105 ndash 265 50 ndash 100 2070 ndash 3450

Acronym Polymer Tg(˚C) Tm(˚C) TGA Linear CTE FlexuralDecomp T (˚C-1) Modulus (MPa)

Source Modern Plastics Encyclopedia Mid-October Issue Vol 66 No 11 McGraw Hill Inc New York New York 1989Polymer Handbook Second edition J Brandrup EH Immergut John Wiley and Sons New York New York 1975TA Instruments Library (heating rate of 20˚Cmin)

1 TA278

How Tzero Technology Improves DSC PerformancePart II Peak Shape and Resolution

Dr Bruce CasselTA Instruments 109 Lukens Drive New Castle DE 19720

Abstract All DSC instrumentation to a greater or lesser extent distorts the theoreticalshape of sharp peaks TA Instrumentrsquos Q100 DSC and Q1000 DSC take a major step torectify this situation by using TzeroTM technology The result is a peak shape that betterreflects the actual thermal event This can be most easily observed in the shape of themelting of indium and in the resolution of closely spaced peaks However it is also afactor in the shape of every peak and especially those peaks whose partial areas areanalyzed such as for purity and kinetics analysis

Background If yoursquove used a spectrometer a chromatograph or even a digital camerayou know that a key aspect of recording data is resolution For a DSC resolution is theability to separately analyze two phenomena that are closely spaced along the x-axis Inthe detection and amplification of thermal events as in other types of instrumentationthere is a tendency for the signal broaden or to become ldquosmearedrdquo For example if asmall sample of indium calibration material is heated at a fast scan rate a symmetricalgaussian-shaped peak is obtained By contrast if a large sample of indium is heated at aslow rate an asymmetric peak with a straight leading edge followed by an exponentialtail is obtained But indium actually melts over a few hundredths of a degree Celsius soboth of these peak shapes are distortions of the ldquotruerdquo shape which should be a sharpspike

The DSC causes this distortion by thethermal resistance and thermalcapacitance of the DSC cell andsample pan and by non-linearity of theheating rate of the sensor caused by theheat released or absorbed by thesample These thermal affects havelong been known and variouscorrections to the data have beenoffered (1 2) In a recentbreakthrough TA Instruments hasdevised a DSC cell with a Tzeroreference temperature sensor thatallows these adverse thermal effects tobe detected and compensated for aspart of the measuring circuit (3 4)The result is a heat flow signal that is amuch truer representation of the actual

Figure 1 Melting of indium showing Tzeroeffect

155 157 159 161 163

Temperature (degC)

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Hea

t Flo

w (

mW

)

Advanced Tzero DSC 564mg Indium 10degCmin

Advanced TzeroTzero DSCConventional DSC

2 TA278

heat flow tofrom the sample This results in improved resolution for closely spacedthermal events

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTSIndium Figure 1 shows the heat flow data from melting a standard sample of indiumThe three curves are actually taken from the same indium run but they also representtypical outputs of three different technologies The broadest peak is that of theuncompensated heat flow data achieved by TA Instruments Q10 DSC Similar resultswould be obtained for other high quality heat flux DSCs The middle curve is that of aDSC employing TzeroTM technology this is included as standard on the Q100 DSCWith DSC the Tzero sensor is used to compensate for the smearing of the heat flowsignal due to effects within the DSC cell including those caused by thermal resistancescapacitances and rate asymmetries The result is a heat flow signal with a resolutioncapability better than that of the best previous technology for resolution namely powercompensation DSC

The highest and sharpest curve in Figure 1 is that generated by Advanced TzeroTM

technology In this case the Tzero sensor is used to calibrate and remove not only thesmearing effect of the DSC cell on the heat flow signal but also that of the sample panThe result is a DSC with an improvement in resolution better than any other commercialDSC Perhaps the bestindication that the heatflow data obtained is thetruer response of thesample is that once theindium fusion is complete(at the top of the peak) thesignal drops directly to thebaseline The effect ofthis compensation circuitis to shift the meltingenergy which until nowhas been smeared to thetail of the indium melt towhere it belongs namelyto the melting side of thepeak

Polymorphism A goodindication of resolutionimprovement comes whena sample is run whichrequires superior resolvingpower because there are closely spaced thermal events Figure 2 shows the analysis ofdotriacontane a purified wax containing a 32 carbon linear chain This materialillustrates polymorphism such that the material undergoes two crystal-crystal transitionsprior to melting All three endothermic transitions take place within a span of fivedegrees Celsius At a 10degCmin scan rate this is an excellent system to test DSCresolution capability Using Advanced Tzero technology there is a complete return to thebaseline between the second and third peak whereas the conventional DSC approachfails to return to the baseline Using Advanced Tzero technology the first and secondpeak are not completely resolved however the improvement over conventional DSC isevident

Figure 2 Showing effect of Tzero on peak resolution

61 65 69 73 77

Temperature (degC)

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Hea

t F

low

(m

W)


Advanced Tzero DSC 113 mg Dotriacontane 10degCmin

3 TA278

While dotriacontane may seem to be only of academic interest it is typical of systemshaving a long aliphatic hydrocarbon chain and which often show polymorphism with aseparation of only a few degrees Celsius Even phospholipid membranes show this typeof thermal behavior Moreover the study of polymorphism in the pharmaceutical andfood industry benefits from high-resolution analysis

Purity and Kinetics Other applications that benefit from superior resolution includepurity determination and kinetics In these techniques the results are calculated by fittingthe peak partial areas to a parametric equation In the calculation of purity or kineticsparameters the peak is divided up into twenty or more temperature intervals and thecorresponding areas are fitted to an equation When a DSC is capable of high resolutioneach area represents the actual fraction of the total area over a specific narrowtemperature range When a DSC smears the data (as all DSCs do to a greater or lesserextent) then each area is contaminated by a contribution from its neighboring areas Asthe peak is rising this biases the data one way and when it is falling it biases the data inthe other As a result of the improved resolution that is now possible utilizing TzeroTM

Technology it should be possible to obtain more accurate kinetics and purity analyses

Quantifying Resolution Because of the importance of resolution the Dutch ThermalAnalysis Society devised a test (5) to compare the major DSC instruments under identicalconditions running 4 4 azoxyanisol (See Figure 3) The sample is a liquid crystallinematerial which melts into an ordered liquid state (The absolute return to the peakbaseline is not expected as there is a Cp shift between the solid and the ordered liquidstate) Continued heating melts the ordered structure of the liquid The resolution indexwas defined as the peak height of the second peak divided by the valley height betweenthe peaks While the published results of this interlaboratory test preceded thedevelopment of TzeroTM technology it has been possible to obtain identical samples andrun them under identical conditions The index results (013 for the Q100 DSC and 008for Q1000) indicate that Tzero technology matches power compensation and AdvancedTzero technology improves on this by almost a factor of two

Tips for improved resolutionIn the absence of a Q SeriesDSC here are a few tips tohelp achieve better resolutionUse a thermally conductivelow mass sample pan use asmall sample in good contactwith the bottom of the pan(pre-melt it if possible) makesure the bottom of the samplepan is flat after crimping orsealing use a slow heating rateand purge with helium gas(Note purging with helium isnot required with the Q SeriesDSC to improve resolution Allabove data are taken using anitrogen purge)

Figure 3 4 4 Azoxyanisol Melt using the Q1000DSC

-3742mW

-3316mW

-9296mW

-3469mW

(a)

(b)

Resolution Index = ab = 008

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Heat

Flo

w T

4P

(m

W)

110 115 120 125 130 135 140Temperature (degC)Exo Up Universal V31B TA

4 TA278

REFERENCES1 B Wunderlich ldquoThermal Analysisrdquo Academic Press (1990)2 GWH Hohne W Hemminger HJ Flammersheim ldquoDifferential Scanning

Calorimetry An Introduction for Practitionersrdquo Springer (1996)3 R L Danley and P A Caulfield ldquoDSC Baseline Improvements Obtained by a

New Heat Flow measurement Techniquerdquo Proc 29th Conf N Amer Therm AnalSoc (2001)

4 R L Danley and P A Caulfield ldquoDSC Resolution and Dynamic ResponseImprovements Obtained by a New Heat Flow Measurement Techniquerdquo Proc29th Conf N Amer Therm Anal Soc (2001)

5 PJ van Ekeren J Therm Anal 49 1105-1114 (1997)

New Molecular Weight Distribution SoftwareDr B Costello R Smith and Dr G Dallas

This paper describes a new software program that provides TA Instrumentsrsquo

AR Series Rheometers with the ability to generate molecular weight distribution

(MWD) data from readily performed rheological measurements

Molecular weight and molecular weight distribution are fundamental

characteristics of all polymers The latter is of particular significance since it

directly influences processability thermal and final mechanical properties of the

polymer Molecular weight distribution information can be used in many impor-

tant ways including a) understanding polymerisation reactions b) optimising

conditions to produce polymers with specific properties c) understanding melt

flow characteristics d) distinguishing good versus bad batches of resin

The most generally accepted analytical technique for determining these

parameters is Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) which measures the

effective size in solution of the polymer molecules and relates the results to

molecular weight through calibration However it requires solvents elevated

temperatures for certain analyses (eg high molecular weight polyolefins) and

some polymers are not easily dissolved (eg semicrystalline fluoropolymers)

While offering advantages for many polymer analyses SEC is insensitive to

some subtle structural differences in polymers such as long chain branching

Making rheological measurements on a polymer is in principle a more straightforward process Inherent in the

rheological data is information on the sample modulus and relaxation times which are significantly affected by molecular

entanglements and the molecular weights of the polymers in the sample In particular rheological measurements are very

sensitive to high molecular weight species and long chain branching Much research has therefore been carried out on the

use of rheology to determine polymer molecular weight distribution However the task of extracting MWD information from

rheological measurements has not been easy Simplifying the calculations by assuming a typical general shape (eg log

normal) has been examined but this has not always been fruitful since deviations from standard peak shapes often occur

in practice which may be indicative of processing problems A superior solution would be to have the MWD calculated with

reasonable accuracy without making any prior assumptions about its shape However the theory of polymer physics is

highly complicated and only approximate relationships are available Also from an experimental viewpoint very small

differences in rheological properties can generate very large differences in the form of the MWD

Fortunately recent increases in computer processor power and speed have enabled sophisticated numerical methods to

be used that are able to solve these problems within an acceptable time period It is now possible to generate MWD data

to good accuracy for many common polymers without making any prior assumption about its shape Among the world

leaders in developing such methods are Prof Josef Honerkamp and Dr Christian Friedrich of the University of Freiburg in

Germany with whom TA Instruments has collaborated to incorporate their latest methods into this new software

(continued)

The software operates in two parts and allows several routes to MWD

calculations In Part 1 the most convenient and direct way involves

generation of a relaxation spectrum from readily measured viscoelastic

functions such as the storage modulus Grsquo (w) or the loss modulus

Grsquorsquo(w) This data can be readily obtained by melting a solid polymer

sample at an elevated temperature in a suitable oven (eg the

TA Instrumentsrsquo Environmental Test Chamber ETC) and performing a

frequency sweep in the oscillation mode of deformation using a parallel

plate geometry Figure 1 shows typical data generated using a monodis-

persed polystyrene sample It is important that the rheometer be able to

generate enough of the viscoelastic spectrum especially in the terminal

and plateau regions to accurately determine the continuous spectrum

The AR 2000 Advanced Rheometer clearly meets this criterion The

continuous relaxation spectrum H(t) shown in Figure 2 was generated

by the software from the data in Figure 1 The H(t) data is an intrinsic

property of the material that cannot be measured directly

In Part 2 the software converts the relaxation spectra to MWD data

after removal of other relaxation (eg Rouse) modes that do not

directly affect the MWD results The software contains a comprehensive

library of parameters for a wide variety of polymer systems needed to

complete the MWD calculations These include parameters for the

scaling and exponent in the zero shear viscosity molecular weight

relationship the plateau modulus and entanglement molecular weight

Users can readily add their own parameters into the library As

previously mentioned an important advance in this software is that no

prior assumption is made regarding the peak shape of the MWD curve

This is important in practice since subtle changes in a routine process

could significantly alter the MWD and erroneous data would be obtained

if a standard but incorrect peak shape was assumed in the calculations

Figure 3 shows the converted polystyrene data which reveals the near

Gaussian profile (polydispersity 1100) expected from SEC data for this

monodispersed polymer The number average (Mn) weight average

(Mw) and the higher molecular weight moments (Mz Mz+1) are also

calculated and presented

The MWD software is both comprehensive and user-friendly Its mathe-

matics elegantly achieves the conversions to MWD while preserving the

underlying theory and the essential physics of the task Prof Honerkamp Dr Friedrich and TA Instruments have jointly

developed a product that more than adequately meets the technical and commercial needs of the marketplace

While it is not anticipated that rheology will replace SEC as the standard means of obtaining polymer MWD information

the new TA Instruments MWD software coupled with the outstanding performance of the AR Series Rheometers should

prove to be a powerful and easily used complementary technique

Reference

1 W H Tuminello Society of Rheology Proceedings October 1999

1000E6

1000E5

10000

1000

1000

1000

100001000 1000 1000 1000 1000 10000 1000E5

ang frequency (radsec)

FIGURE 1Original frequency Sweep

Gl (

Pa)

Gll (

Pa)

1000E7

1000E5

10000

1000

1000E7

1000E6

1000

1000

1000

Tau (s)

1000E5

10000

1000

1000

1000

10001000E-4 1000E-3 001000 01000 1000

FIGURE 2Continuous Relaxation Spectrum

H (

Pa)

1000E6


05000

04000

03000

02000

01000

04 5

FIGURE 3Molecular Weight Distribution

Molecular Weight Mn 30780 gMolMw 33870 gMolMz 37710 gMolMz+1 42720 gMolPolydispersity 1100

w(M

)

06000

1 TA

DSC Tzero Technology An Enhanced Tool for Food Science


The primary techniques of thermal analysis namely DifferentialScanning Calorimetry (DSC) Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) and Dynamic MechanicalAnalysis (DMA) have long played an essential role in thedevelopment of food products Differential scanning calorimetry inparticular has often been used to characterize melting and softeningbehavior determine fat content and quantify thermal reactions Bymeasuring the heat absorbed or evolved by a sample as it is heated(or cooled) under a controlled temperature and atmosphere DSC isable to record changes in specific heat capacity and latent heat thatindicate changes in amorphous and crystalline structures

While the DSC technique is not new its utility for many kinds ofanalysis has recently been greatly enhanced by the new Q Series DSC products fromTA Instruments that incorporates T zero sensor technology The Q1000 (Figure 1)includes a new autosampler cooling accessory built-in mass flow controllersmodulated DSC and a touch screen instrument signal display This developmentinvolves more than just an improved DSC cell with improved baseline stability Itutilizes a new measurement principle that utilizes an additional element on the DSCsensor that provides compensation for intrinsic instrument distortion of the DSC signalAs a result peak shapes are less distorted from thermal lag and baselines are not distortedfrom cell asymmetry Because baselines are now straighter and peaks sharper it is nowpossible to achieve greater sensitivityand accuracy It is also possible tomake measurements in considerablyless time than before

Solid fat analysis Besides providingthe non-polar phase that dissolvesvitamins and flavor which make foodhealthy and palatable edible fats andoils play an important role indetermining the physical properties ofmanufactured food products DSCquantifies this role by recording themelting of crystalline phases as afunction of temperature Figure 2shows the DSC melting curves of fouredible fats after the thermal treatment

Figure 2 DSC Melting Curvesof Four Edible Fats

Snack food frosting

Milk Chocolate

Butter

Empty Pan Baseline

Dark Chocolate

-15

-10

-05

00

05

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(W

g)

-50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70Temperature (degC)Exo Up

Figure 1 The Q 1000DSC System

2 TA

of being melted then cooled at 5ordmCmin to ndash50ordmC Notice that the melting region extendsfrom below ndash30ordmC to above +40ordmC The total area of the peak yields the total fat contentThe area below 22ordmC represents fractions that would be melted at room temperature andthose above 22ordmC fractions that would be crystalline solid

One of the complexities of this solids analysis is that the melting behavior is affected notonly by the mix of constituents but also by the thermal history which determinespolymorphism crystallite size and phase distribution in the system To compare foodproducts or food additives one first must subject the sample to a defined thermal historyDSC is able both to control the temperature of the specimen to impose a thermal historyand then to measure the rate of melting as a function of temperature Thus DSC is ideallysuited to investigate how a particular formulation will be affected by annealing as thefinished product sits on the shelf

Measuring Percent Solid The integral over all the melting peaks is an indication of thefraction melted as a function of temperature The inverse of this integral converted to apercentage yields the percent solid In Figure 3 the DSC curve shows a broad meltingregion between ndash40ordmC and +50ordmC with multiple peaks The break between the two largepeaks is made deeper by annealing As the confectionary coating sits at shelf temperaturethe material naturally anneals atthat temperature resulting in thesolidification of the highermelting components and themelting of the lower meltingcomponents Thus DSC indicatesfrom the area under the two peakshow much material is melted andhow much remains solid after thematerial has been held at constanttemperature for a period of time

Problemshellipand SolutionsWhile the DSC technique appearsstraightforward for determiningthe fraction solid there are factorsto consider in obtaining reliabledata

Baselines Because the melting peaks for edible fats typically extend over tens ofdegrees it is especially important to have a straight instrumental baseline When thepartial area is calculated to obtain the percent solid a baseline for the peak must beassumed If the underlying instrument baseline is not straight the same curvature thatappears in the instrument baseline is superimposed on the peak If the baseline is notabsolutely straight over the melting range of the sample there is significant error in thefraction-melted calculation and there may also uncertainty where the melting has begunBecause of the complex shape of the melting peaks errors can be made in interpretationwhen the baseline itself is curved This problem is especially troublesome when highsensitivity is required to observe a subtle transition

Figure 3 DSC Melting Curve of a Fat Additive

-3500degC

5000degC

3664degC

1811Jg

2000degC5440

3000degC3610

1000degC7586

20

40

60

80

Are

a P

erce

nt

()

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(m

W)

-40 -20 0 20 40 60Temperature (degC)Exo Up

3 TA

Tzero Technology improves baseline straightness by an order of magnitude over previousDSC instrumentation Figure 2 shows a typical instrument baseline for a solid fatanalysis Notice that the baseline is not only flat but also is at zero milliwatts The newtechnology effectively removes the causes of instrumental offset and curvature

Thermal Lag Thermal lag constitutes aconsiderable source of error in thedetermination of solid fat content unlessit is properly corrected for either in thehardware or software Furthermorethermal lag can cause significant error inthe reporting of temperature dataespecially peak data unless it is properlycorrected Advanced Tzero Technologycompensates for thermal lag directly in itsmeasuring circuitry However since it isalso possible to calculate the data usingonly the output of the Delta-T sensorsas is done in a conventional DSC it ispossible to calculate the percent soliddata from the same analysis both withand without the new technology Theresults can be seen in Table 1 Noticethat the errors in the conventionalanalysis show up in both thetemperature and solid fat data

Interpretation Issues The DSCanalysis of mixtures of semi-crystallinematerials such as food products andpolymer formulations is made complexby the various phase equilibria whichshift with temperature The result is acomplex thermal curve that mayinclude superimposed glass transitions crystallization and melting peaks The data inFigure 3 might indicate the presence of a glass transition around -30degC However anotheranalysis of this material using MDSCreg in the quasi-isothermal mode (Figure 4) showsthat there is no evidence of a glass transition in the reversing heat capacity In fact oncethe crystallization is removed by MDSC deconvolution the melting of this material looksextremely simple All the complexity of the DSC melting peak in Figure 3 is due tocrystallization on heating MDSC is a valuable tool in the interpretation of complexmelting systems and with TzeroTM Technology MDSC methods can be carried out fasterand more accurately than ever before

Conclusions

DSC has long been used to investigate solid fat content in edible fats However theQ Series DSCs with Tzero technology provide significant performance improvements inthe measurements made By providing straighter baselines and compensation for thermallag errors the new Q 1000 with MDSC is able to more completely and accuratelyquantify transitions and reactions commonly observed in food analysis

Table 1 Solid fat analysis Comparing aDSC with Advanced TzeroTM Technologyand a Conventional DSC

Compare TzeroDSC

Conven-tional DSC

Solid10ordmC 759 780Solid20ordmC 544 590Solid30ordmC 361 392PeakMaximum 366ordmC 385ordmC

Figure 4 Reversing Specific HeatCapacity for Fat Additive from MDSCreg

20

25

30

35

40

45

50R

ev C

p (

Jg

degC

)

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50Temperature (degC)

D Y N A M I C M E C H A N I C A L A N A L Y S I S A N D

I T S A D V A N T A G E S O V E R D E F L E C T I O N

T E M P E R A T U R E U N D E R L O A D

Sujan E Bin WadudTA Instruments

109 Lukens Drive New Castle DE-19720 USA

ABSTRACT

The ASTM D-648 is a standard method for evaluating the softening temperatureof materials commonly referred to as the Deflection Temperature Under Load(DTUL) or Heat Distortion Temperature (HDT) It can be shown that DynamicMechanical Analysis (DMA) provides information that pertains to the structuralcharacteristics of the material whereas DTUL does not

INTRODUCTION

Historically structural polymers and composites were tested to find a softening point interms of temperature above which the material cannot support a load for anyappreciably long times because of the loss in rigidity [5] That temperature is the heatdistortion temperature The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has afew standard methods for evaluating this parameter designated D-648 (flexure) D-1637(tension) D-1043 and D-1053 (shear) and D1525 (penetration) [5]

In ASTM D-648 a bar of rectangular cross-section is subjected to a constantflexural load (455 Pa or 1820 Pa) and the temperature is ramped up at 2degCmin [1] Thetemperature at which a certain deflection (025mm) is observed is the DTUL The TAInstruments DMA 2980 can be used to evaluate DTUL Based on the dimensions of theASTM sample 025mm is equivalent to a certain strain (0121) If the DMA is used inthe 3-point bending mode and the force equivalent to 455 Pa is applied on a sample thenthe temperature at which the DMA sample deflects by 0121 strain is the DTUL [2]This conversion exercise is necessary because the samples that can be tested using theDMA are much smaller than the ASTM recommended one

The DTUL is a single-point measurement The effect of certain molecularcharacteristics such as crystallinity and crosslinking affect the DTUL [5] It is more abulk property of the material than one relating to its microscopic structure For example

in immiscible polymer blends that have two distinct glass transition temperatures eachcharacteristic of one component in the blend the DTUL would be unable to detect thetwo components DTUL cannot provide information about secondary transitions due tosmall-scale relaxations

The Dynamic Mechanical Analysis especially when used with temperatureramps can provide all the information that the DTUL can and cannot give The DMAcan discern the elastic and viscous components of deformation [4] [5] [6] It gives avery sensitive profile of the viscoelastic properties like Storage Modulus Loss Modulusand tan δ changing with temperature By measuring true material properties the DMA isable to better assess the effects of crystallinity cross-linking fillers additives molecularweight aging etc Thus the ability to differentiate between samples on a morefundamental basis is realized

SAMPLE

There were two samples that were tested namely A and B They were both fiber-filledcomposites of material constituents that cannot be disclosed As such not much wasknown about them prior to testing

EXPERIMENTAL

The 3-point bending clamps were calibrated prior to testing For the DTUL the force(calculated using method outlined in [2]) was held constant while the temperature wasramped at 2degCmin The displacements that would indicate DTUL for each sample weremonitored For the DMA temperature ramps the oscillation was performed at 1Hz at anamplitude of 20 micrometers and force track of 130 The temperature was ramped at3degCmin from ndash50degC to 220degC There was no need to maintain the same ramp ratebetween the two types of experiments because the aim was to show the presence ofadditional information in any generic DMA temperature ramp than in DTUL

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Shown in Figure 1-3 are the displacements occurring in the samples as a function of thechanging temperature for the evaluation of DTUL As can be seen the displacements atwhich the required strain for DTUL is achieved are different from one sample to anotherbased on the differences in the dimensions of those samples But the DTUL for samplesA and B are 2082plusmn2degC and 2125degC respectively This is the extent of the capability ofDTUL because that temperature is the only true measurement that is made

20620iexclC1881microm

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250

Temperature (iexclC) Universal V32A TA Instruments

F i g u r e 1 D T U L o f s a m p l e A


-100

0

100

200

300

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250


F i g u r e 2 D T U L o f s a m p l e A ( r e p e a t )

In Figure 4 and 5 the Storage and Loss Moduli changing as a function of temperatureare shown for samples A and B respectively In each of these figures a glass transitiontemperature is noted by the drop in storage modulus (Ersquo) and a peak in the loss modulus

(Erdquo) Taking the peak in loss as the indicator there seems to be a difference in the Tgs ofthe two materials (47degC for A and 53degC for B) Furthermore there are some additionalErdquo relaxation peaks in B that are not present in A These may be due to low molecularweight additives in B or other short-chain motions in the constituents [4] (See [3])


-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225

Temperature (iexclC) Universal V31E TA Instruments

F i g u r e 3 D T U L o f s a m p l e B

4679iexclC

20710iexclC

3141iexclC

10

100

1000

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250


F i g u r e 4 D M A t e m p e r a t u r e r a m p o f s a m p l e A

At higher temperatures there is a precipitous drop in Ersquo denoting melting of thematrix material The melting points according to the Erdquo peak for A and B are 207degCand 208degC respectively These values are very close to the DTULs of the two samplesThis would indicate that DTUL is only an indicator of the softening of the bulk material

Figure 6 shows the comparison of the DMA temperature ramps of A and B Thisindicates yet another difference ndash in their storage modulus a parameter that DTULcannot ascertain Sample B has a higher modulus than A

5341iexclC

20799iexclC

3212iexclC

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250


F i g u r e 5 D M A t e m p e r a t u r e r a m p o f s a m p l e B

F i g u r e 6 C o m p a r i s o n o f D M A t e m p e r a t u r e r a m p s o f A a n d B

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250

Temperature (iexclC)

BA

Universal V34A TA Instruments

S U M M A R Y

DMA temperature ramp is a more versatile technique in evaluating mechanical propertiesof materials In the same amount of time that it would take to run a DTUL experimentone could have the storage and loss moduli at a variety of temperatures and thereby Tgsecondary transitions and Tm at onersquos fingertips The viscoelastic parameters are bettersuited for linking mechanical properties to structural andor morphological characteristicsof materials

REFERENCES

[1] ASTM Standard D-648 American Society for Testing and Materials[2] Sujan E Bin Wadud and Russell R Ulbrich ldquoUsing the DMA 2980 for ASTM D-

648rdquo TA Instruments Applications Brief ___[3] Sujan E Bin Wadud ldquoDetection of Adhesive Layer Between PET Films using

DMArdquo TA Instruments Applications Brief ___[4] John D Ferry Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers 3rd Ed John Wiley amp Sons

1980[5] Lawrence E Nielsen and Robert F Landel Mechanical Properties of Polymers

and Composites Marcel Dekker 2 Ed 1994[6] I M Ward and D W Hadley (An Introduction to the) Mechanical Properties of

Solid Polymers John Wiley amp Sons 1993

Testing Laboratories for Thermal Analysis

Ashland IncTW-1L-1665200 Blazer ParkwayDublin OH 43017Contact Tom GrentzerPhone 614790-4665 Fax 614790-4294E-mail tgrentzerashlandcomTA Techniques DSC MDSC PDSC TGA TMA DMASpecialties thermoplastics thermoset resins composites adhesives

Aspen Research Co1700 Buerkle RdWhite Bear Lake MN 55110Contact Cheryl HolmesPhone 651264-6264 Fax 651264-6270E-mail cholmesaspenresearchcomTA Techniques DSC TGA TMA DMASpecialties general materials characterization

Ball Aerospace SystemsPO Box 1062Boulder CO 80306Contact Roland ManningPhone 303939-4317 Fax 303939-4430TA Techniques DSC TGA DMA TMASpecialties plastics aerospace resins composites

BAS Analytics2701 Kent AveWest Lafayette IN 47906Contact Robert GregoryPhone 765497-8345 Fax 765497-8393E-mail rgregorybioanalyticalcomTA Techniques TGA SCTA TGA MTGA TGAIR DSC MDSC TMASpecialties GMPGLP regulated samples especially pharmaceuticals method development

John Brown Associates Inc329 Main AveStirling NJ 07980Contact John BrownPhone 908647-6890 Fax 908647-4202TA Techniques DSC TGA TMASpecialties polymers inorganics pharmaceuticals

Canadian Explosives Research Laboratory555 Booth StreetOttawa ON Canada K1A 0G1Contact Dr DEG JonesPhone 613995-2140 Fax 613995-1230E-mail djonesnrcangccaTA Techniques DSC TGA Hi-Res TGA ARC C80 PDSC FTIRMSSpecialties energetic and hazardous materials (ISOIEC Guide 25 accredited)

Celsis Laboratory Group-NJ Division165 Fieldcrest AveEdison NJ 08837Contact David ChesbroPhone 732346-5100 Fax 732346-5115E-mail dchesbrocelsiscomTA Techniques DSC TGASpecialties polymers pharmaceuticals

CoorsTek600 Ninth StGolden CO 80401Contact Dan SchmidtPhone 303277-9962 Fax 303277-4601TA Techniques DSC DTA TGA TMA DMASpecialties ceramics automotive aerospace

Dallas Laboratories IncPO Box 152837Dallas TX 75315Contact Kevan W JonesPhone 214565-0593 Fax 214565-1094TA Techniques DSC TGASpecialties sealants polymers coatings resins rubbers

Dayton University ofCenter for Basic amp Applied Polymers Research300 College ParkDayton OH 45469-0130Contact Dr Richard ChartoffPhone 937229-2517 Fax 937229-2530E-mail chartoffudriudaytoneduTA Techniques DSC PDSC TGA TMA DMA DEA microTASpecialties rubbers plastics adhesives composites aerospace automotive and miscellaneous offer

Detroit Testing Laboratory Inc7111 East 11 Mile RdWarren MI 48092Contact Tim GeigerPhone 810754-9000 Fax 810754-9045E-mail tgeigerdtl-inccomTA Techniques DSC TGA TMASpecialties plasticscomposites aerospace automotive

Dickten amp Masch Mfg CoWatertown Plank RdNashota WI 53058Contact Michael SepePhone 262369-5555 Fax 262367-2331E-mail dmlabexecpccomTA Techniques DSC PDSC Hi-Res TGA TMA DMA MDSCSpecialties plastics DSCTGA kinetics DMA superpositioning oxidative stability DMATMA stress

Ghesquiere Plastics Testing Inc20450 Harper AveHarper Woods MI 48225Contact Douglas LeggatPhone 313885-3535 Fax 313885-1771E-mail leggatgptcctTA Techniques DSC TGA TMASpecialties plastics polymers composites automotive

Hauser Laboratories4750 Nautilus Court SouthBoulder CO 80301Contact Julie Krause-SinghPhone 303581-0079 Fax 303581-0195E-mail jksinghhausercomTA Techniques DSC TGA TMASpecialties general materials characterization

Hawk Integrated Plastics322 Main StWillimantic CT 06226Contact Brad GuilaniPhone 860450-1993 Fax 860450-1962E-mail bguilanihawkiplascomTA Techniques DSC MDSC TGA Hi-Res TGA DMASpecialties plastics thermosets coatings

Hazen Research Inc4601 Indiana StGolden CO 80403Contacts Harry MudgeltRod HodgsonPhone 303279-4501 Fax 303278-1528TA Techniques HTDTA TGASpecialties metallurgicalmineral combustion

ICI PaintsStrongsville Research Center16651 Sprague RdStrongsville OH 44136Contact Mike NeagPhone 440826-5318 Fax 440826-5233E-mail c_michael_neagicicomTA Techniques DSC MDSC TGA TMA DMA DEASpecialties polymers coatings general analytical services rheology

Impact Analytical1910 W St Andrews RdMidland MI 48640-2696Contact Andrew WoodPhone 989832-5555 x563 Fax 989832-5560E-mail woodimpactanalyticalorgTA Techniques DMA DSC TGA TMA rheometrySpecialties polymers

Integrix Testing Systems2790 Columbus Road Rt 16Granville OH 43023-1200Contact Dan HeislerPhone 740321-7598 Fax 740321-4756TA Techniques DSC TGASpecialties polymers glasses

ITI Anti-Corrosion Inc10175 Harwin Suite 110Houston TX 77036Contact Andrew Sansum or Geoff ByrnesPhone 713771-0688 Fax 713776-9634E-mail andrewjsansumiti-anti-corrosioncomTA Techniques DSC TGASpecialties coatings resins polymers sealants

Leach amp Garner Company87 John L Dietsch Square PO Box 200North Attleboro MA 02760Contact Greg RaykhtsaumPhone 508695-7800 Fax 508643-1367E-mail grigrgenfingcomTA Techniques DSC HTDTASpecialties materials sciences metallurgy precious metals

Arthur D Little Inc15 Acorn ParkCambridge MA 02140Contact Madeline McComishPhone 617498-5131 Fax 617498-7056E-mail mccomishmadlittlecomTA Techniques DSC TGA TMASpecialties Broad range of products foods plastics electronics composites

Lockheed Martin Marietta5600 Sand Lake RdOrlando FL 32819Contact Dr Linda LauerCharles GrameltPhone 407356-9236 and 407356-2782 Fax 407356-6980E-mail lindadlauerlmcocomTA Techniques DSC MDSC Hi-Res TGA TMA DMASpecialties adhesives aerospace ASTM ceramics composites elastomers material science metallurgymicroelectronics MIL-STD polymers thermoplastics thermosets

Louisiana Productivity Center241 East Lewis St PO Box 44172Lafayette LA 70504-4172Contact Kevin TaylorPhone 337482-5838 Fax 337262-5472E-mail ktaylorlouisianaeduTA Techniques MDSCSpecialties thermal conductivity for insulating materials

The MampP Lab2210 Technology DriveSchenectady NY 12301Contact Jan PrincipePhone 518382-0082 Fax 518382-1182E-mail infothe-mandp-labcomTA Techniques DSC HPTDTA TGA TMASpecialties complete materials characterization organic and inorganic chemicals metallurgical mechanicaland electrical testing

Massachusetts Material Research241 W Boylston StW Boylston MA 01583Contact Vern CoutuRachel GabrielPhone 508835-6262 Fax 508835-9025E-mail mass-matmautranetcomTA Techniques DSC TGASpecialties materials characterization polymers and inorganics

Michigan State UniversityComposite Materials amp Structures Ctr2100 Engineering BuildingEast Lansing MI 48824-1226Contact Michael RichPhone 517353-4696 Fax 517432-1634E-mail richegrmsueduTA Techniques DSC TGA MDSC Hi-Res TGA TMA DMASpecialties composites polymers

Micro-Scan Service Inc737 St Davids Lane PO Box 9167Schenectady NY 12309Contact Dr Eileen CarnahanPhone 518374-6406 Fax 518374-1043E-mail microscnnycaprrcomTA Techniques DSC TGA TGA-FTIRSpecialties plastics

Microtherm Technologies IncPO Box 540007Waltham MA 02454-0007Contact Arthur CoatesPhone 781891-1113 Fax 781891-1113TA Techniques TMA DSC TGA HTDTASpecialties general materials characterization

Northrop Grumman GroupMaterials Evaluation Laboratory500 Hicks RdRolling Meadows IL 60008Contact David FisherPhone 847259-9600 x5896 Fax 847590-3153E-mail ng_labsmailnorthgrumcomhttpwwwsensornorthgrumcomesssdsdlabTA Techniques DSC TGA TMA DMASpecialties general materials characterization commercial and military

NSWC-Carderock Division9500 MacArthur BlvdWest Bethesda MD 20817-5700Contact Dr Steven DallekPhone 301227-5998 Fax 301227-5480TA Techniques DSC MDSC TGA HTDTA TGADTA TGAFTIRSpecialties inorganics battery electrode materials nano-crystalline materials polymers ceramicsenergetic materials

Pittsburgh State University-Polymer Research Center1501 S Joplin Shirk HallPittsburgh KS 66762Contact Zoran Petrovic PhDPhone 620235-4928 Fax 620232-4919E-mail zpetrovipittstateeduTA Techniques DSC MDSC TGA TMA DEASpecialties polymers

Polymer Technologies IncA subsidiary of the University of Detroit16601 LivernoisDetroit MI 48221Contact Paul C MengnjohPhone 313993-1270 Fax 313993-1409TA Techniques DSC TGA TMA DMASpecialties plastics

Polymod Technologies4146 Engleton DrFort Wayne IN 46804Contact Mark SeaburyPhone 219436-1322 Fax 219432-6051E-mail pmodczaolcomTA Techniques DSC TGA Hi-Res TGA TMA DMASpecialties plastics elastomers

Powertech Laboratories Incorporated12388-88th AveSurrey BC Canada V3W 7R7Contact Dennis CartlidgePhone 604590-7439 Fax 604590-7489E-mail denniscartlidgepowertechlabscomTA Techniques DSC PDSC TGA TMA DMA DEASpecialties polymers coatings composites electrical insulating materials petroleum products acceleratedaging tests

Ressel Scientific Company117 Deer Path LaneWeston MA 02193Contact Dr Robert SacherPhone 781893-8647 Fax 781893-8648TA Techniques DSC TGA TMA DTA DMASpecialties characterization of organic inorganic and polymeric materials

Ricerca LLCPO Box 100Painesville OH 44077Contact Gary SweetapplePhone 440357-3256 Fax 440354-6276E-mail sweetapple_gricercacomTA Techniques DSC TGASpecialties plastics organic purities GLPGMP tests

Science Resources Inc2029 Washington Ave Suite 201Evansville IN 47714-2257Contact Bob BehmePhone 812473-0125 Fax 812473-0126E-mail behmeevansvillenethttpwwwdsc-tga-dma-labcomTA Techniques DSC TGA DMASpecialties materials characterization polymers plastics pharmaceuticals

Southern Mississippi University ofPolymers and High Performance MaterialsSouthern Station Box 10076Hattiesburg MS 39406-0076Contact Dr Lon MathiasPhone 601266-4871 Fax 601266-5504E-mail lonmathiasusmeduTA Techniques DSC TGA TGA-FTIR DMASpecialties polymers

Southwest Research Institute6220 Culebra RdSan Antonio TX 78284-5166Contact Rose WardPhone 210522-2024 Fax 210522-3270TA Techniques PDSC TGASpecialties petroleum products

SSCI Inc3065 Kent AvenueWest Lafayette IN 47906Contact Barbara StahlyPhone 765463-0112 Fax 765463-4722E-mail bstahlyssci-inccomTA Techniques DSC MDSC TGA TGA-IRSpecialties pharmaceuticals general materials characterization

Stork Technimet2345 South 170th StNew Berlin WI 53151Contact Jeffrey JansenPhone 262782-6344 Fax 262782-3653E-mail jjansentmstorkgroupcomTA Techniques DSC TGA TGA-FTIR TMASpecialties plastics elastomers failure analysis

Texas Research Institute Inc9063 Bee Caves RdAustin TX 78733-6201Contact Rock RushingPhone 512263-2101 Fax 512263-3530TA Techniques DSC TGA TMA DMASpecialties material science polymers plastics aerospace electronics

Tulane University605 Lindy Boggs BldgNew Orleans LA 70118-5698Contact Deborah GrimmPhone 504865-5142 Fax 504865-6768E-mail dgrimmtulaneeduTA Techniques DSC MDSC HTDTA TGA Hi-Res TGA Simultaneous TGA-DTA TGA-MS TMADEASpecialties polymers minerals

Washington UniversityChemical Engineering DepartmentOne Brookings Dr Sever Hall Rm 10St Louis MO 63130-4899Contact Clarence Wolf PhDPhone 314935-6056 Fax 314935-7211TA Techniques DSC MDSC TGA Hi-Res TGASpecialties polymeric materials

Western Kentucky UniversityMaterials Characterization Center1 Big Red WayBowling Green KY 42101Contact Dr Wei-Ping PanPhone 270780-2532 or Fax 270780-2569

270780-2581E-mail wei-pingpanwkueduTA Techniques DSC MDSC PDSC TGA TMA DMA DEA microTA TGAFTIRMS TGA-GCMSrheometrySpecialties materials characterization method development QC service product quality evaluation

TA-34F

TA Instruments Inc109 Lukens DriveNew Castle DE 19720Telephone (302) 427-4000Fax (302) 427-4001

Milano ItalyTelephone 39-02-27421-1Fax 39-02-250-1827

Rydalmere AustraliaTelephone 61-2-9933-1705Fax 61-2-9898-1455

Leatherhead EnglandTelephone 01372-220-400Fax 44-1372-360-135

Tokyo JapanTelephone 8133450-0981Fax 8133450-1322

Madrid SpainTelephone 34-91-661-8448Fax 34-91-661-0855

Paris FranceTelephone 33-1304-89460Fax 33-1304-89451

Gent BelgiumTelephone 32-9-220-7989Fax 32-9-220-8321

Alzenau GermanyTelephone 49-6023-9647-0Fax 49-6023-9647-77

Internet httpwwwtainstcom

COURSE LOCATIONDELAWARE TECHNICAL amp COMMUNITY COLLEGE

400 Stanton-Christiana Road

Newark Delaware 19713-1260

COURSE DESCRIPTIONThe TA Instruments Thermal Analysis and Rheology training courses (lecture based) are designed to familiarize the

user with applications method development and operating techniques of the TAI thermal analysis and rheology

instrumentation Each course day is specific to a particular technique so users receive the maximum instructional benefit

by attending only those course days applicable to their instrumentation You should only attend course days for which you

already have instruments The course start time is 830 am The length varies depending on the instrument (see attached

outlines)

The full training course includes instruction on the following thermal analysis and rheology products

2000 2900 and Q Series Thermal Analysis modules (DSC MDSC TGA TMA DMA) and AR500 AR1000 and AR2000

Rheology instruments

WHO SHOULD ATTENDThis course is designed for the scientist engineer or technician who desires a more comprehensive understanding of

Thermal Analysis and Rheology techniques The course is lecture based and includes a balance between theory and

practical applications Attendees should have a minimum of two months of hands-on instrument operating experience to

obtain the maximum benefit from this course

Registrants with arrangement questions about this course should contact Cathy Palopoli course registrar

at (302) 427-4107 or e-mail trainingtainstcom

MEALS AND HOUSINGFollowing is a list of convenient hotels within walking distance of the course site You will need to make your own

reservations Rates are subject to change without notice

Fairfield Inn Christiana Hilton Homestead Studio Suites65 Geoffrey Drive 100 Continental Drive 333 Continental Drive

Newark DE 19713 Newark DE 19713 Newark DE 19713

(302) 292-1500 (302) 454-1500 (302) 283-0800

$7600 + Tax $19900 + Tax $6500 + Tax

Marriott Courtyard Shoneyrsquos Inn48 Geoffrey Drive 900 Churchmans Road

Newark DE 19713 Newark DE 19713

(302) 456-3800 (302) 368-2400

$14500 + Tax $6000 + Tax

Breakfast and lunch during the course will be provided You will be on your own for dinner

(continue)

TRANSPORTATIONThe college and hotels are approximately a 40-minute drive from the Philadelphia International Airport Car rentals are

available at the airport or at the Wilmington Amtrak Train Station

REGISTRATIONThe tuition fee for each module course date is $40000 Tuition is waived for one individual with the purchase of your

module(s) and is valid for one year The tuition fee for additional attendees is $40000 per module Payment should be

made by check or credit card (Mastercard Visa or American Express) at the time of registration

The training course is offered 4-6 times per year (depending on module) Registration for a particular session closes

four weeks prior to the course Applicants for a filled session will be rescheduled by telephone for the first mutually

acceptable date

Registrations should be sent toCathy Palopoli

TA Instruments

109 Lukens Drive

New Castle DE 19720

trainingtainstcom

FAX (302) 427-4164

Checks should be made payable to TA Instruments - Waters LLC and sent to Cathy Palopoli at the above address

A confirmation of enrollment and a mapdirections to the training course facility and hotels will be mailed when payment or

tuition waiver form is received

(View Training Course Outlines)

(Registration Form)

DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY (DSC)Training Course Outline

(Length Full Day - approximately 430 pm)

I Theory amp Operationbull Calorimeter Theory

bull Heat Flux Dsc Design

bull Purge Rates

ll Calibration amp Sample Preparationbull Baseline Calibration

bull Temperature Calibration

bull Sample Preparation

lll Glass Transitionbull What Is It

bull How Is It Observed and Measured

bull What Affects The Glass Transition

IV Meltbull What Is It


bull What Affects The Melting

V Crystallizationbull What Is It

bull How Is It Observed And Measured

bull What Affects The Crystallization

Vl Heat CapacityMdscbull What Is It


bull What Affects The Heat Capacity

MODULATED DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY (MDSC)Training Course Outline


Special Note to MDSC UsersIf you are a new MDSC user you should plan to attend the DSC course prior to attending the MDSC course

The MDSC course assumes a knowledge of general DSC principles

I Theory

Il Calibration and sample preparation

Ill Application of MDSC to characterization of heat Capacity including the glass transition

lV Application of MDSC to characterizationof melting and crystallization

V Theoretical problems associated withmeasurements over the melting region

Vl Selecting optimum conditions

Vll Interpreting results

Vlll Typical applications where MDSC provides a benefit over DSC

(continue)

(continue)

THERMOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS (TMA)Training Course Outline

(Length 34 day - approximately 230 pm)

I Theory amp Operationbull Theory

bull Experimental Parameters

bull Operating Suggestions

ll Calibrationbull Mass

bull Temperature

bull Baseline

lll Maintenancebull Changing Hang Down Wire

bull Thermocouple Replacement

bull Maintaining Heat Exchanger

bull Cleaning Furnace Housing

IV Softwarebull Software

bull Instrument Control for Windows NT

bull Universal Analysis

V Applicationsbull Thermal Stability

bull Compositional Analysis

bull Oxidative Stability

bull High Resolution TGA

bull Simultaneous TGA-DTA (SDT 2960)

bull Evolved Gas Analysis


(Internet Course 100-300 PM Eastern Time)

I Introductionbull Theory

bull Hardware

ll Sample Preparation and Operating Conditions

lll Calibration

IV Applicationsbull Expansion

bull Penetration

bull Flexure

bull Tension

(continue)

DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS (DMA)Training Course Outline


I Theorybull Linear Viscoelasticity

bull Transient Testing (Creep and Stress Relaxation)

bull Dynamic Mechanical Analysis

bull TMA Controlled Force Mode

ll DMA 2980 - The Instrumentbull Instrument Design

bull Experimental Considerations

bull Sample Considerations and Clamp Selection

bull Instrument Parameters

lll Calibrationbull Clamp Calibrations

bull Position Calibration

bull Instrument Calibration

IV Applications of DMAbull Transitions

bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging

bull Effect of Fillers

bull BlendsCopolymers

V Time-Temperature Superpositionbull Theory

bull Guidelines for Tts

bull Running TTS Experiment

RHEOLOGY TRAINING COURSE(Length Full Day - approximately 400 pm)

This lecture based course is designed to familiarize the novice user of the Rheometer with its potential as a problem

solver in product formulation and evaluation It is also hoped that elements of procedure optimization will be

demonstrated for a variety of samples The three main techniques that will be covered are as follows

A FlowThis section will deal with the measurement of shear viscosity by controlled stress and rate methodologies and using

ramped and equilibrium shear regimes to access complete flow curves Flow curve modeling via the software will be

discussed

B CreepThis section of the course will familiarize the attendees with the measurement of low shear flow measurement as well

as the use of viscoelastic modeling and the significance of the Voigt unit

C OscillationDynamic TestingHere further aspects of linear viscoelastic behavior will be explored including the mathematical significance of

mechanical moduli in samples the measurement of thixotropy and thermal changes in materials and the more tradi-

tional frequencytime domain probes

The course will cover theoretical background and the basics of sample evaluation

NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email

Please check below the portion of class you are attending and enclose payment with the application

Remember to include course date(s) at the top of this form Course outlines are attached

DSC Course TGASDT Course DMA Course

Date Date Date

Modulated DSC TMA Internet Course Rheology Course

Date Date Date

Checks should be made payable to Credit Card Payments - Amount $

TA Instruments - Waters LLC and should be

sent along with this application form to Credit Card

Cathy Palopoli Account

TA Instruments

109 Lukens Drive Expiration Date

New Castle DE 19720

Fax (302) 427-4164 Cardholder Name

Note Please return this form as soon as possible to ensure acceptance and the date of Your choice

Enrollment is on a first come basis

bull Applicants may cancel up to 10 days prior to the course for a full refund

bull Applicants who have not canceled reservations 10 working days prior to the course are subject to the entire tuition

charge or forfeit of tuition waiver

THERMAL ANALYSIS RHEOLOGY TRAINING COURSE

Application for Enrollment

New Product Introductions

TA Instruments is pleased to announce that the following new Q Seriestrade products and accessories will be formally

introduced at the forthcoming Pittsburgh Conference in New Orleans (March 17-22 2002) Contact your TA Instrumentsrsquo

Representative or visit our website for preliminary details

Q800 Dynamic Mechanical AnalyzerThe Q800 is a sixth generation product and represents nearly thirty years engineering experience in

designing the best ways of applying stress to a sample and measuring the resultant strain The Q800

utilizes the latest non-contact linear drive motor technology to provide precise control of stress

while unmatched sensitivity and resolution in strain control is obtained from an advanced optical

encoder Together with low friction air bearing technology the Q800 design provides superior

performance than obtainable from traditional designs employing LVDT technology stepper motors

and mechanical springs Several novel clamping systems are also offered The Q800 replaces the

DMA 2980 the worldrsquos 1 selling dynamic mechanical analyzer ndash the best just got better

Q600 Simultaneous DSC TGAThe new Q600 provides the latest in simultaneous measurement of heat flow (DSC) and

weight change (TGA) on a single sample over the temperature range from ambient to

1500˚C Our engineers have designed exceptional baseline stability and sensitivity into the

Q600 together with a high degree of automation versatility and ease-of-use Included in

the Q600 are new electronics digital mass flow controllers a touch screen control display

monitor and provision for introducing a reactive gas into the sample chamber

Q Series DSC AccessoriesThe highly innovative Q Series DSC (Q1000 Q100 Q10) product line was introduced in 2001 to great customer response

Its revolutionary Tzerotrade technology provides multiple performance benefits over the traditional heat flux or power

compensation designs New for 2002 is a series of accessory modules that extend its range of applications

bull The Liquid Nitrogen Cooling System (LNCS) provides programmable cooling from 550 to -180˚C

and is intended for the Q1000 and Q100 modules Its high cooling capability makes it ideal for

isothermal crystallization studies

bull The Photocalorimeter Accessory (PCA) is available for the Q1000 or Q100 and enables

characterization of photocuring materials between ambient and 80˚C using a mercury

source and dual light guideoptical filter system Tzero technology permits the light

intensity to be directly measured

bull The Pressure DSC Cell (PDSC) is an accessory cell for the Q1000 DSC for heat flow measurements

at pressures from 1 Pa to 7 MPa

Enhanced Polymer Library SoftwareThis new and powerful polymer analysis library was developed in collaboration with Professor J Honerkamp and

Dr C Friedrich two eminent researchers at the University of Freiburg (Germany) It includes MWD and is an option for

latest fourth generation Rheology Advantage software (RA4) and represents some of the latest technology in rheological

polymer data interconversion When paired with the outstanding controlled rate controlled stress performance of the AR

2000 Advanced Rheometer it makes for the best powerful polymer analysis package available

21 CFR Part 11 SoftwareOur Thermal Advantage and Rheology Advantage software will be enhanced with features that aid customers in meeting

the guidelines expressed in USFDA Title 21 CFR Part 11 Key features include

bull System access is limited to those who are responsible for the data reports generated by the system Specified levels

of access determine the operations that a given user can perform The software automatically lsquologs out a user after a

specified period of inactivity Reuse of user passwords is denied

bull Data Reports generated are stored in a secure limited access SQL database An Oraclereg database will follow in a

future product

bull The system disables any functions used to invalidate the data or results without detection The system provides a secure

computer-generated time-stamped audit trail of all entries and actions that create modify or delete electronic records

Audit trails are stored securely in the system database

bull Universal Analysis 2000 functionality has been expanded to provide direct DSC purity determination

DOWNLOAD BROCHURE

DOWNLOAD BROCHURE

DOWNLOAD BROCHURE

HOME

Tech Talk






(Download Article)


















HOME

HOME

NEWBROCHURES ndash


OVERVIEW

DMATGADSC

RHEOLOGY

Training Courses

HOME




























HOME





















HOME


























TA booth C1C1203204







i n t e r n e t


(302) 427-4000

compliments of







1 psi = 6895 Pa1 psi = 6895 x 10-3 MPa

1 Pa = 0000145 psi1 MPa = 1000000 Pa



˚F = 95 (˚C) + 32˚C = 59 (˚F - 32)

10 Poise = 1 Pa sec







1 TA278







155 157 159 161 163

Temperature (degC)

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Hea

t Flo

w (

mW

)



2 TA278







61 65 69 73 77

Temperature (degC)

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Hea

t F

low

(m

W)



3 TA278







-3742mW

-3316mW

-9296mW

-3469mW

(a)

(b)


-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Heat

Flo

w T

4P

(m

W)


4 TA278









































(continued)










































Reference


1000E6

1000E5

10000

1000

1000

1000

100001000 1000 1000 1000 1000 10000 1000E5



Gl (

Pa)

Gll (

Pa)

1000E7

1000E5

10000

1000

1000E7

1000E6

1000

1000

1000

Tau (s)

1000E5

10000

1000

1000

1000

10001000E-4 1000E-3 001000 01000 1000


H (

Pa)

1000E6


05000

04000

03000

02000

01000

04 5



w(M

)

06000

1 TA







Snack food frosting

Milk Chocolate

Butter

Empty Pan Baseline

Dark Chocolate

-15

-10

-05

00

05

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(W

g)



2 TA







-3500degC

5000degC

3664degC

1811Jg

2000degC5440

3000degC3610

1000degC7586

20

40

60

80

Are

a P

erce

nt

()

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(m

W)


3 TA




Conclusions



Compare TzeroDSC

Conven-tional DSC



20

25

30

35

40

45

50R

ev C

p (

Jg

degC

)







ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION






SAMPLE


EXPERIMENTAL





-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250




-100

0

100

200

300

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250






-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225



4679iexclC

20710iexclC

3141iexclC

10

100

1000

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250





5341iexclC

20799iexclC

3212iexclC

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250




10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250


BA


S U M M A R Y


REFERENCES























































TA-34F



















outlines)














(302) 292-1500 (302) 454-1500 (302) 283-0800

$7600 + Tax $19900 + Tax $6500 + Tax



(302) 456-3800 (302) 368-2400

$14500 + Tax $6000 + Tax


(continue)








acceptable date


TA Instruments

109 Lukens Drive

New Castle DE 19720

trainingtainstcom

FAX (302) 427-4164





(Registration Form)





bull Purge Rates




















I Theory








(continue)

(continue)







bull Temperature

bull Baseline

















bull Hardware


lll Calibration


bull Penetration

bull Flexure

bull Tension

(continue)















bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging












discussed







NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720









Tech Talk






(Download Article)


















HOME

HOME

NEWBROCHURES ndash


OVERVIEW

DMATGADSC

RHEOLOGY

Training Courses

HOME




























HOME





















HOME


























TA booth C1C1203204







i n t e r n e t


(302) 427-4000

compliments of







1 psi = 6895 Pa1 psi = 6895 x 10-3 MPa

1 Pa = 0000145 psi1 MPa = 1000000 Pa



˚F = 95 (˚C) + 32˚C = 59 (˚F - 32)

10 Poise = 1 Pa sec







1 TA278







155 157 159 161 163

Temperature (degC)

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Hea

t Flo

w (

mW

)



2 TA278







61 65 69 73 77

Temperature (degC)

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Hea

t F

low

(m

W)



3 TA278







-3742mW

-3316mW

-9296mW

-3469mW

(a)

(b)


-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Heat

Flo

w T

4P

(m

W)


4 TA278









































(continued)










































Reference


1000E6

1000E5

10000

1000

1000

1000

100001000 1000 1000 1000 1000 10000 1000E5



Gl (

Pa)

Gll (

Pa)

1000E7

1000E5

10000

1000

1000E7

1000E6

1000

1000

1000

Tau (s)

1000E5

10000

1000

1000

1000

10001000E-4 1000E-3 001000 01000 1000


H (

Pa)

1000E6


05000

04000

03000

02000

01000

04 5



w(M

)

06000

1 TA







Snack food frosting

Milk Chocolate

Butter

Empty Pan Baseline

Dark Chocolate

-15

-10

-05

00

05

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(W

g)



2 TA







-3500degC

5000degC

3664degC

1811Jg

2000degC5440

3000degC3610

1000degC7586

20

40

60

80

Are

a P

erce

nt

()

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(m

W)


3 TA




Conclusions



Compare TzeroDSC

Conven-tional DSC



20

25

30

35

40

45

50R

ev C

p (

Jg

degC

)







ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION






SAMPLE


EXPERIMENTAL





-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250




-100

0

100

200

300

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250






-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225



4679iexclC

20710iexclC

3141iexclC

10

100

1000

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250





5341iexclC

20799iexclC

3212iexclC

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250




10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250


BA


S U M M A R Y


REFERENCES























































TA-34F



















outlines)














(302) 292-1500 (302) 454-1500 (302) 283-0800

$7600 + Tax $19900 + Tax $6500 + Tax



(302) 456-3800 (302) 368-2400

$14500 + Tax $6000 + Tax


(continue)








acceptable date


TA Instruments

109 Lukens Drive

New Castle DE 19720

trainingtainstcom

FAX (302) 427-4164





(Registration Form)





bull Purge Rates




















I Theory








(continue)

(continue)







bull Temperature

bull Baseline

















bull Hardware


lll Calibration


bull Penetration

bull Flexure

bull Tension

(continue)















bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging












discussed







NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720









HOME

NEWBROCHURES ndash


OVERVIEW

DMATGADSC

RHEOLOGY

Training Courses

HOME




























HOME





















HOME


























TA booth C1C1203204







i n t e r n e t


(302) 427-4000

compliments of







1 psi = 6895 Pa1 psi = 6895 x 10-3 MPa

1 Pa = 0000145 psi1 MPa = 1000000 Pa



˚F = 95 (˚C) + 32˚C = 59 (˚F - 32)

10 Poise = 1 Pa sec







1 TA278







155 157 159 161 163

Temperature (degC)

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Hea

t Flo

w (

mW

)



2 TA278







61 65 69 73 77

Temperature (degC)

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Hea

t F

low

(m

W)



3 TA278







-3742mW

-3316mW

-9296mW

-3469mW

(a)

(b)


-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Heat

Flo

w T

4P

(m

W)


4 TA278









































(continued)










































Reference


1000E6

1000E5

10000

1000

1000

1000

100001000 1000 1000 1000 1000 10000 1000E5



Gl (

Pa)

Gll (

Pa)

1000E7

1000E5

10000

1000

1000E7

1000E6

1000

1000

1000

Tau (s)

1000E5

10000

1000

1000

1000

10001000E-4 1000E-3 001000 01000 1000


H (

Pa)

1000E6


05000

04000

03000

02000

01000

04 5



w(M

)

06000

1 TA







Snack food frosting

Milk Chocolate

Butter

Empty Pan Baseline

Dark Chocolate

-15

-10

-05

00

05

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(W

g)



2 TA







-3500degC

5000degC

3664degC

1811Jg

2000degC5440

3000degC3610

1000degC7586

20

40

60

80

Are

a P

erce

nt

()

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(m

W)


3 TA




Conclusions



Compare TzeroDSC

Conven-tional DSC



20

25

30

35

40

45

50R

ev C

p (

Jg

degC

)







ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION






SAMPLE


EXPERIMENTAL





-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250




-100

0

100

200

300

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250






-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225



4679iexclC

20710iexclC

3141iexclC

10

100

1000

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250





5341iexclC

20799iexclC

3212iexclC

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250




10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250


BA


S U M M A R Y


REFERENCES























































TA-34F



















outlines)














(302) 292-1500 (302) 454-1500 (302) 283-0800

$7600 + Tax $19900 + Tax $6500 + Tax



(302) 456-3800 (302) 368-2400

$14500 + Tax $6000 + Tax


(continue)








acceptable date


TA Instruments

109 Lukens Drive

New Castle DE 19720

trainingtainstcom

FAX (302) 427-4164





(Registration Form)





bull Purge Rates




















I Theory








(continue)

(continue)







bull Temperature

bull Baseline

















bull Hardware


lll Calibration


bull Penetration

bull Flexure

bull Tension

(continue)















bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging












discussed







NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720









Training Courses

HOME




























HOME





















HOME


























TA booth C1C1203204







i n t e r n e t


(302) 427-4000

compliments of







1 psi = 6895 Pa1 psi = 6895 x 10-3 MPa

1 Pa = 0000145 psi1 MPa = 1000000 Pa



˚F = 95 (˚C) + 32˚C = 59 (˚F - 32)

10 Poise = 1 Pa sec







1 TA278







155 157 159 161 163

Temperature (degC)

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Hea

t Flo

w (

mW

)



2 TA278







61 65 69 73 77

Temperature (degC)

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Hea

t F

low

(m

W)



3 TA278







-3742mW

-3316mW

-9296mW

-3469mW

(a)

(b)


-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Heat

Flo

w T

4P

(m

W)


4 TA278









































(continued)










































Reference


1000E6

1000E5

10000

1000

1000

1000

100001000 1000 1000 1000 1000 10000 1000E5



Gl (

Pa)

Gll (

Pa)

1000E7

1000E5

10000

1000

1000E7

1000E6

1000

1000

1000

Tau (s)

1000E5

10000

1000

1000

1000

10001000E-4 1000E-3 001000 01000 1000


H (

Pa)

1000E6


05000

04000

03000

02000

01000

04 5



w(M

)

06000

1 TA







Snack food frosting

Milk Chocolate

Butter

Empty Pan Baseline

Dark Chocolate

-15

-10

-05

00

05

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(W

g)



2 TA







-3500degC

5000degC

3664degC

1811Jg

2000degC5440

3000degC3610

1000degC7586

20

40

60

80

Are

a P

erce

nt

()

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(m

W)


3 TA




Conclusions



Compare TzeroDSC

Conven-tional DSC



20

25

30

35

40

45

50R

ev C

p (

Jg

degC

)







ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION






SAMPLE


EXPERIMENTAL





-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250




-100

0

100

200

300

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250






-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225



4679iexclC

20710iexclC

3141iexclC

10

100

1000

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250





5341iexclC

20799iexclC

3212iexclC

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250




10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250


BA


S U M M A R Y


REFERENCES























































TA-34F



















outlines)














(302) 292-1500 (302) 454-1500 (302) 283-0800

$7600 + Tax $19900 + Tax $6500 + Tax



(302) 456-3800 (302) 368-2400

$14500 + Tax $6000 + Tax


(continue)








acceptable date


TA Instruments

109 Lukens Drive

New Castle DE 19720

trainingtainstcom

FAX (302) 427-4164





(Registration Form)





bull Purge Rates




















I Theory








(continue)

(continue)







bull Temperature

bull Baseline

















bull Hardware


lll Calibration


bull Penetration

bull Flexure

bull Tension

(continue)















bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging












discussed







NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720



















HOME





















HOME


























TA booth C1C1203204







i n t e r n e t


(302) 427-4000

compliments of







1 psi = 6895 Pa1 psi = 6895 x 10-3 MPa

1 Pa = 0000145 psi1 MPa = 1000000 Pa



˚F = 95 (˚C) + 32˚C = 59 (˚F - 32)

10 Poise = 1 Pa sec







1 TA278







155 157 159 161 163

Temperature (degC)

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Hea

t Flo

w (

mW

)



2 TA278







61 65 69 73 77

Temperature (degC)

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Hea

t F

low

(m

W)



3 TA278







-3742mW

-3316mW

-9296mW

-3469mW

(a)

(b)


-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Heat

Flo

w T

4P

(m

W)


4 TA278









































(continued)










































Reference


1000E6

1000E5

10000

1000

1000

1000

100001000 1000 1000 1000 1000 10000 1000E5



Gl (

Pa)

Gll (

Pa)

1000E7

1000E5

10000

1000

1000E7

1000E6

1000

1000

1000

Tau (s)

1000E5

10000

1000

1000

1000

10001000E-4 1000E-3 001000 01000 1000


H (

Pa)

1000E6


05000

04000

03000

02000

01000

04 5



w(M

)

06000

1 TA







Snack food frosting

Milk Chocolate

Butter

Empty Pan Baseline

Dark Chocolate

-15

-10

-05

00

05

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(W

g)



2 TA







-3500degC

5000degC

3664degC

1811Jg

2000degC5440

3000degC3610

1000degC7586

20

40

60

80

Are

a P

erce

nt

()

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(m

W)


3 TA




Conclusions



Compare TzeroDSC

Conven-tional DSC



20

25

30

35

40

45

50R

ev C

p (

Jg

degC

)







ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION






SAMPLE


EXPERIMENTAL





-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250




-100

0

100

200

300

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250






-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225



4679iexclC

20710iexclC

3141iexclC

10

100

1000

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250





5341iexclC

20799iexclC

3212iexclC

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250




10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250


BA


S U M M A R Y


REFERENCES























































TA-34F



















outlines)














(302) 292-1500 (302) 454-1500 (302) 283-0800

$7600 + Tax $19900 + Tax $6500 + Tax



(302) 456-3800 (302) 368-2400

$14500 + Tax $6000 + Tax


(continue)








acceptable date


TA Instruments

109 Lukens Drive

New Castle DE 19720

trainingtainstcom

FAX (302) 427-4164





(Registration Form)





bull Purge Rates




















I Theory








(continue)

(continue)







bull Temperature

bull Baseline

















bull Hardware


lll Calibration


bull Penetration

bull Flexure

bull Tension

(continue)















bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging












discussed







NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720





























HOME


























TA booth C1C1203204







i n t e r n e t


(302) 427-4000

compliments of







1 psi = 6895 Pa1 psi = 6895 x 10-3 MPa

1 Pa = 0000145 psi1 MPa = 1000000 Pa



˚F = 95 (˚C) + 32˚C = 59 (˚F - 32)

10 Poise = 1 Pa sec







1 TA278







155 157 159 161 163

Temperature (degC)

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Hea

t Flo

w (

mW

)



2 TA278







61 65 69 73 77

Temperature (degC)

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Hea

t F

low

(m

W)



3 TA278







-3742mW

-3316mW

-9296mW

-3469mW

(a)

(b)


-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Heat

Flo

w T

4P

(m

W)


4 TA278









































(continued)










































Reference


1000E6

1000E5

10000

1000

1000

1000

100001000 1000 1000 1000 1000 10000 1000E5



Gl (

Pa)

Gll (

Pa)

1000E7

1000E5

10000

1000

1000E7

1000E6

1000

1000

1000

Tau (s)

1000E5

10000

1000

1000

1000

10001000E-4 1000E-3 001000 01000 1000


H (

Pa)

1000E6


05000

04000

03000

02000

01000

04 5



w(M

)

06000

1 TA







Snack food frosting

Milk Chocolate

Butter

Empty Pan Baseline

Dark Chocolate

-15

-10

-05

00

05

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(W

g)



2 TA







-3500degC

5000degC

3664degC

1811Jg

2000degC5440

3000degC3610

1000degC7586

20

40

60

80

Are

a P

erce

nt

()

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(m

W)


3 TA




Conclusions



Compare TzeroDSC

Conven-tional DSC



20

25

30

35

40

45

50R

ev C

p (

Jg

degC

)







ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION






SAMPLE


EXPERIMENTAL





-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250




-100

0

100

200

300

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250






-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225



4679iexclC

20710iexclC

3141iexclC

10

100

1000

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250





5341iexclC

20799iexclC

3212iexclC

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250




10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250


BA


S U M M A R Y


REFERENCES























































TA-34F



















outlines)














(302) 292-1500 (302) 454-1500 (302) 283-0800

$7600 + Tax $19900 + Tax $6500 + Tax



(302) 456-3800 (302) 368-2400

$14500 + Tax $6000 + Tax


(continue)








acceptable date


TA Instruments

109 Lukens Drive

New Castle DE 19720

trainingtainstcom

FAX (302) 427-4164





(Registration Form)





bull Purge Rates




















I Theory








(continue)

(continue)







bull Temperature

bull Baseline

















bull Hardware


lll Calibration


bull Penetration

bull Flexure

bull Tension

(continue)















bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging












discussed







NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720















i n t e r n e t


(302) 427-4000

compliments of







1 psi = 6895 Pa1 psi = 6895 x 10-3 MPa

1 Pa = 0000145 psi1 MPa = 1000000 Pa



˚F = 95 (˚C) + 32˚C = 59 (˚F - 32)

10 Poise = 1 Pa sec







1 TA278







155 157 159 161 163

Temperature (degC)

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Hea

t Flo

w (

mW

)



2 TA278







61 65 69 73 77

Temperature (degC)

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Hea

t F

low

(m

W)



3 TA278







-3742mW

-3316mW

-9296mW

-3469mW

(a)

(b)


-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Heat

Flo

w T

4P

(m

W)


4 TA278









































(continued)










































Reference


1000E6

1000E5

10000

1000

1000

1000

100001000 1000 1000 1000 1000 10000 1000E5



Gl (

Pa)

Gll (

Pa)

1000E7

1000E5

10000

1000

1000E7

1000E6

1000

1000

1000

Tau (s)

1000E5

10000

1000

1000

1000

10001000E-4 1000E-3 001000 01000 1000


H (

Pa)

1000E6


05000

04000

03000

02000

01000

04 5



w(M

)

06000

1 TA







Snack food frosting

Milk Chocolate

Butter

Empty Pan Baseline

Dark Chocolate

-15

-10

-05

00

05

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(W

g)



2 TA







-3500degC

5000degC

3664degC

1811Jg

2000degC5440

3000degC3610

1000degC7586

20

40

60

80

Are

a P

erce

nt

()

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(m

W)


3 TA




Conclusions



Compare TzeroDSC

Conven-tional DSC



20

25

30

35

40

45

50R

ev C

p (

Jg

degC

)







ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION






SAMPLE


EXPERIMENTAL





-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250




-100

0

100

200

300

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250






-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225



4679iexclC

20710iexclC

3141iexclC

10

100

1000

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250





5341iexclC

20799iexclC

3212iexclC

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250




10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250


BA


S U M M A R Y


REFERENCES























































TA-34F



















outlines)














(302) 292-1500 (302) 454-1500 (302) 283-0800

$7600 + Tax $19900 + Tax $6500 + Tax



(302) 456-3800 (302) 368-2400

$14500 + Tax $6000 + Tax


(continue)








acceptable date


TA Instruments

109 Lukens Drive

New Castle DE 19720

trainingtainstcom

FAX (302) 427-4164





(Registration Form)





bull Purge Rates




















I Theory








(continue)

(continue)







bull Temperature

bull Baseline

















bull Hardware


lll Calibration


bull Penetration

bull Flexure

bull Tension

(continue)















bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging












discussed







NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720









1 TA278







155 157 159 161 163

Temperature (degC)

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Hea

t Flo

w (

mW

)



2 TA278







61 65 69 73 77

Temperature (degC)

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Hea

t F

low

(m

W)



3 TA278







-3742mW

-3316mW

-9296mW

-3469mW

(a)

(b)


-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Heat

Flo

w T

4P

(m

W)


4 TA278









































(continued)










































Reference


1000E6

1000E5

10000

1000

1000

1000

100001000 1000 1000 1000 1000 10000 1000E5



Gl (

Pa)

Gll (

Pa)

1000E7

1000E5

10000

1000

1000E7

1000E6

1000

1000

1000

Tau (s)

1000E5

10000

1000

1000

1000

10001000E-4 1000E-3 001000 01000 1000


H (

Pa)

1000E6


05000

04000

03000

02000

01000

04 5



w(M

)

06000

1 TA







Snack food frosting

Milk Chocolate

Butter

Empty Pan Baseline

Dark Chocolate

-15

-10

-05

00

05

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(W

g)



2 TA







-3500degC

5000degC

3664degC

1811Jg

2000degC5440

3000degC3610

1000degC7586

20

40

60

80

Are

a P

erce

nt

()

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(m

W)


3 TA




Conclusions



Compare TzeroDSC

Conven-tional DSC



20

25

30

35

40

45

50R

ev C

p (

Jg

degC

)







ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION






SAMPLE


EXPERIMENTAL





-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250




-100

0

100

200

300

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250






-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225



4679iexclC

20710iexclC

3141iexclC

10

100

1000

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250





5341iexclC

20799iexclC

3212iexclC

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250




10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250


BA


S U M M A R Y


REFERENCES























































TA-34F



















outlines)














(302) 292-1500 (302) 454-1500 (302) 283-0800

$7600 + Tax $19900 + Tax $6500 + Tax



(302) 456-3800 (302) 368-2400

$14500 + Tax $6000 + Tax


(continue)








acceptable date


TA Instruments

109 Lukens Drive

New Castle DE 19720

trainingtainstcom

FAX (302) 427-4164





(Registration Form)





bull Purge Rates




















I Theory








(continue)

(continue)







bull Temperature

bull Baseline

















bull Hardware


lll Calibration


bull Penetration

bull Flexure

bull Tension

(continue)















bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging












discussed







NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720









2 TA278







61 65 69 73 77

Temperature (degC)

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Hea

t F

low

(m

W)



3 TA278







-3742mW

-3316mW

-9296mW

-3469mW

(a)

(b)


-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Heat

Flo

w T

4P

(m

W)


4 TA278









































(continued)










































Reference


1000E6

1000E5

10000

1000

1000

1000

100001000 1000 1000 1000 1000 10000 1000E5



Gl (

Pa)

Gll (

Pa)

1000E7

1000E5

10000

1000

1000E7

1000E6

1000

1000

1000

Tau (s)

1000E5

10000

1000

1000

1000

10001000E-4 1000E-3 001000 01000 1000


H (

Pa)

1000E6


05000

04000

03000

02000

01000

04 5



w(M

)

06000

1 TA







Snack food frosting

Milk Chocolate

Butter

Empty Pan Baseline

Dark Chocolate

-15

-10

-05

00

05

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(W

g)



2 TA







-3500degC

5000degC

3664degC

1811Jg

2000degC5440

3000degC3610

1000degC7586

20

40

60

80

Are

a P

erce

nt

()

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(m

W)


3 TA




Conclusions



Compare TzeroDSC

Conven-tional DSC



20

25

30

35

40

45

50R

ev C

p (

Jg

degC

)







ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION






SAMPLE


EXPERIMENTAL





-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250




-100

0

100

200

300

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250






-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225



4679iexclC

20710iexclC

3141iexclC

10

100

1000

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250





5341iexclC

20799iexclC

3212iexclC

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250




10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250


BA


S U M M A R Y


REFERENCES























































TA-34F



















outlines)














(302) 292-1500 (302) 454-1500 (302) 283-0800

$7600 + Tax $19900 + Tax $6500 + Tax



(302) 456-3800 (302) 368-2400

$14500 + Tax $6000 + Tax


(continue)








acceptable date


TA Instruments

109 Lukens Drive

New Castle DE 19720

trainingtainstcom

FAX (302) 427-4164





(Registration Form)





bull Purge Rates




















I Theory








(continue)

(continue)







bull Temperature

bull Baseline

















bull Hardware


lll Calibration


bull Penetration

bull Flexure

bull Tension

(continue)















bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging












discussed







NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720









3 TA278







-3742mW

-3316mW

-9296mW

-3469mW

(a)

(b)


-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Heat

Flo

w T

4P

(m

W)


4 TA278









































(continued)










































Reference


1000E6

1000E5

10000

1000

1000

1000

100001000 1000 1000 1000 1000 10000 1000E5



Gl (

Pa)

Gll (

Pa)

1000E7

1000E5

10000

1000

1000E7

1000E6

1000

1000

1000

Tau (s)

1000E5

10000

1000

1000

1000

10001000E-4 1000E-3 001000 01000 1000


H (

Pa)

1000E6


05000

04000

03000

02000

01000

04 5



w(M

)

06000

1 TA







Snack food frosting

Milk Chocolate

Butter

Empty Pan Baseline

Dark Chocolate

-15

-10

-05

00

05

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(W

g)



2 TA







-3500degC

5000degC

3664degC

1811Jg

2000degC5440

3000degC3610

1000degC7586

20

40

60

80

Are

a P

erce

nt

()

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(m

W)


3 TA




Conclusions



Compare TzeroDSC

Conven-tional DSC



20

25

30

35

40

45

50R

ev C

p (

Jg

degC

)







ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION






SAMPLE


EXPERIMENTAL





-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250




-100

0

100

200

300

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250






-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225



4679iexclC

20710iexclC

3141iexclC

10

100

1000

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250





5341iexclC

20799iexclC

3212iexclC

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250




10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250


BA


S U M M A R Y


REFERENCES























































TA-34F



















outlines)














(302) 292-1500 (302) 454-1500 (302) 283-0800

$7600 + Tax $19900 + Tax $6500 + Tax



(302) 456-3800 (302) 368-2400

$14500 + Tax $6000 + Tax


(continue)








acceptable date


TA Instruments

109 Lukens Drive

New Castle DE 19720

trainingtainstcom

FAX (302) 427-4164





(Registration Form)





bull Purge Rates




















I Theory








(continue)

(continue)







bull Temperature

bull Baseline

















bull Hardware


lll Calibration


bull Penetration

bull Flexure

bull Tension

(continue)















bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging












discussed







NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720









4 TA278









































(continued)










































Reference


1000E6

1000E5

10000

1000

1000

1000

100001000 1000 1000 1000 1000 10000 1000E5



Gl (

Pa)

Gll (

Pa)

1000E7

1000E5

10000

1000

1000E7

1000E6

1000

1000

1000

Tau (s)

1000E5

10000

1000

1000

1000

10001000E-4 1000E-3 001000 01000 1000


H (

Pa)

1000E6


05000

04000

03000

02000

01000

04 5



w(M

)

06000

1 TA







Snack food frosting

Milk Chocolate

Butter

Empty Pan Baseline

Dark Chocolate

-15

-10

-05

00

05

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(W

g)



2 TA







-3500degC

5000degC

3664degC

1811Jg

2000degC5440

3000degC3610

1000degC7586

20

40

60

80

Are

a P

erce

nt

()

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(m

W)


3 TA




Conclusions



Compare TzeroDSC

Conven-tional DSC



20

25

30

35

40

45

50R

ev C

p (

Jg

degC

)







ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION






SAMPLE


EXPERIMENTAL





-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250




-100

0

100

200

300

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250






-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225



4679iexclC

20710iexclC

3141iexclC

10

100

1000

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250





5341iexclC

20799iexclC

3212iexclC

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250




10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250


BA


S U M M A R Y


REFERENCES























































TA-34F



















outlines)














(302) 292-1500 (302) 454-1500 (302) 283-0800

$7600 + Tax $19900 + Tax $6500 + Tax



(302) 456-3800 (302) 368-2400

$14500 + Tax $6000 + Tax


(continue)








acceptable date


TA Instruments

109 Lukens Drive

New Castle DE 19720

trainingtainstcom

FAX (302) 427-4164





(Registration Form)





bull Purge Rates




















I Theory








(continue)

(continue)







bull Temperature

bull Baseline

















bull Hardware


lll Calibration


bull Penetration

bull Flexure

bull Tension

(continue)















bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging












discussed







NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720












































(continued)










































Reference


1000E6

1000E5

10000

1000

1000

1000

100001000 1000 1000 1000 1000 10000 1000E5



Gl (

Pa)

Gll (

Pa)

1000E7

1000E5

10000

1000

1000E7

1000E6

1000

1000

1000

Tau (s)

1000E5

10000

1000

1000

1000

10001000E-4 1000E-3 001000 01000 1000


H (

Pa)

1000E6


05000

04000

03000

02000

01000

04 5



w(M

)

06000

1 TA







Snack food frosting

Milk Chocolate

Butter

Empty Pan Baseline

Dark Chocolate

-15

-10

-05

00

05

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(W

g)



2 TA







-3500degC

5000degC

3664degC

1811Jg

2000degC5440

3000degC3610

1000degC7586

20

40

60

80

Are

a P

erce

nt

()

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(m

W)


3 TA




Conclusions



Compare TzeroDSC

Conven-tional DSC



20

25

30

35

40

45

50R

ev C

p (

Jg

degC

)







ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION






SAMPLE


EXPERIMENTAL





-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250




-100

0

100

200

300

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250






-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225



4679iexclC

20710iexclC

3141iexclC

10

100

1000

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250





5341iexclC

20799iexclC

3212iexclC

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250




10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250


BA


S U M M A R Y


REFERENCES























































TA-34F



















outlines)














(302) 292-1500 (302) 454-1500 (302) 283-0800

$7600 + Tax $19900 + Tax $6500 + Tax



(302) 456-3800 (302) 368-2400

$14500 + Tax $6000 + Tax


(continue)








acceptable date


TA Instruments

109 Lukens Drive

New Castle DE 19720

trainingtainstcom

FAX (302) 427-4164





(Registration Form)





bull Purge Rates




















I Theory








(continue)

(continue)







bull Temperature

bull Baseline

















bull Hardware


lll Calibration


bull Penetration

bull Flexure

bull Tension

(continue)















bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging












discussed







NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720


















































Reference


1000E6

1000E5

10000

1000

1000

1000

100001000 1000 1000 1000 1000 10000 1000E5



Gl (

Pa)

Gll (

Pa)

1000E7

1000E5

10000

1000

1000E7

1000E6

1000

1000

1000

Tau (s)

1000E5

10000

1000

1000

1000

10001000E-4 1000E-3 001000 01000 1000


H (

Pa)

1000E6


05000

04000

03000

02000

01000

04 5



w(M

)

06000

1 TA







Snack food frosting

Milk Chocolate

Butter

Empty Pan Baseline

Dark Chocolate

-15

-10

-05

00

05

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(W

g)



2 TA







-3500degC

5000degC

3664degC

1811Jg

2000degC5440

3000degC3610

1000degC7586

20

40

60

80

Are

a P

erce

nt

()

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(m

W)


3 TA




Conclusions



Compare TzeroDSC

Conven-tional DSC



20

25

30

35

40

45

50R

ev C

p (

Jg

degC

)







ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION






SAMPLE


EXPERIMENTAL





-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250




-100

0

100

200

300

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250






-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225



4679iexclC

20710iexclC

3141iexclC

10

100

1000

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250





5341iexclC

20799iexclC

3212iexclC

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250




10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250


BA


S U M M A R Y


REFERENCES























































TA-34F



















outlines)














(302) 292-1500 (302) 454-1500 (302) 283-0800

$7600 + Tax $19900 + Tax $6500 + Tax



(302) 456-3800 (302) 368-2400

$14500 + Tax $6000 + Tax


(continue)








acceptable date


TA Instruments

109 Lukens Drive

New Castle DE 19720

trainingtainstcom

FAX (302) 427-4164





(Registration Form)





bull Purge Rates




















I Theory








(continue)

(continue)







bull Temperature

bull Baseline

















bull Hardware


lll Calibration


bull Penetration

bull Flexure

bull Tension

(continue)















bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging












discussed







NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720









1 TA







Snack food frosting

Milk Chocolate

Butter

Empty Pan Baseline

Dark Chocolate

-15

-10

-05

00

05

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(W

g)



2 TA







-3500degC

5000degC

3664degC

1811Jg

2000degC5440

3000degC3610

1000degC7586

20

40

60

80

Are

a P

erce

nt

()

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(m

W)


3 TA




Conclusions



Compare TzeroDSC

Conven-tional DSC



20

25

30

35

40

45

50R

ev C

p (

Jg

degC

)







ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION






SAMPLE


EXPERIMENTAL





-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250




-100

0

100

200

300

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250






-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225



4679iexclC

20710iexclC

3141iexclC

10

100

1000

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250





5341iexclC

20799iexclC

3212iexclC

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250




10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250


BA


S U M M A R Y


REFERENCES























































TA-34F



















outlines)














(302) 292-1500 (302) 454-1500 (302) 283-0800

$7600 + Tax $19900 + Tax $6500 + Tax



(302) 456-3800 (302) 368-2400

$14500 + Tax $6000 + Tax


(continue)








acceptable date


TA Instruments

109 Lukens Drive

New Castle DE 19720

trainingtainstcom

FAX (302) 427-4164





(Registration Form)





bull Purge Rates




















I Theory








(continue)

(continue)







bull Temperature

bull Baseline

















bull Hardware


lll Calibration


bull Penetration

bull Flexure

bull Tension

(continue)















bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging












discussed







NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720









2 TA







-3500degC

5000degC

3664degC

1811Jg

2000degC5440

3000degC3610

1000degC7586

20

40

60

80

Are

a P

erce

nt

()

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

Hea

t F

low

T4P

(m

W)


3 TA




Conclusions



Compare TzeroDSC

Conven-tional DSC



20

25

30

35

40

45

50R

ev C

p (

Jg

degC

)







ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION






SAMPLE


EXPERIMENTAL





-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250




-100

0

100

200

300

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250






-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225



4679iexclC

20710iexclC

3141iexclC

10

100

1000

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250





5341iexclC

20799iexclC

3212iexclC

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250




10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250


BA


S U M M A R Y


REFERENCES























































TA-34F



















outlines)














(302) 292-1500 (302) 454-1500 (302) 283-0800

$7600 + Tax $19900 + Tax $6500 + Tax



(302) 456-3800 (302) 368-2400

$14500 + Tax $6000 + Tax


(continue)








acceptable date


TA Instruments

109 Lukens Drive

New Castle DE 19720

trainingtainstcom

FAX (302) 427-4164





(Registration Form)





bull Purge Rates




















I Theory








(continue)

(continue)







bull Temperature

bull Baseline

















bull Hardware


lll Calibration


bull Penetration

bull Flexure

bull Tension

(continue)















bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging












discussed







NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720









3 TA




Conclusions



Compare TzeroDSC

Conven-tional DSC



20

25

30

35

40

45

50R

ev C

p (

Jg

degC

)







ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION






SAMPLE


EXPERIMENTAL





-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250




-100

0

100

200

300

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250






-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225



4679iexclC

20710iexclC

3141iexclC

10

100

1000

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250





5341iexclC

20799iexclC

3212iexclC

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250




10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250


BA


S U M M A R Y


REFERENCES























































TA-34F



















outlines)














(302) 292-1500 (302) 454-1500 (302) 283-0800

$7600 + Tax $19900 + Tax $6500 + Tax



(302) 456-3800 (302) 368-2400

$14500 + Tax $6000 + Tax


(continue)








acceptable date


TA Instruments

109 Lukens Drive

New Castle DE 19720

trainingtainstcom

FAX (302) 427-4164





(Registration Form)





bull Purge Rates




















I Theory








(continue)

(continue)







bull Temperature

bull Baseline

















bull Hardware


lll Calibration


bull Penetration

bull Flexure

bull Tension

(continue)















bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging












discussed







NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720














ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION






SAMPLE


EXPERIMENTAL





-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250




-100

0

100

200

300

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250






-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225



4679iexclC

20710iexclC

3141iexclC

10

100

1000

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250





5341iexclC

20799iexclC

3212iexclC

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250




10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250


BA


S U M M A R Y


REFERENCES























































TA-34F



















outlines)














(302) 292-1500 (302) 454-1500 (302) 283-0800

$7600 + Tax $19900 + Tax $6500 + Tax



(302) 456-3800 (302) 368-2400

$14500 + Tax $6000 + Tax


(continue)








acceptable date


TA Instruments

109 Lukens Drive

New Castle DE 19720

trainingtainstcom

FAX (302) 427-4164





(Registration Form)





bull Purge Rates




















I Theory








(continue)

(continue)







bull Temperature

bull Baseline

















bull Hardware


lll Calibration


bull Penetration

bull Flexure

bull Tension

(continue)















bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging












discussed







NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720











SAMPLE


EXPERIMENTAL





-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250




-100

0

100

200

300

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250






-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225



4679iexclC

20710iexclC

3141iexclC

10

100

1000

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250





5341iexclC

20799iexclC

3212iexclC

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250




10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250


BA


S U M M A R Y


REFERENCES























































TA-34F



















outlines)














(302) 292-1500 (302) 454-1500 (302) 283-0800

$7600 + Tax $19900 + Tax $6500 + Tax



(302) 456-3800 (302) 368-2400

$14500 + Tax $6000 + Tax


(continue)








acceptable date


TA Instruments

109 Lukens Drive

New Castle DE 19720

trainingtainstcom

FAX (302) 427-4164





(Registration Form)





bull Purge Rates




















I Theory








(continue)

(continue)







bull Temperature

bull Baseline

















bull Hardware


lll Calibration


bull Penetration

bull Flexure

bull Tension

(continue)















bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging












discussed







NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720










-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250




-100

0

100

200

300

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

0 50 100 150 200 250






-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225



4679iexclC

20710iexclC

3141iexclC

10

100

1000

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250





5341iexclC

20799iexclC

3212iexclC

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250




10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250


BA


S U M M A R Y


REFERENCES























































TA-34F



















outlines)














(302) 292-1500 (302) 454-1500 (302) 283-0800

$7600 + Tax $19900 + Tax $6500 + Tax



(302) 456-3800 (302) 368-2400

$14500 + Tax $6000 + Tax


(continue)








acceptable date


TA Instruments

109 Lukens Drive

New Castle DE 19720

trainingtainstcom

FAX (302) 427-4164





(Registration Form)





bull Purge Rates




















I Theory








(continue)

(continue)







bull Temperature

bull Baseline

















bull Hardware


lll Calibration


bull Penetration

bull Flexure

bull Tension

(continue)















bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging












discussed







NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720











-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Dim

ensi

on C

hang

e (micro

m)

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225



4679iexclC

20710iexclC

3141iexclC

10

100

1000

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250





5341iexclC

20799iexclC

3212iexclC

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250




10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250


BA


S U M M A R Y


REFERENCES























































TA-34F



















outlines)














(302) 292-1500 (302) 454-1500 (302) 283-0800

$7600 + Tax $19900 + Tax $6500 + Tax



(302) 456-3800 (302) 368-2400

$14500 + Tax $6000 + Tax


(continue)








acceptable date


TA Instruments

109 Lukens Drive

New Castle DE 19720

trainingtainstcom

FAX (302) 427-4164





(Registration Form)





bull Purge Rates




















I Theory








(continue)

(continue)







bull Temperature

bull Baseline

















bull Hardware


lll Calibration


bull Penetration

bull Flexure

bull Tension

(continue)















bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging












discussed







NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720











5341iexclC

20799iexclC

3212iexclC

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250




10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Loss

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

10

100

1000

10000

10E5

Sto

rage

Mod

ulus

(M

Pa)

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250


BA


S U M M A R Y


REFERENCES























































TA-34F



















outlines)














(302) 292-1500 (302) 454-1500 (302) 283-0800

$7600 + Tax $19900 + Tax $6500 + Tax



(302) 456-3800 (302) 368-2400

$14500 + Tax $6000 + Tax


(continue)








acceptable date


TA Instruments

109 Lukens Drive

New Castle DE 19720

trainingtainstcom

FAX (302) 427-4164





(Registration Form)





bull Purge Rates




















I Theory








(continue)

(continue)







bull Temperature

bull Baseline

















bull Hardware


lll Calibration


bull Penetration

bull Flexure

bull Tension

(continue)















bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging












discussed







NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720









S U M M A R Y


REFERENCES























































TA-34F



















outlines)














(302) 292-1500 (302) 454-1500 (302) 283-0800

$7600 + Tax $19900 + Tax $6500 + Tax



(302) 456-3800 (302) 368-2400

$14500 + Tax $6000 + Tax


(continue)








acceptable date


TA Instruments

109 Lukens Drive

New Castle DE 19720

trainingtainstcom

FAX (302) 427-4164





(Registration Form)





bull Purge Rates




















I Theory








(continue)

(continue)







bull Temperature

bull Baseline

















bull Hardware


lll Calibration


bull Penetration

bull Flexure

bull Tension

(continue)















bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging












discussed







NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720

























































TA-34F



















outlines)














(302) 292-1500 (302) 454-1500 (302) 283-0800

$7600 + Tax $19900 + Tax $6500 + Tax



(302) 456-3800 (302) 368-2400

$14500 + Tax $6000 + Tax


(continue)








acceptable date


TA Instruments

109 Lukens Drive

New Castle DE 19720

trainingtainstcom

FAX (302) 427-4164





(Registration Form)





bull Purge Rates




















I Theory








(continue)

(continue)







bull Temperature

bull Baseline

















bull Hardware


lll Calibration


bull Penetration

bull Flexure

bull Tension

(continue)















bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging












discussed







NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720

















outlines)














(302) 292-1500 (302) 454-1500 (302) 283-0800

$7600 + Tax $19900 + Tax $6500 + Tax



(302) 456-3800 (302) 368-2400

$14500 + Tax $6000 + Tax


(continue)








acceptable date


TA Instruments

109 Lukens Drive

New Castle DE 19720

trainingtainstcom

FAX (302) 427-4164





(Registration Form)





bull Purge Rates




















I Theory








(continue)

(continue)







bull Temperature

bull Baseline

















bull Hardware


lll Calibration


bull Penetration

bull Flexure

bull Tension

(continue)















bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging












discussed







NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720
















acceptable date


TA Instruments

109 Lukens Drive

New Castle DE 19720

trainingtainstcom

FAX (302) 427-4164





(Registration Form)





bull Purge Rates




















I Theory








(continue)

(continue)







bull Temperature

bull Baseline

















bull Hardware


lll Calibration


bull Penetration

bull Flexure

bull Tension

(continue)















bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging












discussed







NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720













bull Purge Rates




















I Theory








(continue)

(continue)







bull Temperature

bull Baseline

















bull Hardware


lll Calibration


bull Penetration

bull Flexure

bull Tension

(continue)















bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging












discussed







NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720









(continue)







bull Temperature

bull Baseline

















bull Hardware


lll Calibration


bull Penetration

bull Flexure

bull Tension

(continue)















bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging












discussed







NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720









(continue)















bull Crystallinity

bull Crosslinking

bull Curing

bull Aging












discussed







NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720









NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

PHONE Fax

Email




Date Date Date


Date Date Date





TA Instruments


New Castle DE 19720







