hormones and endocrine systems

8/14/2019 Hormones and Endocrine Systems

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arranged by:

NIKKO ADHITAMA

HORMONES AND

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM


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Introduction

Hormones is a part of regulatory systemin addition to nervous system.

Hormones are produced in endocrine

glands which is known as ductlessglands. Hormones along with nervous system

control the body homeostasis,

development, and reproduction. Hormones mainly composed by:Protein and PeptidesAmines derived from amino acid

steroids


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Hormonal System in Insects

The metamorphosis in

arthropods is regulated

by hormones.

Brain Hormone (BH)Inducts the prothorax

glands to produce

ecdyson.

Ecdyson

Stimulates the ecdysis

(molting).

Juvenile Hormone (JH)

Control the ecdysis and

metamorphosis.


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Hormonal System in Vertebrates

Endocrineglands inmammals mainlyconsist of:Pituitary glandThyroid glandParathyroid

glandsAdrenal glandsPancreasOvary ()Testis ()

Hypothalamus

Pineal gland

Pituitary gland

Thyroid gland

Parathyroid glands

Adrenal glands

Pancreas

Ovary

(female)

Testis

(male)


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Major Human Endocrine


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The Master of Glands

Hypothalamus and pituitary control mostof endocrine glands and function.

Hypothalamus receives information from

all of the body and triggers endocrineglands to react.

The downward elongation ofhypothalamus called pituitary.

Two lobus of pituitary:Anterior pituitary


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Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)


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Adenohypophysis releases about eighthormones:FSH and LH (Gonadotropin hormone)

Stimulate the female and male gonadactivity.TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)

Stimulate the hormone production ofthyroid gland.

ACTH (Adenocorticotrophic Hormone)

Stimulate the hormone production ofadrenal cortex.

Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)


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MSH (Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone)

Controlling pigment-containing-cellactivity.

EndorphinInhibits the pain receptors in the brain.

Growth Hormone (SomatotrophineHormone).

Stimulate the level of growth andmetabolism.


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Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)


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Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)

Neurohypophysis do not producehormone. It only keep and secretehormones produced in hypothalamus.

ADH (Anti Diuretic Hormone)Also called vasoperine. Controls the water

level in the blood.

Oxytocin

Inducts contraction of uterus muscleduring birth process.


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Thyroid Gland

Thyroid gland located in front ofand on each side of the thyroidcartilage of the larynx. Thisglands secretes two kinds ofhormones:Calcitonin

Stimulates Ca2+ deposition inthe bones and secretion by the

kidneys, thus lowering blood Ca2+levels.

Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine(T )


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Parathyroid Gland

Parathyroid gland located next to thyroidgland. It secretes PTH (ParathyroidHormone) or Parathormone. This hormone

regulate the level of Ca2+

with opposingeffect with Thyroid Hormone.


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Pancreas

Pancreas is an endocrine and exocrinegland. It secretes insulin and glucagon.

Insulin manufactured by beta-cell (-cell)

and control the glucose homeostasis bydecreasing its level.

Glucagon produced by alpha-cell (-cell)and have opposite effect with its brother.

Both insulin and glucagon responsible tocontrol sugar homeostasis.


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Adrenal Glands

Located on the top of kidneys.

Consists of two parts, medulla andcortex.

Adrenal MedullaSecretes epinephrine and

norepinephrine. These hormonesincrease the metabolism level rapidly.

Usually, these hormones releaseddue threat stimulus which triggersfight-or-flightresponse.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine


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Sample Problem

Seorang lelaki baru saja ditolak oleh gadis pujaannya.Peristiwa tersebut menyebabkan ia stress dan

bersedih. Kondisi ini menyebabkan medulla adrenallaki-laki tersebut memproduksi hormonyang

menginduksi pemecahan molekul glikogen di hati.Ternyata laki-laki itu mengalami stress yang

berkepanjangan, sehingga untuk menghindarkanorang itu dari kematian, hypothalamus menginduksi

pituitary.untuk memproduksi hormon...yang merangsang sekresi hormon..dan

dari cortex medulla.

adrenalin

anterioACTH

mineralocorticoi glucocorticoi


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Gonadal Sex Hormone

The gonads (testes, ovaries) producesmany sex hormone such as: androgen,testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone.

Androgen and testosterone stimulate thedevelopment and maintenance of themale reproductive system.

Testosterone stimulate the developmentof muscle.


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Estrogen and progesterone involved inmaintenance of the female reproductivesystem, development of female

secondary sex characteristics, andpreparing and maintaining the uterus.


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Disturbance on Endocrine System


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Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a disease where thelevel of blood sugar increase out ofcontrol.

It caused by hypo secretion of insulinhormone or damage in pancreas (esp. -cell in langerhans island).

There are two types of diabetes mellitus,they are:Diabetes Mellitus type I

Diabetes Mellitus t e II


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Diabetes Mellitus type I

Diabetes Mellitus type I caused byautoimmune abnormality where the bodyimmune system destroys pancreas cell

(esp. -cell).The treatment could be insulin therapy.This therapy inject insulin a few times aday.

Insulin can be synthesize by using geneticengineering.

Diabetes Mellitus t e II usuall occurs


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Diabetes Mellitus type II

Diabetes Mellitus type II is caused bydegradation of target cell response uponinsulin.

Usually occured in adult above 40 yearsold.

More than 90% diabetes is DiabetesMellitus type II.

Food control and regular sports could helpthe sufferers to survive.


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Diabetes Mellitus sufferers

have higher risk to obtainheart attack, renal failure,heart failure, blindness,stroke, miscarriage, and


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materials and pictures are taken fromCampbell 5th and 6th edition.

hormones and endocrine systems

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