INDIAN AND WORLD HISTORY

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Discovery of ‘India’

Vasco da Gama was the first European explorer to reach India on May 20, 1498. Vasco da Gama started his maiden voyage from Lisbon on July 8, 1497 discovering a new sea route to India, which many people thought as impossible as they assumed that the Indian Ocean was not connected to any other seas.

Invention of Wheel

The ‘invention of wheel’ was probably one of the most useful inventions in the early times.

In early times the early man saw a log rolling down the slope and then they got an idea that this ‘wheel’ can be used in modes of transport or to travel in an easy way.

The invention of wheel was done by the early humans of India in Mohenjo-daro

Mughal’s RuleMongols also known as ‘Mughals’ claimed to be the descendants of Genghis Khan , the ruler of the Mongol tribes of China and from their mother’s side they were the 5th generation descendants of Timur.

BABUR1526-1530He was the first Mughal emperor and was the one who started the Mughal empire.

At the battle of Panipat in 1526 Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the sultan of Delhi and established Mughal rule in India. He also defeated Rana Sanga of Mewar at the battle of Khanwa in 1527. in 1528 he defeated the Rajputs at Chanderi.

HUMAYUN1530-1556

Humayun was defeated by Sher Shah Suri first at the battle of Chausa and then at Kanauj. He fled from India and sought refuge in Persia. After returning to India he re-established the Mughal empire in 1555 but died in 1556 leaving behind his minor son Akbar.

AKBARAkbarnama and Ain-i-akbari are the 2 sources from which we get to know about Akbar.

Akbar was only 13 yrs old at the time of Humayun’s death. Along with Bairam, he defeated Hemu of the Sur dynasty and Afghan forces at the second battle of panipat.

JAHANGIRJahangir came to the throne after the death of his father, Akbar. Jahangir was noted for political stability, brisk economic activity, beautiful paintings and monumental buildings.

William Hawkins visited the court of Jahangir in 1608. Thomas Roe visited his court in 1615

SHAHJAHANHe was also known as Prince Khurram. He annexed the region of Kamarupa in Assam. Shahjahan shifted his capital from Agra to Delhi and ruled from Red Fort. He built the Taj Mahal in the loving memory of Mumtaaz Mahal , his wife.

AURANGZEBAurangzeb killed his brothers and imprisoned his father to become the ruler, assuming the title of ‘Alamgir’ . He ruled for the longest period of time , 50 yrs till his death. Though he ruled longer than any of his predecessor, he could not stop the decline of the Mughal empire as none of his sons were trained to rule.

British RajThe British Raj was the British rule in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947. The term can also refer to the period of dominion. The system of governance was instituted in 1858, when the rule of the British East India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria

East India CompanyThe English traded through the East India Company. The company bought goods from India cheaply and sold them abroad at high prices. Slowly, it established control over the whole of India.

• They exploited the farmers by making them pay very high taxes, even in times of natural disasters. They were forced to grow Indigo and Cotton.

• The machine-made cloth was cheaper so the handloom industry of India suffered.

• The Indian traders were not allowed to trade goods of their choices.

• The Indians were also not allowed to open mills and factories.

• Swadeshi and Boycott- People were asked to boycott all foreign goods and use only Indian goods.

• Jallianwala Bagh Massacre- on 13 April 1919 at a meeting General Dyer ordered his soldiers to fire at the crowd.

• Non-Cooperation Movement- Gandhiji asked people to disobey the laws peacefully.• Simon commission- There was no Indian in this commission.

• Quit India Movement- Gandhiji encouraged the slogan ‘DO OR DIE’.

“At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake

to life and freedom.” – Jawaharlal Nehru

Democratic Republic Of India

India- 7th largest country

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