holt call to freedom chapter 20: reconstruction 1865-1877

Holt Call to FreedomHolt Call to FreedomChapter 20: Chapter 20:

ReconstructionReconstruction1865-18771865-1877

20.1 Rebuilding the South Analyze the effect that

the end of the Civil War had on African Americans in the South.

Contrast the views of Abraham Lincoln, Congress, and Andrew Johnson on Reconstruction.

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 2

I. Planning Reconstruction


A. Reconstruction

1.Process of reuniting the nation and rebuilding the South without slavery

2.Lasted from 1865 to 1877


B. Lincoln’s Plan1. Offer amnestyamnesty, or an official

pardon, to southerners who took a loyalty oath to the United States and who accepted a ban on slavery

2. Once 10 percent of the voters in a state had made these pledges, the state could form a new government and be readmitted to the union.


A Rebel Battery in Pensacola» http://dhr.dos.state.fl.us/kids/images/civil_war.jpg

B. Lincoln’s Plan

3.Under this Ten Percent Ten Percent PlanPlan, southern states began efforts to rejoin the Union.


C. Wade-Davis Bill1. Congressional alternative to

Lincoln’s plan; had two requirements

2. First, to rejoin the Union, a southern state had to ban slavery.

3. Second, a majority of the adult males in the state had to take a loyalty oath.


C. Wade-Davis Bill

4. The plan also banned Confederate supporters from voting or holding office.

5. President Lincoln refused to approve the tougher plan.


http://www.nkjo.net.pl/history/north-south.jpg

II. The Thirteenth Amendment


A. Problems with the Emancipation Proclamation1.Because of the

proclamation’s limitations, the border states still had slavery

2.Some people worried that the federal courts might declare the Emancipation Proclamation to be unconstitutional.


II. The Thirteenth Amendment

B.The Thirteenth Amendment made slavery illegal throughout the United States.


C. Responses

1. Frederick Douglass argued that African Americans must have the right to vote.

2. Freedpeople demanded economic and political equality.


Frederick Douglass 1817-1895

http://faculty.washington.edu/qtaylor/images/douglass_frederick.jpg

III. The Freedmen’s Bureau

A.A.Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau – established by Congress in 1865 to provide relief to all poor southerners, regardless of race

B.The bureau helped to promote education by building schools.


Jacob Yoder, a Mennonite from Pennsylvania who established Lynchburg’s first Freedmen’s Bureau school for black children, poses here with a colleague and pupils in the early 1870s.

: www.legacymuseum.org/Struggle/CivilWar/Yoder.htm

http://www.legacymuseum.org/Struggle/CivilWar/Yoder.htm

IV. A New President

A.A.John Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes Booth, a southerner, assassinated President Lincoln in April 1865.


pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth

B. Andrew Johnson

1. As Lincoln’s vice president, became president upon Lincoln’s death

2. Gave amnesty to southerners who took loyalty oaths and denounced slavery


The Assassination of Lincoln

www.thelincolnmuseum.org/.../now_he_belongs.html

http://www.thelincolnmuseum.org/.../now_he_belongs.html

B. Andrew Johnson

3.Required wealthy southerners and former Confederate officials to receive a presidential pardon to qualify for amnesty

4.Johnson shocked many Republicans by granting more than 7,000 pardons.


Bloodstains are still visible on this flag, used by the actor Thomas Gourlay to cushion Lincoln’s head as the president lay on the floor of the state box in Ford’s Theatre. (Courtesy of the Pike County [Pa.] Historical Society)

www.thelincolnmuseum.org/.../now_he_belongs.html

http://www.thelincolnmuseum.org/.../now_he_belongs.html

V. President Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan


A. The New President’s Plan

1. Elected delegates in each state would hold a convention to write a new state constitution, after which voters would elect new officials to the U.S. Congress.

2. The state government must declare that secession was illegal.© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 24

A. The New President’s Plan

3.The state could not repay Confederate war debts.


President Andrew Johnson

www.whitehouse.gov

B. Congressional Response

1. Angry that southern states sent former Confederate officials to serve in Congress

2. Refused to readmit the reconstructed southern states into the Union


20.2 The Fight over Reconstruction

X Explain how Black Codes restricted Freedom

X Analyze the reasons Radical Republicans wanted to impeach Johnson

X Describe the efforts of Republicans to protect the civil rights of Blacks


I. The Black Codes


A.A. Black CodesBlack Codes – laws that greatly – laws that greatly limited the freedom of African limited the freedom of African AmericansAmericans

B.B. Passed in every southern statePassed in every southern state

I. The Black Codes


C.C. Required African Americans to Required African Americans to sign work contracts that created sign work contracts that created working conditions similar to working conditions similar to slaveryslavery

D.D. New state governments in the New state governments in the South did not respond to African South did not respond to African American concerns about the American concerns about the slave codes.slave codes.

II. The Radical Republicans


A.A. Moderate Republicans wanted Moderate Republicans wanted the South to have loyal the South to have loyal governments, African governments, African Americans to have rights as Americans to have rights as citizens, and to limit federal citizens, and to limit federal intervention in the South.intervention in the South.

The Ku Klux Klan

was a loosely organized group of political and social terrorists during the Reconstruction, whose goals included political defeat of the Republican Party and the maintenance of absolute white supremacy in response to newly gained civil and political rights by southern blacks after the Civil War.

www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Multimedia.js...

http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Multimedia.jsp?id=m-1264&adv=y

http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Multimedia.jsp?id=m-1264&adv=y

II. The Radical Republicans


B.B. Radical RepublicansRadical Republicans wanted to wanted to see more change in the South see more change in the South and wanted the federal and wanted the federal government to be much more government to be much more involved in the Reconstruction.involved in the Reconstruction.

C. Congressional Response1. Thaddeus Stevens of

Pennsylvania and Charles Sumner of Massachusetts were the leaders of the Radical Republicans in Congress.

2. Radical Republicans gained support among moderates when President Johnson ignored criticism of the Black Codes.


CHARLES SUMNER OF MASSACHUSETTS(BORN 1811, DIED 1874.) Beaten by Preston Brooks after his speech ON THE CRIME AGAINST KANSAS; SENATE, 1856.

• Brooks uncle had been insulted in the speech

www.iath.virginia.edu/seminar/unit4/sumner.html

http://www.iath.virginia.edu/seminar/unit4/sumner.html

III. Johnson versus Congress


A. The Freedmen’s Bureau Bill

1. Congress passed a bill expanding the powers of the Freedmen’s Bureau.

2. Johnson vetoed the bill; argued that African Americans did not need assistance.


B. Civil Rights

1. Congress passed Civil Rights Act of 1866 to give African Americans legal rights.

2. Johnson vetoed the act, but Congress overrode his veto.


IV. The Fourteenth Amendment


A. Provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment

1. Defined citizenship and guaranteed equal protection of the laws to citizens

2. States could not deny citizens “life, liberty or property” without due process.


Freedmen’s Bureaus in the U.S.

http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/slavery/freedmens-bureau-1.jpg

A. Provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment

3.Banned former Confederate officials from holding state or federal office, and made state laws subject to review by federal courts.

4.Gave Congress power to pass laws necessary to enforce the amendment.© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 42

B. President Johnson and most Democrats opposed the

amendment


V. Congress Takes Charge

A. 1866, Republicans gain greater control(over 2/3rds) of Congress & Reconstruction


Democratic Party flyer during the 1866 Pennsylvania congressional and gubernatorial campaign.

www.latinamericanstudies.org/freedmans-bureau.htm

http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/freedmans-bureau.htm

B. The Reconstruction Acts

1.Placed most of the south under military control until states rejoin the union.

2.Required states to guarantee the right to vote to black men.


C. Johnson was impeached but not removed from office


VI. Election of 1868A. Democrats nominated

Horatio Seymour; Republicans Ulysses S. Grant

B. Ku Klux Klan formed in Tennessee (1866) and used violence and terror to attack blacks & Republicans to keep blacks from voting. Wanted to restore the south to the Democratic Party.


The Lynching of Leo Frank• (The years given in the

table represent approximate time periods.)

• Year membership• 1920 4,000,000• 1924 6,000,000• 1930 30,000• 1970 2,000• 2000 3,000

http://www.arikah.com/encyclopedia/images/e/e5/FrankLynchedLarge.jpg

C. Black Votes helped Grant win the Presidency and

Republicans win Congress


VII. Fifteenth Amendment

A. Fifteenth Amendment guaranteed Black men the right to vote.

B. Flaws in the amendment1. Did not guarantee right of blacks to hold office.2. Did not give women the right to vote.


holt call to freedom chapter 20: reconstruction 1865-1877

Documents

freedom lecture notes

amendment holt

denounced slavery holt

planning reconstruction

lincolns planunder

percent plan

southern states

united states